Heat of Neutralization, ‘To measure, using a calorimeter, the energy changes accompanying neutral- ization reactions. Apparatus, Bunsen burner thermometers (2) Styrofoam cups (2) 50-mL graduated cylinder ‘cardboard square with hole split one-hole rubber stopper in center 250-mL beaker 400-mL beaker ing stand and ring wire gauze Chemicals 1M HCL 1 MNaOH 1 M acetic acid (HC}H,O,) WORK IN PAIRS, BUT EVALUATE YOUR DATA INDIVIDUALLY, Every chemical change is accompanied by a change in energy, usually in the form of heat. The energy change of a reaction that occurs at constant pres- sure is termed the heat of reaction or the enthalpy change. The symbol AH (the symbol A means “change in”) is used to denote the enthalpy change. If heat is evolved, the reaction is exothermic (AH <0); and if heat is absorbed, the reaction is endothermic (AH > 0). In this experiment you will measure the heat of neutralization (or the enthalpy of neutralization) when an acid and a base react to form water. ‘This quantity of heat is measured experimentally by allowing the reaction. to take place in a thermally insulated vessel called a calorimeter. ‘The heat lib- crated in the neutralization will cause an increase in the temperature of the solution and of the calorimeter. If the calorimeter were perfect, no heat ‘would be radiated to the laboratory. The calorimeter you will use in this experiment is shown in Figure 26.1 Because we are concemed with the heat of the reaction and because some heat is absorbed by the calorimeter itself, we must know the amount of heat absorbed by the calorimeter. This requires that we determine the heat capac- ity of the calorimeter. By “heat capacity of the calorimeter” we mean the amount of heat (that is, the number of joules) required to raise its temperature 1 kelvin, which is the same as 1°C. In this experiment, the temperature of the calorimeter and its contents is measured before and after the reaction. The change in the enthalpy, AH, is equal to the negative product of the tempera- ture change, AT, times the heat capacity of the calorimeter and its contents: EXPERIMENT 26 OBJECTIVE APPARATUS AND CHEMICALS DISCUSSION 299300 Experiment 26 * Heat of Neutralization Why the aeghir sign? This is becouse they ove d0i45 BYsyrem™ 7 AT Cast ‘Surroandings se thot Prey con colculeke tre SAEEMCE warmer water and that gained by the cooler water: Welween ne hw > (heat lost by warmer water) — (heat gained by cooler water) ~ heat gained by the calorimeter ‘Thermometer see _- Splitone-hote rubber stopper _— Corrugated cardboard A FIGURE 26.1 A simple calorimeter. AH = ~ AT (heat capacity of calorimeter + heat capacity of contents) [1] Note the numerical difference on the Celsius scale is the same as the numerical jiference on the kelvin scale where AT is the difference between the final and 7° ‘nitial temperatures: AT = T, ~ T,, Because AH is negative for an exothermic reaction whereas AT is positive, a negative sign is required in Equation [1]. ‘The heat capacity of the calorimeter is determined by measuring the tem- perature change that occurs when a known amount of hot water is added to a known amount of cold water in the calorimeter. The heat lost by the warm ‘water is equal to the heat gained by the cold water and the calorimeter. (We assume no heat is lost to the laboratory) For example, if T, equals the temper- ature of a calorimeter and 50 mL of cooler water if T, equals the temperature (0f 50 mL of warmer water added to it, and if T,equals the temperature after mixing, then the heat lost by the warmer water is heat lost by warmer water = (T,~T) x 50g x 418]/Kg (2) The specific heat of water is 4.184 J/K-g, and the density of water is 1.00 g/mL. The heat gained by the cooler water is heat gained by cooler water = (,—T,) X50gx418J/K-g BB) ‘The heat lost to the calorimeter is the difference between heat lost by the Substituting Equations [2} and [3] we haveLaboratory Experiments 301 U(r, ~ T) 50 g x 4.18 J/K-g] ~ [(1,—7)) x 50g x 4.18 J/K-g] (1, ~'T)) * heat capacity of calorimeter [4] [Note that the heat lost to the colorimeter equals its temperature change times its heat capacity. Thus by measuring T,, T;, and Ty the heat capacity of the ae CAT calorimeter can be calculated from Equation [4]. This is illustrated in Exam- ple 26.1 EXAMPLE 26.1. (This 18 Skat youds ia Bet A) (Given the elowing data caleaate te ea lat by the wearer wate, he het Toot the cefer neler te ent lst the calorimeter, andthe hes capacity of the