a 78,825 aa Se es yy 93 "i Aut Ut = SEMINAR ON EUROCODE - 2 DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES Timisoara, Romania - March 1994 Edited by Corneliu Bob, loannis Vayas Published hed by475.825 TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF TIMISOARA Civil Engineering Faculty - Depart. of Civ. Eng. in collaboration with: SHEFFIELD HALLAM UNIVERSITY - England NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - ATHENS, Greece TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY of CLUJ-NAPOCA TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY of IASSY BUILDING RESEARCH INSTITUTE - INCERC BUCHAREST STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING ASSOCIATION - AICPS TIMIS. Published by : KLIDARITHMOS 94 27 STURNARA ST ATHENS 10602 GREECE TEL (01) 3632044. FAX (01) 3617450 7-05": 694 INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR 14 to 18 march 1994 Lecture Room "C. Avram - Cal" Faculty of Civil EngineeringCONTENTS Preface Seminar Programme. .... Organizing Committee... THEME |: BASIS OF DESIGN Basis of Design in European Norms - EC2 ............0.000ee0eeee eens C. BOB ‘THEME 2: ANALYSIS Computer Aided Design by Strut-and-Tie Method. . V. STOIAN, T. CLIPPI, G. CIUHANDU, S. DAN Simplified Method for Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Frames . . . C. BOB and S. Dan Comparison Concerning the Analysis of Slab Systems in Keeping with Concise Eurocode and Romanian Code. . dosuo sound oopGeseHeoAaoAEEED 0. MIRSU THEME 4: ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE, Ultimate limit states for bending and longitudinal force P. YANNOPOULOS Design Method for Shear - Eurocode 2 ...... been ee C. MAGUREANU. Punching Shear..............22e00085 @650090000ueHeuqseqccecoonod0nenooe G. VIOREL Ultimate limit states induced by structural deformation (buckling). eee P. YANNOPOULOS Torsion Design for Reinforced Concrete Members. ... A. FLOREA ‘THEME 3: COVER, DURABILITY AND FIRE RESISTANCE Cover and Durability of Concrete Structures........00..00c00eceeeeeer sees F. AL-SHAWI and P. MANGAT Cover and Concrete Quality for Durability . C. BOBCC Durability of Concrete Structures Aim of the Existing Building Inspection ......... A. POPAESCU Fire Resistance of Concrete Structures F. AL-SHAWI General Appearances About Estimating Fire Resistance for Reinforced Concrete Parts . . C. FURDUI ‘THEME 5: SERVICE ABILITY LIMIT STATE Crack Control of Concrete Structures... Deflection Control of Concrete Structures . F. AL-SHAWI A Comparison between EC2 and Romanian Standard STAS 10107/0-90 Concerning the Limit State of Cracking. .... Seoc000 oo . I. FILIMON i THEME 6: PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Prestressed Concrete Fundamentals. ..........-..+-+5 T. ONET and T. CLIPI Ultimate Limit State of Prestressed Concrete Subjected to Bending and Axial Load T. ONET Prestressed Concrete with Partial Prestressing. . A. POPAESCU, I. FILIMON and T. ONET Analysis of Slabs Prestressed on Two Directions ..............026 A, CIUCUREANU. Suggestions for the Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Elements Deformations......... 1. FILIMON On Loss of Prestress Due to Elastic Shortening of Prestressed Elements with Pretensioned Tendons ........... T. CLIPIL THEME 7: DETAILING Detailing Provisions for Reinforced Concrete Structural Members A. IRHASIU List of Participants. CUPRINS Prefata Programul seminarului Comitetul de organizare Sponsorii seminarului ‘TEMA 1: BAZELE PROTECTARII Bazele proiectadrii in Normele Europene EC2 ......seeeeeeeee eres Cc. BOB TEMA 2: CALCULUL STRUCTURILOR Proiectarea asistat& de calculator prin procedeul modelului de Barepce reece V. STOIAN, T.CLIPII, G. CIUHANDU, eee Metode aproximative pentru calculul cadrelor de beton armat Cc. BOB si S. DAN Comparatie privind calculul plcilor conform versiunii concise EC2 si Standardului romAnesc .........eeeee+ O. MIRSU TEMA 4: STARILE LIMITA ULTIME Incovoiere cu fort& axial& P. YANNOPOULOS Calculul la actiunea fortelor t&ietoare conform EC2 .......--- C. MAGUREANU StApungerea 1.22... ces cee cent ene e cere ence nee teen sees toeneeeees G. VIOREL Flambajul stilpilor.......... P, YANNOPOULOS Calculul elementelor de beton armat solicitate la torsiune ... A. FLOREA TEMA 3: ACOPERIREA CU BETON, DURABILITATEA SI REZISTENTA LA FOC Acoperirea si durabilitatea constructiilor de beton .........-- F. AL-SHAWI and P. MANGAT Acoperirea cu beton si calitatea betonului, factori de influentd a durabilitatii .......-...-- : C. BOB Durabilitatea stucturilor din beton, cerint& a inspect&rii constructiilor existente .....-.--.-. ee eee A. POPAESCU Rezistenta la foc a structurilor de beton armat .......-...++++ F. AL-SHAWL Aspecte privind evaluarea comport&rii la foc a elementelor din beton ArMat oe cece ese ese reese eccee str enns ese ents eee Cc. FURDUITEMA 5: STARILE LIMITA DE EXPLOATARE, Controlul fisurarii structurilor de beton ......... F. AL~SHAWI Comparatie intre EC2 si Standardul Rom4nesc STAS 10170/0-90 privind starea limitS de fisurare .......... I. FILIMON TEMA 6: BETONUL PRECOMPRIMAT Betonul precomprimat - principii fundamentale ............- T. ONET gi T. CLIPII Stare limit ultim& a betonului precomprimat solicitat la incovoiere cu fort& axiala .............00- epdveosepogcopocaano T. ONET Betonul precomprimat cu precomprimare partiald .......... seeeee A. POPAESCU, I. FILIMON si T. ONET Plangee precomprimate pe doua directii ........e ee eeeee eee eens A. CUCIUREANU Sugestii privind analiza deformatiilor elementelor din beton PLECOMPFimMat ...eesseeeeeeeeeee eee I. FILIMON Consideratii privind pierderea de tensiune din scurtare elasticd a betonului in cazul elementelor din beton precomprimat cu armarura preintinsd .............eee eee ee oe T. CLIPII TEMA 7: DETALII DE ALCATUIRE Prevederi constructive de alc&tuire a elementelor din beton ermine ee eee ee eee A. IRHASIU Lista participantilor PREFACE The present Volume contains the papers that were presented at a Seminar on Eurocode 2 "Design of Concrete Structures", which was organized by the Department of Civil Engi- neering of the Technical University of Timisoara as a continuous educational activity in the frame of a TEMPUS Joint European Project 4502/93/2 supported by the European Com- munity. The papers were presented by 20 authors which were staff members of the Technical University of Timisoara, Romania the Technical University of Chuj-Napoca, Romania the Technical University of lassi, Romania the Building Research Institute - INCERC Bucharest, Romania the Structural Engineering Association - AICPS Timisoara the Sheffield Hallam University, U.K. and the National Technical University of Athens, Greece. ‘The Seminar sessions followed the corresponding chapters of Eurocode 2. The presentation referred not only to the provisions of EC2, but also to the relevant provisions of the existing Romanian Code on concrete structures. Comparisons between the two Codes were made, in order to make the Romanian engineers familiar to the changes that the application of EC2 will bring with, The papers included also working examples for a further clarification of the design rules of Eurocode as well as applications and some designs. ‘The Seminar was attended by more than 100 participants from different Technical Uni- versities, Enterprises and Research Institutions. This Volume intends to make Eurocode 2 familiar to a wider circle of engineers than to these participants. The editors wish to thank all that contributed to the success of the Seminar, the authors, the participants, the sponsors, the publishers and hope that the present Volume will find a corresponding approval by the readersSEMINAR PROGRAMME MONDAY 14 MARCH 1994 08.00-09.00 Delegates’ Registration; Lecture Room Cal 09.00-09.10 OPENING ADDRESS: Prof. L. Gadeanu Dean of Civil Engineering Faculty 09.10-11.00 THEME 1: BASIS OF DESIGN. Fundamental Objectives of Design, Definitions, Materials. Prof. C.Bob 11.00-11.30 COFFEE - BREAK 11.30-13.00 THEME 2: ANALYSIS. Analysis of Slab Systems. Prof. A.lonescu 13.00-15.00 LUNCH - BREAK 15.30-18.00 THEME 1 and 2 WORKING EXAMPLES AND DISCUSSIONS Moderator: Dr. D.Anastasescu Speakers: V.Stoian, S. Dan, O. Mirgu TUESDAY 15 MARCH 1994 09.00-11.00 THEME 4: ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE a. Bending and Axial Loads, Buckling of Columns, Design of Corbels and Deep Beams. Prof. P.Yannopoulos 11.00-11.30 COFFEE - BREAK 11.30-13.00 b. Shear. Punching. Dr, C.Magureanu Dr. G. Viorel 13.00-15.00 LUNCH - BREAK 15.30-18.00 THEME 4: WORKING EXAMPLES AND DISCUSSIONS Moderator: Prof. D.Tudor Speakers: P.Yannopoulos, A. Florea WEDNESDAY 16 MARCH 1994 09.00-11.00 THEME 3: COVER, DURABILITY AND FIRE RESISTANCE a. Cover, Durability. Prof. P.Mangat 11.00-11.30 COFFEE - BREAK 11,30-13.00 b. Fire Resistance. Dr, Al-Shawi 13.00-15.00 LUNCH - BREAK 15.30-18.00 SYMPOSIUM: FIBRE-REINFORCED CEMENT COMPOSITES. Speakers: Prof. P.Mangat, Dr. I.BuchmanTHURSDAY 17 MARCH 1994 09.00-11.00 THEME 5: SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES a. Control of Cracking. Control of Deflections. Prof. P. Mangat 11.00-11.30 COFFEE - BREAK 11.30-13.00 b. A Comparison Between EC2 and Romanian Codes Concerning Limit States of Cracking. Prof. I.Filimon 13.00-15.00 LUNCH - BREAK 15.30-18.00 THEMES 3 and 5: WORKING EXAMPLES AND DISCUSSIONS Moderator: Prof. O.Mirsu Speakers: A. Popaescu, C. Bob, C. Furdui FRIDAY 18 MARCH 1994 09.00-11.00 THEME 6:PRESTRESSED CONCRETE a. Prestressed Concrete Fundamentals Prof. T. Clipii b. Ultimate Limit States. Prof. T.Onet 11.00-11.30 COFFEE - BREAK 11.30-13.00 ¢. Prestressed Concrete with Partial Prestressing. Dr. A. Popaescu b. Analysis of Slabs Prestressed on Two Directions. Dr. A.Cuciureanu 13.00-15.00 LUNCH - BREAK 15.30-16.30 THEME ETAILING. Bond. Anchorage. Dr. A.Irhasiu 16.30-18.00 THEME 6 and 7. WORKING EXAMPLES AND DISCUSSIONS Moderator: Dr. R. Marinov Speakers: I. Filimon, T. Clipii ORGANIZING COMMITTEE Prof. Comeliu BOB - Seminar supervisor Prof. Valeriu STOIAN - Scientific secretary of the Faculty Prof. Dan TUDOR - Head of the Civil Engineering Department Prof. Tudor CLIPII - Member of the Department Board SPONSORING ORGANIZATIONS EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES - TEMPUS JEP 4502 CONSTRUCTIM S.A. - TIMISOARA IPROTIM S.A. - TIMISOARA ISPE S.A. - TIMISOARA| | | | | BASIS OF DESIGN IN EUROPEAN NORMS - EC2 BAZELE PROIECTARII IN NORMELE EUROPENE - EC2 Corneliu Bob Abstract The paper "Basis of Design in European Norms - EC2" is divided into three parts. Part 1 deals with the conceptual approach in which the following problems are involved: the history, future regulation systems for concrete structures, future structure of Eurocode 2, CEN - rules for the implementation of European Pre- Standards ( ENV ). Part 2 describes the safety concept applicable to the Eurocodes including the intended verification procedures. In this part are included: principles of limit state design; basic variables as actions, material properties and geometrical data; verification; fundamental and accidental combinations and safety coefficients for fundamental combinations. Part 3 deals with the comparison between European Norm EC2 and Romanian Norm STAS 10107/0-90 concerning: mit states; - concrete strength classes, characteristic compressive Strength and characteristic tensile strength; - deformation properties such as values of the secant / tangent modulus of elasticity and ultimate strains; - properties of reinforcing steel like design stress-strain diagram; - stress and strain distribution at the ultimate limit state.BAZELE PROIECTARII IN NORMELE EUROPEN! Prof.Corneliu Bob, Universitatea Tehnica Timisoara, Romania 1. Eurocodul 2, Prezentare generala Ideea realizarii unor modele pentru un set de "Coduri Intemationale", in vederea proiectarii tuturor tipurilor de structuri pentru constructii, a aparut in 1974 si s-a bazat pe o intelegere intre mai multe organizatii tehnico-stiintifice. La activitatile initi a codurilor internationale au fost implicate urmatoarele organizatii stiintifice [2]: CEB - Comitetul Euro-Intetnational pentru Beton, FIP - Federatia Internationala pentru Beton Precomprimat, IABSE - Asociatia Internationala pentru Poduri si Structuri Ingineresti, CIB - Consiliul International pentru Documentare, Studiu si Cercetari in Constructii, RILEM - Asociatia Internationala a Laboratoarelor de Incercari si Cercetari pentru Materiale de Constructii, ECCS - Conventia Europeana pentru Constructii de Otel, ICSS - Comitetul Unit pentru Siguranta Structurilor, ISSMFE - Societatea Internationala pentru Geotehnica si Fundatii. Scopul realizarii eurocodurilor pentru structuri a avut, inca din faza initiala, un caracter bidimensional (geografic si tehnic): atat pentru diverse tari europene cat si pentru diferite materiale de constructii, metode de executie si tipuri de constructii. In acelasi timp s-a urmarit obtinerea unei compatibilitati a diferitelor coduri de proiectare in vederea realizarii unor niveluri de siguranta comparabile. Principalele etape ale elaborarii Eurocodurilor pentru structuri, cat si organizatiile care participa la aceste activitati sunt prezentate in Tabelul 1. Eurocodul 2 [5], parte a sistemului de reglementari europene, are drept obiect cerintele esentiale privind rezistenta, exploatarea si durabilitatea constructiilor de beton armat si beton precomprimat. Unele dintre secventele mai importante ale elaborarii Eurocodului 2(EC2) sunt prezentate, de asemenea, in Tabelul 1. Structura si continutul tehnic ale Eurocodului 2 sunt prezentate in Fig.1., constatindu-se ca atat pentru materialele componente ale betonului cat si pentru armaturi sunt elaborate norme europene specifice. Partea 1a Eurocodului 2, definitivata la sfirsitul anului 1992, cuprinde urmatoarele [4]: Partea 1A: Structuri de beton simplu sau slab armate; Partea 1B: Elemente si structuri prefabricate de beton; Partea 1C: Folosirea betonului cu agregate usoare; Partea 1D: Folosirea cablurilor de precomprimare neaderente si exterioare. Urmatoarele parti, care sunt in curs de elaborare sau urmeaza a fi elaborate cu prioritate, sunt: Partea 2-a: Poduri din beton armat si beton precomprimat; Partea 3-a: Fundatii si piloti de beton; Partea 4-a: Structuri pentru inmagazinari de lichide si materiale diverse; Partea 10-a: Rezistenta la foc a structurilor de beton; Partea X-a: Proiectarea asistata de incercari ETAPE ALE ELABORARI EUROCODULUI EC2 Tabelul 1 ANUL 1981 1987 ORGANIZATI SI OBIEGTIVE Comisia Comunifatii Europene ( CEC) initiazé obiectivul armonizarii normelor tehnice Incepe elaborarea Eurocodului EC2 avind la baza Codul Model CEB/ FIP 1978 7 a 0 comisie a CEC stabileste programul pentru opt Eurocoduri : EC1:Bazele proiectarii si actiuni in constructii EC2:Structuri de beton,beton armat si beton precomprimat EC3:Structuri de otel EC4:Structuri compuse otel—beton ECS: Structuri de lemn EC6:Structuri de zidarie EC7:Fundatii si inginerie geotehnica EC8 ‘Structuri in zone seismice Elaborarea primului,Raport tehnic” al EC 2 ~ CEC,da mandat ” Comisiei Europene de standardizare CEN”pentru sabilirea unor standarde armonizate ; — Elaborarea primelor comentarii ale EC2 Elaborarea si aprobarea raportului final ptr EC2 CEN creaza,Comitetul tehnic CEN/TC 250 Eurocoduri pentru structuri”cu 9 subcomitete SC mandatate o definitiva Eurocodurile. EC2 este elaborat in forma unui . Prestandard European ENV”, aprobat de SC2 EC 2-Partea 1-a ,Reglementari generale si reguli pentru constructii” este definitiva:Continutul tehnic. Codul sau standardul Eurocod 1 Eurocod 2 EN Standarde otel ENV 206 Beton EN 10080 Otel EN 197 Ciment pentru beton armat |[Agregate EN 10138 Otel {Apa pentru beton precomprimat t-{Cenusa, zgura Otel f itivi Ofel pentru ath, Y Aditivi Standarde ISO Fig. 1. Sistemul de normative pentru structurile de beton[{ 4] Bazele de proiectare Actiuni Proiectare si Executie Materiale Incercari de materiale Rezulta ca prestandardul european ENV 1992-1-1(BC2) este o prima parte a sistemului de norme europene pentru structurile de beton, urmand a fi completat cu alte parti importante. Procesul de implementare a Eurocodurilor in practica de proiectare a tarilor membre urmeaza anumite etape de armonizare graduala si nu o unificare rapida si totala a reglementarilor de proiectare; tarile europene au o lunga traditie in domeniul constructiilor iar normele de proiectare si executie difera semnificativ de la tara la tara. In conformitate cu Fig.2 procesul de trecere de la Standardele Nationale la Standardele Europene are in vedere urmatoarele: publicarea "Eurocodurilor", deci si a lui EC2, in forma de Pre-Standarde Europene - ENV; insusirea "Principiilor" care sunt in general obligatorii si nu au alternative; adaptarea "Regulilor de aplicare", care sunt in general recunoscute, dar pot fi si ca alternative care, insa, trebuie sa asigure rezistenta, exploatarea si durabilitatea prevazute in STANDARDE NATIONALE | ENV( EC) HO PRESTANDARD. EUROPEAN: DOCUMENTE DE ARMONIZARE: Are o durata de 3la5S ani Sunt elaborate unde exista dupa care trece in EN sau diferente semnificative fata dispare. de standardele nationale Opereaza jn paralel cu La armonizare trec in EN. standardele nationale . J EN STANDARDE EUROPENE Sunt norme obligatorii Pentru tarile membre Fig. 2. Reglementdrile CEN pentru implementarea standardelor europene , EC2; utilizarea "Valorilor numerice indicative", notate in EC2 cut, care pot avea valori diferite pentru fiecare tara, urmand a fi specificate in "Documentele Nationale de Aplicare" (NAD). 2. Conceptul general de proiectare In concordanta cu EC1, Cap.2.1., comun tuturor eurocodurilor, proiectarea, constructia si intretinerea, vor asigura: ~ performante adecvate sub toate actiunile posibile; ~ durabilitate adecvata in corelatie cu costurile de mentinere sub influenta tuturor actiunilor; - lipsa unor avarii disproportionale in cazul unor actiuni exceptionale. 2.1. PRINCIPHLE DE PROIECTARE LA STARILE LIMITA. Starile limita sunt definite ca si marginile (contururile) unui domeniu in interiorul caruia structura satisface criteriul de proiectare. Starile limita sunt definite a fi: Starile limita ultime, care sunt asociate cu colapsul sau alte forme ale ruperii ‘structurii. Starile limita de exploatare, corespunzand stadiului dincolo de care cerintele privind © exploatare normala nu mai sunt satisfacute. |Pentru starile limita ultime si pentru cele de exploatare, la care depasirea uneia cauzeaza 0 degradare permanenta, cerintele de proiectare, pentru un caz simplu, sunt: Sas Ry (i) valoarea de proiectare a efectului actiunii fiind: = SC Fa, a» fa) (2) in care: Fy este valoarea de proiectare a unei actiuni, ay valoarea de proiectare a unei marimi geometrice, £,- valoarea de proiectare a unei proprietati a materialului; iar valoarea de proiectare a rezistentei este: Ry = Ray, fa) (3) Pentru celelalte cazuri ale starilor limita de exploatare, conditia de proiectare poate fi scrisa: Ss = Sy, a, f4) $C (4) incare: S, este valoarea de proiectare a unui efect relevant pentru starile limita de exploatare de exploatare, cum ar fi deformatiile, _intensitatea vibratiilor, deschiderea fisurilor etc. ; CC - valoarea limita corespunzatoare efectului actiunii Sy. 2.2.VALORILE DE BAZA. Actiunile se clasifica dupa mai multe criterii: ~ Actiuni permanente: G, - valoare medie a) In functie de - Actiuni variabile caracteristica Qy variatia inten- cu valorile combinata YQ x sitatii lor in ; freeventa $,Q timp cvasi-permanenta #,Qy. ~ Actiuni accidentale: A,- valoare unica b) In functie de variatia lor in spatiu: actiuni fixe si actiuni libere; ¢) In functie de raspunsul structurii: actiuni statice si actiuni dinamice; tr | | i i Proprietatile materialelor sunt reprezentate de valorile caracteristice, notate f, , care corespund unui fractil ales pentru distributia statistica a unei proprietati particulare a materialului (cel mai folosit este fractilul 5%). O valoare caracteristica este asociata cu rezultatele determinarilor experimentale, efectuate pe epruvete. Datele geometrice sunt afectate de deviatiile, mai mari sau mai mici, de la valorile inscrise intr-un proiect. Aceste deviatii pot fi concentrate in urmatoarele trei grupe: - deviatii ale formei si dimensiunilor geometrice ale structurii; - forma elementelor componente ale structurii; - forma si dimensiunile sectiunilor transversale, suprafata reazemelor, legaturile diverse. Datele geometrice sunt reprezentate de valorile caracteristice, notate, ay, care corespund, in general, celor mentionate in proiecte. 