Frank Modern Certificate L. ; Lf CLASS -7Disclaimer: This teaching material is meant for enlightening students and inculcating the right values in them. Ithas been published pursuant to an undertaking given by the author/s that the contents do not in any way whatsoever violate any existing copyright or intellectual property right. In the event the authors have been unable to track any source, and if any copyright has been inadvertently infringed, please notify the publisher for any corrective action. Published by: Frank Bros. & Co. (Publishers) Ltd. B-41, Sector-4, Noida-201301 Gautam Budh Nagar Phones: 0120-4889999 (100 Lines) Regd. Office : 2/10, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi-1 10002 © All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without the prior written permission of the publishers. First Edition 2010 Reprinted 2011 ISBN978-81-8409-828-0 Printed at Shree Maitrey Printech Pvt. Ltd. A-84, Sector-2, NOIDA (U.P).UNIT-: SETS CONCEPTS 1._Sets 2._Operations on Sets 3.__Venn - Diagrams UNIT-I: NUMBERS 4. Number System 5. Factors and Multiples 6. 7. 8. 9. Integers Fractions Decimals Powers and Roots UNIT-III: ARITHMETIC PROBLEMS 10.__Ratio and Proportion 14. Unitary Method 12. Speed, Distance and Time 13. Percentage 14, Profit, Loss and Discount 15. Simple Interest 16. Average UNIT-IV: ALGEBRA 17. Fundamental Concepts of Algebra 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24, 25. UNIT-V: 26. 27. 28. 29. ‘Some Special Products Simplification of Algebraic Fractions Factorization of Algebraic Expressions Indices Formulae Linear Equations and Inequations Graphs: Plotting of Points and Coordinates Relations and Mapping GEOMETRY Fundamentals of Geometry Basic Constructions Triangle Congruency of Triangles 36-44 45-59, 60-77 78-99 100-126 127-146 147-159 160-170 171-179 180-188 189-200 201-208 209-213 214-233 234-242 243-248 249-254 255-260 261-268 269-289 290-300 301-310 311-326 327-331 332-347 348-360aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.UNIT-I: SETS CONCEPTS SETS INTRODUCTION In our previous class, we have learnt basic concepts of sets, representation of sets, types of sets, operations of sets, venn-diagrams, ete. In this class, we shall learn more about the sets and application of sets in solving some problems. Set theory is created and developed by a German mathematician “Georg Cantor”. In our daily life, we often use the phrases like, a pack of cards, group of students, a team of Indian cricket, a set of books, a branch of keys, a branch of flowers, ete. The words — “pack, group, team, set, branch” all indicate the collection or aggregate. In mathematics, a well-defined collection is considered as a set. WELL-DEFINED The term ‘well-defined’ is a definite rule which tells us whether the given object (thing or symbol) is a member of the group or not. For example, a student of class VII A is a member of the collection of students of class VII A, which is well-defined. But we can not group the good five students of class VII A. Since, we can not define whether the given student is really good or not. SET A well-defined collection of objects is a set. Example. “The set of all tall boys of class VII" is not well-defined, since it is very difficult to determine exactly that which boys are to be included in the taller section and what is the exact limit. So, it is not a set. But if we want to make a group of the boys of class VII those who are taller than Mahesh, then it is well-defined. Since, we can compare the heights ofaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.‘SETS 5 Solution: @ A ={a,b, c, d} Gi) B=(1,4, 9, 16, 25) (ii) C = (11, 18, 17, 19} (iv) E = (2,3, 5} (v) F=(17, 26, 35, 44, 53, 62, 71, 80} (vi) @ ={E, GI, M,N, O,R, T, Y) Example 4, List all the elements of the following sets: . . 1 @ B= fs #854 tensa (i) C= {a 1 sang ee <3 2 Z: (iii) E = {x : x is a month of a year having 31 days} (iv) F = {x : x is a letter of the word ‘MISSISSIPPI’} 11 Solution: EBL B @ B= ( Gi) C = (0, 1, 2, 3, 4} (ii) E = (January, March, May, July, August, October, December} Gv) F = (M, S, I, P) i EXERCISE 1.1 1. Whatis the difference between a collec- (vi) All chapters in mathematics of class tion and a set? YI course 2. Which of the following collections are (vii) All long rivers of India sets? Give reason. (viii) All prime integers @ All natural numbers less than 20 (iz) All beautiful girls of your society (i) All good cricket players of India (x) Most talented authors of (ii) All boys of your school mathematics (w) Easiest topic in mathematics 3. IfA ={1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100}, (v) All the months ofa year beginning then insert the appropriate symbole or € with the letter J in each of the following blank spaces:aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.SETS 9 Joint or Overlapping Sets Two sets are said to be joint or overlapping sets, if there is at least one element in common. Example. Let B = (1, 8, 5, 7, 9] and C = (8, 6, 9, 12, 15} Clearly, the elements 3 and 9 are common to both the sets. Therefore, B and C are joint sets. Disjoint Sets Two sets are said to be disjoint sets, if there is no element in common. Example. Let A= : x is a consonant in English alphabet} and B=( : x is a vowel in English alphabet} Clearly, there is no element (letter) which is common in vowel as well as in consonant so, A and B are disjoint sets. