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Introduction to
Academic Writing
.

THIRD EDITION

Answer Key

Alice Oshima
Ann Hogue

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PEARSON

Longman

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Contents
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Chapter 1: Paragraph Format

Chapter 2: Narrative Paragraphs

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.... 4

13

Chapter 5: Logical Division of Ideas

17

Chapter 6: Process Paragraphs

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Chapter 7: Comparison/Co':ltrast Paragraphs

23

Chapter 3: Paragraph Structure

Chapter 4: Descriptive Paragraphs

Chapter 8: Definition Paragraphs

. . . 28

Chapter 9: Essay Organization

. . . 32

Chapter 10: Opinion Essays

38

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Chapter 1: Paragraph Format

Capitalization (page 6)
2. English 00 1-name of a school course with a number
3. April-month
4. Introducing My_,self-title
5. Hello-first word in a sentence
6. I-pronoun
7. El Salvador-place on a map
8. San Salvador-place on a map
9. United States-place on a map
1 0. New York-place on a map
11. Uncle Eduardo-title and name of a person
12. Brooklyn-place on a map
13. Cit College-name of a school
1 4. English-name of a language
15. Spanish-name of a language
.

Practice 1: Capitalization (pages 8-9)

A. 2. Her major is business.
3. Thanksgiving is a holiday in both Canada and the United States, but it is celebrated
on different days in the two countries.
4. It is celebrated on the ft;mrth Thursday in November in the United States and on the
second Monday in October in Canada.
5. Istanbul is a seaport city in Turkey.
6. Greenhills College is located in Boston, Massachusetts.
7. I am taking four classes this semester: American history, Sociology 32,
Economics 40, and a compuer science course.
8. I read a good book last weekend by Ernest Hemingway called The Old Man and
the Sea.
9. My roommate is from the South, so she speaks English with a southern accent.
10. The two main religions in Japan are Buddhism and Shintoism.
.

B. Editing Practic
A Future Businessman
I would like to introduce my classmate Roberto Sanchez. He is from the beautiful
island of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea. Roberto is twenty-one years old. He was
born in San Juan, the capital city. His native language is Spanish. He studied English
in elementary school and in high school, too. Roberto comes from a large family. He
has three older brothers and two younger sisters. He likes to play the electric bass.
He and some friends have a small band. Sometimes they play on Saturday nights at
the Fantasia Club on Fourth Street in downtown San Jose. Baseball is his favorite
sport. The San Francisco Giants are his favorite team. Now he is studying English at

Greenhills College. In September of next year, he will begin to study business and
computer science at a university. After graduation, he wants to work for a large tech
company such as Intel or IBM.
Questions on the odel (page 10)
1 . Subject: Filaker George Lucas. Verb: has changed.
2. Subject: Lucas. 2 verbs: studied, made.
3. Verb: have transformed. 2 subjects: love of story telling (and) technological innovations.
Practice 2: Identifying Subjects, Verbs, and Prepositional Phrases (page 13)
3. ! a student (at Greenhills College) (in Boston, Massachusetts)
4. Some (of my classes) difficult.
5. Some (of the homework) boring.
6. A lot (of my classes) in Dante Hall.
7. A lot (of my time) spent (in the student lounge).
8. My father (in an office).
9. None (of my brothers) married.
1 0. None (of the money) stolen.
1 1 . My youngest brother and sister still (in high school).
12. My father understands English but doesn't speak it..
13. (In South America) most (of the people) Catholic.
14. Neither (of my parents) been (to the United States).
Practice 3: Subject-Verb Agreement (pages 13-14)
A.

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2. Some of the teachers (speak/SfJeeks) my language.
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3. Each of the gifts (was/WeFe) carefully wrapped in gold paper.
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4. One of the words on the test (was/WeFe) misspelled.
5.

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A lot of my classes (Wft5/were) cancelled last week.

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6. A lot of my time (is/at=e) spent in the library.
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7. In my country most of the people (want to go/w8ftts te go) to college.
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8. (!J)oes) anyone know the correct time?

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9. There (blare) several kinds of flowers in the bouquet.

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1 0. There (wasn'tlweFeR't) any electricity in our building last night.
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11. The noise from the firecrackers (was/weFe) loud.
B. Editing Practice

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Young Golf Stars

1Golf is no longer the sport of rich, middle-aged, white men. 2Young people around the
world taking up the game, and some of them are !aking it over. 3Qne of the young
stars is Sergio Garcia, a fascinating young golfer from Spain. 4Sergio was bor n in 1980
and started playing golf at the age of three. 5He became a professional golfer in 1999 at
the age of nineteen. 6Sergio became famous by hitting a golf shot at a target from behind
a tree with his eyes closed. 7Two other young golf stars are Tiger Woods and Michelle
Wie. 8Both Tiger and Michelle started playing golf at very young ages, and both have
ethnic backgrounds. 9'figer, born in California in 1975, is Thai-African-American-Native
American. 10Michelle, born in Hawaii in 1989, is Korean-American. 11Each of these
two young Americans has shocked the world of golf in different ways. 12Tiger shocked
everyone by becoming the best golfer in the world while still in his early twenties.
_
13Michelle shocked everyone by competing against men-and beating many of them-at .
the age of fourteen. 14Jt is clear that all three of these young golfers have great futures
ahead of them.
Practice 4: Fragments (page 15)
are

A. X 2. Jose and Jin"the smartest students in the class.

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The baby"finally sleepy.

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Ms. Woodbury, our grammar teacher,Aoften late on Fridays.

It is

7. 15 important for students to get to class on time.

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B. Editing Practice
X

My Best Friend
My best friend is Suzanne. We have been friends since childhood. As children we lived
next door to each other in Caracas. Now we live in different countries on different
continents. She is married to a Venezuelan. She has three children. Her son is two years
old, and her twin daughters thre months old. We haven't seen each other for eight
years. We keep in touch by e-mail. We also telephone each other at least once a month.
We will be friends forever.

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Chapter 2: Narrative Paragraphs

Questions on the Model (page 24)

1. Sentences 1, 5, 9, and 15.
2. Suddenly, At first, Then, Meanwhile, At last, Then, Next.

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Practice 1: Time Ordr (pages 25-28)

A. Words and phrases to add: Suddenly, At first, Then.
B. Note: There is more than one possible way to complete this exercise.
Thanksgiving

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Thanksgiving in the United .States is a day for families to be together and enjoy a
traditional meal. (a) On the night before Thanksgiving, our mother bakes a pumpkin pie,
the traditional Thanksgiving dessert. (b) In the morning, she gets up early to prepare the
other traditional dishes. (c) First, she makes dressing. (d) Then she stuffs the turkey with
.
the dressing and puts the turkey into the oven to roast. (e) After that, she prepares the
rest of the meal. She cooks all day long. '(t) About 3:00 in the afternoon, the family sits
down at the table. (g) Before taking the first bite, everyone around the table says one
thing that they are thankful for. (h) Finally, we can begin to eat. We stuff ourselves just
as full as Mother stuffed the turkey earlier in the day! (i) Soon we are all groaning
. because we have eaten too much. (i) After dinner, we collaps on the living room sofa
and watch football games on TV. No one moves for at least two hours.