2.3.VALORILE DE PROIECTARE Pentru efectuarea calculelor privind determinarea eforturilor si de dimensionare a elementelor, variabilele de baza sunt introduse in proiectare cu valorile de calcul (de proiectare) astfel: Fy = 70Fe (5) fo=nfel Ym (6) ay=ayt Aa (7) F4, fy, ay sunt valorile de calcul ale actiunilor, proprietatilor materialului si respectiv datelor geometrice; in care: Fy, fy, ay - valorile caracteristice ale actiunilor, proprietatilor materialului si datelor geometrice; 748i 7m ~ factori specifici pentru actiuni si proprietatile materialelor; Aa - valori geometrice aditionale; 1 factor de conversie,prin care valoarea determinata prin incercari de laborator este convertita la una care apare in structura studiata. 2.4, COMBINATULE ACTIUNILOR Actiunile sunt astfel combinate incat sa produca efectul cel mai defavorabil asupra structurii in cazul starilor limita considerate. Pentru starile limita ultime, combinatiiloe considerate sunt: combinatii fundamentale si combinatii accidentale.La combinatiile fundamentale,valoarea de proiectare a efectului actiunii S , este: Sa=ZycGu + ¥oQk.1 + ZHQhoQi t+ Yee (8) in care valorile coeficientilor sunt date in Tabelul 2. Tabelul 2 Valorile coeficientilor de siguranta pentru combinatii fundamentale a Coeficienti de siguranta Efect favorabil Efect nefavorabil Actiuni permanente, Gy Yo = 1,35 Yo = 1,0 Actiuni variabile, Q, Yo = 1,50 ¥o= 1,0 Forta de precomprimare, Py | yp = 1,2 sau 1,0 Yp = 0,9 sau 1,0 In cazul combinatiilor accidentale, valoarea de proiectare a efectului actiunii Sy este: Sa= Zl yoal Get Hr1Qer + D2 iQeit Ax (9) in care: gq = 1,0 sau dat in norme nationale; Qx.1- valoarea caracteristica a uneia (cea mai importanta) actiune variabila; Qy.; valori caracteristice ale altor actiuni variabile; A,~ valoarea de proiectare, independenta de timp, a actiunilor indirecte (actiunea seismica); Yor ¥i.1 +B 1.2- factori de combinare a actiunilor. Pentru starile limita de exploatare exista trei tipuri de combinatii: - Combinatii rare, folosite in cazurile in care la depasirea unei stari limita se cauzeaza © degradare locala permanenta sau 0 deformatie neacceptabila; - Combinatii frecvente, folosite in cazurile in care la depasirea unei stari limita se cauzeaza degradari locale, deformatii mari sau vibratii care sunt temporare; - Combinatii cvasi-permanente folosite pentru efecte de lunga durata importante. 3. Bazele proiectarii in Eurocodul 2 si STAS 10107/0-90 Armonizarea dintre normele europene,in cazul analizei de fata Eurocodul 2 si standardul romanesc STAS 10107/0-90 [7], presupune atat cunoasterea prestandardului european cat si punerea in evidenta a diferentelor si asemanarilor care exista intre aceste norme. La acest deziderat isi propune sa raspunda comparatia care urmeaza a fi prezentata si care se refera, in principal, 1a proprietatile materialelor, dar si la starea de eforturi si deformatii pentru proiectarea la starile limita ultime la incovoiere si forta axiala. i STARILE LIMITA Tabelul_ 3 STAS 10107 / 0-90 EC2 1992 1. Starea limita de rezistenta jn sectiuni normale a elemen- telor solicitate la incovoiere compresiune excentrica si jntindere excentricd. 2. Starea limita de rezistenta jn sectiuni inclinate. 3-Starea limita de rezistenta ale elementelor solicitate la incovoiere cu torsiune. 4.Starea limita de oboseald 5.Starea limita de fisurare 6 Starea limita de deformatii A. Stari limita stari tits ultirna 2.Stari limita de exploatare 1 Stari limita@_ultime : ~ pierderea echilibrului partial sau total al unei structuri; -cedarea prin exces de defor- matii, rupere, pierderea stabi- litatii ale unei pGrti sau intregii structuri(inclusiv reazemele si fundatiile ) 2.Stari limita de exploatare; —deformatii ori deplasari care afecteazd aparent ori efectiv, utilizarea structurii care cauzeazd avarii elementelor de finisaj sau nestructurale; -vibratli care cauzeazd discom-| fort oamenilor, distrugerea structurii sau constructiei in ansamblu ori limitéri functio— narii_ normale. ~fisuri ale betonului care afec- teazd durabilitatea, permeabi- litatea sau/si aspectul. -degradGri ale betonului in pre- zenta unei coroziuni agresive care conduc la micsorarea durabilitatii.prima comparatie este facuta in Tabelul 3 pentru a pune in evidenta diferentele dintre starile limita definite de cele doua norme. Se constata, in primul rind, un model diferit de a face clasificarea starilor limita, dar si absenta din standardul romanesc a prevederilor referitoare la durabilitatea elementelor. 3.1. PROPRIETATILE MATERIALELOR standard u=1,645 pehtru un risc de 5% R= R+1,6458 Rezistentele caracteristice si de calcul, cu precizarea factorilor specifici, sunt prezentate in Tab.4; in Fig.3 este prezentat modul de definire a rezistentelor caracteristice (minime). Se observa valorile diferite ale factorilor specifici cat si necesitatea introducerii factorului de conversie pentru valoarea determinata pe cuburi a rezistentei la compresiune a betonului; in normele romanesti rezistenta la compresiune a betonului se determina pe cuburi, in timp ce in structura compresiunea esté de tipul rezistentei prismatice (cilindrice). Corelatia dintre rezistenta cubica si rezistenta cilindrica cu punerea in evidenta a claselor de beton dupa cele doua standarde, este prezentata in Fig. 4. Fig.3. Definirea rezistentelor minime (caracteristice) Rezistentele_caracteristice si de calcul Tabelul 4 | STAS 10107/0-90 EC2- 1992 ly ofc 50/60 ; | = = = a, R—* Rp, pe cuburi 141mm R — feck (Rpk) pe cilindri Le © 45/55 la 28 zile la 28 zile. = ~ a : Rezistentele caracteristice : Rezistentele caracteristice : _ £ 40/55 a Rek=(0,87- 0,002RbK) Rbk ReK® fek iS |e 35/45 Re = 0,22( Rey) 23 Rezistentele de calcul: | 39| © 30/37 = ig Rezistenfele de calcul : - Relted) xen ls 4 25/30 ck tk 5 C 20/25 RemMbe pe rRE=ME FE | ms 10 ee er : 15-Combinatii funda — ——— = mentale de actiuni ae fs Me Mp1 ° 1,3-Combinatii acci - ln dentale de actiuni e g }, =1,35; he =1,50 ( fara cutremure ) © a be bt 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Rezistenta cubicé N/mmé Fig. 4. Corelatia dintre rezistenta cubica si rezistenta cilindrica.Valorile modulilor de elasticitate sunt redate in Tabelele Sa si 5b si in Fig.5 Deosebirea esentiala dintre cele doua norme este evidentiata de modalitatea diferita de stabilire a acestei caracteristici mecanice a betonului: in normele romanesti se determina modulul de elasticitate tangent la diagrama efort unitar-deformatie specifica; in EC2 se stabileste © valoare secanta a modulului de elasticitate, in conformitate cu formula data in Tab.5.b. Valorile astfel definite explica datele reprezentate in Fig.5. Diagramele efort unitar-deformatie specifica pentru betonul din zonele comprimate sunt prezentate in Fig.6. Ecuatiile care reprezinta partea curba a diagramelor sunt diferite ca forma de scriere, dar continutul este acelasi. Diferentele care apar se refera la valorile diferite ale factorilor specifici. Caracteristicile armaturilor pentru elementele de beton armat sunt prezentate in Fig.7. Se constata, si in acest caz, valorile diferite ale factorilor specifici cat si valorile mai mari ale deformatiilor specifice limita. ey (oN) > DT nme wet ae 40 30 LEGENDA: —— STAS 10107/0 10 Same Oe 575% 15 20 45 50 55 60 Be Be WB 3 35 40 45 50 45 50 55 60 Fig. 5. Variatia_rezistentelor si modulilor de elasticitate . Tabelul Sa 38,5 | 45,0 Tabelul 5b 31.6 36,0 32,5 | 34,5 1992 clasele de beton |C12/15 c16/20,c2079 25A0)¢30/31 35/40|C40/50(C45/55C50/60 16,6 | 20,5 | 24,3 | 28.0 STAS 10107 -90 coer afc [offal EC2 1255 1.2. CLASELE DE BETON, MODULI DE ELASTICITATE % Eom = 95 (feck *8)1/3 c S B=] vo a oy uv claseleiDiagrama proiectare) \ STAS 110107/0-90 | | | | | 0,001 0,002 003 0,0035 Bp/ Rel fed ) (2 Be35) ( Rak(fyk) . Fok Sok) Rak c 's Ryne _ Eqy > 50%e pentru mare 1,15; pentru com- ductilitate cu gt > 1.08 binatii fundamentale ak rl )\- 4,00! pentru com- Equ>25%o pentru ductilitate | binatii accidentate normald cu -t > 1,05 (fara cutremur ) Rak Eq 200 kN/mm2 b). Ea Fig.7. Diagrame_efort unitar—deformatie specifica ale armaturilor.fok g =X ee laRe) == F—— 0,8x eae & =0,85( 0,80 )—efectul de lungé durata Fig.8. Oeformatiile_si marimile_eforturilor unitare in beton si_armaturi Pentru a sublinia diferentele care apar intre unele norme in ceea ce priveste dimensionarea unui element rectangular de beton armat supus la incovoiere, in Fig.9 este prezentata aria armaturii intinse rezultate: se constata ca dupa STAS 10107/0-90 se obtine cea mai mica valoare a armaturii longitudinale intinse. 4, Concluzii Lucrarea de fata are doua obiective importante: pe de o parte de a prezenta inginerilor romani unele prevederi ale normelor europene, in curs de definire, iar pe de alta parte de a sublinia principalele asemanari si deosebiri dintre EC2 si STAS 10107/0-90 cu privire la proprietatile materialelor si 1a starea limita ultima pentru incovoiere si forta axiala. Mperm. = 500KNm a Asa § Mutil 7 300KNm A a) 3 €25/30( Bc 30) eal = $500 ( PCS2) 30 Mag tom?) 6,6 : 40 336 20, 36.2 36.6 ne 30 20 DIN | EH 91}BS8n10 10 [ 32 As2 y Fig. 9. Aplicarea diferitelor norme la dimensionare [ 4 } BIBLIOGRAFIE 1. Beeby, A.W.: EC 2 - Design for Ultimate Limit States, IABSE Conference, Davos, 1992. 2. Breitschaft, G.: The structural Eurocodes. Conceptual Approach, [ABSE Conference, Davos, 1992. 3. Lambotte, {C2 - Material Data, IABSE Conference, Davos, 1992. 4. Litzner, H.U: EC2 - Overview - Basic Design Concept, IABSE Conference, Davos, 1992. 5. Commission of the European Communities: Industrial Processes Building and Civil Engineering, Eurocode No.2: Design of Concrete Structures, 6. eo Cement Association: Concise Eurocode for the Design of Concrete Buildings, July 7, Institutul Roman de Standardizare: STAS 10107/0-90, Calculul si alcatuirea elementelor structurale din beton, beton armat si beton precomprimat.COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN BY THE STRUT AND TIE METHOD PROIECTAREA ASISTATA DE CALCULATOR PRIN PROCEDEUL MODELELOR DE BARE v.Stoian, T.Clipii, G.Ciuhandu, S.Dan TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY TIMISOARA ABSTRACT Strut and tie method is an interesting alternative between the methods for the design of the reinforced concrete elements. Design process by the strut and tie method is applicable by the computers. This procedure was implemented into AUTOCAD graphics software. The paper describes the software modules and the flow chart of this procedure. This method can be used to optimize reinforced concrete elements. REZUMAT Procedeul modelelor de bare constitue o alternativa interesanta a metodelor de dimensionare si conformare antiseismica a elementelor de beton armat. Utilizarea procedeului modelelor de bare la proiectarea elemntelor de beton armat se face cu ajutorul calculatorului. Implementarea procedeului s-a realizat prin intermediul mediului grafic AUTOCAD. In lucrare sunt prezentate modulele de calcul, precum si modul de utilizare a acestora . Procedeul poate fi utilizat la optimizarea alcatuirii unor elemente de beton armat. COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN BY THE STRUT AND TIE METHOD PROIECTAREA ASISTATA DE CALCULATOR PRIN PROCEDEUL MODELELOR DE BARE v.Stoian, T.Clipii, G.Ciuhandu, S.Dan UNIVERSITATEA TEHNICA 'TIMISOARA 1. INTRODUCERE Procedeul traditional de proiectare pentru elementele de beton armat este acela prin care dimensionarea si conformarea acestuia se realizeaza plecind de la sectiunea elementului, procedeu ce ar putea fi numit sectiune cu sectiune. Principala caracteristica a calculului traditional al elementelor de beton armat o constitue utilizarea ipotezei sectiunilor plane a lui Bernoulli. Aceasta ipoteza nu este insa valabila in toate zonele unui element, datorita discontinuitatii statice (rezemari, incarcari) si geometrice, care anuleaza valabilitatea acestei ipoteze. In zonele in care aceasta ipoteza nu este aplicabila detalierea acestora trebuie sa se faca pe baza experintei de proiectare, a incercarilor experimentale sau a unor prescriptii de alcatuire insuficient de corecte. Constatind aceste lipsuri ale metodologiei traditionale de Gimensionare s-au cautat noi modalitati prin care calculul si alcatuirea unui element sa fie cuprinse intr-o tratare unitara. 0 astfel de modalitate, care pleaca de la imaginea completa a starii de tensiune a elementului respectiv, este reprezentata de procedeul modelelor de bare. Acest mod de proiectare presupune cunoasterea eforturilor unitare in ansamblul elementului, dimensionarea facindu-se in functie de starea de tensiune de pe intregul element, ca atare utilizarea procedeului nu este justificata in cazul elementelor simple. Procedeul modelului de bare a fost propus pentru prima data de Morsch, fara a fi aplicat in practica datorita dificultatilor intilnite in calculul eforturilor. Reactualizarea principiilor acestui procedeu a fost facuta de J. Schlaich, care a publicat un articol referitor la modul practic de calcul. Importanta unui astfel de procedeu creste in cazul proiectarii structurilor antiseismice, unde este necesara o conformare cit mai apropiata de comportarea structuri 2. PRINCIPIUL PROCEDEULUL MODELULUI DE BARE SI DOMENIUL DE. APLICABILITATE, Procedeul modelului de bare pleaca de la constatarea’ca o structura de rezistenta poate fi impartita, ain, punctul de vedere al valabilitatii unor anumite ipotezede coitportare, in douacategorii de subdomenii: subdomenii de tip B si subdomenii de tip D. Subdomeniile de tip B sunt acele zone ale elementului structural in care este valabila ipoteza sectiunilor plane a lui Bernoulli. In aceste zone, eforturile unitare si deformatiile pot fi deduse din solicitarile sectionale, determinate pe sistemul Static format din bare sau placi. Subdomeniile de tip D sunt acele zone ale elementului structural in care nu este respectata ipoteza lui Bernoulli si se caracterizeaza printr-o distributie neliniara a deformatiilor. Aceste tulburari in starea de tensiune se datoresc discontinuitatilor geometrice, precum si unor discontinuitati statice. In figura 1 se prezinta cazuri de asemenea subdomenii pentru doua tipuri de elemente. Spre deosebire de subdomeniile de tip B, cele de tip D se caracterizeaza prin aspectul turbulent al traiectoriilor eforturilor unitare principale. Pe masura scurgerii eforturilor unitare din subdomeniile de tip D catre subdomeniile de tip B, traiectoriile lor turbulente se uniformizeaza, asigurindu-se continuitatea eforturilor unitare pe ansamblul elementului. Principalele etape in utilizarea procedeului modelului de bare sunt: determinarea starii de tensiune (directiile eforturilor unitare principale); stabilirea modelului de bare; calculul static al modelului de bare; calculul armaturii si alcatuirea elemntului. Modelul de bare ales trebuie sa fie cit mai apropiat de scurgerea reala a eforturilor unitare in element si sa fie compatibil cu modelul de bare al elementelor de tip B cu care se invecineaza. Barele modelului urmaresc directiile eforturilor principale grupate pe zone de solicitare sau directii de scurgere a incarcarii exterioare prin element. Rezulta doua cai de stabilire a modelului de bare: pe baza imaginii directiilor eforturilor unitare principale din element, stabilita cu ajutorul unor metode numerice; practic aceasta imagine consta in doua familii de curbe ortogonale, pe baza carora se aleg directiile barelor comprimate si intinse ale modelului de bare; = cu metoda trasarii scurgerii incarcarilor prin element, pe baza analogiei cu liniile de curent, care leaga sursa de terminal pe caile cele mai scurte; in astfel de cazuri, dupa cum rezulta si din figura 2, sursa este incarcarea, iar terminalul este reprezentat de reactiuni; curbele stabilite se aproximeaza prin linii poligonale, atasind in plus bare de legatura pentru realizarea echilibrului transversal. Stabilirea modelului de bare este partea cea mai dificila in aceasta metoda de dimensionare, partea in care trebuie inteles foarte bine modul de lucru al elementului, in care intevine experienta proiectantului si in care trebuie luata decizia in privinta formei modelului de bare, deoarece sunt posibile mai multe forme ale acestui model, asa cum se vede si din figura 3, unde sunt prezentate doua modele pentru aceeasi grinda perete. a 3. PROIECTAREA ASISTATA DE CALCULATOR PRIN PROCEDEUL MODELELOR DE BARE Initial procedeul modelului de bare a fost propus si dezvoltat ca un procedeu de proiectare manuala, bazat pe experienta si intuitia inginereasca pentru trasarea scurgerii incarcarilor prin element; s-a adoptat acesta varianta, din cele doua prezentate mai sus, deoarece era foarte dificil a se stabili prin teoria elasticitatii traseul eforturilor unitare principale. Aparitia calculatoarelor au facilitat relansarea procedeului deoarece prin metode numerice se poate face un calcul rapid al starii de tensiune, o analiza a mai multor modele de bare, precum si o optimizarea a modelului de bare ales. In vederea utilizarii eficiente a procedeului modelului de pare a fost elaborat un program de calcul care are ca baza mediul grafic AUTOCAD, care are o mare raspindire intre proiectantii de structuri. Utilizind facilitatile AutoLISP-ului pe care AUTOCAD-ul le ofera s-au construit o serie de module LISP (autor: ing. E. Kender) care faciliteaza culegerea datelor necesare alimentarii rutinelor pentru analiza starii de tensiune in elementul de beton armat si a analizei statice a modelului de bare. Structura programului pentru aplicarea procedeului modelului de bare si principalele etape de lucru sunt exemplificate pentru cazul unei console scurte, in figura 4 prezentindu-se copii de ecran pentru diferite faze de lucru: - prin intermediul mediului grafic AUTOCAD se deseneaza elementul de beton armat; = elementul se imparte in elemente finite, cu linii ajutatoare (FIG. 4); = se incarca modulul "acadtpl" al carui rol este acela de a crea fisierul de date necesar determinarii starii plane de tensiune, fisier ce contine referi la: reteaua de elemente finite, conditii de rezemare si incarcari; ~ se rezolva starea plana de tensiune prin apelarea programului TPL care se ruleaza sub forma executabila; - se incarca modulul “autodxfé" al carui rol este acela de a transpune grafic starea plana de tensiune determinata la punctul anterior; modulul este scris in limbaj TURBO - PASCAL si se ruleaza sub forma executabila; = pe reprezentarea grafica a starii de tensiune se deseneaza modelul de bare, facindu-se in acelas timp si numerotarea nodurilor si a barelor (FIG. 4); = se incarca modulul "acadspa" al carui rol este acela de a crea fisierul de date necesar determinarii eforturilor in barele modelului, fisier ce contine referiri la topologia modelului, conditii de reazem si incarcarij; = se efectueaza analiza statica a modelului de bare prin apelarea programului SPA; programul este scris in limaj BASIC si se ruleaza sub forma executabila; pentru obtinerea unui model optim este necesar ca SUMA Ni.Li.EPSi = minim (aportul barelor comprimate de beton poate fi neglijat), unde Ni este forta axiala din elementul i, Li - lungimea elementului i, EPSi - deformatia specifica in acelas element; |- pe baza eforturilor obtinute in barele intinse se determina ariile de armatura, apoi se trece la detalierea acesteia. 