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1. Classify the following sets into empty set, finite set or infinite set. (i) A = (set of students of class VII} (ii) B = (set of natural numbers less than 40} (iii) C = (men who are 15 ft. tall) (iv) D = {x : x is a whole number less than 0) (vy) F=t) (vi) F = {9} (vii) G = (set of stars in the sky (viii) H = (set of prime numbers greater than 100} Solution: (i) Finite (ii) Finite i (vi) Finite (vii) Infinite (viii) Infinite. Example 2, Find the cardinal number of the following: @ A= (e:x¢ Land ¢ $25} (ii) B= (x: xis a prime factor of 70} (iii) C = {x : x is a letter in the word “HINDUSTAN”} ) Empty (iv) Empty (v) Emptyaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.OPERATIONS ON SETS SUBSETS Let A and B are two sets. If every element of A is an element of B, then A is called a subset: of B. If A is a subset of B, we write A c B, which is read as “A is a subset of B” or “A is contained in B”. Thus, ACB ifacAs>ae B. ‘The symbol “>” stands for implies that. Examples, (i) A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} and B = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10) Clearly, each element of A is an element of B. => ACB. (ii) C = (x: » is a primary colour} D = {x : x is a colour of rainbow] Clearly, each colour of C is a colour of D = CcD. SUPER SET If A is the subset of B, we say that B contains A or B is a super set of A. If B is the super set of A, we write B > A, which is read as “B is a super set of A’. The symbol used to represent super set is >. Thus, BDA, ifae A>ae B. Note: (i) Every set is a subset of itself, ie., A c A, Bc B. (i) Empty set is a subset of every set, ie. ¢ CA, 6 CB. (iii) The total number of subsets of a finite set containing n elements is 2”. Remarks: (i) The symbol ‘<’ is a combir a combination of two symbols ‘<’ and (i) If all elements of A are the elements of B, then A ¢ B. And, if all elements of B are the elements of A, then BCA. Thus, Ac Band BCA>A=B. tion of two symbols ‘<’ and ‘=, Similarly, is 13,aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.OPERATIONS ON SETS 7 6 (i) A=12,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20) 9% 32 @) 16 Gi) & Gi) B={1,3,5,7,9, 11, 13,15,17,19) 49, @ =11,2,.., 10) (ii) C = (2,8, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19) 1,2,3, (wv) D = {1,4, 9, 16} i i " i¥chACS Bee Ce Rei? is a letter in English 8. B={1,3,5,7), Yes OPERATION ON SETS In this section, we shall introduce some operations on sets to construct new sets from given ones. UNION OF SETS The union of two sets A and B is the set of all those elements which belong to either A or B or both. The symbol used to represent the union of two sets is ‘U’. Thus, the union of sets A and B = A U B (read as A union B). Example. A = (1, 3, 5, 7, 9) and B = Then, AU B= k:xc Aorxe (1, 3, 5, 7, 91 U 12, 4, 6, 8, 10) (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, INTERSECTION OF TWO SETS The intersection of two sets A and B is the set of those elements that belongs to A and B both. The symbol used to represent the intersection of two sets is ‘Y. Thus, the intersection of set A and set B = An B (read as A intersection B). Example. If Qn -1,neN and 3n, ne N} i AB : 2n - 1 ix: x = Bn) 0 18, 6, 9, 12, 16, ...) DIFFERENCE OF TWO SETS The difference of two sets A and B, written as A — B, is the set of all those elements of A which do not belong to B.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.OPERATIONS ON SETS a (iv) A u BY = U-(AUB) = (1, 2, 8, 4,5, 6, 7, 8 9, 10} - {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8} = {5, 7, 9, 10} (v) BUC’ = (2, 4,6, 8} u U1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 10) = (1,2,4,6, 7, 8 9, 10} (vi) AY =A = (1, 2, 3, 41 (vii) (A --CY = U-(A- © = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10) — (1, 2) 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10) U—A)U(U-B) = (5, 6,7, 8, 9,10) U (1,3, 5, 7, 9, 10} = {1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 9, 10}. (viii) A’ U BY Example 4. If U = (x : x is a digit in the number system), A = (x : x is a prime number} and B = |x : x is a multiple of 31, verify that @AB=A-B (ii) A’OB=B-A Solution: We have, U = (0, 1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 91, A = (2, 3, 5, 7] and B = (3, 6, 9} @ LHS = Ao B’ = (2, 3, 5, 7} 9 (0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8} = 12, 5, 7) RHS=A - B = (2, 3, 5, 7} — (3, 6, 9} = (2, 5, 7) Hence, An B'=A-B Gi) LHS = A’ AN B = (0, 1, 4, 6, 8, 9} 9 (3, 6, 9} = 16, 9} RHS=B-A = (3, 6, 9} - 12, 3, 5, 7} = (6, 9} Henes, A’ B=B-A Example 5. If U = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 9, A= (2, 4, 6, 8) and B = (2, 3, 5, 7}, then verify that (A U BY’ = A’OB’. Solution: We have, U = 11, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 91,4 = 12, 4, 6, 8} and B = (2, 3, 5, 7) Now, AU B= (2,3, 4,5, 6, 7, 8} : (A u By= {1,9} @ and A’= {L, 3, 5, 7, 91, BY = 1, 4, 6, 8, 9} Ao B= 11, 9} wii) From (i) and (i), we have AU BY=A OB.