Fifteen Years
A girl's fifteenth birthday is a very special occasion in many Latin American countries
and requires a lot of planning. (a) Before the party, the parents make many preparations.
(b) First, they buy a special dress and order a bouquet of flowers for their daughter. They
also plan a large meal for the guests and hire an orchestra. (c) On the day of the partv,
they decorate a big room where the party will be held. (d) During the party, there are
many special traditions. (e) At the beginning of the partv, the father and daughter enter
the big salon accompanied by special music. (f) Then the father makes a Speech, and
the daughter gets some presents. (g) After that, everyone .drinks champagne. (h) Next,
the father and daughter dance a waltz, and the daughter and every boy dance one dance
togther. (i) Then all of the guests make a line to congratulate her. (i) Finally, all of the
boys stand in a group because she will throw the bouquet, and the boy who catches it
dances with her. (k) Later, everyone dances to different kinds of music until six o'clock
in the morning.
c. 1 . 7, 2, 5, 4, 3, 1, 6
2. 7, 4, 1, 2, 6, 5, 3
3. 6, 3, 4 9, 7, 5, 1, 8, 2

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Questions on the Model (page 29)

1 . Time order.
2. Time order signals: Once upon a time, One day, During lunch, After a while.
Practice 2: Compound Sentences with and, but, so, and or (pages 30-32)
A. Sentence 2- b).lt (compound sentence)
3- and (simple sentence)
4 - and'(compound sentence)
5 - so (compound sentence)
7- and (simple sentence)
9- or (compound sentence)
1 0- but (compound sentence)
1 1 - and (simple sentence) .
1 2 - and (simple sentence)
13 and (compound sentence)
14- so (compound sentence)
15- and (compound sentence)
1 6 - so (compound sentence)
B. Monsieur Seguin's Goat
2. ss
3. ss
4. ss
. . . sad, and . . ..
5. CS
6. ss
7. ss
. . . rope, or . . .
8. cs
. . . rope, but . . .
9. cs
1 0. ss
. . . decision, but .. .
1 1. cs
. . . mountains, so . . .
1 2. cs
13. ss
14. ss
15. ss
16. ss
C. Answers will vary. Sample answers:
2. She heard a noe and decided to go back to her enclosure.
3. She walked for a long time, but she couldn't find .the road.
4. Finally, she became very tired and tried to rest, but her fear prevented her from
sleeping.
5 . Suddenly, a wolf appeared and looked at her hungrily.
6. She shouted for help, but no one heard her.
7. The wolf ate Blanchette, and the poor old man never saw his little goat again.
8. Blanchette wanted to be free, but freedom can be dangerous when we disobey.
D. Individual responses.
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Practice 3: Commas (pages 33-34)

A. 1. Daisy, Tomiko, Keiko, and Nina live near the college that they all attend.
2. Tomiko and Keiko are from Japan, and Nina and Daisy are from Mexico.
3. Nina and Keiko have the same birthday. Both girls were born on June 3 on different
continents.

4. Last wek, the -girls decided to have a joint birthday party, so they invited several
friends 'for dinner.
5. Nina wanted to cook Mexican food, but Keiko wanted to have Japanese food.
6. Finally, they agreed on the menu.
7. They served Japanese tempura, Mexican arroz con pollo, Chinese stir-fried
vegetables, an American ice cream.
8. First, Nina made the rice.
9. Then Keiko cooked the tempura.
10. After that, Tomiko prepared the vegetables.
1 1 . After dinner, Daisy served the dessert.
1 2. The guests could choose chocolate ice cream or vanilla .ice cream with chocolate
sauce.
B. Individual responses.

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Chapter 3: Paragraph Structure

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Questions on the Model (page 39)

1. A Hawaiian wedding
2. They are special occasons because of the mix of cultures.
3. Hawaiian weddigs are multicultural.
Practice 1: Predicting Content from the Controlling Idea (page 40)
For discussion only. Possible responses:
l. Costs of rings, clothes, wedding place, gifts, party, food, flowers and other decorations,
limousine, place to hold party (e.g. big hotel). Number of guests. Number of people in
wedding party.
2. Couple + witnesses + marrying official, civil ceremony, simple rings, no party,
no special clothes. Location at home or outdoors.
3. Examples of unusual places (beach, park, mountaintop, someone's garden, on
a ship, etc.).
Practice 2: Topic Sentences (pages 40-42)
A. Check sentences 3, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12
Too specific: 5, 7
Too general: 4, 11
B. 1. c
2. c
3. c
C. Answers will vary. Possible answers:
1. A teacher should have four qualifications.
2. Food from other ountries is very popular in the United States.
3. People give different reasons for skipping breakfast.
Practice 3: Writing Supporting Sentences (pages 44-45)
Answers will vary. Possible answers:
l. b. A small car uses less gas.
c. A small car is cheaper to maintain.
d. Insurance for a small car may be cheaper.
2. b. Brush your teeth three times a day.
c. Use dental flos daily.
d. Visit your dentit twice a year.
3. b. Consider the abilities of everyone.
c. Find out when everyone is available.
d. Find out how much everyone can spend.

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4. b. He/she is easy to get along with.

c. You and he/she have similar interests.
d. He/she is loyal.

5 . b. Invite several friends to your house for a party.

c. Forget your books and notes at school.
d. Offer tp help a friend with a big project such as painting his or her apartment.
.
6. b. It increas<?s your knowledge in many subjects.
c. You make friends with people in your field of study.

Practice 4: Signal Phrases for Examples (page 45)

1 . For example, (or) For instance,
2. such as
3. For example, (or) For instance,

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Practice 5: Supporting Sentences and Examples (page 46)

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For example, the bride often wears long white holoku

(wedding dress), and the groom wears a long-sleeved white
shirt and pants with a red sash around his waist.
EXAMPLE

Both the bride and the groom wear leis.

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Certainly, Hawaiian clothing, music, and other Hawaiian customs play

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TOPIC SENTENCE'

EXAMPLE

The bride's lei is traditionally made of white flowers such as pikake

(jasmine), and the groom's is made of green maile leaves.
EXAMPLE

Another Hawaiian custom is the blowing of a conch shell three

times to begin the ceremony.
EXAMPLE

Hawaiian music is played both during the ceremony and during

the luau afterward.

. SUPPORllNG POikT
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Other customs Included In th festivities depend on the ethnic

backgrounds of the couple.

EXAMPLE

For Instance, there may be noisy firecrackers, a Chinese

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EXAMPLE

There may be a display of Japanese origami, or there may

a pandango, a Filipino custom.
EXAMP

During a pandango, the wedding guests tape money together

and wrap it around the couple during their first dance together
as husband and wife.

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All In all, a Hawaiian wedding Is truly a magical, multicultural event.

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Practice 6: Concluding Sentences (pages 47-49)

A. 1
B . Answers will vary. Possible answers:
1. These examples show that you can eat cheaply at the college cafeteria.
2. In sum, watch children's television shows to learn a foreig language.
3. In short, ell phones are everywhere.
Practice 7: Paragraph Structure (pages 49-50)
Order of sentences: 3, 9, 4, 6, 1 , 2, 7, 8, 5

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. .:,First 'of all, most fast food Is very high in calories.

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For example, a 6-lnch Pizza Hut Personal Pan pepperoni

pizza has 660 calories, and a Big Mac from McDonald's has
560 calories.

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For Instance, a portion of Nachos Supreme from Taco Bell

contains 26 grams of fat, and a Big Mac contains 30 grams.

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A typical meal at McDonald's contains as much as

1 ,370 milligrams of sodium.

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Practice 8: Apostrophes (pages 53-54)

A. 2. Carlos's roommate
3. my country's flag
4. the dancer's feet
5. my child's school
6. my childre's school
7. the boss's secretary
8. the ladies' shoes
9. the men's sweaters
1 0. George Lucas's films
1 1 . the EU's president
B. 2. Lance Armstrong's heart
3. the color of her dress
4. the teacher's desk
5. the children's laughter
6. the babies' mouths
7. the mouth of the river
8. the passengers' suitcases
C. Individual responses.
Practice 9: Outlining (pages 55-56)
A. Animals in Captivity
Animals living in moder zqos enjoy several advantages over animals in the wild.
A. The first advantage is that zoo animals are separated from their natural predators.
1 . They are protected, so they live without risk of being attacked.
B. Another advantage is that someone feeds them regularly, so they do not have to
hunt for food.
1 . Also, they do not suffer times when food is hard to find.
C. A third advantage of living in zoos is that veterinarians give animals regular
checkups, and sick animals get prompt medical attention.
In conclusion, because all their needs are taken care of, most zoo animals are healthy
and contented.
B. Bad Drivers
There are three kinds of bad drivers you see on the streets and highways of almost any
country.
A. The first kinq. of bad driver is the wannabe Grand Prix racer.
1 . This kind of driver drives very aggressively.
2. For example, he or she steps on the gas and roars away a millisecond before a
traffic signal turns green.
Driving
in the passing lane and ignoring speed limits are normal for this kind
3.
of driver.

