(Ans) IntroductiontoAcademicWriting PDF
(Ans) IntroductiontoAcademicWriting PDF
Introduction to
Academic Writing
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THIRD EDITION
Answer Key
Alice Oshima
Ann Hogue
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PEARSON
Longman
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Contents
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. . . 32
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B. Editing Practic
A Future Businessman
I would like to introduce my classmate Roberto Sanchez. He is from the beautiful
island of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea. Roberto is twenty-one years old. He was
born in San Juan, the capital city. His native language is Spanish. He studied English
in elementary school and in high school, too. Roberto comes from a large family. He
has three older brothers and two younger sisters. He likes to play the electric bass.
He and some friends have a small band. Sometimes they play on Saturday nights at
the Fantasia Club on Fourth Street in downtown San Jose. Baseball is his favorite
sport. The San Francisco Giants are his favorite team. Now he is studying English at
Greenhills College. In September of next year, he will begin to study business and
computer science at a university. After graduation, he wants to work for a large tech
company such as Intel or IBM.
Questions on the odel (page 10)
1 . Subject: Filaker George Lucas. Verb: has changed.
2. Subject: Lucas. 2 verbs: studied, made.
3. Verb: have transformed. 2 subjects: love of story telling (and) technological innovations.
Practice 2: Identifying Subjects, Verbs, and Prepositional Phrases (page 13)
3. ! a student (at Greenhills College) (in Boston, Massachusetts)
4. Some (of my classes) difficult.
5. Some (of the homework) boring.
6. A lot (of my classes) in Dante Hall.
7. A lot (of my time) spent (in the student lounge).
8. My father (in an office).
9. None (of my brothers) married.
1 0. None (of the money) stolen.
1 1 . My youngest brother and sister still (in high school).
12. My father understands English but doesn't speak it..
13. (In South America) most (of the people) Catholic.
14. Neither (of my parents) been (to the United States).
Practice 3: Subject-Verb Agreement (pages 13-14)
A.
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2. Some of the teachers (speak/SfJeeks) my language.
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3. Each of the gifts (was/WeFe) carefully wrapped in gold paper.
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4. One of the words on the test (was/WeFe) misspelled.
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A lot of my classes (Wft5/were) cancelled last week.
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6. A lot of my time (is/at=e) spent in the library.
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7. In my country most of the people (want to go/w8ftts te go) to college.
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8. (!J)oes) anyone know the correct time?
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1 0. There (wasn'tlweFeR't) any electricity in our building last night.
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11. The noise from the firecrackers (was/weFe) loud.
B. Editing Practice
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X 6.
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My Best Friend
My best friend is Suzanne. We have been friends since childhood. As children we lived
next door to each other in Caracas. Now we live in different countries on different
continents. She is married to a Venezuelan. She has three children. Her son is two years
old, and her twin daughters thre months old. We haven't seen each other for eight
years. We keep in touch by e-mail. We also telephone each other at least once a month.
We will be friends forever.
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Thanksgiving in the United .States is a day for families to be together and enjoy a
traditional meal. (a) On the night before Thanksgiving, our mother bakes a pumpkin pie,
the traditional Thanksgiving dessert. (b) In the morning, she gets up early to prepare the
other traditional dishes. (c) First, she makes dressing. (d) Then she stuffs the turkey with
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the dressing and puts the turkey into the oven to roast. (e) After that, she prepares the
rest of the meal. She cooks all day long. '(t) About 3:00 in the afternoon, the family sits
down at the table. (g) Before taking the first bite, everyone around the table says one
thing that they are thankful for. (h) Finally, we can begin to eat. We stuff ourselves just
as full as Mother stuffed the turkey earlier in the day! (i) Soon we are all groaning
. because we have eaten too much. (i) After dinner, we collaps on the living room sofa
and watch football games on TV. No one moves for at least two hours.
Fifteen Years
A girl's fifteenth birthday is a very special occasion in many Latin American countries
and requires a lot of planning. (a) Before the party, the parents make many preparations.