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.VENN-DIAGRAMS INTRODUCTION It is obvious that sometimes we get a very clear idea about the fact from the pictures. Pictures are very helpful in explanation of the fact and in development of our thinking. A Swiss Mathematician Euler, initially developed an idea to represent a set by the points in closed curve. Later on a British Mathematician, John Venn developed the idea of using diagrams (closed geometrical figures) to represent sets. So, these diagrams are known as Venn-Euler diagram or simply Venn-diagram. In this diagram, a universal set is represented by some points within a rectangle. The subsets are represented by some points in closed curves (namely circle, oval) within the rectangle. The name of the set is written near the boundary of the figure representing the set and elements inside the figure. VENN-DIAGRAMS TO SHOW DIFFERENT OPERATIONS ON SETS Different operations on sets are represented by Venn-diagrams, are shown below by the shaded regions: Disjoint Sets: The sets which do not have any element in common, i.e., A 0 B = 6. Fig. 3.1 shows the disjoint sets. uv u © 6, Disjoint sets Union of sets Fig. 3.1 Fig. 3.2 Union of Sets: The set which contains all the elements of sets A and B. Fig. 3.2 shows the union of sets. 25aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.VENN-DIAGRAMS, Example 8, If U = (set of iniegers|, A = (set of U whole numbers} and B = {set of natural numbers}. Draw a Venn-diagram to show the relationship between the above sets. Solution: We know that every natural number is a whole number, then B c A. Fig. 3.19 shows the relationship between the given sets. Integers Natural ‘Numbers Fig. 3.19 EXERCISE 3.1 1, Draw Venn-diagram to represent each 4, From figure, find the following: of the following: " (@ Disjoint sets (i) Complement of set A (ii) Union of sets A and B (iv) Complement of union (v) Complement of intersection (xi) Complement of null set. oA Wi) B 2. From the figure, find: Gh Ga) u (o) n(B) Wi) AUB A e (it) WAU B) (itt) ANB () is) nA 9 B) @) A-B (xi) (A UBY (ati) (An BY 5. From figure, find the following sets: @®AULB i) ANB uv (i) A (iv) BY @) AuBY (i) An BY 3. IfA ={3, 4, 5, 6), B= (3, 4, 7, 8, 9), and U = II, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 91. A 1" 24 5 6 10 12 Represent the above sets in Venn- diagram and find: @ Only A (i) Only B @AB Gi) AUB (ii) A-B (iv) B-A (iii) (A vu BY (iv) (A 0 BY @) AUB wi) ANB @) A-B (Wi) B-A (vii) (A U BY (vit) (A m BYaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.VENN-DIAGRAMS, Also, we have 33 ia n(M US) + n(M 2m S)= n(M) + nS) > n(M > S) + 71 + n\M mS) + 65 => n(M OS) + 136 > = 200 — 136 = 64 Hence, number of students passed in both Mathematics and Statistics is 64. Alternative Method (using Venn-diagram) Number of students passed only in Mathematics = 71 Number of students passed only in Statistics = 65 Let number of students passed in both subjects n(M mM S) = x u M and number of students passed at least in one subject is 200. ‘. nM US: Now, => 20 = 200 n(M U S)= 71 +x + 65 136 + x 200 - 136 = 64 Fig, 3.21 EXERCISE 3.2 LED 1. Draw a Venn-diagram for the sets A and B; such that n(A) = 38, n(B) = 23 and n(AMB) = 11, Using the Venn-diagram, find: G) niA vB) (iii) nB-A) 2. Draw suitable Venn-diagram for the sets Aand B; such that n(A) = 40, n(B) = 50 and n(A U B) = 90. Use this Venn- diagram, find n(A 2 B). 8. In a group of 200 persons, who know either Hindi or English or both, 80 can speak Hindi only, and 70 English only. How many can speak both Hindi and English? 4. Ina group of people, 15 speak Hindi, 18 speak English, 4 speak both Hindi and English and 4 speak neither Hindi nor English. Find: Gi) nlA — B) (i) number of people who speak at least one of the two languages. (ii) total number of people in the group. (iii) the number of people who speak only one of the two languages. 5. In a class of 50 students, 30 study Mathematics, 25 study Biology and 11 study both the subjects. Draw a Venn- diagram to express the sets. Use this Venn-diagram to find, how many students do not study any of these two subjects. 6. In a class of 48 students, 35 play cricket and 30 play football. If each student takes part in at least one game, find how many play (@ both the games, (ii) only cricket 7. In a class of 40 students, each whom must read English or Hindi or both ofaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.NUMBER SYSTEM 37 Odd Numbers The natural numbers which are not exactly divisible by 2 are called odd numbers. Thus, the set of odd numbers is 1, 8, 5, 7,9, 11, ..1 The smallest odd number is 1. There is no largest odd number. Two consecutive odd numbers differ by 2. The odd numbers are roprosonted by 2n — 1; where ne N. Prime Numbers The natural numbers (except 1, which have exactly two factors, 1 and itself are called prime numbers.) The set of prime numbers is {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 18, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, ...) The smallest prime number is 2 and there is no largest prime number. 2 is the only prime number which is even. All other prime numbers are odd. Composite Numbers The natural number which have at least one factor other than 1 and itself are called composite numbers. The set of composite numbers is {4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, ...} The smallest composite number is 4 and there is no largest composite number. Whole Numbers The set of natural numbers together with zero (0) are called whole numbers. The set of whole numbers is denoted by the letter W. Thus W = (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ...} The smallest whole number is 0 and there is no largest whole number. The consecutive whole numbers differ by 1. Note: Except 0, every whole number is a natural number. Thus, N c W. (@ Every even natural number is an even whole number. (ii) Every odd natural number is an odd whole number. FUNDAMENTAL OPERATIONS ON WHOLE NUMBERS We are already familiar with the four fundamental operations on the whole numbers. In this section, we shall learn basic properties of these operations.