alorinaer 4 ‘Temperature of 50.0 mL, warmer water: 9792°C = T, Temperature of 50.0 mL cooler water: 20:91°C = T, “Temperature after mixing: 20.11°C = T, SOLUTION: The heat lot by the warmer water, where AT = 37.92°C ~ 29:1°C, is 8SLK 50g % 418 ]/Keg = 1840) ‘The heat gained by the cooler water, whore AT = 29:11°C ~ 20.91 820K x 50 gx 4.18J/K-g = 1710) ‘The heat lost to the calorimeter is oe 1840 — 1710) = 130 “The heat capacity ofthe calorimeters, therefore, 130 /820K = 160)/K Once the heat capacity of the calorimeter is cletermined, Equation [1] can ‘be used to determine the AH for the neutralization reaction. Example 26.2 illustrates such a calculation. EXAMPLE 26.2 (This i6 Whed you 30 im Fast B) Given the fllowing data, calculate the heat gained by the solution, the heat gained by the calorimeter, and the heat of reaction ‘Temperature of 50.0 ml. of acid before mixing: 21.02°C ‘Temperature of 60.0 mL of base before mixing: 21.02°C ‘Temperature of 100 ml-of solution after mixing: 2753°C ‘Assume that the density of these solutions is 1.00 g/mt. ‘SOLUTION: The heat gained by the solution, where AT 651K x 100g x 4.18 J/Keg = 2720) ‘The heat gained by the calorimeter, where AT = 2753°C ~ 202°C, is 651K x 160)/K = 104) < Aya Seat ‘The heat of reaction is therefore Goon foot K 2720) + 104} = 2820) 7 $8°C — 21.02°C, is Me 2826)_ 302 Experiment 26 + Heat of Neutralization “Temperature of {solution ater ming decreases due to eat “Temperature change (7) Tenipersure,“C _7 Temperature of solution Bore mixing | a | zs | Time, see AL FIGURE 26.2 Temperature as a function of time, PROCEDURE | A. Heat Capacity of Calorimeter Instructor: Students offen Construct a calorimeter similar to the one shown in Figure 26.1 by nesting have difculty here with the two Styrofoam cups together. Use a cork borer to make a hole in the lid just thermometers. Do not use _big enough to admit the thermometer and slip the thermometer into a split the one in the hot water to. one-hole rubber stopper to prevent the thermometer from entering 100 measure the temperature deeply into the calorimeter. The thermometer should not touch the bottom in the calorimeter. of the cup. Rest the entire apparatus in a 400-mL beaker to provide stability. Place exactly 50.0 mL of tap water in the calorimeter cup and replace the ‘cover and thermometer. Allow 5 to 10 min for the system to reach thermal ‘equilibrium; then record the temperature to the nearest 01°C. Place exactly 50.0 ml of water in 2 250-mL beaker and heat the water with, a low flame until the temperature is approximately 15° to 20°C above room temperature. Do not heat to boiling, or appreciable water will be lost, lead- ing to an erroneous result. Allow the hot water to stand for a minute or two; quickly record its temperature to the nearest 0.1°C and pour it as completely as possible into the calorimeter. Replace the lid with the thermometer andl carefully stir the water with the thermometer. Observe the temperature for the next 3 min and record the temperature every 15 s. Plot the temperature asa function of time, as shown in Figure 262. Determine AT from your curve and then do the calculations indicated on the report sheet B, Heat of Neutralization of HCL—-NaOH_ Dry the calorimeter and the thermometer with a towel. Carefully measure 50.0 mL. of 1.0 M NaOH and add it to the calorimeter. Place the lid on the calorimeter but leave the thermometer out. Measure out exactly 50.0 mL of, 1.0 MHCI into a dry beaker. Allow it to stand near the calorimeter for 3 to 4 min, Measure the temperature of the acid; rinse the thermometer with tap ‘water and wipe dry. Insert the thermometer into the calorimeter and mea- sure the temperature of the NaOH solution, The temperatures of the NaOH and the HC! should not differ by more than 05°C. If the difference is greater than 0.5°C, adjust the temperature of | €€"_) the HCl by citer warming it by holding the beaker in your hands or coolingthe outside of the beaker with tap water until the temperature of the HICLis within 0.5°C of that of the NaOH. Record the temperature of the NaOH solution. Lift the lid and carefully add the LO M HClall at once. Be careful not to splash any on the upper sides of the cup. Stir the solution gently with the thermometer and record the tem- perature as a function of time every 15 for the next 3 min. Construct a tem- pperature-versus-time curve and determine AT: Calculate the heat of neutral ization per mole of water formed. You may assume that