(b) First, they buy a special dress and order a bouquet of flowers for their daughter. They
also plan a large meal for the guests and hire an orchestra. (c) On the day of the partv,
they decorate a big room where the party will be held. (d) During the party, there are
many special traditions. (e) At the beginning of the partv, the father and daughter enter
the big salon accompanied by special music. (f) Then the father makes a Speech, and
the daughter gets some presents. (g) After that, everyone .drinks champagne. (h) Next,
the father and daughter dance a waltz, and the daughter and every boy dance one dance
togther. (i) Then all of the guests make a line to congratulate her. (i) Finally, all of the
boys stand in a group because she will throw the bouquet, and the boy who catches it
dances with her. (k) Later, everyone dances to different kinds of music until six o'clock
in the morning.
c. 1 . 7, 2, 5, 4, 3, 1, 6
2. 7, 4, 1, 2, 6, 5, 3
3. 6, 3, 4 9, 7, 5, 1, 8, 2
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4. Last wek, the -girls decided to have a joint birthday party, so they invited several
friends 'for dinner.
5. Nina wanted to cook Mexican food, but Keiko wanted to have Japanese food.
6. Finally, they agreed on the menu.
7. They served Japanese tempura, Mexican arroz con pollo, Chinese stir-fried
vegetables, an American ice cream.
8. First, Nina made the rice.
9. Then Keiko cooked the tempura.
10. After that, Tomiko prepared the vegetables.
1 1 . After dinner, Daisy served the dessert.
1 2. The guests could choose chocolate ice cream or vanilla .ice cream with chocolate
sauce.
B. Individual responses.
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Practice 5: Compound Sentences with yet, for, and nor (pages 69-70)
A. Sentences 2, 7, 1 0, and 14 (and), 6 (for), 9 and 1 2 ( nor)
B. 1 . Muslims do not drink alcohol, nor do they eat pork.
2. Some Christians do not work on Sunday, for Sunday is their day to worship.
3. People who believe in the Hindu religion do not eat beef, for they believe that cows
are sacred.
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4. Muslim men are permitted to have four wives, yet few of them have more than one.
5. Buddhist monks do not marry, nor do they own property.
C. Responses will vary. Possible answers:
1 . I have studied English for six years, yet I still can't speak it fluently.
2. Many children who watch television all day long don't learn how to ead well, for
they don't practice reading.
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3. In some cou'ntries, women cannot vote, nor can they own property.
4. The United States is one of the richest countries in the world, yet there are many
homeless people there.
5. Everyone should know at least two languages, for companies need bilingual
employees.
D. Individual responses.
Practice 6: Varying Sentence Openings (page 71)
2. The resulting tsunami devastated the shores of several countries and killed nearly
250,000 people. (Not possible. )
3. Hundred-foot waves crashed into homes and businesses in the towns near the coast.
(In the towns near the coast, hundred-foot waves crashed into homes and businesses. )
4. The giant earthquake came just three days after a slightly smaller earthquake between
Australia and New Zealand. (Not possible. )
5. The energy released by the earthguake continued to be felt for several months after the
event. (For several months after the event, the energy released by the earthquake
continued to be felt. )
Skill Sharpeners Exercise 1: Commas (page 74)
I. Last Sunday, my friend and I were walking along the beach and spotted an interesting
shell on top of the sand.
2. We stopped, knelt down, picked it up, and brushed the sand from its surface.
3. It was a disk about 3 inches in diameter with four V-shaped notches around its
outer edge.
4. It was round, flat, and gray-white in color.
5. It was large for a sea shell, yet it weighed almost nothing.
6. I held it up to my nose and sniffed the salty smell of the ocean.
7. On the top side of the disk, Mother Nature had punched tiny holes in the shape of a
flower with five petals .
8 . The other side of th disk was very plain, for i t had only one small hole in the center.
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9. At first, we thought the shell was empty, but we were wrong.