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.NUMBER SYSTEM a Let us verify the above property with the following examples: One Other Another Association whole whole whole ~ Result number, a number, b number, ¢ axxo 6 8 9 6 x(8x9) =6x72 Same = 432 WwW 33 37 IT x (83 x 87) =17x 1881 | Same = 3197 Property IV. Property of Zero: Any whole number when multiplied by zero (0) gives 0 as product. Otherwise, if a is any whole number, then a x 0= 0 = 0x a. Let us verify the above property with the following examples: One whole Product, number, a 0 ax0 Oxa Result 5 0 5x0=0 0 9 0 79x0=0 0 Property V. Existence of Multiplicative Identity: Any whole number when multiplied by 1 gives the number itself. Otherwise, if a is any whole number, then axl=a=1xa. Let. us verify the above property with the following examples: Product One whole 1 uct Result number, a axi lxa 7 1 Tx1l=7 lx7s7 7 21 1 21x 1=21 1x 21s 21 2. 1 is the multiplicative identity for whole numbers. Property VI. Distributive Property of Multiplication Over Addition: /f a, 4, ¢ are three whole numbers, then a x (b+c)=axbtaxec, Let us verify the above property with the following examples: One Other ‘Another | Distribution Result whole whole whole number, a | number,b | number,e | ab + 0) axbeaxe 10 % id 10(7+ 1) 10x7+10x 11 =10x18=180 | =70+110=180 | Same 21 19 22 21 (19 + 22) 21% 19+ 21 x 22 =21x41=861 | =3004462=861 | Sameaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.FACTORS AND MULTIPLES INTRODUCTION In the previous class, we have studied the basic ideas about factors and multiples. In this chapter, we shall review these ideas and extend our study. Let us review what we have studied earlier. FACTORS A factor of a number is the exact divisor of that number. Examples. @) Factors of 12 = 1 x 12 =2x6 | Therefore, factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12. Bx4 (ii) Factors of 25 = 1 x 25 =5x5 From the above examples, it is clear that (i) 12 is exactly divisible by 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12. (ii) 25 is exactly divisible by 1, 5 and 25. Note: (i) To examine a given number is a factor of another number or not, we divide the number by the given number. If the remainder is 0, then the given number is the factor of other number. If the remainder is not 0, the divisor is not the factor of dividend, (i Every number is a factor of itself. (iii) Lis the factor of every number. (iv) The factor of 1is 1 (itself), s0, 1is called unique (neither prime nor composite) number. (v) Every prime number has two factors, i.e., 1 and itself. (vi) Every composite number has three or more factors. | Therefore, factors of 25 are 1, 5 and 25. 45aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.FACTORS AND MULTIPLES 49 Ce EXERCISE 5.1 1. Write all the factors of the following 6. Find: numbers: @ FO) v F(8) (i) FO6) UV F(24) @ % Gi) 105 ii) F(60) U F(72) (iv) P(Q) M P(12) (ii) 450 (iv) 1000 (v) P(82) 0 PAO) (vi) P(380) M P(42) 2. Find all prime factors of (i) 660 (ii)1780. 7. Find F(18) and F(24), , ° Hence, state the value of x for which 3. Which of the following has 25 as their FU8) 0 F(24) = Fo. factor? () 1625375 (i) 192140 8. Find the value of x for which (ii) 6152150 F(20) 0 F182) = Fz). 4. Find: 9. IfP(n) P05) =P(45) andn < 18, find n. () Pes) (i) P39) 10. Resolve into prime factors: (ii) C72) iv) PCA96) ® a @ 2 . ii iv Sihinds ; ‘o 144 (vi) 352 (@) Fs) (i) FO) (oii) 45 (viii) 1296 (ii) F120) (iv) F(66) (ix) 9817 (x) 4335 ANSWERS 1. (i 80 = {1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 20, 40, 80) (ai) (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, Gi) 105 = (1, 3, 5, 7, 15, 21, 35, 105) 24, 3 (ii) 450 = (1, 2,3, 5, 6,9, 10, 15, 18, 25, @) 1, 30, 45, 50, 75, 90, 150, 225, 450) 6 @ fl, (iv) 1000 = {1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 20, 25, @ 40, 50, 100, 125, 200, 250, 500, Gi) 0, 1000} 18, 20, 2 2 (i) 660 = 12, 3, 5, 1) (iv) (3) (i) 1780 = (2, 5, 89) (i) 2, 3} 3.) and (iii) 7. FU8) = (1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18); 4 027 (i) (3, 13) F(24) = (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24); ii) (2, 3) (iv) (2, 7) x=6 5. (@ (1, 2,3, 6, 9, 18} Bicone 4 Gi) (1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 50) 9. 15aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.FACTORS AND MULTIPLES EXERCISE 5.2 = 1, Find the HCF of the numbers in each of the following, using the prime factorization method: @ 84,98 Gi) 170, 504 (ii) 980, 630 dv) 72, 84, 108 (v) 180, 120, 138 (vii) 144, 252, 276 (viii) 630, 5320, 1940 (vi) 106, 108, 144 ep Find the HCF of the numbers in each of the following using the division method: @ 140, 210,315 (ii) 183, 793, 976 (iii) 135, 441, 576 (iv) 399, 437 (v) 940, 1520 (vi) 754, 1508, 1972 (vii) 403, 744, 1023 (vidi) 1794, 2346, 4761 ANSWERS L OU @2 2 © 35 @ 61 (ii) 70 @) 12 Git) 9 dv) 19 (wy) 6 (wi) 2 O20 (i) 58 wi) 2 (ot 10 (vii) 31 (viii) 69 MULTIPLES AND COMMON MULTIPLES Multiples Multiples of a given number are all those numbers which can be divided completely by the given number. Otherwise, we can say that any number is said to be multiple of its factors. Examples. Multiple of 6 are 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, ... etc. and all these numbers are divisible by 6. Similarly, multiples of 7 are 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, ... ete. Multiples of 9 are 9, 18, 27, 36, 45, ... ete. Note: @ Every number is a multiple of itself. Gi) Every multiple of a number is equal to or greater than that of the number. (iii) Every number has infinitely many multiples.