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B . The second kind of bad driver is the modem multitasker.

1 . Modem multitaskers include drivers such as working mothers and overworked
businessmen and women.
2. They eat a sandwich, drink a cup of coffee, talk on their cell phone, and
discipline the children fighting in the back seat while speeding down the
hi_ghway at 65 mph.
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C. The last kind is the cautious driver.
1 . The.cautious driver drives v-e-r-y slowly and carefully.
2. For instance, he or she drives no faster than 40 mph on highways and slows
down to 30 on every curve.
3. When making a tum, he or she almost comes to a full stop before inching
around the comer.
In conclusion, bad drivers can be speedsters, "slowsters," or just inattentive, but you have
to watch out for all of them!

Exercise: Summary Writing (page 59)

A. Step 1 Answers will vary. Possible questions:
1 . Where is Marciela from?
2. What is her educational history?
3 . What languages does she speak?
4. Does she have work experience?
5 . What are her career goals?
Step 2 Answers will vary. Sample summary:
Marciela Perez is from El Salvador. She is a high school graduate and is taking English
classes at City College. She speaks Spanish fluently, and she currently works in a
factory. She wants to bcome a nurse practitioner.
B . Answers will vary.

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Chapter 4: Descriptive Paragraphs

Questions on the Model (page 62)
1 . The writer says that the house had a strange atmosphere.
2. The stairway was dark, squeaking, and quite narrow. Its steps were high . .
3. He is looking up at her. First, he describes her whole appearance as elegant and
middle-aged an d r posture as leaning. He describes her eyes last.

Practice 1: Spatial Order Signals (page 63)

Spatial order words and phrases to add to the list:
From the bottom of the stairway I beyond the darkness at the top of the stairway I
against the wall / the first room beyond the stairs on the second floor I up the stairs I
up the last step
Practice 2: Spatial Order Organization and Details (pages 63-64)
A. Answers will vary. Possible responses:
1 . Possible spatial order: counterclockwise from the doorway.
b. A wet towel hangs over the doorknob.
c. To the right of the door, makeup, hair curlers, and jewelry completely cover the top
of the dresser.
2. Possible spatial order: clockwise.
a. In the front of the park is a children's play area. Children are swinging on the
swings, sliding down e slide, and playing in the sand.
b. To the left of the children's play area are benches for sitting.
c. Behind the benches, boys are throwing Frisbees and playing soccer on the grass.
3. Possible spatial order: near to far.
a. The top of his workbench is completely free of clutter.
b. Just above the workbench, he has a long shelf with jars full of different sizes
of nails and screws.
c. Above this shelf, there are hooks holding various small tools such as screwdrivers
and pliers.
B. Individual responses.

Questions on the Model (page 65)

I. Behind my childhood home, there is a large piece of land that is surrounded by banana
trees growing in wilg disorder. The topic is "a large piece of land that is surrounded
by banana trees. " The controlling idea is "growing in wild disorder. "
2. Yes: Now, whenever I hear the plop-plop-plop of raindrops on the roof of my small, tidy
apartment in the city, I remember the beautiful, wild banana garden of my childhood.
3. Spatial order words and phrases to add to the list: Behind my childhood home,
Surrounded by banana trees, Underneath the trees, In the center. There is a spatial pattern
in the first part of the paragraph.
4. wild

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Practice 3: Descriptive Details (pages 66-67)

A.

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Sight
large
wild
disorder
crowds
green
thick

Smell
dark
wide
glosy
small
tidy
beautiful
.

Sound

Touch

cry out
melody
song
plop-plop-plop

moist
slick

Taste

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B. Answers will vary. Possiole responses:

2. crowds, crowded, people running, people hurrying, loudspeaker announcing arrivals
of trains (subway), traffic rushing by (bus stop), horns honking, people pushing and
shoving each other, smell of dampness (subway), smell of diesel exhaust (buses)

3 . passengers rushing to their boarding gates, passengers waiting in long lines at

counters/at security, people looking at the information boards, people waiting for their
family or friends to exit from the passport control area, loudspeakers announcing
arrivals and departures, loudspeakers making security announcements
4. ambulance sirens, loudspeakers paging doctors and other hospital personnel, people
in the waiting area looking sad, stressed, sick, woqied, anxious, medicinal hospital
smell, empty paper cups, old magazines in waiting area, people talking in low voices
5. children laughing, dogs running in and out of the water, sunbathers sunning, waves
lapping or crashing, birds flying low looking for fish, fisherman standing at water's
edge casting their lines out, swimmers sphishing, smell of salt, seaweed, shells
lying on the sand

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Practice 4: Unity (page 67)

1 . Cross out sentences 5 and 6.
2. Cross out sentence 8.

Questions on the Model (page 68)

1 . The ten-mile trail to Supai Village hot and dusty. (Simple sentence.)
2. (2) You can hike the trail, or you can hire a guide to take you on horseback.
(Compound sentence.)
(3) Along the trail, you only rock, sand, and an occasional lizard. (Simple sentence)

Practice 5: Compound Sentences with yet, for, and nor (pages 69-70)
A. Sentences 2, 7, 1 0, and 14 (and), 6 (for), 9 and 1 2 ( nor)
B. 1 . Muslims do not drink alcohol, nor do they eat pork.
2. Some Christians do not work on Sunday, for Sunday is their day to worship.
3. People who believe in the Hindu religion do not eat beef, for they believe that cows
are sacred.

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5. Buddhist monks do not marry, nor do they own property.
C. Responses will vary. Possible answers:
1 . I have studied English for six years, yet I still can't speak it fluently.
2. Many children who watch television all day long don't learn how to ead well, for
they don't practice reading.
I
3. In some cou'ntries, women cannot vote, nor can they own property.
4. The United States is one of the richest countries in the world, yet there are many
homeless people there.
5. Everyone should know at least two languages, for companies need bilingual
employees.
D. Individual responses.
Practice 6: Varying Sentence Openings (page 71)
2. The resulting tsunami devastated the shores of several countries and killed nearly
250,000 people. (Not possible. )
3. Hundred-foot waves crashed into homes and businesses in the towns near the coast.
(In the towns near the coast, hundred-foot waves crashed into homes and businesses. )
4. The giant earthquake came just three days after a slightly smaller earthquake between
Australia and New Zealand. (Not possible. )
5. The energy released by the earthguake continued to be felt for several months after the
event. (For several months after the event, the energy released by the earthquake
continued to be felt. )
Skill Sharpeners Exercise 1: Commas (page 74)
I. Last Sunday, my friend and I were walking along the beach and spotted an interesting
shell on top of the sand.
2. We stopped, knelt down, picked it up, and brushed the sand from its surface.
3. It was a disk about 3 inches in diameter with four V-shaped notches around its
outer edge.
4. It was round, flat, and gray-white in color.
5. It was large for a sea shell, yet it weighed almost nothing.
6. I held it up to my nose and sniffed the salty smell of the ocean.
7. On the top side of the disk, Mother Nature had punched tiny holes in the shape of a
flower with five petals .
8 . The other side of th disk was very plain, for i t had only one small hole in the center.
1o
9. At first, we thought the shell was empty, but we were wrong.
1 0. We shook it, and a stream of sand fell out.
1 1. Later, we did a little research and learned that it wasn't a shell at all.
1 2. It was the skeleton of an ocean animal.