1 0. We shook it, and a stream of sand fell out.
1 1. Later, we did a little research and learned that it wasn't a shell at all.
1 2. It was the skeleton of an ocean animal.
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Skill Sharpeners Exercise 2: Summary Writing (page 74)
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A child lived in a house with a strange atmosphere. He was standing at the bottom of a
dark, narrow stairway. A woman was at top of the stairs. She stared at him with cold,
unblinking eyes. He imagined that she was his mother, but now he knows that she was just
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Paragraph 3 :
Many students feel that learning to write well is a useless, time-consuming task that has
little to do with "real life'!......that is, with their future occupations. Although this may be
true if they plan to become an auto mechanic or a waitress, it is certainly not true if they
plan to have a white-collar job. No matter what profession they enter-business,
engineering,1government, education-they will have to write.
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work to help support the family. (or) In the old days, people did not have the
opportunity to attend school, for they had to work to help support the family.
1 0. Now patents want a better future for their children, so they encourage them to go to
college and even help them achieve that goal. (or) Now parents want a better future
for their chilqren. They encourage them to go to college and even help them achieve
that goal.
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The final paragraph may vary. Possible response:
During World War II, a British soldier got caught in a tree after he had parachuted into
the jungles o(Sumatra, Indonesia. While he hung helplessly in the trees, a wild monkey
brought him bannas and other fruit every day. After twelve days had passed, the soldier
finally succeeded in freeing himself. However, he still had a problem as he had no way
to contact his comrades. The monkey continued to bring him fruit because it seemed to
understand the problem and to want to help.
D. Individual responss.
Try It Out! (pages 103-104)
Answers will vary. Possible answers:
2. Because gorillas and chimpanzees are close relatives of humans, scientists have
worked with them to study animal intelligence.
3. A young chimpanzee named Kanzi knows as much grammar as a two-and-a-half-year
old child, and a gorilla named Koko uses sign language to communicate with her trainer.
4. Most people believe that parrots can only imitate and (Ulat they) don't understand
what they are saying.
5. However, a parrot named Alex talks and seems to understand what he is saying.
6. He can answer questions about the color, shape, and size of a toy, and he can tell
what it is made of.
7. Furthermore, Alex can also feel and communicate his feelings.
8. One day, when Alex made several mistakes in answering a question, he apologized
and turned away.
9. Another time, Alex became sick, so his trainer had to leave him overnight in an
animal hospital.
10. Because the hospital was a strange place, Alex didn' t want to stay there alone.
11. When the trainer was going out the door, Alex cried out, "C_ome here. I love you.
I'm sorry. Wanna go back."
12. Dolphins also show emotion during training.
13. When they are correct, they cry excitedly and race l:iack to their trainer.
14. When they are wrong, they look sad and act depressed.
15. These few examples show that even animals with small brains are smart and have feelings.
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through. 9Then turn up the heat slightly. 10As the eggs cook, push them around gently with
the fork. 11When the scrambled eggs are done to perfection, they should be light and fluffy.
12In just a few minutes, you can sit down and enjoy your delicious meal.
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Alaska and Hawaii are two beautiful places to visit on a summer vacation.
A. Accommodations- similar
1. Alaska
a. Quality- good
b. Vary from basic to luxury
2. Hawaii
a. Wide range of excellent hotels and condos
B. Natural Beauty- similar
1. Alaska
a. Chugach Mountains and Mount McKinley
b. Awesome glaciers
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2. Hawaii
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b. Beautiful beaches
C. Climate - different
1 . Alaska
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b. No humidity
c. Seldom rains
2. Hawaii
a. Often rains in summer
b. Can be hot and humid in summer
To sum up, for people who don't like heat and humidity, Alaska is the better choice, but for
people who like beaches, Hawaii is the place to go.
Report
Alaska and Hawaii are two beautiful places to visit on your summer vacation. Both have
good quality accommodations. In Alaska, accommodations vary from basic to luxury,
and the quality of hotels is good. Hawaii has a wide range of excellent hotels and condos.