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.INTEGERS 61 Negative Integers The opposites of natural numbers (or positive integers), ie. —1, -2, —3, -4, -5, -6, ... ete. are called negative integers. The negative integers are denoted by Z~ or I~. Thus, Z- or I~ = (+1, -2,-8, -4,-5, «1 Note: It is not necessary to write ‘+’ sign before positive integers. For example, 10 means +10, 25 means +25. REPRESENTATION OF INTEGERS ON THE NUMBER LINE Draw a line and take a point O in the middle of the line. Now, we set off some points at equal distance to the right of the line as well as to the left of the line. Starting from O, we level the points to the right of O as A, B, C, D, E, ... ete and the points to the left of O as A’, BY, C’, D’, E’, ... ete. as shown in fig. 6.1. Freopec BY O A BC DEF -2 -1 0 12 3 4 5 6 Fig. 6.1 Now, we mark off 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ... ete. corresponding to the points A, B, C, D, F, ... etc. and —1, - 2, —8, 4, —5, -6, ... etc. corresponding to the points A’, BY, C’, D’, E’, ... ete. We also mark 0 corresponding to the point representing O. Thus, we have integers on the number line. Every integer represents some points on the number line. Clearly, - 1 and 1 are at equal distances from 0 and on opposite sides of it. Similarly, (4, - 4), (5, —5), (6, —6) ete. are also at equal distances from 0 and are on opposite sides of it ORDERING OF INTEGERS We know that on the number line, — 6 lies to the right of —7, therefore — 6 > - 7. - 1 lies to the right of - 2, therefore -1 > —2. Thus, while moving from lejt to right the number becomes greater and on moving from right to left the number becomes smaller. Also, 10 > 6 and 10 — 6 = 4 is a positive integer. —3 > -5 and ~3 - (-5) =-3 +5 =2/is a positive integer. Thus, we can say that — If a > b, then a ~ b is a positive (+ve) integer or if a — b is a positive integer, then a > b. If a > b, then on the number line, the point corresponding to a is to the right of the point corresponding to b.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.INTEGERS 69 Examples. (i) Let the two numbers be 8 and 3. Absolute value of 8 = 181 = 8 and Absolute value of 3 = 131 = 3 Product of absolute values = 8 x 3 = 24 Since both the terms are positive, then their product is positive. Hence, 8 x $ = 24 (ii) Let the two numbers be -9 and —11 Absolute value of -9 = 1-91 = 9 Absolute value of - 11 = I-11! = 11 The product of absolute values = 9 x 11 = 99. Since, both the terms are of same sign (— ve), then their product is positive. Hence,-9 x -11 = 99. Rule Il. If both the terms are of opposite signs such that one is positive and other is negative, then their product is negative and its value is equal to the product of their absolute values. Example. Let the two numbers be — 10 and 8 Absolute value of -10 = 1-101 = 10 Absolute value of 8 = 181 = 8 Product of absolute values = 10 x 8 = 80 Since both the terms are of opposite sign, then their product is negative. -10 x 8=-80. Multiplication of More than Two Integers @ Product of any numbers of positive integers is positive. (ii) Product of even numbers of negative integers is positive. (iii) Product of odd numbers of negative integers is negative. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE Example 1. Find the product of the following: @ 8Bx6x9 Wi) (3) x4xCD (iii) 3) x (6) x (-10) x CD (iv) (-11) x (- 12) x (- 14) x (- 15) x (- 16)aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.INTEGERS 73 Rules of Division Rule I. If the dividend and divisor (divisor # 0) are both of same signs (either both positive or both negative), then the quotient is positive. +=) O+O=@), Examples. 15 + 3 = 5, 69 + 23 = Sete. Rule Il. If the dividend and divisor (divisor # 0) are both of opposite signs (one is positive and other negative), then the quotient is negative. WOO) O+W=0), Examples. - 18 + 6 = -3, 91 + (-7) = —18 ete. Thus, | ike signs — Quotient is positive. Thus, | Unlike signs — Quotient is negative. Properties of Division of integers Property I. Closure Property: Ifa < Z and b « Z, then a + b is not necessarily an integer. Property Il. Commutative Property: If a ¢ Z,b © Z, then a+b#b+a. Property Ill. Associative Property: Ifa ¢ Z, b ¢ Zand c é Z, then a+(b+c)4#(a+b+e Property IV. Property of 1: If a ¢ Z, then a + 1 =a, otherwise, an integer when divided by 1 gives the quotient as the number itself. Property V. Property of 0: Zero divided by any integer (other than zero) gives the quotient as zero. Otherwise, if a Z, then 0 + a = 0, but a + 0 is not defined. Property VL. An integer divided by itself gives 1 as quotient. Otherwise, if ae Z(a+#0), thna+a=1. Cad EXERCISE 6.4 1. Find the value of each of the following: @ 23475 +1 (iv) 964 — (425 + 425) ) 0+ 97 (&) -98 +14 (ii) 476 + (840 + 84) (vi) 1646 + 1646aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.INTEGERS: 7 8. Multiplication of Two Integers: (@ Ifboth the integers are of same sign, then their product is positive and its value is equal to the product of their absolute values. (i) If both the integers are of opposite sign, then their product is negative and its value is equal to the product of their absolute values. ion of Integers: (@ Ifthe dividend and divisor (+ 0) are both of same sign, then quotient is positive. (i) If the dividend and divisor (# 0) are both of opposite sign, then quotient is negative. 