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Skill Sharpeners Exercise 2: Summary Writing (page 74)

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Answers will vary. Sample answers:

A child lived in a house with a strange atmosphere. He was standing at the bottom of a
dark, narrow stairway. A woman was at top of the stairs. She stared at him with cold,

unblinking eyes. He imagined that she was his mother, but now he knows that she was just
1
a mannequin.
.

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Chapter 5: Logical Division of Ideas

Questions on the Model (page 77)
1 . The writer gives three reasons.The first (topic) sentence tells the number of reasons.
2. The first reason, The second reason, The third reason
3. The writer supgorts each reason wiith examples.
.
Practice 1: Recognizing Logical Division (page 79)
Responses will vary.Possible paragraph choices:
1. Practice 2A, Consistent Pronouns, page 80
2. Practice 2B, Paragraph 1 beginning "A marathon runner ... ," page 80
3. Paragraph 2, "Men and Women Shoppers," page 82
4. Practice 3A, #2, Paragraph beginning "Today it is possible ...," page 85
5. Practice 4B, "Ways of Cooking Rice," page 90
6. Skill Sharpener Exercise 1 , Unity, "Secrets of Good Ads," page 91
Practice 2: Consistent Pronouns (pages 80-81)
A. Some resechers believe that social animals such as dogs may have a sense of morality.
That is, dogs know right from wrong.For example, dogs follow certain rules when they
play together, and they exclude dogs that don't follow the rules.Dogs' sense of right and
wrong also includes knowing how to behave correctly around humans.For example, they
know who the pack leader (that is, the boss) in any family is.They also know that they
are not allowed to eat the pack leader's food.If they steal a bite of food from Dad's
dinner plate, they slink around the kitchen looking guilty because they know they have
broken a rule.Other researchers say that fear of punishment, not guilt, is the reason for
dogs' slinking behavior.
B. Pargraph 1:
Marathon runners must be strong not only in body but also in mind.They have to train
for years to achieve the necessary endurance to compete in their sport.This requires
great discipline and self-sacrifice.In addition, marathon runners have to train their minds
in order to endure the long hours of solitary running.This, too, requires great discipline.
In other words, marathon runners must be in top condition, both mentally and physically,
if they want to run in marathons.
Paragraph 2:
Physicists are scientists who study the basic laws of nture and apply these laws to
improve the world.tfhey are concerned with scientific wonders as large as the universe
or as small as an electron.They are problem solvers who are curious about the universe
and who interested in what gives it order and meaning.

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Paragraph 3 :
Many students feel that learning to write well is a useless, time-consuming task that has
little to do with "real life'!......that is, with their future occupations. Although this may be
true if they plan to become an auto mechanic or a waitress, it is certainly not true if they
plan to have a white-collar job. No matter what profession they enter-business,
engineering,1government, education-they will have to write.

Practice 3: Transition Signals (pages 85-87)

A. Responses may vary. Possible answers:

1 . a. First of all,
b. Second,
2. a. Moreover,
b. In addition,
3. a. For example,
b. such as
B. 1 . For example,
2. However,

c. Then
c. and
c. such as

d. Finally,
d. also

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

. Therefore, (or) Thus,

. For instance,
and, (or) so,
. Then
As a result,
To sum up,

Practice 4: Editing for Sentence Errors (pages 89-90)

A. Answers may vary. Possible answers:
3. Writing a paragraph is easy, but it"takes practice.
4. First, you write a topic sentence. Then you make an outline of the supporting
sentences. (or) First, you. write a topic sentence, and then you make an outline of the
supporting sentencs.
6. College is not like high school. It is a lot harder.
8. My parents did not finish high school. I was the first member of my family to
graduate.
9. In the old days, people did not have the opportunity to attend school. They had to

work to help support the family. (or) In the old days, people did not have the
opportunity to attend school, for they had to work to help support the family.
1 0. Now patents want a better future for their children, so they encourage them to go to
college and even help them achieve that goal. (or) Now parents want a better future
for their chilqren. They encourage them to go to college and even help them achieve
that goal.

18


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B. Responses may vary.Possible answers:

3. Asian sticky rice is rinsed, soaked, cooked, and then steamed.The lid remains on the
cooking pot during the entire cooking and steaming process.
7. Risotto has a creamy texture.The individual grains have a chewy center.
8. Persian rice is quite different, for it has a golden, crunchy crust.(or) Persian rice is
quite diffeent.It has a golden, crunchy crust.
9. Thai people srve jasmine rice, and people in India enjoy basmati rice.Both kinds
have a special perfume-like aroma.
'-.. ., - _

Skill Sharpeners Exercise 1: Unity (page 91)

Cross out sentence 10.
Skill Sharpeners Exercise 2: Outlining (page 91)
Answers will vary. Possible outline:
A good ad has three characteristics.
A. A good ad is simple.
1. It lets pictures, not words, tell the story.
2. All ads need some words, but a good ad has a powerful headline and only a
small amount of text.
B. A good ad is directed to a particular group of consumers.
I. Ads for face creams are for older women.
2. Ads for motorcycles are for unmarried young men.
C. A good ad appeals to emotions.
1. Women in the thirty-to-fifty age group want to look and feel younger.
2. Teenagers want to feel popular.
In conclusion, good ads are simple, are directed at a specific group, and make an
. emotional connection.
Skill Sharpeners Exercise 3: Summary Writing (page 91)
Answers will vary.Possible summary:
There are three reasons I don't have a credit card.First, having a credit card makes it easy
for me to buy things I can't afford.Second, charging purcliases to a credit card leads to debt.
Third, credit card contracts have "fine print" details that I may not understand at first.

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19

Chapter 6: Process Paragraphs

Questions on the Model (page 95)
1. Topic sentence: Building a campfire with one match is easy if you follow these easy steps.
The words follow these easy steps indicate that this paragraph will explain a process.
1
2. Six steps
3. It restates the topc sentence in different words.

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Practice 2: Time Order Signals (pages 97-98)

A. Time order signals: The first step, Second, The next step, Next, Fifth, The last step, Soon
B. 1. The first step
2. Second,
3. The third step
4. Finally,
5. To sum up,
c. 1. 6, 8, 7' 2, 3, 4, 1' 5
2. 2, 7' 9, 1' 4, 3, 6, 5, 8
Questions on the Model (page 100)
1. The verb is squeeze. It is a simple sentence.
2. Sentences 5, 6, 9, and 14 are simple sentences that are commands. (Note: Other sentences
have clauses that are commands. )
3. It has two SV combinations: (you) hold- you count. The connecting word is while.
Practice 3: Complex Sentences (pages 102-10)
A. The three complex sentences with time clauses are 4, 8, and 1 1.
B. 2. Astronauts often feel seasick ('.!l)J.D.tlJ_y_ti_t:.LR r!.I]$Ljgi]!!.U.
3. Astronauts must exercise on special machines (bile).tlU.!X.Qr.Q.J.:
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Practice 1: Topic Sentences for Process Paragraphs (page 96)

Answers will vary.

4.