Furthermore, both places attract visitors because of their natural beauty. Alaska has the
Chugach Mountains and Mount McKinley, the highest mountain i n North America, and it
has many awesome glaciers. Hawaii's beaches are among the most beautiful in the world.
Visitors can also visit Waimea Canyon and Volcano National Park. The summer cHmate is
different in the two places. It often rains and can be hot and humid during the summer i n
Hawaii. In Alaska, th e summer temperature i s perfect, there is not humidity, and i t seldom
rains. To sum up, for people who don 't like heat and humidity, Alaska is the better choice,
but for people who like beaches, Hawaii is the place to go.
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5. In the summer, the weather in Tokyo and in New York is bot hot and humid.
6. The Ginza and Fifth Avenue shopping districts have both fine jewelers and famous
designer boutiques.
C. Answers will vary. Possible answers:
2. Like newspapers and magazines, radio and television need advertising to pay their
costs.
3. The media rech millions of people around the world. Similarly, the Internet reaches
people every where.
4. Just as most people read a daily newspaper, most people listen to the radio or watch
television every day.
5. Printed and video pictures are equally powerful ad vertising media.
D. Answers will vary. Possible answers:
2. Knowing a second language is useful not only for travel but also for employment.
3. Like male students, female students participate in school sports.
4. High school students going to college have the same graduation requirements as high
school students not going to college. (or) Graduation requirements are the same for
high school students going to college and for high school students not going to
college.
5. You can get a good education at both private and public universities. (or) Both private
and public universities provide a good education.
Practice 2: Contrast Signals (pages 119-120)
A. on the other hand (appears twice), whereas (appears twice), In contrast, Although.
B. Answers will vary. Possible answers:
2. a. Fresh fruits and vegetables taste delicious, but canned ones are tasteless.
b. Fresh fruits and vegetables taste delicious, whereas canned ones are tasteless.
c. Fresh fruits and vegetables taste delicious. In contrast, canned ones are tasteless.
3. a. Eating well and exercising will keep you in good health, but exercising by itself
will not.
b. While eating well and exercising will keep you in good health, exercising by itself
will not.
c. Eating' well and exercising will keep you in good health. However, exercising by
itself will not.
4. a. A university has a graduate school, but a college usually does not.
b. A university has a graduate school, while a college usually does not.
c. A university has a graduate school. In contrast, a college usually does not.
5. a. Marco will go to college on a full scholarship, but Peter will have to work part time.
b. Marco will go to college on a full scholarship, whereas Peter will have to work
part time.
c. Marco will go to college on a full scholarship. Peter, on the other hand, will have
to work part time.
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6. a. Medical care is free in Canada, but people must pay for it in the United States.
b. Medical care is free in Canada, while people must pay for it in the United States.
c. Medical care is free in Canada. In contrast, people must pay for it in the
United States.
C. Answers will vary. Possible answers:
2. Professor Rand's first exam was easy, yet 90 percent of the students failed it.
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3. Texting is a P.Opular new way to communicate although it takes practice to do quickly.
4. I work at a computer software company, whereas my grandparents do not know how
to turn a computer on.
5. The method of cooking rice in China is different from the method of cooking it in Italy.
Skill Sharpeners Exercise 1: Outlining (page 121)
Outlines may vary. Possible outline:
Two Varieties of English
Although U.S. English and British English are mutually understandable languages, there are
quite a few differences.
A. One difference is spelling.
1. Some words are spelled one way in the United States but spelt another way in
Great Britain.
2. A person goes to a British theatre but to a U.S. theater.
3. In U.S. schools, students theorize, analyze, and socialize, whereas British
students theorise, analyse, and socialise.
B . A second area of difference is vocabulary.
1. For example, the word college describes two very different types of schools in the
United States ad Great Britain-university level in the United States and pre
university level in the Great Britain.