9. Di aoaaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.FRACTIONS at BB bxT TT Cancelling common factor 75 3x5x5 3x5 15 5 from Nr and Dr. 35 a Hence, lowest term of 75 is 75. LIKE AND UNLIKE FRACTIONS Like Fractions The fractions having the same denominator are called like fractions. Examples, 4,3. 14 28 are all like fractions. 15’15" 1815 Unlike Fractions The fractions having different denominators are called! unlike’ frictions: 38 7 44 . . Examples. 5.51557 52 55 | 62 13 = a> wm: ™ Wp > as . 257 i, 7 Example 8 Arrange the fractions =,2,& and 7 in ascending order. Solution: 2 ‘ 1 LCM of denominators 3, 6, 9 and 18 = 18 213 6 9 18 So, we convert each of the given fractions into | 2.13 3. 9% 9 an equivalent fraction with denominator 18. 3]1 43 3 2 2x6 12 5 5x3_15 h4yauyad 3° 3x6 18’ 6 6x3 18 |.. LOM=2x3x3 =18 Tie 0, Wu 9° 9x2 18 °° 18 = 18° 11 12 14 15 11 2°57 05 Clearly, 35 < ie _ 2 10 Place value of 9 = 75g 5 Place value of 5 = —— 5 9 Place value of 5 = 3555 Place value of 6 = i555 (v) In 6315.341 Place value of 6 = 6000 (i) 1m 26.187 Place value of 3 = 300 (iii) wv) Place value of 2 = 20 Place yalue of 6 = 6 1 Place value of 1 = To Place value of 8 = 700 Place value of 7 = 7000 In 46.078 Place value of 4 = 40 Place value of 6 = 6 1 Place value of 7 = 355 Place value of 8 = In 502.195 Place value of 5 = 500 Place value of 2 = 2 1000 Place value of 1 Place value of 5 = 5 3 Place value of 3 = 0 0 4 Place value of 4 = 55 a 1000 Place value of 1 (vi) In 1927.807 Place value of 1 = 1000 Place value of 9 = 900 Place value of 2 = 20 Place value of 7 = 7 8 Place value of 8 = 75 7 Place value of 7 = 7599aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.DECIMALS 109 Example 3. Simplify: 75.3 - 104.645 + 178.96 — 47.9. Solution: First we convert the given decimals into like terms, we get 75.300 — 104.645 + 178.960 — 47.900 = (75.300 + 178.960) — (104.645 + 47.900) [Grouping the terms with like signs] = 254.260 - 152.545 = 101.715 EXERCISE 8.2 3.67 and 0.53 Gi) 9.25, 6.81 and 12.043 (ii) 3.007, 6.008 and 4.1 (iv) 1.8, 7.93 and 2 (&) 23.54, 6.038, 913.412 and 16.053 (vi) 28.9, 64.19, 153.621 and 0.5123 2. Subtract: (@ 28.65 from 75 (ii) 63.954 from 294.51 i) 39.874 from 75.04 2.365 from 9.813 147.645 from 301.007 i) 458.73 from 518.007 348.732 from 528.21 i) 0.845 from 7.31 3. Simplify: (@) 53.5 — 34.68 + 64.75 — 28.9 (ii) 0.1823 ~ 6.25 + 19.53 ~ 6.581 (ii) 4000 — 35.16 — 683.412 - 2.005 (iv) 666.666 — 66.66 + 6.6 - 0.6 (v) 35.712 + 68.915 + 0.512 — 81.213 (vi) 78.03 - 7.033 - 6.887 (vii) 0.2598 + 0.8123 —0.6125 — 0.1529 (viii) 62.13 — 29 + 3.05 - 18.725 4, From the sum of 16.18 and 31.701, subtract the sum of 29.5 and 0.38. 5. What should be added to 40.152 to get 63.952? 6. What should be subtracted from 1.005 to get 0.913? 7. Take out the sum of 19.83 and 63.015 from 151.001. 8. A man coversa distance of 64 km 245m during first. hour, 38 km 62m in second hour and 37 km 480m in third hour. Find the length of the journey. 9. A man purchased an almirah for Rs 4150, a cooler for Rs 2130 and spent Rs 153.50 on cartage. Find the total expenditure. 10. The weight ofan empty cylinder is 14 kg 70 g. The weight of the cylinder filled with gas is 30 kg 200 g. Find the weight of gas contained in it. 11. Diksha went to the market with Rs 3500 in cash. Out of this money she purchased one toy costing Rs 350.75, one pair of shoe costing Rs 750.50, one frock costing Rs 875 and one game for Rs 39.85. How much money is left with her? 12. A bag contains 10 kg 750 g apples, 5 kg 500 g of oranges and 2 kg 50 g of grapes. If the weight of the bag is 19 kg 395 g, find the weight of empty bag. 18. Sahil purchased a notebook for Rs 19.75, a pencil for Rs 3.85 and a pen for Rs 12.75 from a book shop. He gave a 100 rupee note to the shopkeeper. What amount did he get back?aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.112 MATHEMATICS VIL Note: If the number of zeros in the divisor is more than the number of digits in the whole number part, then we put zeros) to the left of the number before putting decimal point. Examples. (i) 261.25 + 10 = 26.125 [Decimal point shifted one place left) 261.25 {Decimal point shifted two (ii) 261.25 + 100 = 2.6125 uh 100 | usec left, since divided by 100] wis 261.25 Decimal point shifted three 261: 7 = 0.2612! tH) 28125 © 1000 =) ogg, = ORES [pon loft, since divided by 1000] . 261.25 Decimal point shifted four places (iv) 261.25 + 10000 = Th o55 = 0.026125 if, co, we put one zero before 2 Division of a Decimal by Whole Number Procedure: (i) Write the decimal as dividend and whole number as divisor and divide in normal manner. (ii) After completion of the division of the whole number part, put decimal point in the quotient. (iii) Continue the division by putting zero one by one with the remainder left we get zero as remainder. Examples. (i) Let us divide 63.2016 by 8. By long division, we get 7.9002 8)63.2016 56 72 72 on 00 16 16 0 +. 63.2016 + 8 = 7.9002 Note: If the whole number part of the dividend is less than the divisor, then in quotient, we put 0 before decimal point and continue the division as done earlier.DECIMALS 113 (ii) Let us divide 20.5926 by 25. By long division, we get 0.823704 Here, whole number part of dividend is 20 25) 20.5926 which is less than divisor 25. So, in quotient, 200 we put 0 before decimal point, then we divide 59 as usual. 