5. CONCLUZIT Din datele prezentate mai sus se constata o buna identitate a rezultatelor teoretice cu cele care au stat la stabilirea elementului luat in discutie, fara a se fi facut o optimizare a modelelor. Din cele prezentate mai sus rezulta ca procedeul de calcul propus poate deveni un instrument eficient de calcul in vedera conformarii corespunzatoare a structurilor la orice fel de actiuni, inclusiv cele seismice. Bibliografie 1. Schlaich J., Schafer K. - Design and detailing of structural concrete using strut-and-tie model, Structural Engineering, Vol. 69, No.6, 1991 2. * * * ~ Cercetari pentru optimizarea alcatuirii si armarii in zone cu, discontinuitati geometrice si de incarcare la structuri din beton armat, Referat INCERC Timisoara & Universitatea Tehnica Timisoara - Catedra CCIA, 1993 i ;SIMPLIFIED METHOD FOR ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAMES METODE APROXIMATIVE PENTRU CALCULUL CADRELOR DE BETON ARMAT k Sorin Dan Corneliu Bob Abstract The paper deals with the simplified analysis of Reinforced Concrete Frames. The analysis was performed for both vertical and horizontal actions. The simplified methods of analysis were used for vertical loads: - the "simplified sub-frame which is recommended by "Concise Eurocode " [5]; - the "sub-frame with elastic connections". For horizontal actions was used the "sub-frame with modified stiffness” method. A finite element method, by using the computer program "ROBOT-Bat", has been considerated for checking the simplified methods. Results obtained from these analysis has indicated: the simplified methods of analysis are quite closed to numerical methods of analysis; for vertical actions the differences between the two simplified methods are small; for horizontal actions the simplified method used gives similar values for stresses. METODE APROXIMATIVE PENTRU CALCULUL CADRELOR DE BETON ARMAT Prof. dr. ing. Corneliu Bob, Asist. ing. Sorin Dan Universitatea Tehnicd Timigoara, Romania 1, Introducere Pentru calculul eforturilor sectionale in elementele cadrelor sunt utilizate, astazi, atat in normele internationale cat gi in Eurocodul 2, urmdtoarele metode [5]: (a) analize neliniare; (b) analize elastice cu sau fara redistributii de eforturi; (c) analize plastice. ‘Aceste metode se aplicd, pentru toate tipurile de structuri, prin utilizarea urmétoarel.. procedee de calcul [1]: modele mecanice; analize dinamice; interactiunea dintre teren si structura; metoda elementelor finite. In scopul realizarii atat a predimensiondrii elementelor componente cat gi a verificarii calculelor rezultate din aplicarea metodelor $i procedeelor exacte de analiza, Eurocodul 2 si Normele Nationale permit folosirea metodelor simplificate. In lucrarea de fati sunt prezentate, comparativ, rezultatele analizei unui cadru de beton armat ( Fig.1), solicitat de actiuni verticale i orizontale, care s-au calculat cu metode numerice gi metode aproximative. 2, Calculul la actiuni verticale In cazul cadrelor ortogonale, incarcarile verticale produc preponderent rotiri ale nodurilor; deplasarile nodurilor sunt relativ reduse sau lipsesc in cazul cadrelor simetrice incdrcate simetric. Distributia eforturilor depinde, in mare misuri, de raportul dintre rigiditatile riglelor si stalpilor. Calculul la actiuni verticale s-a efectuat prin folosirea urmatoarelor procedee: 1. Programul "ROBOT-Bat" pentru calculul eforturilor cu metoda elementelor finite ( Fig. 2). 2. Calculul simplificat al "fragmentului de cadru" prezentat in Anexa la "Concise Eurocode 2" [5] ( Fig. 3b ). 3. Metoda simplificatd prin folosirea unui "fragment de cadru" cu elementele incastrate elastic in restul structurii [3] ( Fig. 3c ). Rezultatele analizei facute sunt prezentate in Tabelul 1, din care se desprind urmatoarele concluzii:Tabelul 1 Valorile momentelor incovoietoare din actiuni verticale, in kNm Tabelul 2 Valorile eforturilor din actiuni orizontale ROBOT-Met.simpl. 549 ‘ROBOT ~ Metodele simplificate dau rezultate satisfacdtoare pentru actiuni individuale, putind fi utilizate cu incredere {a verificarea rezultatelor obfinute cu metoda numerica de calcul; - Pentru combinafii de actiuni se objin rezultate foarte bune prin folosirea metodelor simplificate numai pentru momentele incovoietoare din rigle, diferenjele pentru stalpi fiind semnificative; - Intre cele doud metode simplificate folosite nu exista diferente prea mari, astfel incat se indica a fi folosité metoda data in "Concise Eurocode 2", care este mai ugor de aplicat. Se mentioneaz faptul ci datele din Tabelul 1 sunt pentru un "fragment de cadru" din interiorul structurii; pentru "fragmentul de cadru" marginal rezultatele calculelor cu metodele simplificate sunt mai apropiate fad de cele date de programul "ROBOT-Bat’ 3. Caleulul la actiuni orizontale Pentru determinarea eforturilor sectionale in elementele cadrului de beton armat ( Fig. 1), solicitat de actiuni orizontale concentrate in noduri, s-au folosit att programul "ROBOT-Bat" pentru calculul eforturilor cu metoda elementelor finite cét si metoda simplificata [3], care ia in considerare rigiditatile modificate ale stalpilor datorité legaturii lor cu riglele care au rigidititi de acelagi ordin de marime. Rezultatele comparative ale calculelor efectuate sunt prezentate in Tabelul 2, i = ——— Metoda de calcul [emer Secti- Momente incovoietoare, kNm. Forte taietoare, KN. Gee Elementul ROBOT |_ Simplificata 2 Simplificata 3 “ne _[ RoBor | Met. simpt.| a % | RoBor | Met. simpi. | a % Valoare 4% Valoare A% Rigli Stanga 6.556 6.935 5.7 2.316 2.455 60 | Rigla 3.559 | 2.890 | -18.8 | 2.904 | -18.4 marginal’ TDreapta | 6.186 | 6.557 | -6.0 | 2316 2.455 | -6.0 Permanent T taip superior | 0,640 | 1.249 | +950 | 1107 | a729 Rigla Stanga | 7.081. | 6.571 | +7.2| 3.127 3.002 | +4.0 | Stilp inferior | 0.809 | 1.249 | +544 | 1.107 | +368 central [Dreapta| 6.991 | 6.937 | +08 | 3.127 3.002 | +4.0 Rigla 4.854 5.779 +19.1 5.808 $19.7 Stalp Sus 1.869 2.565 -37.2 1.260 1.282 -1.7 Stalp superior | 1.546 | 2.497 | +61.5 | 2.214 | 443.2 marginal Jy 4.687 | 4.370 | +68] 1.997 2.185 | -9.4 Stalp inferior | 1.921 | 2.497 | +15.6 | 2.214 | 415.2 Stalp Sus 4.443 | 5.142_| -15.7 | 2.592 2571 | +0.8 Rigla 8.413 8.669 +3.04 8.712 +3.6 Coa Jos 9.541 8.731 $8.5 . 4.459 4.365, +21 ee Stalp superior | 0.907 | 3.746 | +313 | 3.321 | +266 | Stalp inferior 1.104 3.746 +239 tL 321 +201 Din rezultatele prezentate in tabel se constata, in primul rand, ci metoda simplificata pentru calculul la actiuni orizontale di valori ale momentelor incovoietoare si mai ales ale fortelor taietoare foarte apropiate de cele objinute printr-un calcul cu metoda elementelor finite. De asemenea se mai poate concluziona ci valorile fortelor taietoare sunt cu mult mai aproapiate prin folosirea cele doua procedee de calcul. Pentru momentele incovoietoare se constatd imprastieri ceva mai mari, una dintre valori fiind ceva mai ridicata. In Fig. 4 sunt prezentate diagramele de moment incovoietor si forte tdietoare obtinute prin programul "ROBOT-Bat". In concluzie se apreciaza ca atat pentu actiunile verticale cat gi pentru cele orizontale metodele simplificate de calcul pot fi utilizate pentru verificarile necesare ale calculelor cu metodele numerice. Bibliogratie: 1. Breitschaft, G.: The structural Burocodes. Conceptual Approach, IABSE Conference, Davos, 1992. 2. Litzner, H.U: EC2 - Overview - Basic Design Concept, IABSE Conference, Davos, 1992. 3. Mirgu, O., Bob, C.: Constructii de beton armat, Universitatea Tehnicd Timigoara, 1990. 4. Commission of the European Communities: Industrial Processes Building and Civil Engineering, Eurocode No.2: Design of Concrete Structures 5. British Cement Association: Concise Eurocode for the Design of Concrete Buildings, July 1993.40x40cm foe = S + aw) “e] + Inc. utila p=4kN/m Ss + E damgh foogl | S + ec thy thr thr wo x & 4 g 3 q a fe £ = a g & g t 3 £ Eg r 5 5 8 5 el g He 3 £ g tog t p44 3 4 zl 2) zl 2 a S| Sg al sé WLOOFXOF Fig.1. — Calcul aproximativ la inc. vert. Fig.3. vert. pt+g - Calcul exact —- Inc. Fig.2.Fig.4. — Calcul exact - Ine. oriz. vint COMPARISON CONCERNING THE ANALYSIS OF SLAB SYSTEMS IN KEEPING WITH CONCISE EUROCODE AND ROMANIAN CODE COMPARATIE PRIVIND CALCULUL PLACILOR CONFORM VERSIUNII CONCISE EC2 SI A STANDARDULUI ROMANESC Prof.dr.ing. Ovidiu Mirgu Universitatea Tehnic& Timisoara SYNOPSIS There are compared the coefficients and the bending moment values of the slabs systems given in the Concise Eurocode 2 ( CEC 2 ) Appendix A3 and the Romanian Code ( STAS 10107/2-77 ). Two limit cases of rectangular panels with four edges discontinuous and with four edges continuous are investigated, supposing the conclusions can be extended to intermediate cases. The bending moment coefficients of the Romanian Code have been changed to the form of the Concise Eurocode 2 ( Tables 1 and 2). From the comparatione of the coefficients it results that the positive bending moment coefficients increase with 75-80% and the negative bending moment coefficient are almost unchanged (‘Tables 3 and 4). in addition, since the partial safety factors of the Eurocode are greater than those in the Romanian Code, the differences between the bending moment values increases. Two examples proved that the Positive moment values exceed 100% and the negative moment values increases with 10-30% ( Tables 5 and 6 ). For the taking over the coefficients of the Concise Eurocode 2 in the Romanian Code, supplementary motivations are necessary.In cele ce urmeaz& au fost comparate valorile coeficientilor si ale momentelor de incovoiere a pl&cilor date $n Concise Eurocode 2, stabilite pe baza analizei linilor de curgere ( rupere ), cu cele prevazute in STAS 10107/2-77, determinate cu metoda elastic& aproximativa. Conform CEC 2 momentele de iricovoiere pe unitate de 1atime pe 3/4 din zona central& fin directile x si y sunt obtinute cu relatile: Me = Ban 1 my = Byrn 1, in care: Bw respectiv By, sunt coeficientii momentelor de fncovoiere dati in Tabelul A2 pentru pl&cile de form& rectangular& rezemate pe patru laturi, cu impiedecarea ridicdrii colturilor, cu diferite moduri de rezemare ( 9 cazuri ), n este fnc&rcarea de calcul pe unitate de suprafata, 1.35 yt 1.5 & 1, este deschiderea cea mai mic&. Busi By stabiliti foloseste un ofel cu ductilitate ridicata n= fn ipoteza c& se x/b< 0.25, Coeficientii au fost si c& conditie cerut& si de standardul romanesc. Dup& STAS 10107/2-77 incovoiere pe fiecare directie x, relatile de calcul ale momentelor de respectiv y, fn cimp si pe rezeme, contin coeficienti intabelati, functie de cazurile de rezemare ( 6 cazuri ) gsi raportul laturilor placii. Pentru a putea compara valorile momentelor de incovoiere relatile de calcul folosite de standardul romanesc au fost aduse la o form& asemandtoare cu cea a CEC 2 si anume: m= wil? m =m wily unde: n, $i n, Sunt coeficientii momentelor de incovoiere transformati, w este inc&rcarea de calcul totala pe unitate de suprafata& cuprinzind inc&rcarile permanente (inclusiv cele cvasipermanente) si inc&rc&rile variabile; adopténd valori medii ale coeficientilor fnc&rc&rii: we 1.15 + 1.3 y 1, este deschiderea cea mai mick. Tabelul 1 Coeficientii transformati 4,, 7,. Placa simplu rezemat& pe contur A=l1,/l, 1.0 1.1 a3 1.3 1.4 1.5 Ts 0.03646 | 0.04388 | 0.05141 | 0.05877 0.06572 | .07210 ny 0.03646 | 0.03626 | 0.03557 | 0.03478 | 0.03353 | .03204 Tabelul 2 Coeficientii transformati m,, my. Placa incastrata a= /1, 1.0 1.1 ace 1.3 1.4 — te | % | 0-01794 | 0.02138 | 0.02445 | 0.02710 | 0.02934 | -o3121 jy | 0.01794 | 0.01766 | 0.01693 | 0.01604 | 0.01497 | .01386 te | | -04166 | 0.04952 | 0.05622 | 0.06173 | 0.06613 | .o69se ty | 0.04166 | 0.04092 | 0.03901 | 0.03652 | 0.03373 | .03094 Coeficientii momentelor de fncovoiere transformati sunt: ~pentru momentele de incovoiere pozitive 1a mijlocul deschiderii ~pentru incastrate unde: m= ty momentele de incovoiere eee Ny a, = a, # negative pe reazemele. is,2 $i 61.2 sunt coeficienti ai momentelor de incovoiere intabelati in STAS 10107/2-77, functie de cazul placii "i" si raportul laturilor 4 = 1,/1,; de rezemare a r este un coeficient egal cu 8 in cazul fAgiei liber rezemate la un capat si egal cu 12 in cazul f&siei dublu fncastrate. fincastrat& la cap&tul opus, respectivTabelul 3 Diferenta intre coeficientii CEC 2 gi STAS 10107/2-77 Placa simplu rezemat& pe contur A=1,/1, 1.0 11 1.2 ‘los) 1.4 1.5 Bu 0.055 |0.065 |0.074 | 0.081 0.087 0.092 ny 0.029 0.035 | 0.041 0.047 0.053 0.058 A 0.0260 | 0.030 0.033 | 0.034 0.034 0.034 By 0.056 | 0.056 0.056 | 0.056 0.056 0.056 ny 0.029 0.029 | 0.028 0.028 0.027 0.026 4 0.027 0.027 0.028 | 0.028 0.029 0.030 Tabelul 4 Diferenta intre coeficientii CEC 2 gi STAS 10107/2-77 Placa incastrat& pe contur AzL,/ly 1.0 al 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 [= B, | 0.024 |0.028 | 0.032 0.035 | 0.037 0.040 m ny, | 0.014 | 0,017 | 0.020 0.022 | 0.023 0.025 A |0.010 | 0.011 | 0.012 0.013 | 0.014 0.015 B, | 0.024 } 0.024 | 0.024 0.024 | 0.024 0.024 my | 0.014 |0.014 | 0.014 0.013 | 0.012 0.011 A | 0.010 ]|0.010 | 0.010 0.011 | 0.012 0.013 mg |B, | 0.031 | 0.037 | 0.042 0.046 | 0.050 0.053 “ Tn, 0.033 [0.040 | 0.045 0.049 | 0.053 0.056 A | -0.002 | -0.003 | -0.003 | -0.003 | -0.003 | -0.003 B, | 0.032 | 0.032 | 0.032 0.032 | 0.032 0.032 ny | 0.032 | 0.032 | 0.031 0.029 [0.027 | 0.025 IL A {0.000 |0.000 | 0.001 0.003 | 0.005 0.007 _— La propiectarea pl&cilor, standardul romanesc ia fn considerare efectul favorabil al boltirii datorit& necoliniaritatii articulatilor plastice prin care se admite un spor al capacitatiii portante de 20% pentru pla&cile continue ale planseelor din beton armat monolit, atunci c&nd raportul laturilor 1.0<1,/1,<1.5 . Ca urmare, raport&nd efectul asupra momentelor de incovoiere, valoriile acestora pot fi reduse prin inmultire cu 0.8 Pentru dowd cazuri extreme, a plicii simplu rezemate pe contur gia plicii incastrate pe contur, fn tabelul 1 si tabelul 2 au fost calculati coeficientii , si 7. In tabelul 3 si tabelul 4 au fost calculate diferentele intre valorile coeficientilor f,, respectiv B,, propuse de CEC 2 si n,, respectiv 9, (reduse prin inmultire cu 0.8), conform STAS-ului 10107/2-77. Se constat& in cazul placii simplu rezemate pe contur c& valorile medii ale coeficientilor sunt cu 80% mai mari decit coeficientii . In cazul pl&cii incastrate pe contur valorile coeficientilor momentelor pozitive sunt cu 75% majorate fat& de 7 , In timp ce coeficientii momentelor negative ram&n practic neschimbati. Diferentele se accentueaz& datorit& inc&rc&rilor de calcul. Dup& cum rezult& din relatiile de mai sus, coeficientilor Inc&rc&rilor atat pentru inc&rcarea permanenté cit si pentru inc&rcarea variabil& sunt cu aproximativ 15% mai mari dup Eurocode fata de STAS 10101/0A-77. Pentru ilustrarea celor prezentate au fost intocmite doud exemple de calcul, pentru placa simplu rezematé pe contur gsi placa incastrat& pe contur, in variantele A=1.0 gsi A=1.5 Exemplul 1 Placa simplu rezemat& pe contur. l= 3.5m, l= 3.5m, A =1.0 l= 3.5m, 1,25.35m, A= 1.5 % =5 KN/m?, gy = 5 KN/m’, 4n= 1.35 * 5 41.5 * 5 = 14,25 KN/m? w= 1.15 * 5 41.3 * 5 = 12.25 KN/m® Tabelul 5 " A= 1.0 an15 ( KNM/M] x y x y cEC 2 9.60 9.78 16.06 | 9.78 STAS valori 5.44 5.44 10.87 | 4.87 wwe initiale stag valori 4.35 4.35 8.70 | 3.90 reduse Diferente 1208 T258 B58 T50% ~120% ~1208 Exemplul 2 Placa incastrat& pe contur Aceleasi dimensiuni si Tabelul 6 fs A= 1.0 A= 1.5 (KNM/M] | pozitive negative pozitive negative x y x vy] x y x| oy CEC 2 4.19 14.19] 5,41 5.59]6.9 | 4.19 |9.25 | 5.6 aor STAS 2.63 | 2.63] 6.19 6.19] 4.7 | 2.06 | 10.5 7 eee eee : va 5 me, | 2-10 [2.10] 4.95 | 4.95] 3.8 | 1.75 | 8.40 | 3.8 Diferente 100% 100% 108 13% 86% 154% 108 100% ~108 120% 308 Se observé ca valorile momontelor incovoietoare pozitive la mijlocul deschiderii sunt aproximativ duble at&t pentru placa liber rezemat&, c&t $i pentru placa incastrata pe contur, in cele dou& cazuri A= 1.0 si 4 = 1.5 . Valorile momentelor negative pe reazem la placa incastrat& sunt in medie cu 10...30% mai mari. i Placa liber rezemat& si placa incastratS pe contur reprezinta situatii limit ge poate presupune cd rezultatele de mai sus pot fi extinse si la cazurile intermediare. In final trebuie semnalat faptul c& dimensionarea sectiunilor Ancovoiate din beton armat efectuatZ pe baza EC 2 este mai acoperitoare dec&t dup& STAS 10107/0-90 Concluzii Din analiza valorilor coeficientilor gsi a momentelor de fncovoiere a placilor simplu rezemate si incastrate pe contur, conform relatiilor propuse de CEC 2 $i STAS 10107/2-77, rezult& urm&toarele: 1, valorile coeficientilor momentelor de incovoiere pozitive a pl&cilor conform CEC 2 sunt cu aproximativ 75...80% mai mari dec&t valorile coeficientilor prevazuti in standardul romanesc. valorile coeficientilor momentelor de {ncovoiere negative, practic au aceleagi valori in ambele coduri. 2. Diferentele intre valorile momentelor de incovoiere sunt mai mari datorit& coeficientilor incdrc&rilor majorati in EC fata de standardul romanesc. In exemplele efectuate, momentele de Incovoiere pozitive sunt in medie cu peste 100% mai mari, iar momentele de incovoiere negative cu 10...308, 3. Cum metoda de calcul a placilor prevSzut& fn STAS 10107/2-77 se regdseste si in editile anterioare pe baza cdreia au fost proiectate si executate pl&ci ale planseelor de beton armat fra a fi semnalate dificiente, adoptarea propunerii CEC 2 in normele noastre nu poate fi acceptat& f2r& motivatii suplimentare. Bibliografie 1. * * * STAS 10107/0-90, Calculul gi alc&tuirea elementelor de beton, beton armat si Constructii civile si industriale. brecomprimat.2, * * * STAS 10107/2-77, Calculul gi alcatuirea plangseelor de beton armat $i beton precomprimat. 3. * * * STAS 10107/2-77, Plangee curente din placi $i grinzi din beton armat gi beton precomprimat. 4, * * * STAS 10101/0A-77, Actiuni in constructii. Clasificarea si gruparea actiunilor pentru constructii civile si industriale. 5. * * * Concise Eurocode for the Design of Concrete Building ( CEC 2), British Cement Association, July 1993. 6. Timoshenko S., Theory of Plates and Shells, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, Toronto, London, 1959. ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES FOR BENDING AND LONGITUDINAL FORCE Ploutarchos Yannopoulos Abstract This paper covers all the clauses of Eurocode No. 2 (Design of Concrete Structures) on the problem of members subject to bending and longitudinal force. First are given the basic design principles for sections under normal action effects For the design of rectangular sections under prevailing bending different methods are given: use of the General Diagram and the General Table of CEB, use of the NTUA (National Technical University of Athens) method, and use of approximate formulae. The design of T-beams is also covered. For the design of rectangular and circular sections under prevailing compression the use of CEB Interaction Diagrams and NTUA Interaction Tables is shown through examples. Finally the design of rectangular sections under biaxial bending is covered,BASIC DESIGN PRINCIPLES moe SECTIME wore _WoRMak ACTION £ARCTS Resictance Action Bio) enim voles halen: Deteonnt Charatan Yates Cs Cf faci k gS of mrad) Deescgn ‘Vales Ce) set Aton) Actin) —m Sym Ye 5 Sty Hele seat) mo a Geriare LIRIY STATE FOR BANDING ware potee _shste _Assunerrous ir ong wise of chin unr Hn © Pin sectinr remain pha © Ge Cow alpndy hater she! ener) Cements tent stheg fi) © maxes = 10% Pintew 35% or ~ 20%, ° fue 2 ~& diagram for Steal Real aligns of tinplifird Hf on the efi sie Gn diagrom for concrete a, ope et ye cs mere a due piessgye ow fe ae ' 1 ponte Wi Lx PAE fs a O88 falhs0 fir content with of sein op (siroaiy Coara extre conpratin lar tari (3: gah setint) FE price Ge rar renferenut talib gis "2d the pradietin Of the heft of m oeegs A capitan save eres Tapsuoptsines ome Opn Fantersen Acroalas. Sonim Divtribution At we UMbinate Limit State OS Emre Teron 2 Syste Tywepoptes L232 BEE. TE fu = Md ¢ Malyy —— pcre pm A Haug Mod & Maye, em aaa Myild me ce ally ul 1 snes | i | / i enctital Optimisation (CEB) Pending 0 Te ee EE y aot : air corp Inde iene hel tee | S| remy AoW tewih fae as Foal Colin @=4) : a a TN Nomograms for the Gakulation of force Fe carried by the cone in_Compressron Checking of Rectanguher suction ander Prova’ ling Bepeing TT tft = = Wah = 00/4504 som Sueo / C20 - Ay, = 18,86 mt (6 $20) tor Repuired : Moment of revstance Mag la deal + tege3tm ard tue len T 7a xe Sap ase atm ir fea >In 9 we (romeyran) rl nw Rag eal ob nq 4es(e2eVi9)- 018-038-3580 pst 6a, «fad = Fetes SOPH INF MPa = 19,2? Fa, «Fac San YBN e655 KN Bolnee of forces + Ny nM Fea $ Fede 0 (am) < 65 ed + Pats he fathure of eampressin Bane of oncrete, ed teal with fen ine fay € Whe ind trigh? fet 3% and fy 5209 xe Bie 190» 0.20 m fey eB ie a we OT Fag = 2985.20 WY IS -dp-gno = - 50k) Beas 65 aN By, 26 Jus = ee Aeing, — 0-(-89) € 5 ene furthar redusbion of i rpwied Sed trials tage Bee wed fan Bee xa ght Om © omtm wo Seg 2 18 Iee oro Fed = eager 2006-68 q30 = —66r kw) Faas GSE RN EDK mh ty 217% Coty Colaslation of Moment of Rey stones = (455) mess a baknce of frees + - ‘ t fe cere) sr tat 58% ty satan feng) a Sine gns-gaat =t10m aie HAN adoe apes = Com Hoge Rg 2 = 65-490 © 22 Vieoo xe phe 62 Olam Ht Sere Gat. Sate att Chesegs — O= (23) > 219 heme fare of steel Bao tried sey 8 thw fay te 2 The 050 © 0,082 m Se eg othe ae ON Regs 900.048 29 OY) 5-4etb yo = — 199 kab Ru,* 2 end Om (2d) 22h heme ether crea of Sir repre Chests Bel tral feat 2aVin and f= Soe He EE 08 © Oem ve 1 for HR e naw 90 Fee # = 070-085-20.8Y/) 5-499 290K Chetny! On (RN) EA ok. Moncks fevatnce fp Fog 2-20-02 0208 = 9388-G08F BEE m De dee Gage OMSm Mag? Fed 2 = 29-4965 © ZL “iba! idl pms PAAR ‘ Te eee MOLE 78S Gener! Proceders 07 Frm Ma Hg, yp mee Ms = Har Mey Singh or Dowbh, Reinfeenest? Far getbiny min Chaban) (Mah S Hy, me Sigh CAs) Mss >My ~~ Dobh (Ayr Aus) 09 Dekermination of Mins 50 Chat un stl