2. Also, British university students live in halls on campus and in flats off campus,
but U.S. students live in dormitories on campus and in apartments off campus.
C. Finally, there are many differences in pronunciation.
1 . In Great Britain, the sound of a in the words path, laugh, aunt, plant, and dance
is like the a i n father.
2. In the United States, in contrast, the a sound in the words is like the a in cat.
All in all, though there are many differences between the English spoken in the United
States and the Englisb spoken in the British Isles, we understand each other most of
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3. The second day of Pongal is for the rain, which they thank for helping the rice to
grow.
4. A traditional Pongal gift is a clay horse, which they paint in bright colors.
5. On the third day of Pongal, the farmers honor their cattle, which they decorate with
flowers and coins.
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Practice 6: Clauses with When (page 138)
1. Were you alive on July 20, 1 969, when the first human walked on the moon?
2. Every mother remembers the wonderful day when her first child was born.
3. Tet is a special time when Vietnamese people celebrate the lunar new year.
Practice 7: Adjective Clauses (pages 139-140)
Answers will vary. Possible answers :
A. 2. A coach is a person who teaches a sport.
3. Travel agents are people who help people plan trips.
4. MP3 players are devices that record and play back music.
5. A fork is a utensil that Western people use for eating.
6. Chopsticks are utensils that Asian people use for eating.
7. Valentine's Day is a day when friends and lovers exchange cards and gifts.
B. A blog, which is an abbreviation of weblog, is an online diary that a person posts
on a webpage.
An airhead is a person who is not very intelligent and is usually silly.
A couch potato is a person who sits on a sofa all day, usually watching television.
A no-brainer is something that requires no thought.
A nutcase is a person who is strange or crazy.
A potluck dinner is a dinner which everyone brings food to.
A sitting duck is a person who is an easy target or victim.
A geek is a person who is very knowledgeable about science and technology but
who is socially unskilled.
A slam dunk is something that is very easy to do.
A dot com is a company that operates its business primarily on the Internet using a
URL that ends in ".com".
A tightwad is a person who doesn't like to spend money.
An emoticon is a face that shows emotion that you can make on a computer with
punctuation marks. Examples: :-) or :-(
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4. The Pilgrims came to the New World because their religion was different from the
main religion in England.
5. The Pilgrims' first winter was very hard, and almost half the group died.
6. They died of hunger, cold, and disease.
7. During the next year, the Wampanoag, who were a tribe of Native Americans in
Massachuetts, helped them.
8. The Wampan9ag aught the newcomers how to hunt, grow corn, and survive in the
New World.
9. When the next winter came, the Pilgrims had enough food.
10. Because they were grateful, they had a feast to give thanks.
1 1. They shared food and friendship with the Wampanoag, whom they invited 'to the feast.
12. A modern Thanksgiving is similar in spirit to the first Thanksgiving, but the food
is probably different.
1 3. Today Americans eat turkey, but the Pilgrims and Wampanoag probably ate deer.
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B . A second successful style of popular music is punic
1 . Began in the 1 970s as a reaction against previous forms of rock
a. Punks felt that rock no longer represented counterculture.
2. With clothing and hairstyles, punks intended to shock society.
a. Punk look: hair, makeup, clothing, piercings, jewelry
3. On-stge behavior: aggressive and provocative
a. Fa:ns-fighting
4. Punk music is simple.
a. Often just 3 chords
b. Short songs
c. Songs are anti-government, anti-authority, anti-conformity
5. First bands: Sex Pistols, Clash, Ramones
6. Punk has evolved into other styles.
a. Hardcore punk:. Dead Kennedys, Black Flag
b. Emo: Fall Out Boy
c. Pop punk: Green Day
C. A third successful style of popular music is rap.
1 . Also known as hip-hop
2. Form of dance music-singers speak in rhythm and rhyme
3. Originated in Africa
a. Traveled to the U.S. via Jamaica-"toasting"
b. In the U.S ., first appeared in discos in NYC black neighborhoods mid- 1970s
c. Disco DJs + rappers played songs for dancers at parties
d. Rapper kept the beat by hand clapping whi1e DJ changed records.
e. Rappers added lyrics, slogans, rhymes, call-and-response.