50 92 5 176 Bb 10 0 100 100 0 ©. 20.5926 + 25 = 0.823704 (ii) Let us divide 0.0875 by 7. [Here, whole number part is 0 which is less By long division, we get than divisor 7. So, we put 0 as integral part of quotient. Also, tenths digit of decimal part is 0 which is less than the divisor. So, we put 0 in the tenths digit of decimal part of the quotient. Hundredths place digit is 8 which is greater than divisor. So, we divide as usual. Division of a Decimal by Another Decimal Procedure: (i) Convert the divisor into a whole number by shifting the decimal point towards right. (ii) Also, shift the decimal point of dividend (numerator) to the right side as many places as shifted in the divisor. Gii) If number of places in dividend fall short of the required number then put zeros to the right of dividend as required. (iv) Divide the new dividend by the new divisor (so obtained) as usual as we done earlier.114 MATHEMATICS VIL Example. Let us divide, 25.6 + 3.2 25.6 256 bere both the numbers, ae We have, 32 7 32 7 and divisor has one decimal place Hence, 95.6 + 3.2 =8 Alternative Method Multiply the dividend (numerator) and divisor (denominator), both suitably by 10 or higher powers of 10 so that the decimal point is removed from the denominator (divisor) and the divisor becomes whole number. Thus, 25.6 — 25.6x10 266 8 ie denominator has one decimal 3.2 ~ 32x10 ~ 82 ~ © [place, we multiply by 10 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. Example 1. Evaluate: (i) 0.894 x 87 (ii) 2.4x 3.5 x 4.8 (iii) 0.3 x 0.03 x 0.003 Solution: (i) We have, 0.894 «87 6258 (+) 71520 71.778 Hence, 0.894 x 87 = 77.778. (i) We have, 24% 3.5 X48 = 8.40 x 48 [v 24 x 8.5 = 8.40] = 40.32 [y 8.40 x 4.8 = 40.32] (iii) We have, 0.3 x 0.03 x 0.003 = 0.009 x 0.003 [v 0.3 x 0.03 = 0.009] = 0.000027 [> 0.009 x 0.003 = 0.000027} Example 2. Divide: () 125 +4 (ii) 257.894 + 0.169 (iii) 6.3 + (0.3)?DECIMALS 115 Solution: @ We have, 3.125 ‘Decimal point is placed in the 12.5 4)12.5 quotient just after completing 125 +4 = 12 the division of 12. _ 5 = 8.125 4 10 8 20 20 0 (i) We have, 1526 +. 257.894 + 0.169 169)257894 257.894 169 = 888 0.169 845 [Both dividend and divisor have = 257894 _ i596 —Ja9_| equal number of decimal places. 169 So, decimal point is removed. 338 1014 1014 0 Hence, 257.894 + 0.169 = 1526. Since denominator has (iii) We have. two decimal places, then, ° we multiply both by 100. 63 «(03% = 8:3__ 6.3 _ 6.3x100 so (03) 0.09 0.09%100 = ——- = 70 Hence, 6.3 + (0.3) = 70. Comparison of Two Decimal Numbers To compare two decimal numbers we proceed as follows: Procedure: (i) Convert the given decimals into like decimals. (i) First compare the number part. The decimal with the greater number part is greater.116 MATHEMATICS VIL (iii) If the number parts are equal, then compare the tenths place digits. The decimal with bigger digit at tenths place is greater. (iv) If the digits at tenths place are also equal, then compare the digits at hundredths place, and so on. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1. Compare 29.62 and 35.04. Solution: The given decimals are 29.62 and 35.04. Let us compare the whole number parts. Clearly, 35 > 29 35.04 > 29.62 Example 2. Compare 63.159 and 63.098. Solution: Clearly, whole number parts of both the numbers are equal. Iv 63 = 63] Now, let us compare tenths place digits. The digit at tenths place of 63.159 is 1 and that of other is 0. Since 1>0, 63.159 > 63.094. Chit Coy EXERCISE 8.3 1. Multiply each of the decimals by 10, 100 and 1000: @ 03 i) 6.02 ii) 1.98 (iv) 1.0081 (v) 289.53 (vi) 0.084 2, Multiply each of the following: @ 14.02 by 4 di) 8.218 by 15 (iii) 0.215 by 25 (iv) 14.008 by 50 (v) 3.057 by 17 (vi) 0.5628 by 30 3. Evaluate each of the following: (i) 2.153 x 6.21 Gi) 0.945 x 0.315 (iii) 0.001 x 0.001 (iv) 2.5x42x3.2 (v) 4.83 x 0.08 x 3.75 (vi) 0.1 x 0.01 x 0.001 4. Divide each of the foliowing decimals by 10, 100 and 1000. @ 58 Gi) 0.2 (ii) 0.005 (iv) 222.22 tv) 0.0505 (vi) 3.7777 5. Divide each of the following: @) 16.54 by 8 (i) 19.052 by 25 (di) 951.0127 by 4 (iv) 4.093 by 16 (v) 0.256 by 128 (vi) 64.6464 by 64DECIMALS 17 6. Evaluate each of the following: 7. State which number is greater out of (@) 0.08 + 0.2 (ii) 4.905 + 9 the following pairs of decimal numbers. (ii) 0.13 + 0.25 (iv) 19.75 + 25 (i) 248,32, 45.345 (i) 678.92, 678.925 (v) 0.55 + 0.11 (vi) 0.8021 + 6.5 (iti) 63.84, 57.98 (iv) 12.06, 12.006 ANSWERS 1. @ 3, 30, 300 (ii) 0.0005, 0.00005, 0.000005 (i) 60.2, 602, 6020 (iv) 22.222, 2.2222, 0.22222 (ii) 19.3, 193, 1930 (v) 0.00505, 0.000505, 0.0000505 (iv) 10.081, 100.31, 1003.1 (vi) 0.37777, 0.037777, 0.003777 (v) 2895.3, 28953, 289530 B.D) 2.0675 (ii) 0.76208 (vi) 0.64, 6.4, 64 (iii) 237.753175 (iv) (0.2558125 2 (i) 56.08 (ii) 48.27 (v) 0.002 (vi) 1.0101 (iii) 5.375 (iv) 700.25 6 1) 04 (ii) 0.545 (v) 51.969 (vi) 16.884 (iii) 0.52 (iw) 0.79 3. @ 1387013 (ii) 0.297675 ws (vi) 0.1284 (ii) 0.000001 (iv) 33.6 7. li) 248.32 > 45.345 () 1449 (vi) 0.000001 (i) 678.92 < 678.925 4. (@) 0.58, 0.058, 0.0058 (iii) 63.84 > 57.98 (i) 0.02, 0.002, 0.0002 (iv) 12.06 > 12.006 TERMINATING DECIMALS While converting a fraction into a decimal, if remainder becomes zero after certain number of steps, then the decimal is known as terminating decimal. 29 Example. 