he best passibh ase of Leavin rebnfercement # wou ad i Mim a My = te Room Meta =f, (cone 200g) by or foam Diyran or Tbk: ial (i Cabatetion of Aap Tid Mj, mw Aas = Aad 5 He he “he 1 Calauntion of Ay w Ase dM My mm Min —-& SS etlae Ma-y —— EBD Ay = Mim BM Me ter tie Au Ca an ge = he Jeomnoe fe Sy concrete + compresion Ser BE TE Ges The vake of merert prodeced by the corte comprestin stresses, referred th contre ction, becomes macimem [Gerunl Diagram of CEB for Aecaggchr Sections Pum Bendig Pecberle Sins OT ce Beene of reducod wales of practi iba slid fer eg pully of mnie and steal 9 evey pantth nonin bah sey dagen cine fe ena! way prtinl mefeky tors cC. end pear ne R/O Shee —————— 5 Hoth Bin $y = pA ett. 0 Daternton of Hig 2 Comparison of manent OF Buse oh tein nibrsnnt Fm Gna tage tae Pa Sel Doom fi fone [Hon] OTF poe > tex tention and compression rinforeameat Reo ee rh ee ent sdroape 50 yl eo exdaees betray Rare Gexemd Diagram of CEB for aga of cbantr sectionsroi Tak of (20 for Buguar Sabin [rie on saat emt ies) 0 wat (Ay Aad is = Met wm Aen ta. ond tt Oe ae she fn ak Fp ys Page Sik ff Bsr scsi ee pean cnfeaens hlngek aed Aeinkravnt fo minChn +e) Gael CY BBE La of agile is cident rie bo eo 883 aE ———_—-- ea Fr of ree aS Ee | | | | | | i } | } | | NWA Methed foe Rectal Sebioos Jaen bho ene Fee some emek heer: Mijn mid sce neat 30 Elon Aol a eben na Te > ase punto freee Xe Aare ose Iye $400 C20 fs, =pubd eM. Ase pb Révance Kevanag EME yd r6y oxeSvosus Sotoreventy barony S08 dupe ul A weds bott d5vaym (S400 ai 20)Fennionte Bk Skin Ve sf ital a cine Flot Ade a $C p03! am Oye pelo a) 0% se Foe ene ee paep Catton of eins ym bd $e frit hy hd neon ey Ark rung of Subaysts Satan ix Blinn Wi ete mabe (thy) BETTE SOY Y Giane Ay Bh em RG 4 Determatin gt Basha, My finn TAA, and dow yo. Way 8) oy ttn fot sy Tho count Tabk fy ume Se Pate Bp oC B) Fron Gon Toth fi hsm bp te as Pune ern By punto iat nites (sy 1 an te ta By BE pag Made pgs bal fa FE Ady Sfyd Hon my ttl we run waiter abues Guan Wdfh = vas/osefossm s%0 €20 Fig 210.4 Wn Pyrints Ay att gw ones A epee neh wna age roe © celeste Yon Higa F,, (060-0386, ) woe (26ta-0206s0u))mo-20 Mig = 0300 028 0s0% sng 375 EX O Sime fa 008d < Hy, 2030 he mit ean! stan ts at, tee rene (ane Me pywore 2B yaee 8 Gass Badd = casero 0H0m cute enone = dy pie wid Go = fy = 240 Hla = 368 ft (Cb) mag (Bit 0) = 500 x02 en? er () et Saat of CE Wi py woe AE ym 0-230 Aap = bd fa = saeaensn pie ot (i) a Aig = amtee! i on a ERED peso Se Ride mpg yar wel [Sime Baap bt wth My = 308 Em = o9%0 > y= 0-230 the mest economical solelion i oth reivbramat Aut A) Silas Hak cconemiol wits wit Bath Baframet Mig = 033003520. AB 2 375 Hm = han) Crt) Fite ef due Aue Mtl fit ole = ommesraroeai oo whl ft =f aE ie = rnaseso a galee anaes ae “ rhs “yg = ae me “om ey dja= wt A pmo Ane Abdo = 198 ssesse = 23 nt Mou earns sas 2 Sktion: Ninn Eicnmical Shten, ie. wih ag maha (a) Bam 21 ge eye = Tite) onenne iio ean hee CoN) we es). sunsiadt ee ee ee oescave Tox mack smtaninied 14 dint loki SE gpenites mmek balou Hts gel, Rrwnpet (Goan Oe ce Ge and tS? WL cenere! Toe of CEO yeh) 2 Determination of Mg fim Tobk atm findthn of Oh valet of ie eh Aunt of stat tenia cee © Gps hah fiyg FF pe PM Lent compre Dene rae? s Petrie “fon TEAL asm fan of te vlc of {ee a Ie Risin pitt Gamsia Reicha: the 6 Hi) Aan etd fo te Pein Wh Gomsere Matoteset (py > Hy) 4 Deteminin fm Tbk mr ction of Bd BIB wrt gty © ee Hea ~ Pn Mea cal Eimepht Dou of Tebenm Widnat lesmetren Reinfoemnt Hb = bas faas Ih]y = tobe se Sela = shee oh Bi whe ~ HM» 20 tafe $id on Wem Fm Gmmd Talk oe find vor ee a oe eect natal And thom the Ceram! Feb + vm aces Ane sean: ecto aan « aha otconeh* Devin of Totewe With Gmpraste Reinfacenent Ae prea eaampk and additionally acer Hi]ly = 300 Mt ron ES The Gon Geren! Table nen! twain Pua eimgemmanan —w Ht0 > ye cnpreni if Une grsonnins wat netfee nivale Formal, i ths Des Assunption C We as © ameresive hese on om Be hb Maa = MaKe, Me el ts] a ae Posayey pet + vl tri Li % The tame 1 before [attr '= 2 Gore oat mast, Ce pocmasficmrew "A courtesan [Paiva cama —conpanseron | Fitermction Diagrams: vee we fee UNG fava For one hype of ect © Ar ame revnforsenest patter © Fe ore vale of BO d/h © Fir one enley of relnfrcomint Beaute of Renased Vadis (iy, M4), Taberetion Dagens de nit ciptnd spon? © cancrete grade © eters UY seckion Valid Pre + day combinetin of 2, py Design ane! mt i Da From indernchin abigyram Mea” o fi Cen he a pig OH INTERACTION DIAGRAMS / pies ERE CTAN GUAR SherEeH: oT) SYHMBTATC RETHRACENAT. Steel Choe Relative concrete d/h e Coun we ea 15 Zim Dagens] Taha a laagements Deszen Diageant iternctbn PG of seeing Sak cncine ba i oon Sai ae att i | | | | i wee tne Hy Myron hg) ae Ac ally) Fa ase © smo $400Approxinate Fomulue. (fir tye cheng) rer 2 =H] bth = 0.20/onsjasom For reckanguke sector th Aaj Aya = 400/20 H) Valid fie a ake of W ehh ace a ene of Uh ig ~1100 EH Albee ste! beasts fp la Me» = nose Wiig 7 smo a oe he ithe» aceite” ae Y arene 1 By demining? * TT a A er sane ete Sar eae ee rm © Drtemincion of ye Focuses) © 0F Wo Coenen) eer ae fa © onyp-ane Cuneo) sen ese Faery, ese | I | | } | : i 1 i i | | | | 4 i i | | i i; i 4 |eee ard He penimter (6 of lt pera (6 May My reeked cats ee eae Ake Thies 8 Pincedun of dig and echig Arua = Se fice Oi Be retagplr sebans Exane Ald emrachoorm fa/fa sof MM = tee Fin bat rid staal wi 3006 by & 200A wt dh com and Fh ye MIA) = Me Mf sf) Maine o Aime © eg Sire ae prams Ame oar 7 nga ied, a Prevailing TEnsiin sent ewe 4 em Ma/My 54, ore Muzo &_ My <0 ee = Me Cee) Then — he ahah secbin it oe Se stregth of We ceca ees pes bad pon tbe ment — nimi of anetions, at tem Hee 6, = 6, het fe Agee) « stato peed tps He ree 8 caomcjenent of reife sfoeament ao Mat Cad- fa Aye Aug he Ans DSS thld,Jdgx esforasfees/o.03— fir/ha = tofae AR Ht = txhso MaDe Ly, = 78 Hem /30080-%, Ny w= 300 Mog © 75-3008 037 2-368m co Prewsiley Gentian em w Agsmaletientl vie eRe ont Au Pron) moni bh emt Ag =k +0 ens fn iy 007 hn Aye ert! FS ae 13 on © Depend upon — tga of secbn — Airtabtton of reinforamert OO relative caver mb JA — etyey of steel reed actin } Gem — seikies dimenvins For’ gi Gite My s Unsbend of surfaces wm Tater “ a Bayne ya at = Mal hw rv aa bh fy { Bhan of By Be 1 fares an Cb Net Roe KCI fh whem Toe ea Base eee * Flhes al Hen EA ~ ay iYShJ6 tte oe /asleotfacs m kip. = Here [ah Bela = aeetne Napa | Mag = ~a0 rf orf en Pua none Teese” Smee Bea ihre fae Poe rea eee Aaa © 088 qitet an eet sina aay aximate Forme be tra Bae bonding (N,)6) Uninet Sndng () ey ht We fe conffinnnt ten My /Me ge at Hy GE etc eng de 4 WF Herne m— pe Be) Sextte me ee ape oor Pee ee Yemen Ape prone hn cere ates ounrn gam ones Wot emctrind ronfes Hag =231 ee ee ts : ' | ; | DESIGN METHOD FOR SHEAR, EUROCODE 2 CALCULUL LA ACTIUNEA PORTELOR TAIETOARE CONFORM EUROCODE 2 Gonf.dr.ing. CORVELIA MAGUREANU Technical University of Cluj-Napoca ABSTRACT This sections applies to beams and slabs designed for flexure. It also applies to prestressed elements and colums aubjected to significant shear forces. In structures of variable depth, the design shear for- ces shall be modified by a contribution corresponding to the components tf the compressive and tensile rezultants perpendi- cular to the member reinforcement are given.Nu este necesar un calcul special la fprté tkietoare dac& Yea < Ya san a < 1. HVALUAREA FORTET TAIBTOARE SOLICITANTE V54(Qg) Fed=Cb axa neulra’_ a4] axa centrale! de. greutare Za, fod=Ta — + pentru sectiune ou inl time constant’ Yea * Yoa sau 5 = * pentru o sectiune cu Indltime variabild Vea * Yoa ~ Yoa ~ Yta sau y= % = % - O% | Ta TEN A ER TT TEN ee in care: Voq(%) - forta t&1etoare de calcul din sectiune; Vgq(%) ~ Componenta fortei de compresiune pe direo}ia Voq. Yoq = (Mgq/A) te (P saa Qe = (MA/ay tp, in care: Mog = My - Marte san My = Mg - Nez, gq ~ componenta forjei de intindere pe directia Voq + Vag =(igg/d - Ny tePy Oy = Uy/By - teh, 2. Elemente avénd armature pretensionaté inclinaté Pentru a tine seama de efectul armiturilor pretensiona- te inclinate, forta t&ietoare de calcul este dat&é de relatia: Yaa = Yoa ~ Ypa sau Q = % - ® in care: Vpa(Qp) ~ componenta vertical’ a fortei din armXtura pretensie- nati Gnclinati, luat% ca pozitivd dack e in acelagi sens cu Voge 3 QU _PRIVIRE LA VALOAREA FORTEI TAIBTOARE REZISTENTE Vp q(Qp) Valoarea fortei téietoare rezistente Vpq(Q,) are tred componente (fig.2): - forta t&ietoare rezistent& de calcul pentru elemente Rai fér& armAtur& pentru forth t&ietoare;Vpao ~ forta t&ietoare de caleul care poate fi preluaté fri atrivirea bielei comprimate de beton; Vpq3 ~ forta téietoare de calcul care poate fi suportats de un element avand armituri de fortd tkietoare. Vsb » Msd Comprestune Intin cle re #7g- 2 4. ELEWENTE PARA ARMATURA TRANSVERSALA PENTRU FORTA TATETOARE (Vga < Vea) In general este necesardé prevederea unei cantit&}i mi- nime de arm&turd transversal’. Aceast% cantitate minimA de ar- mitur& poate fi omis& in cazul unor elemente, ca de exempla: pl&cile (pline, nervurate eau ou goluri) sau in cazul elemente- lor de importanté minors privind rezistenja gi stabilitates structurii (de exemplu buiandrugi avind deschideri < 2 m). 4.1. DEPINIREA TERMENULUI Yaar Sp) Valoarea fortjei de calcul Year se determina cu relatia: Yaar “[Ogq + HCL? + 40f,) + 0,156 5] >y@ (2) Gay =[B nq + KCL2 + 40p) + 0,5 Oy] Paohy | | | | | | | | i | | | } 1 i ; t | i | ; i | } Relajia (1) este valebilé in cazul in care (¥,, este compresiune. Dack Ge este Gntindere, adic’ O°, <0, relatia (1) devine: Year -[Gr, CC 0,456.) obyed (1") In relatia (1) componentele reprezint&: Gg GR ~ Yeloaree de calcul a rezietentei conventionale la forfecare Gra = (925 + fore o,05)/T (2) Gre = 925 Ryy)/155 k ~ k= 1, pentru elemente la care mai mult de 50 % din armitura longitudinald din zona inferioaré este opritk la deschidere k= (1,6 - 4) p14n care a este in metri; (3) k = (1,6 - h.)>1 in care h, este in metri. In cazul plicilor nearmate la forté t#ietoare: k= 3. In cazul pl&cilor armate la forti t&ietoare: k= 1,3 A, 3 = moa < 0,02 (4) A [= Eek < 0,02 ane in care: A.) (4,,) ~ aria de arméturd intins’, extined mai mult de @ +b, note de le sectiunes consideraté (he + La,net) l _ - lungimes de ancorare ( ‘a net) benot = (P/N fyq/fpq) (5)Lajnet 7 (P/R/ Sy) 2 G_ = fpq = Veloarea de calcul a aderentei de rupere; toa este dat in tabel in functie de tipul barei gi re- zistenta caracteristick a betonului. by (by) - 1%}4mea minimd a grinzii pe indljimea util& a(h) XN N a 8 Oop = a (Cy = (6) Nyg(F,) - forte axial& in sectiune datorit& inc&roé- rilor exterioare sau precomprimirii (com presiunea este pozitiva). fox (Ry) 3 26 20253095 404550 5 G Ra (Cg) 718 0,22 0,26 0430 0434 0437 0,41 0,44 0,48 lo.net Vee lonet Vee at [425 7 nl ‘Asi Asi Fige3.a Pig.3.b 4.2. DBFINIREA TERMBNULUI Vpao(Qpp) Vag = 095 + V+ fog + by + 0,98 oo) Re =05-).R 4 Or9K, in care: f Y= 0,7 - G25 (fy, An MPL) (8) R Y= 0,7 ~ E> 0,5 Caz particular: dac& elementul este supus gi unor com- presiuni axiales,Vaqo se va reduce ast- fel: Vraz,rea = #67 Vaga() - Sop o#/foa) Ba + A5/ IgA, fy! Ys < 400 MP,5 ELEMENTE CU _ARMATURA TRANSVERSALA ‘PENTRU FORTA TATBTOARE Vsq> Vara) 51. GENERALITATI In grinzi, rezistenta le forj& t&ietoare poate fi asi-~ gurat& de armituri ridicate numai in combinatjie ou etrieri, astfel ca cel putin 50 % din Vega si fie preluat de etrieri. Inclinarea barelor ridicate nu poate fi mai mick de 45°. 5-2. GEOMETRIA SECTIUNII DE INALTIME CONSTANTA Din actiunea fortei tdietoare, un element este alc&tu- it dintr-o zoni comprimat& gi una intins&, avénd bratul de par- ghie egal ou z. Bratul de parghie z este calculat farha se fine seama de prezenta eventuald a barelor inclinate. membrure comprinée amatures [S.J detfort tranchant ate ale FIG.4. Notatiile din figuré: Ge ~ unghiul arm&turilor transversale cu axa longitudine- 1s unghinl bielei de beton cu axa longitudinala; , = 1, - forta de intindere din armitura longitudinald; FP, = G, ~ forta de compresiune din beton in directia axei lon- gitudinale; 14timea minim’ a inimii; bratul de pérghie al fortelor interioare pentru un element de in<ime constant, corespunztor momen~ tului Gncovoietor maxim. Pentru calculul le forté tAtetoare se poate aproxima 2 = 0,9 a(z = 0,9 h,). Bfortul unitar in biela de beton trebuie e% indepli- neasc& conditia: e Gos V+ boa (a2) T< V+ R in care este un factor de eficacitate definit prin: = 0,7 - 38> —rrEese y= 0,7 - aos > 0,5 523. METODE DE CALCUL In cazul in care Vgg> Vaqgy sunt propuse doud metode de verificare: © metoda standard; * metoda bielelor in directie variabila. Metoda bielelor de inclinatie variabils permite un mai mare grad de libertate in dispunerea arm&turilor decdt metoda standard. Ba conduce in mod frecvent la o economie substantie- 14 de armituri de fort% t&ietoare, dar poate dezavantaja armi- tura intins’ longitudinal’. Aceast& metod’ se recomand’ a fi folosit& in cazul solicit&rii combinate fort téietoare ~ tor~ siune.os 7} a) Metoda standard \ in care $ s~a determinat la nivelul cel mai defavorabil. Determinarea 1ut Vpq3 = %%3 b) Metode bielei de inclinatie variabil¥ | Reziatenta la forté tkietoare a unei sectiuni cu armi- Notatiile sint definite in figura 4. turd transversald este dat’ de ecuatia: | Unghiul @ el bielei de beton cu axa longitudinald se | limiteazd la: VRa3 = Voa + Va | 0,4 < cotg @ < 2,5 - in cazul grinzilor cu armitur&é longitudi- Yoa = % = Yaar [Gra + (12 + 40f;) + 0,150, ] oy. = | nal& constant& pind la reazeme; = contributia betonulut egeld cu Yaa | 0,5 < cotg @ < 2,0 ~ pentru grinzi on armXtur& longitudinald a. | fn lungol elementului. Va = Qe = contributia arm&turii transversale. Determinarea lui Vaq3 = a3 * Dac& arm&tura transversald este verticald, contribu- ; $ia ei le preluarea fortei téietoare este dat& de: Ne VERTICALE (etrieri) Asw | bela be TOE O88 Sa 4 y, te sa. £,,cots & a7) fet | nay te we Syag Bot = “Ee + OF9y + Rags | a Le ‘et | = 12. RL cote © *Dack arm&tura transversal’ este Inclinatd: | Ses * 8 oa 4 | ‘Su \ Twa * + 0,94. Fg(l + cotgec doy f, wa = * ‘yng’ l + cotgel)sinec (14) sw $0,529. tq (as) | S- pasul armiturii inclinate. wt | Dac’ % = 90°; cotgel= 0; sined’= 1 dee + R, ae " asc niege a ne as = Se + 0,9b RA (1 + cotgx)ained. INOLINATE Determinarea lat Vpap = pp a Pentru verificarea la strivirea bilei de beton compri- Vpag Sr + 2 + Lyyglcote + cotget)ainx mat se utilizeaz& relatia: Vpao = 59+ fog 2 0,94(1 + cotg ec) (15) Qo = 05). RL + dy + 0598,(1 + cotged). A, a3 = B82 oa. Ry, (cote @ + cotget)sine ou: Ape + fom E 055+ + fog» since eee ete ee Dac elementul este precomprimat gi inima elementului . eee confine canale injectate, avénd dianetrul # > b,/8(B > b,/8), 1 dag + Bag , 095 + De Ry + Binet | se convine un calcul 1a forja thietoare Taq, ou ‘eropimea irid- bs SS Tosa | mil by determinaté ou relayia: z = 0,94 (z = 0,9 h,) ~ coefictentul de eficacitate ex- by,nom = Py ~ 1/229 (16 primat anterior. inom = %y - 529 /Yaloarea lui cotg @ se poate elege astfel incdt s& se optimizeze gi minimizeze cantitatea totald de armturd. Porta totald de intindere din arm&tura longitudinald este daté de expresia: \gal m= 8 +} |v 5q (cote @ - cote) qs) expresia de mai sus echivaleasi cu decalarea curbet M,4/s (iig/2) cu abscisa (cotg @ - cotg%).2/2 in directie in care va~ loarea absolutd Ms4/z va creste. Determinarea 1ui Vago = Qpo In cazul arm&rii transversale sub formA de: EYRIERT Vaan = My 22d + fgg/(cotg @ + tg @) (20) Qo = dy + 2. d. Roots © + tg ©) ARMATURA INCLINATA > >. 2, 2008 # + cote Yeap = by Zee a a cotg @ + cotge or abet. DR, Spe 2 CL + cotgee Caz particular Pentru elemente firi armAtur&i transversaldé de fort& t&- detoare gi pentru elemente la care armitura transversal’ e-a determinat prin metoda standard, se poate admite o majorare a resietentei le forti tdietoare pentru cazul exiatentei unor in- c&retri concentrate situate la o distanti x < ae a(x<2,5 4) fata de reazem. In acest caz, valoarea Ini O,4(,,) din rela- tia (1) care determin’ valoarea lui ¥p se Bas esl toa ou coe~ ficientul P definit prin: Rals P= 295 a/x ow 1,0< <5 (21) Dack se tine seama de oregterea rezistentei la fort% tiietoare, trebuie satisficute urm¥toarele conditii: a) modul de dispunere al inc&rcirilor permite trans- miterea directs a acestora la reazem prin intermedinl unei pielei oblice de beton; b) la dreapta unui reazem marginal, arm&tura longitu- dinalé trebuie ancorat&, s& fie egald cel putin cu cea nece- garé la incovoiere, la distanta 2,5 d (2,5 hy) de reazem; c) la dreapta unui reazem intermediar, sectiunea de armitur& trebuie prelungitd de la fata reazemului in deschi-~ dere pe o lungime de cel putin 2,54 +b, nop t+ bn note 6. FORFECAREA LA IMBINAREA GRINDA-PLACA Rezistenta la forfecare a elementului poate fi justifi- cat& prin considerarea unei grinzi cu zibrele formate dintr-o biel& comprimat& de beton gi armitura transversalk intinsd. Starea limitK uitim’ poate fi atins& prin strivirea bielei de beton sau prin ruperea arm&turii transversele ‘in- tinse de legiturd intre placd si inima. Efortul longitudinal mediu de lunecare pe unitatea de lungime se definegte prin: AF v (22) cu: AF - variatie fortei normale care se exercit& intr-un element pe distanja a, (fig.5)s a, - distante dintre punctul de moment nul 91 maxim. In absenta unui calcul mai riguros se adopti verifica~ reas Yea < “Rae (23) Ysa < Yra3 an care: Vaag "0%? fog © Be (25) Qpo = 092 Ry + By A, ‘of Yra3 7 2,58Rq + bp + Bree tya (26)A, Qp3 = 205°SR, +e +R, Dacé in secfiunea cu M = M4,, placa este supus% gi le o forté de intindere, relatiile de mai susdevin: — (27) 4 Vra3 = +R, betonul se (28) Rd3 an a neglijeazd (sur 1'épaisseur hy) section el be M=Mmax Fic. 5. In cazul unei solicit%ri combinate, respeotiv, forfeca- re intre inimd si placd gi o tncpvoiere transversald, armitura necesar& pentru incovoiere gi fort& t&ietoare nu se cumuleazd. 7» DISPOZITIT CONSTRUCTIVE PENTRU ARMAREA LA FORTA TAIBTOARE Arm&turile pentru preluarea fortei t&ietoare pot forma un unghi de 90° sau 45° cu planul median al elementului conai- derat. Armitura la fort’ t&ietoare poate fi alcdtuits din: 1 } - etrieri care leagd armitura longitudinal’ {ntins& gi zona comprimat’ (sau cadre); = bare ridicate inclinate; - ansambluri de carcase, bride (eto.), constand din pare de inaltd resistent% care nu includ in trasewl lor gi armitura longitudinal’, dar sunt corect ancorate in zonele ntinse gi comprimate. p—_____ | Cage dépingles formant armatures effort tranchant Echelles formant armatures c'eftort tranchant Etriers iG. Cel putin 50 % din armtura pentru preluarea fortei tX~ detoare trebuie s% fie sub form’ de etrieri (sau carcase). Procental de armare la for}% t&ietoare se determing cu relatia: A Sw 2 . i sine (29) A, ‘Tae pentru etrieri %= 90°; sind = 1. Valorile minime ale coeficientului de armare transversalé Sasa ofelulag Clasa betonului $220 00, 5500 12/25 gi 020/2 0,0016 9,000! Q,.000" 25/30 gi C: 0,002. 9, 09,0021 40/50 _ si €50/60 0,0030 00016 0,001;Diametrul armdturilor pentru fortd téietoare nu poate depigi 12 mm gi se iau din bare lise. Distanta maxim& in sens longitudinal Suax cate: - deck Vag < 1/5 Vaan Snax = 018 4 < 300 mm -dac’ Vy < 2/3 Vrao Saar = 026 a < 300 mm = dack Vi, > 2/3 Vrao Suax 7 003 4 < 200 mm Distanja maximi intre barele ridicete: Sax = 026 a(l + cotgx). 