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The final paragraph may vary. Possible response:
During World War II, a British soldier got caught in a tree after he had parachuted into
the jungles o(Sumatra, Indonesia. While he hung helplessly in the trees, a wild monkey
brought him bannas and other fruit every day. After twelve days had passed, the soldier
finally succeeded in freeing himself. However, he still had a problem as he had no way
to contact his comrades. The monkey continued to bring him fruit because it seemed to
understand the problem and to want to help.
D. Individual responss.
Try It Out! (pages 103-104)
Answers will vary. Possible answers:
2. Because gorillas and chimpanzees are close relatives of humans, scientists have
worked with them to study animal intelligence.
3. A young chimpanzee named Kanzi knows as much grammar as a two-and-a-half-year
old child, and a gorilla named Koko uses sign language to communicate with her trainer.
4. Most people believe that parrots can only imitate and (Ulat they) don't understand
what they are saying.
5. However, a parrot named Alex talks and seems to understand what he is saying.
6. He can answer questions about the color, shape, and size of a toy, and he can tell
what it is made of.
7. Furthermore, Alex can also feel and communicate his feelings.
8. One day, when Alex made several mistakes in answering a question, he apologized
and turned away.
9. Another time, Alex became sick, so his trainer had to leave him overnight in an
animal hospital.
10. Because the hospital was a strange place, Alex didn' t want to stay there alone.
11. When the trainer was going out the door, Alex cried out, "C_ome here. I love you.
I'm sorry. Wanna go back."
12. Dolphins also show emotion during training.
13. When they are correct, they cry excitedly and race l:iack to their trainer.
14. When they are wrong, they look sad and act depressed.
15. These few examples show that even animals with small brains are smart and have feelings.

Skill Sharpeners Exercise 1: Commas (page 105)

1Scrambled eggs are a quick and easy light meal. 2You need two fresh eggs, milk, butter,
salt, and pepper. 3You also need a mixing bowl, a tablespoon, a fork, and a frying pan. 4First,
break the eggs into the bowl. 5Then add about three tablespoons of milk, the salt, and the
pepper. &Beat the mixture with a fork until it is well mixed. 7Next, melt a small piece of
butter in the frying pan over low heat. 8Pour the egg mixture into the pan, and let it heat

21

through. 9Then turn up the heat slightly. 10As the eggs cook, push them around gently with
the fork. 11When the scrambled eggs are done to perfection, they should be light and fluffy.
12In just a few minutes, you can sit down and enjoy your delicious meal.

Skill Sharpeners Exercise 2: Sentence Structure (page 106)

Sentences with errors and suggested corrections:
Sentence 2 comma splice) On the day of the ceremony, one of the groom's brothers
goes to the bride's home with gifts. These gifts seal the union of the two
families.
4 (Fragment) He is dressed in rich clothing and is wearing a special
headdress.
1 1 (Fragment) He promises to make his wife happy . . .
14 (Run on) Musicians provide entertainment. Then a feast of traditional
Indian food is served.
16 (Comma splice) The party may go on until midnight. Everyone is pretty
tired at the end.

Skill Sharpeners Exercise 3: Unity (page 106)

Cross out sentences 3 and 14.

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Chapter 7: Comparison/Contrast Paragraphs

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Questions on the Models (page 111)

1 . Paragraph 2
2. Paragraph 1
3. The left and rig-ht sides of your brain process information in different ways.
4. Shopping for an atomobile
5 . Following is a summary of their qualifications. (Sentence 2)
6. 4 similarities; 2 differences

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Main Topics

Alaska

accommodations

The quality of hotels- good

Hawaii

Vary from basic to luxury

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climate

Temperature- perfect in the

summer

Often rains in the summer

Can be hot and humid in the
summer

No humidity

Wide range of excellent hotels

and condos

Seldom rains in the summer

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natural beauty

Chugach Mountains and

Volcano National ark and

Mount McKinley

Waimea Canyon.

Glaciers- awesome

Beaches- among the most

beautiful in the world.

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Alaska and Hawaii are two beautiful places to visit on a summer vacation.
A. Accommodations- similar
1. Alaska

a. Quality- good
b. Vary from basic to luxury
2. Hawaii
a. Wide range of excellent hotels and condos
B. Natural Beauty- similar
1. Alaska
a. Chugach Mountains and Mount McKinley
b. Awesome glaciers

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2. Hawaii
a. Volcano National Park and Waimea Canyon
b. Beautiful beaches
C. Climate - different
1 . Alaska
a. Pet;fect temperature in the summer
b. No humidity
c. Seldom rains
2. Hawaii
a. Often rains in summer
b. Can be hot and humid in summer
To sum up, for people who don't like heat and humidity, Alaska is the better choice, but for
people who like beaches, Hawaii is the place to go.

Report
Alaska and Hawaii are two beautiful places to visit on your summer vacation. Both have
good quality accommodations. In Alaska, accommodations vary from basic to luxury,
and the quality of hotels is good. Hawaii has a wide range of excellent hotels and condos.
Furthermore, both places attract visitors because of their natural beauty. Alaska has the
Chugach Mountains and Mount McKinley, the highest mountain i n North America, and it
has many awesome glaciers. Hawaii's beaches are among the most beautiful in the world.
Visitors can also visit Waimea Canyon and Volcano National Park. The summer cHmate is
different in the two places. It often rains and can be hot and humid during the summer i n
Hawaii. In Alaska, th e summer temperature i s perfect, there is not humidity, and i t seldom
rains. To sum up, for people who don 't like heat and humidity, Alaska is the better choice,
but for people who like beaches, Hawaii is the place to go.

Questions on the Model (pages 114)

1. Topic sentence: Although U.S. English and U.K. English are mutually understandable
languages, there are quite a few differences. It indicates that the paragraph will discuss
mostly differences.
2. Comparison and contrast signals: Although, differences, difference, but, but, whereas, but,
differences, like, in contrast, like, though
3. Other transition signals: One (difference), A second (area of difference), For example,
Also; Finally, All jn all
4. Logical division of ideas
Practice 1: Comparison Signals (pages 116--1 18)
A. similar, just as, equal, Similarly, the same (date), equally
B . Answers will vary. Possible answers:
2. Both overcrowded subways and congested streets are problems in Tokyo and
New York City.
3. You can buy designer clothes not only in boutiques but also in department stores.
4. New Yorkers and Tokyoites can not only see a movie but can also eat out at any time.

24

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5. In the summer, the weather in Tokyo and in New York is bot hot and humid.
6. The Ginza and Fifth Avenue shopping districts have both fine jewelers and famous
designer boutiques.
C. Answers will vary. Possible answers:
2. Like newspapers and magazines, radio and television need advertising to pay their
costs.
3. The media rech millions of people around the world. Similarly, the Internet reaches
people every where.
4. Just as most people read a daily newspaper, most people listen to the radio or watch
television every day.
5. Printed and video pictures are equally powerful ad vertising media.
D. Answers will vary. Possible answers:
2. Knowing a second language is useful not only for travel but also for employment.
3. Like male students, female students participate in school sports.
4. High school students going to college have the same graduation requirements as high
school students not going to college. (or) Graduation requirements are the same for
high school students going to college and for high school students not going to
college.
5. You can get a good education at both private and public universities. (or) Both private
and public universities provide a good education.
Practice 2: Contrast Signals (pages 119-120)
A. on the other hand (appears twice), whereas (appears twice), In contrast, Although.
B. Answers will vary. Possible answers:
2. a. Fresh fruits and vegetables taste delicious, but canned ones are tasteless.
b. Fresh fruits and vegetables taste delicious, whereas canned ones are tasteless.
c. Fresh fruits and vegetables taste delicious. In contrast, canned ones are tasteless.
3. a. Eating well and exercising will keep you in good health, but exercising by itself
will not.
b. While eating well and exercising will keep you in good health, exercising by itself
will not.
c. Eating' well and exercising will keep you in good health. However, exercising by
itself will not.
4. a. A university has a graduate school, but a college usually does not.
b. A university has a graduate school, while a college usually does not.
c. A university has a graduate school. In contrast, a college usually does not.
5. a. Marco will go to college on a full scholarship, but Peter will have to work part time.
b. Marco will go to college on a full scholarship, whereas Peter will have to work
part time.
c. Marco will go to college on a full scholarship. Peter, on the other hand, will have
to work part time.