the NaCI solution has the same density and specific heat as water. C. Heat of Neutralization of HC,H,O,—NaOH Follow the same procedure as in Part B, but substitute 1.0 M THC,HO, for 1.0.M HCL. Calculate the heat of neutralization per mole of water formed. Waste Disposal Instructions Handle the stock solutions carefully. You may ‘usea wet sponge or paper towel to clean up any spills. The reaction mixtures produced in the Styrofoam cups contain harmless salts. They should be dis- posed of in the designated receptacles, Before beginning this experiment in the laboratory, you should be able to answer the following questions: 4 2 10, Define endothermic and exothermic reactions in terms of the sign of AH. A 425-mL sample of water was cooled from 50.0°C to 10.0°C. How much heat was lost? Define the term hea? capacity. How many joules are required to change the temperature of 80.0 g of water from 233°C to 388°C? Define the term specific heat Calculate the final temperature when 50 mL of water at 40°C are added. to 25 mL. of water at 20°C. Describe how you could determine the specific heat of a metal by using the apparatus and techniques in this experiment. Apiece of metal weighing 5.10 g at a temperature of 48.6°C was placed in a calorimeter into 20.00 ml. of water at 22.1°C, and the final equilib- rium temperature was found to be 282°C. What is the specific heat of the metal? If the specific heat of methanol is 251 J/K-g, how many joules are nec- essary to raise the temperature of 50.0 g of methanol from 18°C to 33°C? When a 3.25-g sample of solid sodium hydroxicle was dissolved in a calorimeter in 100.0 g of water, the temperature rose from 23,9°C to 32.0°C. Calculate AH (in k}/mol NaOH) for the solution process: NaQH(s) —> Na*(aq) + OH(aq) Assume it's a perfect calorimeter and that the specific heat of the solu- tion is the same as that of pure water. a — Laboratory Experiments 303 Instructor: Students may have difficulty with the thermometers. The one in the calorimeter should not have HCI on it. REVIEW QUESTIONSAPC LAB: Heat of Neutralization Data: ‘A. Heat Capacity of Calorimeter 2. ‘Temp of calorimeter and water before mixing ‘Temp of warm water . Maximum temp determined from your curve Heat lost by warm water Heat gained by cooler water . Heat gained by the calorimeter (step 4 — step5) . Heat capacity of calorimeterB. Heat of Neutralization of HCI - NaOH 2: . Joules released per mole of water formed: ‘Temp of calorimeter and NaOH AT determined from your curve afler adding HCI to the NaOH . Heat gained by solution Heat gained by calorimeter Total joules released by reaction (step 3 + step 4) Complete: HCI + NaOH > ‘The number of moles of HCI in 50 mL of 1.0 M HCL ‘The number of moles of H2O produced in reaction of 50m 1.0 MHCI and 50 mL 1.0M NaOH.( C. Heat of Neutralization of HC;H3O, - NaQH 1 2. 6. ‘Temp of calorimeter and NaOH AT determined from your curve after adding HC:H;02 to the NaOH |. Heat gained by solution Heat gained by calorimeter . Total joules released by reaction (step 3 + step 4) Complete: HCjH30: + NaOH > ‘The number of moles of HCH;0> in 50 mL of 1.0 MHC2H;O2 ‘The number of moles of H2O produced in reaction of SOmL 1.0 M HC;H302 and 50 mL 1.0M NaOH. Joules released per mole of water formed:Using Computerized Temperature Probes 1 Get a laptop, plug in the temperature probe to a USB port, log in, launch the program called Logger Lite. *Do not use the program called Logger Pro.* ‘The program should automatically recognize that you have a temperature probe plugged in and the light on the probe should be green. Click on “Experiment”, “Data Collection” and change “Length” to 300 seconds. Also in the “Sampling Rate” section, change the option on the right side to 15 seconds/sample. Click “Done” ‘When you are ready to collect temperature data, insert the temperature probe into the calorimeter and click the green “Collect” button. It should plot an initial point on the graph and continue to plot additional points every 15 seconds while drawing the graph automatically. When you see a temperature peak, collect 2 more data points and click the red “Stop” button Print your graph by clicking the Printer icon. Put a check in the box that says “Print Footer” then enter your name for the footer. Click “OK”. Choose the printer in room 322. Each member of your group must have this graph in their lab report so print two copies. When you get your graph off the printer, check the footer to make sure it is your ‘graph,