8. CONTROLUL FISURARII LA FORTA TAIBTOARE Se poate admite c& fieurarea datoratS fortei tdietoare este controlat& intr-o manier& satisficktoare, dack spatiul intre armStura transversal& respect’ conditiile din tabel. Dack V,q > Vgq au e necesaré verificarea la fisurare. Un riso dedsebit de aparitie a unor deschideri mari de fisuri se manifest% in cazul achimbiirilor brugte de stSri de eforturi, ca de exemplu: - 1a schimbarea sectiunilor transversale; - in vecin&tatea inckroirilor concentrate; ~ la oprires barelor in sectiune; - fn cazul existentjei eforturilor de aderent% ridicate. Distanje intre armiturile transversale in grinzi, pentru asigurarea controlului procesului de fisurare Vea ~ 3Y, sid) (x/am?) Distanta aoe armitart mm, Qag - 38> Pe PrBy 50 300 5 200 100 150 150 100 200 Es ' | ' PRESCRIPTIL PENTRU DALE 0 dal& care are prevazut® arm&tur& de forté t&ietoare, trebuie sX aibX o in<ime de minim 200 mm. Dac’ este necesard arm&tura’ pentru fort% t&ietoare, sectiunea ei trebuie eX fie cel putin egal% cu 60 % din valori- le minime prevdzute pentru grinzi. Dack, in cazul dalelor V,4 < 1/3 Vago (Qy < 1/3 Qpo)s armitura pentru forté t&ietoare poate fi constituitk in intre- gime din bere fnclinate. Spatiul maxim intre barele ridicate S$... = d(Sya, = hy)- Distanta de le fate reazemului la cea mai apropiat& ar~ m&turS Gnclinaté trebuie si fie mai mick de 4/2 (h,/2). Dac& exist& doar o sectiune de arm&turé inclinat&, inclinarea ei se poate reduce le 30° (fig.7). Se poate considera of o bark ridicat& preia forte ta detoare pe o lungime egal cu 2d(2h,). Ca arm&turi ce pot prelua efectul de strdpungere se considers dear cele delimitate prin conturul situat la o dis- tenté egel& ou cel mult 1,5 4 sau 800 mm de le periferia ariet de incircare. De asemenea, barele inclinate la o distant& de cel mult 4/4 (h,/4) - fig.T.o. “ sosd pb pEOSE | Tt WT 4 ~~ e Fig, 7, *)slasd ~— TH 9 ig. 7. a) &) boucle boucle He cadres o étriers 204A, cadres ou étriers 2 20.4A5 ¥1g.8. rr CONSOLE In console, pentru care in<imea h, 7 300 mm, arie armiturii intinse A,(A,) trebuie #% indeplinessc’ condifie: Ag > O94 Aefoa/fyq Ag 7 Orb ty + By/Ry A, = 4) ~ aria sectiunii de beton din conseld, la dreapta fe- ted etflpului. Se recomandd repartizarea etrierilor sau cadrelor, in- chigi pe inkljimee utils d(h,), sectiunea total’ a acestora trebuie sk fie de cel putin 0,4 A,(0,4 A,)+ Se vor dispune ori-~ gontal sau inolinat. B U_GR: Distantele dintre armiturile transversale in lungul grinzii nu poate depdgi una din urmitearele distante: - 12 ori diametrul minim el barelor longitudinale; - cea mai mick dimensiune a grinzi1; - 300 mm. Diametrul minim el etrierilor - 6 mm seu 1/4 #,.. al barelor longitudinale (cea mai mare din cele doud valori). EXEMPLU DE CALCUL - GRINDA COMP, Sf, CU _METODA BIELEI ap ge sony & 3 | 30. PA Och Sd 2 349 7.30 3! €30/37 Be 35 $500. otel § 500II. MBTODA BIELEI a Ya bat + fyy,ae 2008s © 2 Vegi aS cotg © =1,75 “Fee, > Bow > Vaal (Lypart-cote @) Sqy = 29349/(435+059.0,5541,75) = 9,3.1074m® = 9,3 om? £5) f5q + Oe/fyya = 0,5(0,7-30/200)(295).0, 304208 = ¢ : = 37,9 om’ Vraz2 Yrag = > + fog + By + % + cots 0/(1 + cotg®e) = (007 = 29B)(q38)+ 0,30.0,9.0,55.[1,75/(242,757)] « = 0,704 > Vaq Ei ‘BF, = BKN/m* Li fas Keen Veq = 30.6 kN/m © 20/254 8 500 Be 25 Yaar *LORg-H(252 + 40-34) + 0,156.0] by + a k= 1,6 = 4 = 1,6 - 0,16 = 1,44 Tran = [0426.2,44(1,2+40.0,0021+0] +1.0516 = 76,9 Ki/m> Vag PUNCHING SHEAR GABRIELA VIOREL oonf.dr. ing. Universitatea Tehnicd din Cluj-Napoca ABSTRACT The possibility of punching shear needs to be checked where slab is loaded over a relatively small loaded area. The most common situation is when a slab is connected to colom in flat slab construction, and when a foundation is connected to colomn. The collapse by punching shear takes place by a thron- con surface, where the loaded area coincides with small thron- ‘cone base, f= 33,7° The resistance against punching shear is checked by caloulating the shear capacity of a perimeter situated 1,5 4 away from the face of the loaded srea. Where a moment may be transferred between a aleb and & colomn, the design shear force should be increased to allow to non-uniform distribution of the shear force around the pe~ rimeter of the loaded area,STRAPUNGEREA PUNCHING SHEAR I. Ruperea prin str&pungere Fenomemil de cedare prin str&pungere apare la elemen- tele de suprafaté, inc§rcate cu o reactiune aplicat’ pe o a- rie relativ reetransi sau inc&rcare cu o sarcin’ concentrata. Blementele de constructii la care apare acest fenomen sunt: dalele pline, sau cele nervurate, avand sectiunea pling in zone de rezemare gi fundatii. Modelarea ruperii prin str&pungere este dat& in figu- ral. sectiuni_critice_ pearctg (2/3) ao -| Zona _cu eventual armatura de aria tnedrcata strépungere talpa fundatiei Fig. 1 Ruperea se produce dup& o suprafati tronoonick sau trunchi de piramid&. Baza micd a trunchinlui de con (piramidé) care se detageazd la cedare coincide cu suprafata de aplicare a ine&rcdrii, iar baza mare se consider&k in planul arm&turii intinse, InXljimea trunchiului se consider’ egald cu indlti- mea util’ a dalei, notaté ou 4 (dp). Unghiul de inclinare al generatoarei suprafetei de rupere cu orizontala se admite la valoarea 6 = arotg (2/3) = 33,7°. TI, Calculul in starea limitd de rezistent& le str&pungere Asigurarea la strépungere se face limitaénd efortul de ge forfecare de calcul, determinat pe unitatea de rungime a seo tiunii eritice vgq, le eforturile rezistente de cajeul 1a for- fecare notate cu: Val ~ Tezistenta de calcul la forfecare pe unitate de lungime a perimetrului critic, pentru o dels fhr& arm&turt de forfecare; Vpao ~ Tezistenta de caloul le forfecare maximal&, pe unitatea de lungime a perimetrului critic, pentru o dalk cu armiturd de forfecare; Ypag 7 Tezistenta de calcul la forfecare pe unitate de lungime @ perimetrului critic, pentru o dal& ou armAturi de forfecare. Starea limit& de rezistenté la str&pungere (starea limit’ ultim’) se verifick in lungul perimetrului critic defi- nit de distanta 1,5 4 respectiv 1,5 dp de suprefata de aplica- re a incdredrii, figura 1. II,1. Stabilirea efortului solicitare de caloul Efortul solicitare de calcul pe unitatea de lungime a perimetrului critic poate fi in urmdtoarele relatii ou efor- tul rezistent: + Yga< "Raa (1a) In acest caz nu este necesar& armitura de forfecare. » YRar< "sa (1) Se prevéd armituri de forfecare sau dispozitive de conectare astfel incdt si fie verificat& inecuatia: Ysa Yra3 (le) In cazwl unei incXrcXri sau reactiuni concentrate, e- fortul de forfecare de calcul actionand pe unitatea de lungi- me @ perimetrului critic este: Yq 7 a (2) dack saa notat ou: Vgq ~ Bfertul total de calcul 1a forfecare aplicat: + la dal& pe perimetrul uj « la fundatie pe perimetrul bazei mari a tron- conului de strépungere, perimetru preaupus ca inseris in fun- aatie;u- Perimetrul seotiunii (dlp de colt B=150 ®- Coeficient care tine seama de efectul excentrici- tii inokre’rii. Pentru tn- c&rearea centrick @= 1, In alte situatii pentru @ se adopt& valorile din figura 2, oo intenor 22% alte valori, rezultate in p15“ UFMA unor analize mai rigu~ roase gi respecténd ancorarea arm&turilor in marginea dalei. -Stdlp de marging 140 Pig. 2 II.2. Stabilirea efortului de calcul rezistent TI.201. Dale gi fundatii f¥rd arm&turk de forfecare Expresia rezistentei le forfecare pe unitatea de lun- gime, vag) este: Year = Tra (1,2 + Py) a unde: Tq - Valoarea de calcul a rezistentei conventionale la forfecare pentru elemente fark armiturd de strXpungere, conform tabelului 1. Teabelul 1, Valorile Ty, (MPa), ou Y, = te clase de beton. ' Te ee +18 pa. tk ro 1,5, pentru diferi-~ 30 5 | 40 5 | 50 t 0,34 0,37] oy 941 | 0,44 [0-48 seme 0,26 =]. k = (1,6 ~ a) > 1,0 (unde d este exprimat in metri) SF Vaae . Fe 0,015 Sa ay = procentele de armare ale armXturilor in- tinse de pe cele doud direotii x gi y. a= (4+ 4)/2 a, a ~ inl fimite utile ale aalet pe dorectiile x si y. Pentru dalele precomprimate expresia lui $4 este: 1 | 6 po eVF_ + 97, + B® 0,015 - ae a. va a x a aie tyg ~ limita elastic a rezistentei armiturii; Wg - Forta de precomprimare corespunzitoare valorii Ainitiele f&r& pierderi de tensiune, echivalenté ou P,,. Deck forta de precomprimare variaz% in lungul directiilor de pre- comprimare, se utilizeaz’ o valoere medis. N,4 se calouleazé ou - = 0,96 unde: II.2.2. Dale cu armdturi de str&pungere In cazul dalelor ou armAturi transversele de str&pun- gere, rezistenta la forfecare pe unitates de lungime se consi- derd: Yra2 = 196 Yar Tra3 7 rar + UAgw * tya EAgye fyq 8iN% = reprezint% sume componentelor for- elor de caloul din armMturile de forfecare pe directie in- cSrodrit, ovfiind unghiul format de armiturk cu plenul delei. Pentru alte tipuri de armMturi de forfecare (de exem~ plu buloane de forfecare) vag #@ poate determina prin incer- c&ri, sau deduce din valori deja adoptate, Se recomand& utilizarea armiturilor de forfecare in sin C/y zona critio&d. Rezistenta la strépungere pe unitatea de lungime tre- buie verificat& gi in afara zonei cu armitur& de forfecare, considerand perimetre critice mai indepirtate. Procentul de armare $y al arm&turii totale de stri~ pungere se determin’ ou relatia: _ FA gy sinc’ Sw * Trent Fine? unde: - suprafate delimitat& de perimetrul critic - aria inc&rcaté. Sorat Aano Indltimea minim’ a dalei cu armiturd de strépungeretrebuie si fie h = 200 mm. Procentul minim de armare transversald se d potrivit paragrafului cu dispozitii constructive. mink II.2.3-. Momente incovoietosre minimale ce trebuiesc asigurate in zona de imbinare del& stalp solicitat& 1a incdretri excentrice. Verificarea cu relatiile (1a,b,0) este valabil&% in zona de imbinare dald st@lp solicitat’ 1a inckro&ri excentri- ce, dack dimensionarea la incovoiere pe cele doud directii se face cel putin la momentele minimale pe unitatea de lungime Msqx+ Mggy» determinate astfel: Msg (88U Mea) S 1Vgq Coeficientul » este dat in tabelul 2, Litimes pe care trebuiese preluate monentele msg, si meg, este dath in figura 3. Tabelul 2, Valorile coeficientului 7 in functie de pozitia st@loului. POZITIA STALPULUI lat de| fata | su preiuard super. | placti Joretuare| Stdlp Stélp de margine Margine dala paratela cu axa x Stélp de mar. Marginea dal cu_axa y StGlp de colt interior gine ei paralela Ta verifica- “x, Mgy_¢ T#8 monenteler fn- ~T Passcovote toare capa bile, corespunzi~ |) toare ut mga, (mgg,), se dau in considerare numai ox barele ancorate corespunz&dtor tn din zona critic’, figura 4, ZY | i | i | | yes st8tp de merging stdip de colt LZ, . * sectiuie AB SSS Pig. 4 III, Domeniul de aplicare al verificaérii la strdpungere, Definirea notiunilor utilizate. Metoda de verificare la str&pungere propus% de BC 2 este aplicabild in conditiile respectirii unor recomandari legate de aria incrcatk, perimetrul critic gi sectiunea cri- tick. III.1. Aria incdrcaté a) Aria incdrcaté se consideri de forma: - circulars, cu diametrul cel mult egal ou 3,5 43 = dreptunghiulerd, de perimetru cel mult egal ev 11 4 gi cu um raport al lungimii pe 1itime cel mult egal cu 2; - oarecare, dimensiunile limitandu-se in report cu formele precedente. bd) Aria inckrcat& este situatt la o distant% sufici- ent& de alte forte concentrate ine&t perimetrele lor critice s& nu se intretaie, ea m este intr-o zon& supus% la forfe- c&ri importante de origini diferite. Pentru st@lpii dreptunghiuleri care nu indeplineso conditia a) se consider’ perimetrul critic definit in figura 5a. III.2. Perimetrul critic Perimetrul critic se definegte in jurul ariei inck&r- cate la o distant% de 1,5 d ca in figura 5b, o, d, dup& oumaria incdrcat& este: si- off tuat&’ central, in veciné- S°" tetea unui gol la o dis~ wali tant& mai mick de 6 4, seu in yecinktatea unei laturi libere sau a unui colt. In cazul cand aceste ‘\\ suprafete sunt situate fath de latura liberd le distante mai mici dec&t a, este necesaré prevede- rea unei armAturi specia- le in lungul laturii li- bere, fixat& cu etrieri orizontali in formé de U pe o lungime cel putin egal% ou 2h. Bt toe hg cu legte covVile Figs 5 III.3. Sectiunea critica Sectiunea critic# este sectiunea corespunzdtoare pe- rimetrului critic, ea are indltimea egald cu indltimea utild a delei de In cazul dalelor de grosime constant’ seotiunes critic& este perpendicular&é pe planul median al delei. In ca- zul dalelor de grosime variabild (de exemplu la talpa funde- tiei), sectiunea critic’ se consider& perpendiculard’ pe fibra intinsé. Determinarea sectiunii critice la dale rezemate pe stalpi ou capitel se face in functie de dimensiunile capite~ lului. Dalele ou capitel, avand 1, < 1,5 hy,figura 6, se verificd la stripungere intr-o sectiune critic’ exterioaré _ capitelului situat% le o distant’S d,,;,, determinata dup& cum urmeazi: - stAlp si capitel circuler Qorgg = 15 A + 1y + 0,51, unde: 1, - distenta de 1a fata stA@lpului la marginea capite lului; 1, - diametrul st@lpului circular. ~ st@lp gi capitel dreptunghiular (1;<1,), dack Aye te + 2 tint 2g = Igo + 2 Iya distante d..5, se ia cea mai mick din valorile: Qypig = 15 a + 0,56 V1g15 aonip = 1:5 4 + 0,69 1) derit det | Dele cu capitel —Stit | ectiipecritig DBE eS aviind 1y> 1,5(a+hy) figura 7, verifice- rea la str&pungere se face in sectiu- nile critice din capitel gi dald. “arie tnetreaté peorctg (2/3) ae 233,7 Sectiunea cri-~ ticd prin capitel Pige 6 ou inkl timea dy = hy + 4 este doug an = 15 (d+ hy) + 0,5 14) Sectiunea critic# prin dal& cu indltimea d este Gorityex = ly t 1:5 4 + 045 1,6 derit,ex ite Pentru ca~ [Se ecrijin | Gerityin pitel avand {fe = 1,5 hy< 1 _ = fee? es al ‘H %y BS LASS] <15 (hg + @) = =| aisteanta de le [L_feect. critice We tsideny) axa st@lpului la sectiunea Iersiérna _ oe ect =. a.) critica rezul~ th: Monit = 195 Ly + 55 2,IV. Prescriptii constructive Grosimea minima pentru dalele cu arm&tur4 de forfeca- re trebuie s& fie h = 200 mm, Gana sunt necesare armituri de forfecare, procentul de armare 100 3, se da cel putin egal cu valoarea din tabe- lul 3. Tebelul 3. Valori minimale 100 3,, 7 Dac&é V.,< = V, armi— Co TOT] sa 3 Yrae (Clasa de beton js" 77015 40/5500, tura de forfecere poate fi [E12/155¢ 20/25 [0,09610,054] 0,062] 7 C-25/303C 30/45 [0,144 |0,078] 0,066 in intregime din bare ridi. [C40/50;C 50/60 [0 ,780[0,096 | 0,078 cate sau ansamble de forfe- care. Distanga longitudinelé meximi intre etrieri este: deci Vsa< § Vago Snax = 08 2 1 <2 : 5 Yra2 = Ysa 5 Yrae Bmax = 16 4 0 - sa~ 3 "Rae Snax = 019 4 Distanta longitudinald maxim& intre barele ridicate este 5... = d. Distantele dintre barele de forfecare incline- te gi aria incircaté sunt date in figure 8, Daci barele sunt ridicate numai intr-un plan unghiul «poate fi redus 1a 30°. Barele ridicate se considert c% preiau efortul pe o lungime 28 Armiturile de strapungere sunt: armiturile continute in zona delimitaté de un contur situat 1a o distant& cel mult egald cu cea mai mic& din valorile 1,5d sau 800 mm; barele ri- dicate trecénd prin aria incircatd sau la o distant cel mult egald cu 4/4. <0 7541086 =o" ant ‘Lat = 1, = o Pet J a) Figo 8 A ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES INDUCED BY STRUCTURAL DEFORMATION (BUCKLING ) Ploutarchos Yannopoulos Abstract This paper covers all the clauses of Eurocode No. 2 (Design of Concrete Structures) on the problem of second order effects. Structural elements and structures are classified for the purpose of design calculations. Criteria are given for the classification of isolated columns as slender or non-slender and of structures as sway or non-sway. For the design of structures the following topics are covered: imperfections of isolated columns and frames, design of isolated columns, lateral buckling of slender beams, non-sway frames, sway frames and creep effects. For the design of isolated columns the following topics ere covered: effective length of columns, total eccentricity, model column method and compression members with biaxial eccentricities. New tables, very practical for the design of columns for second order effects are presented . Many examples are given for the application of the different clauses of the Ece2.x)" de a"-TT “2 | @ = esate ag dite oa ome cl.) re cee eee coe mee a Ped Order Thats Crnplenee of Chfarmatins Bending maments is cnscbred) Mm, ener cab kitad fram Ist order Statics © Da reketivaly fhaible columns, the reghet of 2nd onder effecks might lead & a retin big clexign mittee © Zastead of Bublig” se ix mar appa te speak about Adee effects \ Leap of rhabilly Cactetigs Prd of materiale due he ON © TE vs thas repund & catinate comedy Oh gpled May i heyy compressed elements , Latiy ‘nla account the ational cxcentriuty OME J inbrvdesed coe % bending flection of the member and 18 womparivon with the pemnt Of resictance Hey’ ie : eae Ractgaese mem y PY cate 1, Hut enti) setin ebbing ten" JE mat be oeang oot May = Malte) << Mgy a dege 7 mae of resistance © The May depends on te ckenhped wvvatun 4 in the Critical sectn "a Hamer Caratare diggin aoe for pete on arven Wess euaatare OD te inequality Mage Mayt Ma = Milter) & Mag fnbrwans tet, and My (ot) ~ oe @ and Bat qc flnchin of LL whee £y rina ceferwe hp se ee members Sheer CE ily tm Compassion shore toad caneying capacity i= signify fenced by Hee deformations (2nd oaer effects) fe LE must fe enrured that ohn t Bd ordbr affect: for the met arfarourioh Ke lees of static epi Lenbinetin! of action occurs SEB alhimate line sate . Resirtance of ems sections HAM is net exceeded fo Chests must be alion in any ctiection in which frilie che ad onlr affect may come fo Deign rubs inn app & bree ut covets, members subject NH, fer which the effets of 4 “vin can be neglected 0 Ze Campression menburr, the inflence of 2nd order effucks shld be considered “f the inerenre abite te ied onker buclny momest (4) coe % oefhetions exceeds 10% (ua. rf My > Oth) This may Ke ostumed to be the case when the shaderness of the TEMES exeneds certain hints (cqassai carton oF STaocromt FIEMENTS & sTROCTORES Ciaser Fi caTaN oF Sraeyemtl Fm 1 eucrines oF te purpose of cesign ealiletione shaker chpendig, thir Tlated Ghnns 0 | Soutaley od eee order effate lee sey ftom! dipbee- Struct Sng | pent Zoek Ghams These oy be: Violated compression members ‘| FR compress menbacs whith am intryind pack oo Sour Ke WAGs ore tonite ete ok fr see puro, Fiehated Clima steder AP dant 2d or ef pia verskackr 9. fave ee 1 derers of Tielited Clemons ° remand dicks | A> Cts HB) hen. ae bee 4 = shademese abi = he cffertia. hag th of colamn Ee radies of gyrtion Streets ve 2d onker effects significant Suny . + insignificant @ Non Sing emp Structures in which Ba digphoemerts care neg igi Sterutnd in hick te ior of rom od forces dee Ye dsphcamentsCod ener effets) is maliyibhe incr op 8 Ee egigie Seneraly HE 18 ficiont te caser By balig moneste jie AM E HL 5 oy em Min wang strut © Baifeing stractures with bracing provickl by substan- tial shear wal; or core etructures, my de asmmed 5 be Non sy© Practical Critenin ir Hin Sumy Strucbares Framer can be classified at non~suny if the fear! stiffness £2 of th vertical bracing © homents (preaed to be reasonably yametnicaly distributed within the building) satirfies the critenin baba he VBS < caren fo nes . S06 for n34 shen. n= number of storage hogs Extal height of strncture fem -fixiely (Lop surface of faundation or roof fon! of pritianly. nan-clformabh underground bar) Faye = stm of He mominal Phase stiffness of of) vertical Sting elemests ncking fn He etreation ander consideratin Ta tae braving thonents Tisrey Se sag Lh tein ebeffnss varny ow their hgh ‘an Gwivlent. stiffoes held be sd sim of vertical lads under serie contin Gur 0) ith foto = JE soul be noted thet there am enses when the aloe eguatio will be consrastine FE prvioas cepuation ir ont satrfred mom Molise Je Shy © Otrer Criterion foc Hon Say Shrrcctare TF cack vertical ehment of the frame chick resi mare hen 301 of th mean axial force mn/af serbia! clones TS sy bas < al AS max (as, ©» then rbmcture my be considered Non ~Siuauy He, > 070 Hey, @ Mereatie Criterion for Min -Ssay Sérultares Ta evey Poor 1 must be oO = feb < ovo Fah Ry, = Cotas verti! Ind aban the couihed kre! Sz reletie elphesmert of om flor th the rect = Bug Fash = tote! Auvizente! load sn considera fhor b= height of Flor consrckred — Tinpenfection — Design of Livlated Ghns — Laken! Bucklay af Skockr Beams = Mon msuny frames — Sieg frames — Crap afpsts Fnperfections — chimera! inaccuracies — uncertainties sn the position and Tine of wekin of te ala! foods © Their affects in Buckling — must be considered must be teen tite account an gnifit ne wnfaa mk 2 @ Actions and. Lnperfctians mutt be ws i» Ebbe! Am: Asin of He stmt and rowing MQM wil be. ted for the obsign of sections — Tithe obser of Use. of equiveht thar adeyeate {I genet) imperfect prow 9) eolated Colnns = Aemssmut of ffest of imperfection bby courting an netatnna eccenBrc ty ano & netaly in the must anfareurn bh cirestine a te ge eo Be effete legit fo nt! hast §) Firms Assesimest of effect of imperfections by amin the sbnctue snelred to te vertical af anagh + ee ee “ Se ererre i ote | } + Y= I fentertale Mg act ra alge 2A a ef an iin Be batal height of Rrachive in BO Fie cans where m seftal cnet act eytther ome we where ty = [TEE ay fe neem ope nth i cane eons = The chuktiins from the vertial nay be rephead by epuialent boriseital forces j whith shnule! be inbox ‘neo mnt im ty anapic of he STructore FT a gry fiction vd ba erred in aceite combniinsof Deg of soletel Ghent — Gener! — Effectie leg th +] calms = tn! eccentnierty — Hodel cohimn method ~ Compresnin members with brats! eccertriecis General, Design of Teelated Ehmests a) Heo oshacke 2nd ener effects 0b sipnifeant Ao Desig of critics section fr 4h b) Shoden Na Bee evden offerte seynificant Aw Design of eritind rctin for (Hrhe) Mt we effete kagth Ae geometrical imperfecbins Ar tet s