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6. a. Medical care is free in Canada, but people must pay for it in the United States.
b. Medical care is free in Canada, while people must pay for it in the United States.
c. Medical care is free in Canada. In contrast, people must pay for it in the
United States.
C. Answers will vary. Possible answers:
2. Professor Rand's first exam was easy, yet 90 percent of the students failed it.
'
3. Texting is a P.Opular new way to communicate although it takes practice to do quickly.
4. I work at a computer software company, whereas my grandparents do not know how
to turn a computer on.
5. The method of cooking rice in China is different from the method of cooking it in Italy.
Skill Sharpeners Exercise 1: Outlining (page 121)
Outlines may vary. Possible outline:
Two Varieties of English
Although U.S. English and British English are mutually understandable languages, there are
quite a few differences.
A. One difference is spelling.
1. Some words are spelled one way in the United States but spelt another way in
Great Britain.
2. A person goes to a British theatre but to a U.S. theater.
3. In U.S. schools, students theorize, analyze, and socialize, whereas British
students theorise, analyse, and socialise.
B . A second area of difference is vocabulary.
1. For example, the word college describes two very different types of schools in the
United States ad Great Britain-university level in the United States and pre
university level in the Great Britain.
2. Also, British university students live in halls on campus and in flats off campus,
but U.S. students live in dormitories on campus and in apartments off campus.
C. Finally, there are many differences in pronunciation.
1 . In Great Britain, the sound of a in the words path, laugh, aunt, plant, and dance
is like the a i n father.
2. In the United States, in contrast, the a sound in the words is like the a in cat.
All in all, though there are many differences between the English spoken in the United
States and the Englisb spoken in the British Isles, we understand each other most of
the time !

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Skill Sharpeners Exercise 2: Summary Writing (page 121)

Summaries will vary. Possible summaries:
Right Brain/Left Brain
The two sides of your brain work differently. The left side processes information more
,
logi
whereas th!l right side processes information more intuitively. ,R& on who is
brained makes decisions after rational analysis. In contrast, a i&-brained person
more
bases decisions on feelings and sensory input.

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Miller Medical Labs Memorandum

The two applicants for the receptionist position are equal in education, recommendations,
and availability. They differ in experience and workplace preferences. JZ has had previous
patient contact, whereas SW hasn't. Also, JZ wants to work with a team, while SW likes to
work alone. I recommend JZ for this position.

Two Varieties of English

British and U.S. English are two varieties . of the sam language. They have some differences
in spelling, vocabulary, and pronunciation.

27

Chapter 8: Definition Paragraphs

.....

Questions on the Models (page 127)

1 . Paragraph 1
Topic: Underground Railroad
Category or goup: secret system
Distinguishin g characteristics: that helped slaves escape from slavery in the

United States. during the mid- 1 800s

Paragraph 2
Topic: Courage
Category or group: quality
Distinguishing characteristics : (of) being brave when you are facing something
that is dangerous or that you fear
2. Paragraph 2 uses examples;
3. Paragraph 1 uses facts to answer who, what, where, when, and how questions.
Practice 1: Topic Sentences for Definition Paragraphs (page 128)
Answers wiJI vary. Possible answers:
2. An optimist is a person who has a positive att tude.
3. A good friend is a person who is trustworthy.
4. An ideal spouse is a woman (man) who is unselfish and caring.
5. Chess is a game that requires concentration.
Practice 2: Commas with Appositives (page 131)
A. Sentence 2: Iranian New Year (extra information appositive)
Sentence 4: the language of Iran (extra information appositive)
Sentence 1 2: large outdoor fires (extra information appositive)
B. 3. El Venus, the closest planet to Earth is only 25 mi1lion miles away.
4. EI The largest planet in the universe, Jupiter, is eleven times larger than Earth.
5 . EI Astronomers, scientists who study the stars, discovered a tenth planet in our solar
system in 2005 .
6. NI The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite, but the planet Saturn has at least
twenty-two satellites.
7. EI Since the first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, was launched by Russia in 1 957,
thousands of space probes, sate1lites, and telescopes have been sent into space.
8. EI Also, milliqns of pieces of space junk, man-made garbage, zoom around Earth at
speeds of up to 25,000 miles per hour.

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Practice 3: Commas with Adjective Clauses (pages 132-133)

2. NI Before Christianity existed, people in northern and central Europe worshipped a
goddess whom they called Eostre. (modifies goddess)
3. El Eostre, which means east, was the goddess of spring. (modifies Eostre)
4. Nl Every spring people who worshipped her held a festival to give thanks for the return
of the sun 's wth. (modifies people)
5. Nl They offered pe goddess cakes that they baked for the festival. (modifies cakes)
6. El These cakes were very similar to hot cross buns, which bakeries sell at Easter.
(modifies hot cross buns)
7. El Also, the custom of coloring eggs, which families do at Easter, came from ancient
cultures. (modifies the custom of coloring eggs)
8. El Even the popular Easter Bunny, who brings chocolate eggs and other candy to
children on Easter Sunday, has pagan roots. (modifies Easter bunny)
...

Practice 4: Adjective Clauses with Subject Pronouns (pages 134-135)

A. 2. Judaism, which is the oldest major religion in the world, has very strict rules about
food.
3. Christians who practice fasting do not eat certain foods during the six weeks before
Easter.
4. People who practice the Hindu religion cannot eat beef.
5. Muslims and Jews cannot eat pork, which is considered unclean.
6. Muslims cannot eat or drink at all in the daytime during Ramadan, which is a holy
month of fasting.
B. 2. Gautama Siddhartha, who started Buddhism, was born about 500 years before Jesus.
3 . Christianity was started by Jesus, who was born about 500 years before Mohammed.
4. Mohammed founded Islam, which is the second largest religion in the world.
5. A religion that has only one God is monotheistic.
6. The Hindu and Shinto religions, which have many gods, are polytheistic.
Practice 5: Adjective Clauses with Object Pronouns (pages 136-137)
A. 1 . People in Thailand have a festival that they call Loy Krathong, "Festival of the
Floating Leaf Cups."
2. The Thais float little boats that they have made out of banana leaves, lotus, or paper
down a river in the evening.
3. The boats, which they have decorated with lighted candles, incense, coins, and
flowers, float down the river in the moonlight.
B. 1. On the first day of Pongal, families gather in the kitchen and boil a pot of new rice,
which they cook in milk.
2. Then they offer some of the sweet rice to the sun god, whom they thank for ripening
the rice crop.

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3. The second day of Pongal is for the rain, which they thank for helping the rice to
grow.
4. A traditional Pongal gift is a clay horse, which they paint in bright colors.
5. On the third day of Pongal, the farmers honor their cattle, which they decorate with
flowers and coins.

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Practice 6: Clauses with When (page 138)
1. Were you alive on July 20, 1 969, when the first human walked on the moon?
2. Every mother remembers the wonderful day when her first child was born.
3. Tet is a special time when Vietnamese people celebrate the lunar new year.
Practice 7: Adjective Clauses (pages 139-140)
Answers will vary. Possible answers :
A. 2. A coach is a person who teaches a sport.
3. Travel agents are people who help people plan trips.
4. MP3 players are devices that record and play back music.
5. A fork is a utensil that Western people use for eating.
6. Chopsticks are utensils that Asian people use for eating.
7. Valentine's Day is a day when friends and lovers exchange cards and gifts.
B. A blog, which is an abbreviation of weblog, is an online diary that a person posts
on a webpage.
An airhead is a person who is not very intelligent and is usually silly.
A couch potato is a person who sits on a sofa all day, usually watching television.
A no-brainer is something that requires no thought.
A nutcase is a person who is strange or crazy.
A potluck dinner is a dinner which everyone brings food to.
A sitting duck is a person who is an easy target or victim.
A geek is a person who is very knowledgeable about science and technology but
who is socially unskilled.
A slam dunk is something that is very easy to do.
A dot com is a company that operates its business primarily on the Internet using a
URL that ends in ".com".
A tightwad is a person who doesn't like to spend money.
An emoticon is a face that shows emotion that you can make on a computer with
punctuation marks. Examples: :-) or :-(

Try It Out (pages 140-t41)

Answers will vary. Possible answers:
2. A modern Thanksgiving is similar in many ways to the first Thanksgiving, which took
place almost four hundred years ago in the English colony of Massachusetts.
3. In 1620, the Pilgrims, who were a religious group from England, arrived in Plymouth,
Massachusetts.