4. Early themes: dancing, partying, romance
a. Politics-theme in 1980s and 1 990s
5. Most rappers are young black males.
a. Female rapper-Queen Latifah
b. White rappers: Beastie Boys and Eminem
Dl. Conclusion
Popular music changes constantly. New styles are born, grow, change, and produce
offshoots, which in turn grow, change, and produce offshoots. Some styles enjoy lasting
popularity, but others disappear rather quickly. However, all contribute to the power and
excitement of popular music in our time.
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Skill Sharpeners Exercise: Sentence Structure Review (pages 165-166)
Answers may vary. Possible corrections (underlined):
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Left..Handedness
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Do you know anyone who is left-handed? You probably do, for about 1 0 percent of the
population uses . their left rather than their right hand for writing and other tasks. Although
many athletes, musicians, artists, and world leaders are left-handed, being left-handed
certainly has a few disadvantages in a world designed by and for right-handed people.
Social situations can provide opportunities for left-handed people to feel clumsy. First of all.
handshakes are a small problem. Right-handed people offer their right hands and expect
to grasp the right hand of the other person. The instinct of left-banders, howver, is to
extend their left hand. They have to train themselves to extend their right. Another social
opportunity for awkwardness occurs at the dinner table. Left-handed diners constantly bump
elbows with a right-handed person unless they sit at the far end of the table with no one on
their left. What's worse, left-banders have to concentrate in order to avoid grabbing and
drinking from the wrong glass.
Left-handed people can face inconveniences at school, too. Consider the chairs in classrooms
with little fold-up desktops for taking notes. Most of them are made for right-banders.
Left-banders have to write with their left elbow hanging in mid-air or else turn themselves
around almost 1 80 in order to lay their notebook on the desk. Furthermore, when lefties
write in a three-ring binder or spiral notebook. the rigs get in the way of their hands when
they write on the front side of a page. Finally, left-banders write from left to right so their
hand smears the fresh ink across the page.
Last but not least are the many inventions of the modern world that make life convenient for
right-banders but inconvenient for lefties. These include scissors, can openers, corkscrews,
automobile gear shifts, cameras, and computer keyboards.
In sum, in a world organized for right-banders, left-handed people must confront and
overcome challenges every day.
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hair, bizarre clothing, and confrontational behavior. Rap is dance music. Rappers speak in
rhythm rather than sing the words of songs. Originally, its songs were about having fun,
love, and later, about politics. Most rappers are young black males.
Left-Handedness
A person who is left-hJinded sometimes faces awkward situations. One situation is shaking
hads. Most people offer their right hands, so a left-handed person has to consciously extend
his or her right hand. Left-handed people also eat with their left hands, so they often bump
elbows with right-banders at the dinner table, and they must remember not to reach for the
drinking glass or coffee cup on their left. Furthermore, writing is difficult on school desks
with fold-up desktops and in three-ring binders and spiral notebooks. Finally, many modern
inventions such as computer keyboards, scissors, and cameras can be awkward for lefties
to operate.
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2. "As a result," he added, "children often learn more about the world and about values from
television than from their families."
3. "A majority of child characters on ABC, NBC, CBS , and Fox programs tend to engage in
antisocial behavior such as lying or physical aggression," reported Damon Ho, president
of Parents for Responsible Programming.
4. Advice columnj-St Abigail van Buren wrote in a recent column, ''The television set may
provide some people with the only human voice they hear for . days."
5. "It provides news and entertainment for millions of people who cannot leave the comfort,
privacy, and safety of their homes," she continued.
6. "Not everyone can attend college in a traditional way,:' says Greenhills Colleg professor
Caroline Gibbs, "so we televise courses that students can view on their TV sets at home."
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