eccentne Ae mode colame methed Ab conpresion members with brant) eecentrstc be tfetin byte. Lage neta! eg h 2 Ene-t/é,) Boge Steere Come bag = degybt of lann detamen centres of rvtevint & = ffatin spun of the beam Be a ory Se pee * Reise Ate Finn omegr fic Non=2uay Fins. oF hows (fe & rit) f f nor Faro Cry rate Of ne Usa Bam Niven fr Sane Saas. tH mean me has pep [™ Jos i be a =] eee | Eto Lig , Bald Ty be hs ntsTotal Eecontristy, - fir eolame of constant crare-seation (eonente 2 seal, = ignoring Iaps) %m the eritical seetion Gomut Aral strat) ean there greet accuracy is mot required (priming nation of Ind onler avshysis 6 craxasecton dete, = Ist onder eceentnicity ae aa F * “Seer . ahead aboiyn yield ebony = “hs ei ste st nn fe d= offestie cmercgectin in th expected | sth fe Aart * om Ka = Mtn Md <1 if Sates 8 accom he Maa= Mat ceeream of So with ares z, fetal forte i en tat Moe 18 ait whoa be cnseratie % aN, estan eer Mam slulge /tinate 8! had expect ae fa het foe s Nay = eyelid steye ania! foes \ Nagle sxe ad sc ston appl masinies Hy (Mek = Hyun) ' ' PO Mfed Ae for cgmmetriaty mined reatryehr ‘Po al Bee} a frm Rae = Hotel eceertrin'ty Beant co defense 70 | snléeonler Mode! Coluon Method Lk fr 96 mo ith retngaler or circular ereesction kqvoww = Seok (hedeb of actin ot phe ine fom aeeee nr conden Gn gla csanne 40m fir = othr shepes Ah) ate ppg pinta rE] ~ stg pers eromiems ~e/ ' Ne therefore IC mest be checked ofr Ind order effete eee a= ote eaten, rer . = one ole stem ne. aeeenarg © fixed at Oe han, free at te = mex [C060 grow ‘o = 0.02 oe CoB Phintnny hat Bom Elomsuconny (evel ety beng Cioran ui cron ite) hay = a ee (AB) 2 olen moment af te tp eek Bee Bam Gay. © prrcticall content almersins of seatin io 5 (28S fangs dete eos © 7h max: 1 chitin «ard 2 cannons of th da i Ae ek den Bs = cera m ont ee eer oer eee y= ro) Objestine * a oN Gli Me Ka rary ee oe reer wae Soe ee Sos Beanmphe — Unf Motel Colaen, fasion, Be ste ae Anus Otmy dan 008 ° ovo=us'p a[Frag = aclig Fe Bg] wed reagent S400 fotls sso f sue C8 feel i s eee baton 1 fone pgp 23616 106 ot Set hee Gentes 20m Mam ty 0 Np qm 300% etconaeas 90 Nm ee ee Aol w Bh wosstnn ten > atheonior ty dae ape hiatin of muh) whom wat a4 Boa Fad, 14.06 yooltt® 5 0,26 Aut os as/aF Ac fee” 400 2-080 Na 400 Ae fet” Gio TOF (25 HP o 25 Mio 36.107 kot) ores oe MOT hha * aan ag awe =o age me mes fae Doe, yyy 2,4 mw vee pode O36 fad 20123 Somer pd = 2,133) Yee __tasee_€ yah 20.20 ax pode 8 [Epo ea Bs TT whee ke iff Thor uate 2 cat wih the sarap tin of « sao tia haps (onntyms 2 sige REIL R™ 6 A ty mrt a) | sae i to ie Ey ae wp mere : LA £4, Coen) srerDe aly] rg) ge FF afte! shape deviates finm simsnite! fom Giclre cieeted shops Pati of mang ee mene meine | ee oe re Ceo raed Zhe fata of tad) eal hoe fennees) ecefictel fr enlushting th, sinpronl fn conte mene Mae vn Ft + h- & Vales of A for differnt cams Beading mentnt dragon ae aynne [Zxxnph = Cae of Spr MRT Clon Tit a aang seme cenaph as defers wl Ze has bean fund (orbit corthn) : Cet meager ne Jl Mabe yee 6: 40 Wy. eac0 de wrap: £10 Hy.n4t0 deagio Yan 04 meepul 46D yy cogs Wi 24 mas pode 306 fds 9003 fl, = = 04 {Ge espace fo BRIE ase xost8 Compression Acaunte appranch Hen bere Brexsal Eccentnes ties od order effects with bimial bonding % Agpeosiontapprsh Procane thet Seth con or Sb con de eah 1 Be pant of appliatin i My tr ketal woe of | lao he che arene in the iw —chstin tas Gyan = By = oy ‘igi ov hgh wi exsoah - wena ate] pal Ag theo Bad onder affects in || nay te ts principal plas en pumisibh 4 t + ches or . Sat Gat Oe ate t bs | t ES >0ah the cepamty chests am permisibh oly he cheak for banding about the minor axis of Be section (z-axis) 36 based en Be nominal uid fh The valoe of b' may be determined on the erscunytion of © Uren tres cevér‘bctin crear ‘the. section @ For colimas bent clominan' boat ore principal asi Cy =major ani) Che pesribitily of Fashoe dee © ded oriler offerte abut the second principal axis (2 mine exit) Shosld be cheated rio Eh Aart about x-axis (miner) a en effets calahite ahg§ rebctad at —geometne Imperfectint @ elon be carted creep ateformations (of mbt) 0 7 — Bean oah, thn check should be band on the vedused sectin depth 5! Exanale | esse vicious [Heo 00 ol Vi : vi “tah C35 5500 Concnte C35 ~e fine 3H fea = 28/smy = 23 MPa S500 mfp = see hm yd = Sofie = AEA ste! mar evbvead Sead combination was el 463 Mm BFnazOy O- 0 + bSOA0-707 160 = Lage ears fine Whee waitin mosh soar tae = em separcia checke will be carrie! sat on He two procinal ples y %% for and order effects BerefonBustlig obeut yoans duckling adeat a> feet wmcme | ae he anuae cy crm $y = No me ei onld | mec) aan ori ee bree 6s He 22 ois Wan se eth ash. BB oan =! Gat enone noma Reroansonrrenn oan | tye eaeare sine cit Hecke breadth orf CONE literature) Newry} mos Creep Effects on Buckling © Creep effects shall be consiceres! if Hey ane /ikely reduce te chrucural stablity egnifiontly © For simplifeation, creep effects may be (gnored if te increase of HH, olue % creap deformations ard loggibi~ dint force clo mit exceed 104. Where necessary ,creap effects be ausewel by means of ts a cael an of oF by « modifiaat hon of 2-& relationship mor by cormctinn of the adit cecorbnerty ~—y © Ta melting Auleng crap efomation on cladated sig the folaung reduced yor pct permarert hati West! for statically nde terminate stuchres erin n eelarminate touches and stuctun! clewents 0 iron sung bvlligs crea eefemation of shock ta memiers, conse cad monolhienky ® she wr kant at heir too onde, my normally be diregarded because thin effects are, generally composited fy ster toflencts which ar reghted irdeip ok crap efor €int shuld be alan tly aacourts‘TORSION DESIGN FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE MEMBERS CALCULUL ELEMENTELOR DIN BETON ARMAT SOLICITATE LA TORSIUNE S.1.ing.Aurora Florea Universitatea Tehnicd din Timisoara ABSTRACT In the paper, the torsion design given by the EC2 and the Romanian Norm (RN) - STAS 10 107/0 -1990 - are compared and illustrate by four examples. The torsion design is made considering the concrete cross section of member as a fictive section with thin walls, in order to use relationships for shear. For torsion design, the members are assumed to consist of truss (see Fig.2) according to both norms: RN - a space truss; EC2 ~ each wall of the fictive section is a plane truss. If the RN considers the angle of the concrete struts with the longitudinal axis, @ = 450, EC2 considers this angle variable (0,5 < cotg® < 2, for torsion and shear).The variable struts angle method in the arrangement of reinforcement, frequently lead to substantial economies in torsion and shear reinforcement. The differences between the two areas of reinforcement, calculated with both methods for the same angle @ (Table 3),do not proceed from the design method.The differences proceed from @ifferent values of the factors that give security to design method.RN considers for this factors values which gives a small security. As a result the areas of the reinforcement are smaller than obtained by EC2. RR CALCULUL ELEMENTELOR DIN BETON ARMAT SOLICITATE LA TORSIUNE g-1.ing.Aurora Florea Universitatea Tehnic% din Timisoara 1.Notatii Notatiile din paranteze sunt conform STAS-ului 10 107/0-1990. Mg(M) = moment Sncovoietor de calcul; vy(Q) - forta t&ietoare de calcul; Ty(M) - moment de torsiune de calcul; Vr -_forta t&ietoare de calcul a unei sectiuni nearmata la taiere; Vawe = forta t&ietoare de calcul max. ce o poate prelua o sectiune f8r& a se zdrobi betonul bielei comprimate; Tha = mom. de torsiune de calcul max. pe care-1 poate prelua sectiunea f&r& a se zdrobi betonul bielei comprimate; Tha - mom. de torsiune de calcul pe care-1 poate prelua arm&tura de torsiune; 6 = unghiul format de biela comprimat& de beton cu axa longitudinald a grinzii; h - n<imea sectiunii; lh) - Gn<imea util’ a sectiunii; by - 18timea minima a sectiunii; aR - aria totald a sectiunii (ce include si golul); u - perimetrul exterior al sectiunii; Uy - perimetrul liniei mediane a sectiunii fictive; A - aria delimitat& de perimetrul uj; t - grosimea fictiv& a peretilor subtir: Ay - aria de arm&tur& longitudinald prelungit& cu hgtlungimea minim& de ancora} fn zona intinsa, fata de sectiunea conideraté la fort taietoare; 6; (u) ~ coeficient de armare pentru aria definit& mai sus; A, (A,) -aria sectiunii transversale a barelor utilizatze ca etieri; s(a) | - distanta dintre etrieri; Ay(Ay) - aria complementara a arm&turii longitudinale necesara la torsiune; fy - rezistenta caracteristicd la compresiune a betonului; Ye - coeficientul de reducere a rezistentei caracteristice la compresiune a betonului; - rezistenta de calcul a betonului la compresiune; v - factor de eficacitate; fy ~ rezistenta caracteristic& a arm&turii (data in normele fiecSrei tarii); A - coeficient de reducere a rezistentei caracteristice a otelului; fa(R) - rez. de calcul la limita elasticS a etrierilor; fyi(R) - rez. de calcul la limita elastic’ a arm&turii longitudinale de torsiune; Te - rez. de calcul a betonului la forfecare; a - efortul unitar de compresiune din biela de beton.2.Torsiune pur& 2.1.Principii generale Calculul la torsiune are la bazX dou valori de calcul ale capacitatii portante la torsiune a sectiunii considerata: ~ Tra este momentul de torsiune maxim (de calcul) pe care-1 poate prelua biela din beton comprimat, in modelul grinzii cu zabrele; - Trg este momentul maxim de torsiune (de calcul) pe care-1 poate prelua arm&tura dispus& la torsiune; © sectiune plan& se asimileaz’ cu o sectiune chesonat& cu pereti subtiri fictiva, prezentat’ {n figura 1. Sectiunile compuse (T,dublu T) se descompun in sectiuni simple, fiecare dintre ele asimilandu-se cu cate o sectiune chesonat& fictiva cu pereti subtiri. Fiecare perete a sectiunii fictive se consider& format dintr-o grind& cu zabrele, cu o talp& intins’ la partea superioara, una comprimat& la partea inferioar3, biele comprimate din beton (diagonale) caracterizate de unghiul @, facut de bielS cu axa longitudinal’ a elementului si diagonale de arm&turS, caracterizate de unghiul a, fScut cu axa longitudinal&. Modelul grinzii (folosit la calculul la forte tSietiare) este prezentat fn figura 2. Armiturile, ce formeazi diagonalele fntinse ale grinzii cu zabrele, pot fi constituite din etrieri fnchigi (cu aria Ay Gispusi la distanta s) asociati cu bare longitudinale (cu aria Ag) repartizate uniform pe conturul sectiunii la o distant& maxima de 350 mm. Din punct de vedere teoretic, cele dou’ capacitati portante enumerate mai sus, determinate pe fiecare perete a sectiunii fictive de contur poligonal, se insumeazi rezultand capacit&tile portante ale sectiunii reale (calculul se efectueazi in teoria elestic& putaénd fi folosit principiul Saint-Venant) . 2.2.Verific&ri la starea limitS ultim’ Ta S Tea a Tes Tre (2) Capacitatea portanta maxim’ a sectiunii f&rX a se zdrobi biela comprimat& din beton se calculeazd cu ecuatia: Tra = 2 v fy t A cotg® / (1 + cotg’@) (3) unde (vezi fig.1 si 2):t s A/u, cu conditiile cat < ty: t 2 2c v= 0,7 (0,7 - f4 / 200) > 0,35 (fy In N/mm?) (4) v = 0,7 - £4 / 200 > 0,5 ° (47) relatia (4’) se considers pentru sectiuni chesonate cu armaturi pe ambele fete, solicitate la torsiune sau torsiune cu taiere. fa = fa / Ye (3) cu y. = 1,5; fy se poate lua conform tabelului 1 fn N/mm(tabel 3.1. EC2)'. eee 0,4 < cotg@ < 2,5 (6) Tabelul 1. le |e tan fy [12 16 __|20_}25_ [30 [35 |4o_ |45 50 Momentul maxim de torsiune pe care-1 poate prelua arm&tura se determind cu ecuatia de mai jos: Tre = 2 Axfigg COtGO Ay / Ss 0) unde f,,4 este valoarea fy / y, (%, = 1,15). Din relatia (7) se deduce”s, considerand la limitS Tr = Ty . Aria complementara de arm&tura longitudinald A,, se deduce din ecuatia de mai jos: Ag fyq = Cotg@ Tre Uy / 2% (8) Dup§ ce armarea la torsiune este cunoscuta, @ si Tre (momentul capabil la torsiune) se determina cu ecuatiile: tO = (fyeg Aw / 8)/ (Ey Au / uy) (9) Tre = 2 Ax V Epa aw 7 8) yg Ay 7) (10) Se verific&é respectarea conditiilor (2) gsi (6). Dac& valoarea @ rezulta in afara limitelor date de conditia (6), se retine valoarea limitei celei mai apropiate si se reface calculul. . . Deoarece forta de fntindere rezultant& din arm&turile longitudinale actioneazi in centrul de greutate al sectiunii fictive, o parte din armitura A, poate fi dispusi in lungul liniei mediane a sectiunii. Pentru a asigura insa, transmiterea presiunii exercitata de biela comprimat& (umflarea transversala) spre exterior etrierilor, trebuie dispus& cel putin céte o bard longitudinald la fiecare colt a sectiunii reale. 3.Solicit&ri compuse 3.1.Principii generale Acelagi principiu de a defini orice sectiune printr-o sectiune fictivd cu pereti subtiri este folosit si in cazul solicitarilor combinate. Eforturile unitare normale si tangentiale ale acestei sectiuni se pot determina cu ajutorul metodelor conventionale (elastice sau plastice) sau prin metoda grinzii cu zdbrele plan. Eforturile unitare de compresiune in beton o,, date de torsiune si de fortele taietoare, in fiecare perete a sectiunii fictive cu pereti subtiri, nu trebuie s& depageasc& valoarea indicata de relatia: Oo = UE ss a)unde v se determina cu relatiile (4) sau (4’). 3.2.Torsiune cu fort& t&ietoare Momentul de torsiune de calcul - Ty- $i forta tdietoare de calcul -V4- trebuie si satisfac& relatia de mai jos: [te to va) eo || (12) pentru sectiuni pline si 1 Ta / Tra 1+ | Vie / View | st (13) pentru sectiuni chesonate, cu Tq conform relatiei (3) .Vaw reprezint& valoarea fortei t&ietoare de calcul maxim& ce o poate suporta sectiunea f&r& a se zdrobi, betonul bielei comprimate (folosit& fn calculul sectiunilor la forte t&ietoare) $i se detarmin& conform ecuatiei de mai jos cu v dat de relatia (4‘): Vew = (by 0.9 dv fy cotg@ ) / (1 + cotg’A) (14) Calculul arm&turii pentru t&iere gi torsiune se poate efectua separat, considerand unghiul @ a bielei comprimate din beton acelasi pentru ambele solicit&ri. Nu este necesar calculul la forte tdietoare si torsiune (arm&tura’ dispun&ndu-se constructiv), la sectiuni cvazirectangulare, dac se satisfac relatiile de mai jos: boy 3 eis 7 CS (15) Via £1 + (4,5 Ty) / (Vy By) 1S Vea ae) unde Vay reprezint& forta t&ietoare preluat& de o sectiune £&r& arm&tura de forfecare gi se determina cu ecuatia de mai jos: Vast = Tra K (1,2 + 40Q)) by d 7 (17) 0 = au / by d < 0,02 (8) unde: try = (0,25 fiuogs) / ¥, este rezistenta conventionala de calcul la forfecare, data in tabelul 2 in N/mm pentru y, egal cu 1,5 (tabel 4.8 in EC2); k= 1,3 pentru grinzi armate la forte t&ietoare (conform cap.4.3.2.3. BC2). Tabelul 2. ee 12, 16 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 tra] 0,18 | 0,22 | 0,26 | 0,30 | 0,34 [0,37 | 0,41 | 0,44 | 0,48 4.Exemple de calcul Se prezint& calculul la torsiune a unei grinzi de rulare cu sthema statica, inc&rc&rile, sectiunea, diagramele de solicitari Ma (M); VQ (Q)? Ty (M) si armarea (in conformitate cu calculele la incovoiere si forte tdietoare conform STAS 10 107/0-1990) indicate in figura 3a si 3b. Forta taietoare este preluatd doar de etrieri, arm&tura inclinata fiind dispus& constructiv. Notatiile din paranteze sunt conform STAS-ului 10107/0-90. Materiale folosite: Bc25, PC52, 0B37 (pentru etrieri). (A) = 2512 mm? (8620) h, = 1000-50=950 mm Ay = 1256 mm? (4620) Ay = 214.10? mm? (hy) = 940 mm uy = 2350 mm c = 25 mm fya(R,) = 210 N/mm? A = 275.10 mm? £ys(R,) = 300 N/mm? A, = 1575.10? mm? fy = 20 N/mm?(tabel 1) w= 2550 mm y= 15 uy = 2150 mm fy = 20/1,5=13,33 N/mm by, = 250-50=200 mm Tea = 0-26 N/mm? ba = 300-50=250 mn 4.1.Calculul la torsiune cu forte taietoare ( cotg@=1,73) valoarea cotg-tei s-a ales intre limitele 0,5 si 2, impuse de calculul la forte tdietoare, fn corcondanta gi cu relatia (6).S-au neglijat aripile t&lpii superioare in preluarea torsiunii si a fortei taietoare. A rezultat t = 100 mm, respect&nd conditiile t < A/u = 107,8 mm, t $ te = 250 mm sit 2 2c = 50 mm, Verificarea conditiei (12 - cu valorile: v = 0,42 > 0,35 conform relatiei (4); fy = 13,33 N/mm’; t = 100 mm; A, = 1575.10° mm’, s-a determinat conform relatiei (3) Tg = 76,41.10° Nmm; - cu valorile: b, = 250 mm; d = 940 mm gi celelalte ca mai sus, s-a determinat conform relatiei (14) Vpg = 733.10? N; (12) |27,5/76,41|? + |403/733|*=0,431<1 conditie indeplinita Verifi i (15) 27,5 KNm > 403x0,25 / 4,5=22,39 KNm cond. nefndeplinita = cu valorile: tpg =0,26 N/mm; k 1,3; @; = 1256/(250x940) = 0,0053 conform relatiei (18) si celelalte valori ca mai sus, s-a determinat Vy = 112,15.10? N conform relatiei (17); (16) 403[14(4,5x27,5) / (4030, 25) J=B898KN>112, 15KN cond. neindeplinita - conditiile (15) si (16) nefiind indeplinite este necesar calculul la forte tdietoare. Determinarea etrierilor pentru taiere - s-a determinat distanta dintre etrieri (s), pentru etrieri #10 cu 4 brate de forfecare avand aria A, = 78,5 mm’, luandu-se la LimitS Vay = Va (vezi calculul la tdiere) s 4 Ay 0,9 Gd fyyg cotg® / Vy = 239 mm |= s-au dispus etrieri 10/230 mm; rm; rieri: nf esi - s-au dispus etrieri cu acelasi diametru ca gi la forte taietoare; - s-a determinat din relatia(7) cu valorile Typ = Ty = 27,5.10% Nmm; fg = 210 N/mm? si celelalte ca mai sus, distanta dintre etrier!'s = 326 mm; = s-au dispus etrierii la s = 320 mm < sq, (vezi date constructive). = iculul arm&turilor longitudinal! mentar = S-a determinat cu valorile: fy = 300 N/mm, wy = 2150 mm, 1, Tq = 27,5.10° Num gi celelalte ca mai sus, A, = 1083 mmf” conform relatiei (8); ~ s-au ales 6614 si 2012 cu aria 1150 mm’. 6014 s-au dispus pe contur conform figurii 4, iar aria pentru 2612 s-a cumulat cu aria din fncovoiere, rezultand la partea inferioar& aria de 2738 mm’, pentru care s-au dispus 4620 $i 4622 cu aria de 2776 mm; - distanta cumulat& dintre etrierii de torsiune $i tdiere a rezultat: S = (230x320) / (230+ 320) = 133,8 mm - s-au dispus etrieri ©10 / 130 mm. rificarea rid rel - S-a determinat cu valorile deja cunoscute tg’@ = 0,321 cotg@ = 1 /V0,32T = 1,76 apropiatad de valoarea initiala. rex. ri ities (2 ~ s-a determinat conform relatied (10), cu valorile fol SUS Tre = 28,64.10° Nom. otesste mak (2) 28,64 KNm > 27,5 KNm = Ty cond. indeplinita 4.2.Calculul la torsiune conform STAS 10107/0-90 distanga dintre ctricet (ap ol vaibeiee aot Sify eetemENat = 210 N/mm; A = 78,5 mn; M, = 27,5.10° Nmm; ' a = 2 A, RA, / M, = 256,5 mm 9) ~ s-au ales etrieri #10 / 250 mm; = S-a determinat aria arm&turii longitudinale (Ay) cu valorile de mai sus si u, = 2350 mm, R, = 300 N/mm; A= Mu, / 2 ay R= 503 mn? (20) - s-au ales 7010 cu aria 549 mm*, 6©10 dispugi pe contur gi 1610 inclus in arm&tura de incovoiere ( 8®20 ). 4.3.Compararea rezultatelor Pentru a face o comparatie concludent& fntre calculul la torsiune cu forte tdietoare conform STAS 10107/0-90 gi EC2, s-a efectuat calculul grinzii dup& EC2 pentru inc& dou& valori a functiei cotg@ si anume: = valoarea 1, deoarece STAS-ul nostru considera pentru unghiul @ al bielei comprimate valoarea de 45 grade; - valoarea 2, limita superioard a plajei de valori cotg@, care duce la un consum minim de armatura, Arm&turile rezultate la forte taietoare, torsiune si Incovoiere in aceste patru ipostaze de calcul, precum $i consumul de arm&tura in kg/m de grind3, sunt prezentate in tabelul 3. Tabelul 3 norme | STAS ode | Ae) |e ecz ae | Ec2 Ae 10107/0_| cotg=1,73 cotg=1 cotg=2 et 10/200 | 10/230 — | 212/250 |_| 610/270 | _ f.t. | ne4 ned n=4 ne=4 etr. | 10/250 | ©10/320 _ | 012/270 |_| @10/370 | _ tors. etr. | 10/110 | @10/130 | et24is0) ee |eioyiso |e cumu- | 9etr/m | 8etr/m getr/m Tetr/m lati Ay(Ay) | 6010 6014 _ | 6e10 _ | 6014 - A 8620 4820 _ | 6220 _ | 4920 - incov. 4622 2022 422 consum kg/m | 26,10 23,19 1,0] 34,10 | 23.0) 20,29 |-22 B37 pces2 | 23,38 29,02 19,4] 24,42 | 4,20) 29,02 19,4 voraL | 49,48 52,21 5,23] 58,52 [15,45] 49,32 0,30} Din exemplele prezentate in tabelul 3 reiese c&, cel mai mic consum de ofel pe metru de grind& se obtine dupa calculul conform normelor noastre. Pentru unghiul 8 = 450 (cotg@ = 1), echivalent normelor noastre, consumul de ofel rezultat dupa BC2 este cu 15,45 % mai mare. O valoare aproximativ egald se obtine dup& EC2 considerand cotg@ = 2 (la limita superioar’), ceea ce nu constituie insi o armare in domeniul optim. Pentru o valoare optima cotg@ = 1,73 (8-30°), consumul dup& EC2 este mai.mare doar cu 5,238.5.Concluzii 1. At&t normele rom&nesti (STAS 10107/0-90) c&t gsi EC2 considera elementul in domeniul elastic pentru calculul la torsiune. 