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4. The Pilgrims came to the New World because their religion was different from the
main religion in England.
5. The Pilgrims' first winter was very hard, and almost half the group died.
6. They died of hunger, cold, and disease.
7. During the next year, the Wampanoag, who were a tribe of Native Americans in
Massachuetts, helped them.
8. The Wampan9ag aught the newcomers how to hunt, grow corn, and survive in the
New World.
9. When the next winter came, the Pilgrims had enough food.
10. Because they were grateful, they had a feast to give thanks.
1 1. They shared food and friendship with the Wampanoag, whom they invited 'to the feast.
12. A modern Thanksgiving is similar in spirit to the first Thanksgiving, but the food
is probably different.
1 3. Today Americans eat turkey, but the Pilgrims and Wampanoag probably ate deer.

Skill Sharpeners Exercise 1: Scrambled Definition Paragraph (page 142)

A. Answers will vary. Possible order:
6, 4, 7' 2, 3, 1 5
'
B. Adjective clauses:
Sentence 1 - that could be mass produced
Sentence 6 - who designed simple "glass box" buildings and changed the look of
cities worldwide
Sentence 7 - that greatly changed building design
Appositive:
Sentence 7 - a style that greatly changed building design
Skill Sharpeners Exercise 2: Unity (page 143)
Cross out sentence 8.

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Chapter 9: Essay Organization

Questions on the Model (page 150)
1 . Three styles are discussed: reggae, punk, and rap.
2. There are three body paragraphs. Their topics and topic sentences are as follows:
Body paragraph 1 : reggae music. One successful stvle of popular music is reggae, which
was born on the Caribbean island of Jamaica in the 1960s and spread
throughout the world in the 1 970s.
Body paragraph 2: punk music. A second successful style of popular music is punk.
Body paragraph 3: rap music. A third successful stvle of popular music is rap, which is
also ca11ed hip-hop.
3. Transition words and phrases:
Introducing body paragraph 1 : One
Introducing body paragraph 2: A second
Introducing body paragraph 3: A third
4. Logical division of ideas
5. Possible answers: how it started, where it started, when it started, how it is played, what
its characteristics and/or themes are, who the best-known musicians or groups are
Practice 1: The Introductory Paragraph (page 151)
1 . 3' 4' 5 2, 1
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2. 4, 1 , 3, 2
3. 3, 1 ' 2

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Practice 2: Topic Sentences for Body Paragraphs (page 152)

Answers will vary. Possible answers :
1. A. First of all, young people who live at home save money on rent, utilities, and food.
B . Second, they don't have to cook, clean house, or do laundry.
C. Third, they have the emotional support of their families.

or

A. They can come and go whenever they want.

B . They can make their own decisions.
C. They don't have to follow their parents' rules.
2. Individual responses.
3. A. Cell phones: allow us to talk to or text message anyone, anywhere, and at any time.
B. Computers allow us to e-mail and instant message.
C. BlackBerries let us send and receive e-mail from anywhere.
4. Individual responses.

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. Practice 3: Concluding Paragraphs (pages 153-156)

1. ( 1 )
2 . (2)
3. (2)
4. ( 1 )
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Practice 4: Transitions :Qetween Paragraphs (pages 157-159)

Answers will vary. Possible answers:
Paragraph 3: Besides improving communication, personal computers are changing the
way we do business.
Paragraph 4: Moreover, telecommuting-working a( home instead of going to the
office-has become a choice for thousands of business people.
Paragraph 5: In addition to changing the way we communicate and do business,
personal computers have changed to world of education.
Paragraph 6: On the other hand, not everyone agrees that computers are good for
education.
Paragraph 7: Furthermore, computers have caused problems for society.
Paragraph 8: To conclude, the computer age has arrived, and it has changed our lives.
Practice 5: Outlining an Essay (pages 160-162)
Answers will vary. Possible outline:
I. Introduction
Thesis Statement: Three of. the more successful styles are reggae, punk, and rap.
II. Body
A. One successful style of popular music is reggae.
1 . Born on the Caribbean island of Jamaica in the 1 960s
a. Spread throughout e world in the 1970s
2. Developed from mento
a. Changed into ska by adding a hesitation beat
b. Later changed into reggae
.3. Special sound comes from reversing roles of instruments
a. Guitar plays rhythm and bass plays melody.
4. Important inftuence-Rastafarian cult
a. unusual sound mixes
b. extra-slow tempos
c. strange lyrics
d. mystical-political themes
5. Bob Marley-best known reggae musician
a. Groups-Toots & The Maytals, UB40, Soldier of Jab Army
6. Reggae has influenced later styles

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B . A second successful style of popular music is punic
1 . Began in the 1 970s as a reaction against previous forms of rock
a. Punks felt that rock no longer represented counterculture.
2. With clothing and hairstyles, punks intended to shock society.
a. Punk look: hair, makeup, clothing, piercings, jewelry
3. On-stge behavior: aggressive and provocative
a. Fa:ns-fighting
4. Punk music is simple.
a. Often just 3 chords
b. Short songs
c. Songs are anti-government, anti-authority, anti-conformity
5. First bands: Sex Pistols, Clash, Ramones
6. Punk has evolved into other styles.
a. Hardcore punk:. Dead Kennedys, Black Flag
b. Emo: Fall Out Boy
c. Pop punk: Green Day
C. A third successful style of popular music is rap.
1 . Also known as hip-hop
2. Form of dance music-singers speak in rhythm and rhyme
3. Originated in Africa
a. Traveled to the U.S. via Jamaica-"toasting"
b. In the U.S ., first appeared in discos in NYC black neighborhoods mid- 1970s
c. Disco DJs + rappers played songs for dancers at parties
d. Rapper kept the beat by hand clapping whi1e DJ changed records.
e. Rappers added lyrics, slogans, rhymes, call-and-response.
4. Early themes: dancing, partying, romance
a. Politics-theme in 1980s and 1 990s
5. Most rappers are young black males.
a. Female rapper-Queen Latifah
b. White rappers: Beastie Boys and Eminem
Dl. Conclusion
Popular music changes constantly. New styles are born, grow, change, and produce
offshoots, which in turn grow, change, and produce offshoots. Some styles enjoy lasting
popularity, but others disappear rather quickly. However, all contribute to the power and
excitement of popular music in our time.
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Practice 6: Grouping Ideas Logically (pages 163-164)

A. Produce: apples, carrots, oranges, lettuce, potatoes, tomatoes
Dairy Products: milk, cheese, eggs
Meat: hamburger, pork chops, steak
Baked Goods: bread, pie, cookies, cake, doughnuts
Personal Care/Health Products: aspirin, vitamins, shampoo, toothpaste

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B. Answers will vary. Possible groups/categories:

1 . a. Individual sports: fishing, hiking, ice skating, jogging, mountain climbing,
scuba diving, skateboarding, waterskiing, windsurfing
b. Team sports: baseball, basketball, ice hockey, soccer, volleyball
c. Both team and individual: badminton, bobsledding, bowling, diving, golf,
gymnastics, skiing, swimming, table tennis.tennis
2. a. Summer sports
b. Winter sports
3. a. Indoor sports
b. Outdoor sports
4. a. Water sports
b. Ball sports
.
5. a. Sports that need equipment
b. Sports that don't need equipment
C. Responses will vary.Possible groups/categories:
1 . Good lies
Diplomatic lies/social lies/polite lies
Friend who failed an important exam
Friend who dido' t get a job he/she wanted
Lying to avoid hurting someone's feeling
Bad haircut
Clothes that don' t fit/don' t look good/out of style
2. Bad lies
Lies to get out of trouble
Children who do something bad
Broken window
Stole a cookies.
Lies that hurt someone 's feelings
Malicious lies that harm another person
Lies to avoid punishment
Lying to a police officer when caught speeding
Lies to save face
Lying on a job application

Practice 7: Outlining Body Paragraphs (page 164)

',
Answers will vary.