2. EC2 efectueaz’ calculul la torsiune prin intermediul calculului la forte tdietoare, considerAnd sectiunea transversali a elementului o sectiune fictivd cu pereti subtiri. Fiecare perete este calculat la forta tdietoare aferenta din momentul de torsiune, folosind metoda grinzii cu zibrele plan&, efectele insum4ndu-se in final pe toatd sectiunea.Unghiul de inclinatie @ al bielei comprimate este considerat variabil, avand o plaj& de valori cuprinsd intre 0,5 si 2, puténd astfel optimiza cantitatea de armiturd din element. Normele romanesti folosesc modelul grinzii cu z’brele spatiale, luand unghiul de inclinatie al bielei comprimate fix, egal cu 450. 3. Unghiul @ neavand o valoare fixd, EC2 introduce explicit verificarea bielei comprimate prin relatia Tyas Ty, verificare ce fn normele noastre e cuprinsi in limitarea “supericara a nivelului de solicitare al sectiunii la tiiere 0 < 4. 4. Dac& comparam formulele de dimensionare la torsiune date de EC2_(7) $i (8) cu cele din normele noastre (19) gi (20), se observa c& ultimele sunt cazul particular a primelor, cazul cotg@ * =. 5. Diferentele At indicate fn tabelul 3 nu se datoreaz&d metodelor diferite de calcul, ci faptului c& factorii ce constituie siguranta metodei de calcul in normele noastre sunt mai favorabili. Ariile de arm&turd se obtin mai mici, dar factorul global de siguranta al metodei de calcul se diminueazS (By > Aci Us > Ui Ye = 1,35 < Ye = 1,5; Mm 2 0,75 fati de v = 0,42). 6. Se consider&, in concluzie, ci normele noastre pot adopta calculul la torsiune conform EC2, metoda de calcul fiind elastic3 (permitand optimizarea ariilor de arm&tur&), coeficientul global de siguranta fiind mai mare si comsumul de otel pe metru de grind nu cu mult mai ridicat. BIBLIOGRAFIE 1. 4 « « Eurocode EC2 - 1992 2. « « » STAS 10 107/0 - 1990 Sect.reala (Abs) Taipd_comprimata Armatura pt. forta ‘aietoare (torsiune) _Bielé_comprimata _Talpa fntinsé 45 | 45 | ap20 i= + etme 02 ster eT 1 Ast (4920) tem} Mog= 627KNm 3 Ngq7 403KN » Tsa* 27, 5KNm_ Fig. 3a Ccm] ; etr.g 10/130 (nee) Fig. 4or COVER AND DURABILITY OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES ACOPERIREA SI DURABILITATEA CONSTRUCTIILOR DE BETON Dr. F. Al - Shawi, Senior Lecturer Prof. P. Mangat School of Construction, Sheffield Hallam University - England Abstract The paper deals with the cover and durability of concrete structures in accordance with the technical requirements which are in EC2 and ENV206. The problems included are: environmental conditions, chemical attack, physical attack, concrete cover materials, construction and conclusion. 2 Rezumat Lucrarea prezentata are ca obiect problemele acoperii n ei durabilitatea constructiilor de ‘beton” arma tratete Ge concordanta cu prevederile cuprinse in Eurocodul EC2 si Normele Europene ENV206. Principalele aspecte tratate in lucrare sunt: conditiile de mediu, atacul fizic si chimic, acoperirea cu beton, materialele componente si tehnologia de executie. 0 atentis deosebita este acordata prezentarii claselor de expunere in functic de conditiile de mediu in care este exploatata constructia, In concordanta cu aceste clase de expunere sunt prezentate cerintele de acoperire minima cu beton a armaturilor- COVER AND DURABILITY OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES Introduction In clause 2.4(1) EC2 states that "To ensure an adequately durable structure, the following inter-related factors shall be considered: . The use of the structure «The required performance criteria . The expected environmental conditions + The composition, properties and performance of the materials + The shape of the members and structural detailing + The quality of workmanship and level of control + The particular protective measures + The likely maintenance during the intended life". Clause 4.1 of EC2 sets out the durability requirements together with reference to ENV 206 which deals with the production and control of concrete, Environmental Conc EC2 states in clause 2.4(2) that "the environmental conditions shall be estimated at the design stage to assess their significance in relation to durability and to enable adequate provisions to be made for protection of the materials". For the design of normal buildings, environmental conditions should be classified in accordance with table 4.1 of EC2, to establish the overall level of protection required in accordance with the provisions of ENV 206. Table 3 of ENV 206 gives the durability requirements related to environmental exposure. Chemical attack The effects of chemical attack shall be considered in design. This may arise from the use of the building, aggressive environment, etc. Clause 4.1.2.3(4) states that "for most buildings, adverse chemical reactions can be avoided by adopting an appropriate material specification, eg the provisions in ENV 206, to achieve a dense impermeable concrete with appropriate mix ingredients and properties (see Table 3, ENV 206) In addition, the chloride content has to be limited to the values given in table 1 of ENV 206, eg 0.4% C£—- by mass of cement for reinforced concrete.The resistance against alkali-silica reaction, as given in clause 5.7 of ENV 206, can be achieved by one or more of the following: + limit the total alkali content of the concrete mix + use a cement with low effective alkali content + change the aggregates + limit the degree of saturation of the concrete, eg by impermeable membranes Physical attack The effects of physical attack shall be considered in design. This can occur because of abrasion, freeze-thaw action and water penetration. Appropriate material specification, eg the provisions of ENV 206 and limitation of cracking can resist physical attack. Concrete cover Clause 4.1.3.3 deals with concrete cover which is defined as the distance between the ‘outer surface of the reinforcement (including links and stirrups) and the nearest concrete surface, The protection of reinforcement against corrosion depends upon the continuing presence of a surrounding alkaline environment provided by an adequate thickness of good quality, well-cured conerete, ‘The thickness of cover required depends both upon the exposure conditions and on the concrete quality. The minimum concrete cover required for the protection of reinforcement against corrosion is given in table 4.2 for the relevant exposure class defined in table 4.1 of EC2, The value obtained from table 4.2 shall be increased by an allowance (A/h) for tolerance. ‘The result is the required cover which shall be specified on the drawings. The tolerance is given by clause 4.1.3.3(8) as a range of Smm 32mm. where: ¢ is the diameter of the bar, diameter of a tendon or of the duct (post- tensioning) 4, is the equivalent diameter for a bundle dis the largest nominal maximum aggregate size For concrete cast directly against the earth, the minimum cover should be greater than ‘75mm; for concrete cast against prepared ground (including blinding) the minimum cover should be greater than 40mm, as given in clause 4.1.3.3(9) of EC2 Materials For concrete the requirements should generally be in accordance with ENV 206, For steel, the requirements of clauses 3.2 and 3.3 of EC2 apply. Construction The standard of workmanship on site shall be such as to ensure that the required durability of the structure will be obtained, The combination of materials and procedures used in making, placing and curing the concrete shall be such as to achieve satisfactory resistance to aggressive media for both concrete and steel During construction, adequate measures shall be taken, by means of supervision and quality control, to ensure that the required properties of the materials and standards of workmanship are achieved The requirements for workmanship are given in Chapter 6 and in ENV 206. Conclusion Compliance with the recommendations of both EC2 and ENV 206 will ensure durability of concrete structures.‘Table 8. Durability requirements related to environmental exposure (Ref ENV206: 1990) Exposure class according to table 2 t= [* fs [= ]*® [® [% [er ‘Max. w/c ratio for) : — plain concrete 0,70 — reinforced concrete 0,65 [0,60 }0,55 |0,50 |0,55 |0,50 }0,55 |0,50 | 0,45 = prestresed concrete [9,60 [0,60 Min. cement content®) in kg/m? for — plain concrete 150__|200__|300°_| 200 — reinforced concrete 260_[280 [280] 300 300 |300 [280 |300 | 300 — prestressed concrete 300 [300 [300 300 ‘Min, air content of fresh conérete av a a in % for nominal max. aggregate size of 9) — 32mm : - 4 fa |. a]. : 7 = 16 mm 7 G6 |p 5 |. : : = 8mm : 6 |e |- 6 ale Frost resistant aggregates!) = Yes [Yes |- Yes |- = Impermeable concrete according |- Yes” [Yes [Yes |¥es [Yes |Yes | Yes to clause 7.3.1.5 ‘Types of cement for plain and Sulphate resisting reinforced concrete according to cement®) for sulphate EN 197 contents > 500 mg/kg in water > 3000 me/kg in soil ‘These values of w/e ratio and cement content are based on cement where there is long experience in many countries. However at the time of drafting this prestandatd experience with some of the cements standardized in EN 197 is limited to local climatic conditions in some countries. Therefore during the life of this prestandard, particularly for exposure classes 2b, 3, 4b the choice of the type of cement and its composition should follow the National standards or regulations valid in the place of use of the concrete. Alternatively the suitability for use of the cements may be Proved by testing the concrete under the intended conditions of use, Additionally cement CEI may be used generally for prestressed concrete. Other types of cement may be used if experience with these types is available and the application is allowed by the National standards or regulations valid in the place of use of the concrete. 5 In addition, the concrete shall be protected against direct contact with the aggressive media bi ceases such protection is considered unnecessary. by coatings unless for particular pee Minimum cement content and maxitnum water‘content ratio laid dows in this prestandand any cement tinted be taken into account. When pozznlanie or latent hydraulic additions are ded to th valid in the place of use of the concrete, may state if and haw the minimum or as modified 4.1 shall mix, national standagls or regulations, imum values respectively are allowed to be With a spacing factor of the entrained air void system < V,20 mm measured on the hardened concrete 4 in cases where the degree of saturation is high for prolonged concrete is tested and documented tu have adequate frost resist the place of use of the concrete Periods of time. Other values o¢ measures may apply if the ‘ance according to the national standards or eegulations valid in 5) The sulphate resistance oF Une cement shall He judged on the oasis Of national standards regions vali it ‘of the eamerete place af use sessed aginst the national tanalars a we oF st Table 4 Minimum cover requirements for normal weight concrete(') Exposure class, according to Table 4.1 Reinforce (2) | ment inimum | - cover | Pre- (mm) | stressing steel Notes e minimum values for 4) In order to satisfy the provisions of 4.1.3.3 P(3), these a: > Tiver shold be terociseed with particular concrete qualities, to be determined from Table 3 in ENV 206. 2) For slab elements, a reduction of 5 mm may be made for exposure classes 2-5. 3) A reduction of 5 mm may be made where concrete of strength class 040/50 and above is used for reinforced concrete in exposure classes 2a-Sb, and for prestressed concrete in exposure classes 1-5b. However, the minimum cover should never be less than that for Exposure Class 1 in Table 4.2. 4) For exposure class Sc, the use of a protective barrier, to prevent direct contact with the aggressive media, should be providedTable 4.1. : Exposure classes related to environmental conditions lExposure class Examples of environmental conditions 2 a = interior of buildings where humidity is high without | (e.g. laundries) frost | ~ exterior components wumid ~ componenents in non-aggressive soil and/or water jenviron— rent d = exterfor’ components exposed to frost with | - components in non-aggressive so{1 and/or water and frost exposed to frost umid environment vith frose and Jde-icing salts 4 a ~ components completely or partially eubmerged in without | seavacer, or in the splash sone eeereeee frost ~ components in saturated salt air (coastal area) lonviron- Inene. > ~ components partially submerged in seawater or in the with splash zone and exposed to frost frost | - components in saturated salt air and exposed to frost 1 environment interior of buildings for normal habitation or offices!) ~ Anterior components when the humidity is high and exposed to frost 3 interior and exterior components exposed to frost and de-feing agents |The following classes may occur alone or in combination with the above classes: 5 a | ~ siightty aggressive chemical environment (gas, Liqu or e144) (Gees Maui ~ aggressive industrial atmosphere Jageres— : sive moderately aggressive chenical enviro emical environment (gas, 1iqu Jchentcat or solid) an environ - jnenc®) c | wighty aggressive chemical environaent (gas, liquid or solid) » 2 TaLs exposure class {2 valid only as Long as during construction che structure or sone of ite components Ls not expostd’te note eeeoee en over a prolonged period of time a nations Cheatcatty aggressive enviconnents are classified tn 150/01 following equivalent exposure conditions may be asumed a ae Exposure class 5 a: ISO classification AIG, AIL, Als Exposure class 5 b: ISO classification A2G, A2L. A2s Exposure class 5 c: ISO classification A3G. A3L, A3S COVER AND CONCRETE QUALITY FOR DURABILITY ACOPERIREA CU BETON $i CALITATEA BETONULUI FACTORI DE INFLUENTA A DURABILITATII Corneliu Bob Abstract The paper provides a tentative for a practical model of assessing the corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete structures. A theoretical model as well as ‘a formula for both the carbonation depth and chloride ion penetration are presented; the corrosion process rate of the reinforcement is also given. The nominal covers and concrete strength classes are given from European Norms as well as from the quantitative model proposed in this paper. Rezumat In lucrare se prezinta studiile autorului privind stabilirea unui model al procesului de coroziune a armaturilor in beton. Modelul prezentat, bazat pe 0 formul unica atat pentru carbonatarea betonului cat si pentru penetrarea ionilor de clor este diferentiat prin valorile numerice specifice pentru cele doug fenomene; viteza de coroziune a armaturilor este, deasemenea, prezentaté. Studille efectuate sunt finalizate prin prezentarea grosimii stratului de acoperire cu beton sia claselor de beton, functie de unele clase de expunere, comparativ cu prevederile Eurocodului 2 si ale STAS 10107/0-90.ne COVER AND CONCRETE QUALITY FOR DURABILITY Prof. Corneliu Bob, Technical University of Timisoara, Romania 1, INTRODUCTION Reinforced concrete structures that are subjected to environmental conditions are likely, after a certain period of exposure, to exhibit signs of distress - initial period of reinforcement corrosion process - due to the concrete carbonation and/or the ingress of chlorides. Theoretical calculations and modelling of the depth of penetration in a certain time demonstrate the difficulties of involving, with real influence, of the important parameters. But for engineers, who have to study the durability of the concrete structures, a quantitative model of reinforcement corrosion is necessary. Such useful model, which does not need experimental determinations, is offered in this paper. Within the topics of Serviceability and Durability EC2 together with ENV206 shall ensure that concrete structures are designed and constructed so they maintain their required durability and performance for a sufficiently long period of time, which is expected to be in excess of 50 years. ENV206 itself gives technical requirements for the constituent materials of structural concrete, the concrete composition, the properties of fresh and hardened concrete and their verification. In this paper the nominal covers and concrete strength classes are given from European Norms as well as from the quantitative model proposed in this study. 2. A THEORETICAL MODEL OF CARBONATION OR CHLORIDE PENETRATION The initial period occurs chiefly in two different ways: carbonation of the concrete surrounding the reinforcement and presence of chloride. The mechanism of concrete carbonation is very similar with chloride ingress because the main factors of influence are the same. A theoretical model of carbonation or chloride penetration is presented in Figure 1. The principal correlation, which characterizes the reinforcement corrosion - an important part of concrete durability - is the depth of carbonation or chloride penetration and the time of CO, or/and CI action. and/or ZONE OF SURFACE| ZONE OF DIFFUSION CO, and/or CI” ]|[ Permeation properties: : *Pore characteristics concentration |!) aggregates Main factors influencing carbonation and chloride ingress Binding capacity: #02 > Ca C03 *cl” > Chloro — aluminate Environmental conditions : « Temperature * Relative humidity} Figure 1. A theoretical model of carbonation or chloride penetration Main factors influencing carbonation and chloride ingress are: carbon dioxide and chloride concentration, environmental conditions, permeation Properties and binding capacity or chemical reaction. ‘The carbon dioxide and chloride concentration at surface of the concrete influences directly the depth of carbonation front as well as the chloride ion penetration. The initial period due to chloride ions is influenced by the ion concentration surrounding the reinforcement, which changes the passive stage to an active corrosion stage: it is the threshold value of chloride ion concentration. Critical chloride concentration with the lowest value of around 0.2% by weight of the cement content for carbonated concrete and 0.4% for noncarbonated concrete is reported by many researches [8]. On the other hand many investigations indicate much higher threshold values around 1-2% by weight of cement content [6] Environmental conditions as humidity and temperature have a significant influence on chloride ingress; the relative humidity also represents an important parameter for assessing the concrete carbonation. If the exposure subjected to periodic wetting and drying then it is likely that chlorides will enter concrete under both absorption (capillary suction) when the concrete is dry and by diffusion once the pores become filled; chlorides move faster under the action of absorption (air) then by diffusion (water)[4]. On the other hand the temperature also has a very significant effect on the passage of chlorides into concrete: at low temperature the chloride resistance of Portland cement concrete generally increases [4]. The concrete carbonationis influenced by the relative humidity (RH) because under indoor conditions, with low RH, the | | | |carbon dioxide concentration is higher than for wei conditions (7). Permeation properties for both carbonation and chloride ingress are influenced by the quality of the concrete microstructure, which is a function ‘of size and distribution of pores and capillary tubes of cement stone as well as of aggregates structure. The concrete microstructure is influenced by: the quantity and type of cement, the water-cement ratio, the grading and maximum size of the aggregate, the admixtures and the curing of the concrete. Permeation properties can be assessed either by theoretical parameters or by experimental determination. Cube strength, initial weight loss, water absorption and air permeability can be possible indicators of carbonation performance [5]. The coefficient of chioride diffusion D takes account of the factors associated with concrete and is best determinate using a chloride diffusion half-cell test [4]. Binding capacity is expressed either by concrete reacts with carbon dioxide or by chloride binging capacity. As a result of carbonation, the alkalinity of the concrete is lowered and the passivation can no longer be preserved, so that corrosion of the reinforcement is then possible. Carbonation is a diffu: process. Many studies have indicated that high depth of carbonation is observed when cements contain a large fraction of pulverized-fuel ash (PFA) or/and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) (Figure 2). Coefficient of C02 diffusion D D=100% , Coefficient of Cl"diffusionD € £ 57 / veceno z 8 ve 3 Dg= 6.75% 8|// —— Concrete with OPC 8 ¢ ! 