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Skill Sharpeners Exercise: Sentence Structure Review (pages 165-166)
Answers may vary. Possible corrections (underlined):

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Left..Handedness

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Do you know anyone who is left-handed? You probably do, for about 1 0 percent of the
population uses . their left rather than their right hand for writing and other tasks. Although
many athletes, musicians, artists, and world leaders are left-handed, being left-handed
certainly has a few disadvantages in a world designed by and for right-handed people.

Social situations can provide opportunities for left-handed people to feel clumsy. First of all.
handshakes are a small problem. Right-handed people offer their right hands and expect
to grasp the right hand of the other person. The instinct of left-banders, howver, is to
extend their left hand. They have to train themselves to extend their right. Another social
opportunity for awkwardness occurs at the dinner table. Left-handed diners constantly bump
elbows with a right-handed person unless they sit at the far end of the table with no one on
their left. What's worse, left-banders have to concentrate in order to avoid grabbing and
drinking from the wrong glass.
Left-handed people can face inconveniences at school, too. Consider the chairs in classrooms
with little fold-up desktops for taking notes. Most of them are made for right-banders.
Left-banders have to write with their left elbow hanging in mid-air or else turn themselves
around almost 1 80 in order to lay their notebook on the desk. Furthermore, when lefties
write in a three-ring binder or spiral notebook. the rigs get in the way of their hands when
they write on the front side of a page. Finally, left-banders write from left to right so their
hand smears the fresh ink across the page.
Last but not least are the many inventions of the modern world that make life convenient for
right-banders but inconvenient for lefties. These include scissors, can openers, corkscrews,
automobile gear shifts, cameras, and computer keyboards.
In sum, in a world organized for right-banders, left-handed people must confront and
overcome challenges every day.

Practice 8: Summarizing an Essay (page 167)

Answers wilJ vary. PQssible summaries:
Styles of Popular Music
Reggae, punk, and rap are three successful styles of popular music. Reggae started in
Jamaica. It developed from Afro-Caribbean music. Its unusual sound comes from switching
the roles of the guitar and bass and from adding a hesitation beat. Reggae was influenced by
the Rastafarians. Punk started because punks felt that rock music had lost its image of
rebellion. Punk music is simple, and punks show their rejection of society by their weird

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hair, bizarre clothing, and confrontational behavior. Rap is dance music. Rappers speak in
rhythm rather than sing the words of songs. Originally, its songs were about having fun,
love, and later, about politics. Most rappers are young black males.

Left-Handedness
A person who is left-hJinded sometimes faces awkward situations. One situation is shaking
hads. Most people offer their right hands, so a left-handed person has to consciously extend
his or her right hand. Left-handed people also eat with their left hands, so they often bump
elbows with right-banders at the dinner table, and they must remember not to reach for the
drinking glass or coffee cup on their left. Furthermore, writing is difficult on school desks
with fold-up desktops and in three-ring binders and spiral notebooks. Finally, many modern
inventions such as computer keyboards, scissors, and cameras can be awkward for lefties
to operate.

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Chapter 10: Opinion Essays

Questions on the Model (page 171)
1 . Although many people feel that doctors must do everything possible to keep their
patients alive, I believe that euthanasia should be legal for three reasons. The reader can
expect three ,body paragraphs.
2. There are th ee body paragraphs.
Topic sentences:
Body paragraph 1: The first and most importan reason to support euthanasia is that
some patients who have no chance to recover do not wish to be
kept alive on machines.
Body paragraph 2: A second reason to support euthanasia is that medical costs in
the United States are very high.
Body paragraph 3: The fina reason to support legalizing euthanasia is that the
family suffers.
3 . The first body paragraph has a concluding sentence: Clearly, when there is absolutely no
hope of recovery, society should allow a person in Terri Schiavo's condition to die if that
is his or her wish.
4. The conclusion summarizes the three reasons.

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Practice 1: Thesis Statements for Opinion Essays (pages 171-172)

A. Although
B . but
C. Answers will vary. Sample answers:
2. M any people believe that women should not serve in the mi1itary, but I believe that
they should for two main reasons.
3. Society often ignores steroid use by well-known professional athletes because of the
athletes' popularit . However, I believe these athletes should suffer the same
punishment that ordinary citizens suffer for using illegal drugs.
4. Although professional athletes undoubtedly feel that they deserve their million-dollar
salaries, I feel their high salaries are ruining sports.
5 . Some people are in favor of drug testing for high school athletes, but I feel that this
is a bad idea for several reasons.
6. Some people feel that the United States needs more laws to control the sale and
ownership of guns. However, I feel that gun control laws are wrong for three
. reasons.

Practice 2: Developing Reasons (page 173)

Answers will vary depending on the topics chosen.
Practice 3: Punctuating Quotations (pages 175-176)
1. Dr. T. Berry Brazelton said, "The average child today spends more time in front of a
TV set than she does studying in school or talking with her parents."

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television than from their families."
3. "A majority of child characters on ABC, NBC, CBS , and Fox programs tend to engage in
antisocial behavior such as lying or physical aggression," reported Damon Ho, president
of Parents for Responsible Programming.
4. Advice columnj-St Abigail van Buren wrote in a recent column, ''The television set may
provide some people with the only human voice they hear for . days."
5. "It provides news and entertainment for millions of people who cannot leave the comfort,
privacy, and safety of their homes," she continued.
6. "Not everyone can attend college in a traditional way,:' says Greenhills Colleg professor
Caroline Gibbs, "so we televise courses that students can view on their TV sets at home."

Practice 4: Supporting Details (page 176)

1 . Example
2. Statistics
3. Example and quotation

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Skill Sharpeners Exercise 1: Outlining (pages 178-179)

Outlines will vary. Sample outline:
Although many people feel that doctors must do everything possible
Thesis
to keep their patients alive, I believe that euthanasia should be legal for
Statement:
three reasons.
A. The first and most important reason to support euthanasia is that some
patients who have no chance to recover do not wish to be kept alive on
machines.
1 . Terry Schiavo's story
Example
B. Medical costs are very high..
1 . Daily hospital room charges average $5,000.
Statistic
2. A nursing home charges $4,500 per month.
Statistic
C. The family suffers.
1. My cousin's story
Example
2. "Of course I am sad, but since we all knew he would eventually die, it
Quotation
. might have been better if it had happened right when he had the
accident. These past eight years have been hard."
Conclusion:
To summarize, patients who are either terminally ill or who are in an
irreversible coma often wish to die. Their care is a financial, physical,
and emotional burden for their families. Therefore, families should have
the right to ask doctors to turn off life-support machines or to remove
feeding tubes.

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Skill Sharpeners Exercise 2: Summarizing an Essy (page 179)

Responses will vary. Sample summary:
There are three reasons for making euthanasia legal. First, a person who is in a permanent
coma or who has a terminal disease and wishes not .to be kept alive on machines should be
allowed to die. S cond, the financial cost of keeping a person in a hospital or nursing home
can cause fi nanci'al ruin for their fami1ies. Third, the physical and emotional burden on
families is very great

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