8 --~- Concrete with 5 % OPC + 30% PFA 3 s or/and GGBS s 4 a Sle fertik-constans af Y Figure 2. Schematic sketch of depth of carbonation and chloride penetration vs. coefficient of diffusion This was attributed to the low carbon dioxide binding capacity of the cement that develops when hydrates contain a low proportion of calcium hydroxides which are carbonated [3]; Portland cement contains a high proportion of calcium hydroxide (10-15%). Chloride entering concrete from the environment are influenced by binding capacity of the cement. It has been found that cements containing PFA and GGBS which are high in reactive alumina forming chloro-aluminates offer significant benefits in ability to slow down the rate of chloride ingress in concrete [4]. The influence of PFA or/and GGBS content on chioride diffusion D in concrete may be expressed as: D=cDd a) where: D is the chloride diffusion for OPC and ¢ - cement type coefficient. The schematic sketch of the depth chloride penetration and coefficient of diffusion is shown in Figure 2. From this scheme the influence of the chloride ions concentration may be also deduced because the correlation between the su;face concentration of chloride ions 1, and threshold value of chloride ion concentration |, is assumed to be: Ht, = D,/D, (2) where: D, is the chloride diffusion at the concrete surface and D, is the chloride diffusion for the threshold value. For example if 1, = 20 g CI / land the threshold value is 0.4% by weight of the cement content (l= 450x0.4/100 = 1.8 kg/m® or g/l) it means 1, is 9% of surface concentration and similar D, is 9% of D,. 3. A QUANTITATIVE MODEL OF REINFORCEMENT CORROSION A numerical calculation method for both initial period (time until deterioration starts) and corrosion process period (time of deterioration) is presented in Table 1. On the basis of literature study as well as on practical experience in this field, the author of this paper has suggested a formula for the average value of the depth of carbonation [1], [2].Recent papers [3], [4], [6] and experimental data show the possibility to use the same formula for the chloride ion penetration. In accordance with the theoretical model presented in Figure 1, the formula proposed takes into account: the binding capacity by coefficient ¢ of type of cement, environmental conditions by coefficient k , surface concentration by coefficient d and permeation properties by concrete compressive strength f,, Such numerical calculation method may be very useful for engineers in judging the concrete structures which have to be obsolete and are then demolished or radically renovated. In Table 1 the permeation properties, for both carbonation process and chloride ion Penetration, are quantitatively appreciated by the concrete compressive strength. The use of this parameter was suggested because of: the concrete compressive strength is a conventional quantity and its value depends on a multitude of factors, among them, the quality and content of the cement, the water-cement ratio, the aggregate characteristics, the casting conditions etc; the concrete compressive strength is the major criterion when assessing the quality of a concrete class for the design of the new concrete as well as for judging of a concrete structure which has to be renovated. In the last case the concrete compressive strength is anyhow established on cores which are extracted from concrete elements or/and by nondestructive testing. Numerical value concerning the cement type, environmental conditions and surface concentrations were established from the theoretical and experimental data. On the other hand, some of the many authors’ results concerning the corrosion process rate of the reinforcement are summarized in Table 1.carbon dioxide concentration is higher than for we. conditions [7]. Permeation properties for both carbonation and chloride ingress are influenced by the quality of the concrete microstructure, which is a function of size and distribution of pores and capillary tubes of cement stone as well as of aggregates structure. The concrete microstructure is influenced by: the quantity and type of cement, the water-cement ratio, the grading and maximum size of the aggregate, the admixtures and the curing of the concrete. Permeation properties can be assessed either by theoretical parameters or by experimental determination. Cube strength, initial weight loss, water absorption and air permeability can be possible indicators of carbonation performance [5]. The coefficient of chloride diffusion D takes account of the factors associated with concrete and is best determinate using a chloride diffusion half-cell test [4]. Binding capacity is expressed either by concrete reacts with carbon dioxide or by chloride binging capacity. As a result of carbonation, the alkalinity of the concrete is lowered and the passivation can no longer be preserved, so that corrosion of the reinforcement is then possible. Carbonation is a diffusion process, Many studies have indicated that high depth of carbonation is observed when cements contain a large fraction of pulverized-fuel ash (PFA) or/and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) (Figure 2). Coefficient of C02 diffusion D D=100% , Coefficient of CIdiffusionD / / LEGEND / | ——— Concrete with OPC ~--- Concrete with OPC + 30% PFA or/and GGBS fc, t,k-constans Depth of carbonation Depth of Clpenetration x =< Figure 2. Schematic sketch of depth of carbonation and chloride penetration vs. coefficient of diffusion This was attributed to the low carbon dioxide binding capacity of the cement that develops when hydrates contain a low proportion of calcium hydroxides which are carbonated [3]; Portland cement contains a high proportion of calcium hydroxide (10-15%). Chloride entering concrete from the environment are influenced by binding capacity of the cement. It has been found that cements containing PFA and GGBS which are high in reactive alumina forming chloro-aluminates offer significant benefits in ability to slow down the rate of chloride ingress in concrete [4]. The influence of PFA or/and GGBS content on chloride diffusion D in concrete may be expressed as: D=cbB a) where: 6 is the chloride diffusion for OPC and ¢ - cement type coefficient. The schematic sketch of the depth chloride penetration and coefficient of diffusion is shown in Figure 2. From this scheme the influence of the chloride ions concentration may be also deduced because the correlation between the su: face concentration of chloride ions 1, and threshold value of chloride i concentration |, is assumed to be: Wl, = D/D, (2) where: D, is the chloride diffusion at the concrete surface and D, is the chloride diffusion for the threshold value. For example if 1, = 20 g CI /! and the threshold value is 0.4% by weight of the cement content (,=450x0.4/100 = 1.8 kg/m? or g/l) it means I, is 9% of surface concentration and similar D, is 9% of D,. 3. A QUANTITATIVE MODEL OF REINFORCEMENT CORROSION A numerical calculation method for both initial period (time until deterioration starts) and corrosion process period (time of deterioration) is presented in Table 1. On the basis of literature study as well as on practical ‘experience in this field, the author of this paper has suggested a formula for the average value of the depth of carbonation [1], [2].Recent papers [3], [4], [6] and experimental data show the possibility to use the same formula for the chloride ion penetration. In accordance with the theoretical model presented in Figure 1, the formula proposed takes into account: the binding capacity by coefficient ¢ of type of cement, environmental conditions by coefficient k , surface concentration by coefficient d and permeation properties by concrete compressive strength f,, Such numerical calculation method may be very useful for engineers in judging the concrete structures which have to be obsolete and are then demolished or radically renovated. In Table 1 the permeation properties, for both carbonation process and chloride ion penetration, are quantitatively appreciated by the concrete compressive strength. The use of this parameter was suggested because of: the concrete compressive strength is a conventional quantity and its value depends on a multitude of factors, among them, the quality and content of the cement, the water-cement ratio, the aggregate characteristics, the casting conditions etc; the concrete compressive strength is the major criterion when assessing the quality of a concrete class for the design of the new concrete as well as for judging of a concrete structure which has to be renovated. In the last case the concrete compressive strength is anyhow established on cores which are extracted from concrete elements or/and by nondestructive testing. Numerical value concerning the cement type, environmental conditions and surface concentrations were established from the theoretical and experimental data. On the other hand, some of the many authors’ results concerning the corrosion process rate of the reinforcement are summarized in Table 1.Table 1 A QUANTITATIVE MODEL OF REINFORCEMENT CORROSION INITIAL PERIOD 180ckd (¢) wa x - average depth of carbonation or chloride penetration, mm; f, - concrete compressive strength, N/mm?; t- time of CO, or/and CI action, years; Numerical values of c, k and d: Carbonation process Chloride fon penetration ¢ - cement type © - cement type [Cement]Ps5;60[P45;40]Paa|Ma0] F25 Cement P [Pass | M30 | F25 e¢ [08,70 ]12]1.4] 20 c 1-00 0-90 [0.75 [0.67 k - environmental conditions k - environmental conditions Environmentallindoor] Outdoor | Wet [Environm, conditions Lassa] Con conditions| Value of k = k, kz ted. | rage [crate 70-|80- [Temp] °C [0-6 [S-15]15-25[25-35 55-45 RH, % | <60| 75 | 85|>90 K, (0-67)0.75} 1.00] 7.25 | 7.50 RH [% | 50 | 85 100 k 1.0 |0.7|0.5] 0.3 kz [0.75 _|7.00| 0.75 d - concentration of CO, d - concentration of chloride ions CO, in? % 0.03 0.10 0% gin? | 0.36 T-20 | centration line <0 5° | 8 | 85 1.00 2.00 d OOT-00[ 0.50] 0.33 [0.16 : ordinary Portland cement (OPC); Pa: OPC + max 15% PFA/GGBS M: OPC + max. 30% PFA/GGBS; F: OPC + max. 50% PFA/GGBS. 2) % of surface concentration represents critical chloride concentrations {around 0.2% by weight of cement content for carbonated concre! and 0.4% for noncarbonated concrete) from chloride environment. CORROSION PROCESS PERIOD CCC ee Environmental Tnfluence on corrosion rate(CRY conditions Qualitative Quantitative ¥., mmiyear Indoor |No significantly corrosion f RH 5 60% 7 ightly CR in standard atmosphere 0.04 Outdoor JAveragely CR in industrial environmental” ‘onditions 0.10 ighly CR with salt solutions 10.20 - 0.30) [__Intense __|Very highly CR with intense solutions 0.60 1.80} 4, COVER AND CONCRETE QUALITY FOR DURABILITY Within the topics of Serviceability and Durability, EC2 together with ENV206 shall ensure that concrete structures are designed and constructed so they maintain their required durability and performance for a sufficiently long period of time, which is expected to be in excess of 50 years. The concrete covers specified in EC2, as well as in Romanian Norms STAS 10107/0-90, are presented in Table 2. But, in order to protect the reinforcement against corrosion, these minimum values for cover should be associated with particular concrete qualities, as have mentioned in this paper. In the same way, in the Concise Eurocode [10] the nominal covers and concrete strength are in close correlation. The values representing carbonation depth and chloride ion penetration, calculated from Quantitative model ( Table 1), are in accordance with the values of the concrete cover from Concise Eurocode ( Table 2 ). Table 2 COVER TO REINFORCEMENT (mm) AND CONCRETE QUALITY FOR DURABILITY Exposure class Methods i = a im STAS 10107/0-90 [11] | __20 (25) 25 (30) 35 : Eurocode 2 [9] 15 20 40 40 Concise 30/37 20 35 Eurocode [10] for concrete | 35/45 20 35 40 40 class 40/50 20 30 35 35, 45/55 20 30 35 35 Quantitative | 30/37 : 40.5* 40.5* 45.4** model for 7 " a t=100 years | 35/45 : 33.3 33.3 37.33 and concrete | 40/50 : 30.0* 30.0* 33.60** class 45/55 : 27.0" 27.0* 30.54** Environmental RH < 60% | RH=75-85% 75-85% | RH - var. conditions T = 15-25°C | T- var. Ch:1-10g/l__ | 20g Crit Note: Values represent * carbonation depth and ** chloride ion penetration Seesa: CE References 1. Bob, C.: "The model of corrosion of the reinforcement in concrete" (in Romanian), Proceedings of the Symposium ICCPDC, Timisoara, 1986. 2. Bob, C.: "Some aspects concerning corrosion of reinforcement", Proceedings of the international Conference "The Protection of Concrete", Dundee, Sept. 1990. 3. Hilsdorf, H.: "Durability of concrete - a measurable quantity", Proceedings of the IABSE Symposium "Durability of structures", Lisbon, 1989. 4. Jones, M., R., McCarthy, M.,J. and Dhir, R., K.: "Chloride resistant concrete" Proceedings of the International Conference "Concrete 2000", Dundee, Sept. 1993, E and FN Spon. 5. Parrott, L., J.: "Effects of curing and cement type on the performance of cover concrete", Proceedings of the International Conference "Concrete 2000", Dundee, Sept. 1993, E and FN Spon. 6. Tuutti, K.: "Effect of cement type and different additions on service life", Proceedings of the International Conference "Concrete 2000", Dundee, Sept. 1993, E and FN Spon. 7. Siemes, A., J. et al: "Durability of buildings: a reliability analysis" Heron, Delft University, Vol.30 ,No.3, 1985. 8. CEB, "Working guide for durable concrete structures", Part.1, Munchen, and “Durability of concrete structures’, Copenhagen, 1983. 9. Commission of the European Communities: Industrial Process Building and Civil Engineering, Eurocode No.2: Design of Conerete Structures. 10. British Cement Association: Concise Eurocode for the Design of Concrete Buildings, July 1993. 11. Institutul Roman de Standardizare: STAS 10107/0-90, Calculul si alc&tuirea elementelor structurale din beton, beton armat si beton precomprimat. : DURABILITY OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES RIM OF THE EXISTING BUILDING INSPECTION DURABILITATEA STRYCTURILOR DIN BETON CERINTA A INSPECTARII CONSTRUCTIILOR EXISTENTE Dr.AUGUSTIN POPAESCU INCERC Bucharest, Assoc.Professor at Civil Engineering Institute Bucharest Colaborators: Dan Georgescu Head of Laboratory INCERC Bucharest Anna Maria Schiau Scientific Researcher INCERC Bucharest Abstract In the last several years, the durability requirements and the concept of durability were stated and applied in inter- national codes as EC2 and MC90 as well as in main national codes. INCERC Bucharest performed serveral studies and experimental research related to concrete structures durability with an accent on the in situ behaviour control of an important number of typified precast prestressed concrete units. The results as well as the amount of existing reinforced and prestressed concrete structures underlined the needs and foounded the elasboration of a technical guide for durability inspection and diagnosis of reinforced and prestressed concrete structures. Rezumat Importanta asigur&rii durebilit&tii structurilor din beton armat gi beton precomprimat a condus in ultimii ani la necesitatea clarificarii conceptului de durabilitate gi la stabilirea unor m&suri adecvate la proiectare, executie sau in timpul duratei de serviciu specificate a constructiilor. Cerinte de durabilitate sau aspecte complementare sunt prezentate in mod explicit in EUROCODE 2 sau in CEB - Model Code 90. Preocupari in acest domeniu au fost concretizate la INCERC prin studierea durabilit&tii unui num&r important de elemente prefabricate precomprimate tipizate. Datoria volumului important de constructii existente avind structura din beton armat gi/sau beton precomprimat s-au fundamentat principiile de efectuate ale inspect&rii si diagnosticdrii durabilit&tii acestor tipuri de structuri prin itocmirea unui ghid indicativ C 244-93 publicat in Bul.Constructiilor «err DURABILITY OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AIM OF THE EXISTING BUILDING INSPECTION Dr.Augustin Popaescu,INCERC Bucharest, Assoc. Professor at Civil Engineering Institute Bucharest ‘ Collaborators: Dan Georgescu and Ana Maria Schiau, INCERC Bucharest 1. GENERAL ASPECTS During the last several years the concepts on the durability evolved to a more clear definition of the notions and determinative factors, in view of establishing adequate measures in design, execution and use, and for a possible assessment of the durability related to a specified service life. The achieved advance was synthesized by CEB-FIP in the provisions of the 1990 Model Code for Concrete Structures. Aiming to satisfy the durability requirements, the Eurocode 2 (1) specifies the necessity to consider the following inter- related factors: - the use of the structures > the required performance criteria ~ the expected environmental conditions > the composition, properties and performance of the materials = the shape of members and the structural detailing ~ the quality of workmanship, and level of control ~ the particular protective measures - the likely maintenance during the intended life. Some complementary aspects are more clearly presented in the Model-Code 1990 (2), that stated: A structure shall be designed and constructed as good and as robust as necessary in order to satisfy the required service life with a minimum amount of foreseen maintenance The required service life should be obtained without relying on special protection needing frequent maintenance or redoing. The avoidance of durability problems throughout the expected life of a structure requires the coordinated efforts of all parties involved in all phases of the planning, construction and use of the structure, ,. , Starting from a large volume of existing concrete structures in Romania with a low inter-relation to durability requirements, the need for the in service behaviour control was underlined The experience and results of the research are presented in Ch.2. These emphasized the opportunity of a regulatory document for durability inspection and diagnosis of r.c. and p.c. structures, the principles of which are presented in Ch.3 2, IN SERVICE BEHAVIOUR CONTROL The experience with the inspection on the behaviour in service of an important number of typified precast prestressed concrete units (3) emphasized some aspects such a As a general conclusion related to the durability in service of the most precast pretensioned examined units it results that a compact and alkaline concrete (by the usual concrete mixture with Portland cements) provides a satisfactory time protection inside the industrial halls without chemical aggressiveness or in external conditions. Durability in service of precast prestressed units was influenced in a limited cases number by some causes that could form three groups. The first group contains the initial faults resulted from the units manufacture, mainly related to concrete quality and compacity, to handling, store and mounting, as well as to some nonconformity between design assumption and permanent load applied on members. The second group of unfavourable influences on the in service durability consists in the application during service of some mechanical actions such as local breaking or punching of the members (for instance to long different installations), often at prestressed reinforcement level. The third group concerns the environment action, that may become aggressive due to the kind of industrial technologies, though, such aggressiveness was not taken into account in design or might have been induced by further modification of some technologies. In order to eliminate or avoid such faults or actions of the mentioned causes that represent a limited case number, some practical recommendations for design, construction and maintenance of the prestressed concrete members building were proposed. By design (provisions for design and maintenance): > providing or emphasizing of the compulsory use of the typified detailed for the fixing of electrical or technological installations, that do not affect the prestressed reinforcement protection; = providing for periodical inspection, analysis and quick solving of damage cases (cracks, corrosion, a.s.o.) with the attendance of research specialists; = providing of non~exéeeding load condition (mainly the permanent load) as well as the aggressiveness class; - providing of some access possibilities for prestressed members inspection; By construction provisions ~ application of severe quality control in the precast plants pointing out the technological causes that could lead to systematic faults and their elimination;