30 3.625 is a terminating decimal. NON-TERMINATING DECIMALS While converting a fraction into decimal, if the remainder never becomes zero, no matter how long the division is continued, then the decimal is known as non- terminating decimal.118 MATHEMATICS VIL Example. 16.37 + 11 = ae = 148818 1.48818 11) 16.37 ll 53 44 97 88 90 88 20 ll 90 88 2 <— Repeating 16.37 i Thus, is a non-terminating decimal. NON-TERMINATING REPEATING DECIMALS OR RECURRING DECIMALS Sometimes in a non-terminating decimal, it is found that a single digit or a block of digits repeat in the quotient again and again. Such a fraction is called non-terminating repeating decimals or recurring decimals. These decimal numbers are represented by putting a dot or bar on the first repeating digit (Gf single digit repeats) or putting a bar on the first repeating block (if group of digits repeat) of the repeating part and omit the other repeating blocks. Examples. (i) 0.555555 ...... = 0.5 or 0.5 (di) 0.123412341234 ... = 01234 Gii) 0.03030308 . = 0.03 ete. Note: (i) If the remainder is always same, then a single digit will repeat in the quotient. (ii) If after some steps the remainder is same, then a block of digits repeat in the quotient.DECIMALS 119 OM US {2 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1. Convert the fraction © into decimats. Solution: By long division, we have 1.666... 3) 5.0000 3 oo [Here, the remainder is always is 2, So, the same digit 6 is always = e 5 repeating after decimal point in 20 <— Repeating the quotient. So, we put dot 18 (-) on the repeating digit. 20 <— Repeating 18 2 5 ‘ ~ Hence, 37 1.6666 ... = 16 or 16 Example 2. Convert the fraction = in the decimal form. Solution: By long division, we have 90 | Here, 2 and 9 repeats alternately as 88 Lremainder and 1 and 8 in the quotient. ~ 20 <— Repeating Hence, 2 = 0.181818 ... = 018aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.126 10. 1. 12. 13. 14. 15. MATHEMATICS VIL (i) Count the number of digits in the decimal of multiplicand. (iii) Put decimal point from the right side after as many digits are there in decimal places in the multiplicand. Steps for multiplication of decimal by another decimal: (Without considering the decimal point, multiply the multiplicand by the multiplier and find the product. (i) In product, put a decimal point after counting the places from the right which are equal to the sum of decimal places of multiplicand and multiplier. ‘To divide a decimal by 10 or higher powers of 10, we shift the decimal point in the quotient, to the left by as many digits as there are zeros in the divisor. Steps for division of a decimal by whole number: (@ Write the decimal as dividend and whole number as divisor and divide in normal manner. (i) After completion of the division of the integral part, put decimal point in the quotient. (iii) Continue the division by putting zero one by one with the remainder left. we get zero as remainder. Steps for division of a decimal by another decimal: @ Convert the divisor into a whole number by shifting the decimal point towards right. (i) Also, shift the decimal point of dividend (numerator) to the right side as many places as shifted in the divisor. (iii) If number of places in dividend fall short of the required number then put zeros to the right of dividend as required. (iv) Divide the new dividend by the new divisor (so obtained) as usual as we done earlier. While converting a fraction into a decimal, remainder becomes zero after certain number of steps, then the decimal is known as terminating decimal. While converting a fraction into decimal, if the remainder never becomes zero, no matter how long the division is continued, then the decimal is known as non- terminating decimal. o0aaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.128 MATHEMATICS Vit = _4%4x4x3_ 192 TxTxTxT 2401 Example 2. Write the following as a power of —2: @ 16 (ti) - 128 (iii) 1 (iv) 256 Solution: @ 16 =-2x-2x-2x-2=(-2)4 ‘Since power is even, eee: is +ve | (ii) -128 =-2 x-2x-2x-2x-2x-2x-2=(-2)" (iii) 1 = (—2)° [Any number raised to the power 0 is 1] (iv) 256 = -2x-2x-2x-B2x-W®x-B2x-2Wx-2= C28 LAWS OF EXPONENTS Law L Ifa be any number and m, n are positive integers, then am xeis gh" Similarly, a" xa" xa? =a™*"tP Examples. (i) 5° x 5° = 5°76 = 5° (ii) (3) x (—3)° x (3) = (3) + 9* 8 = (3) = 391 Law Il. If a is a non-zero number and m, n are positive integers, thenPOWERS AND ROOTS 129 3 Examples. (i) 5° + 5° = 5 = 58-2 251-5 (ii) 148 + (14) = (- 148-9 = 14)? = - 04) Law Ill. If a is any number and m, n are positive integers, then (a™)" = a™ = (a")” Examples. (i) (5°) = 5?*3 = 56 (i) [19 8} = 178 *3 = 178 Law IV. If a and b are numbers and n be a positive integer, then (a x bY = a" x bY Example. (188 = (2 x 9)3 = 23 x 9% or (18)8 = 8 x 6) = 39 x 68 Law V. If a and 6 are numbers and n be a positive integer, then ay gt b) 5. 3 (2) _ 2 ...(-4y _ CaP Examples. (i) (2) =e wo (#) = 5° 3 Law VI. If a is a non-zero number, then a=1 @20 0 Examples. (i) 5° = 1, w (¢ } =1 f ie ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1. Evaluate each of the following: 5 a an? * “ (3) x 3) ay [2 2) "2 of - 2y iy 5a™ (5b" ai) (3? F +(2) +37 (3) (eo) amy Solution: » (2) x(2 1yts jah a8 a ° (3) (3) “G) -( = 2 256130 MATHEMATICS Vil 4 Ga (222) - a8 yt _ 2h xta3yt _16xa"? _ 160"? ie bt ~ (otyt (btyt pe pe ° 4 2 Git) cy «(2) +9+(2) = 3341 +8 [: (3) 4! = 89414 35-4= 7294143 = 733 (ivy Ba SO"P Ba™ x5? x(6")? _Ba™ x 256" _ 12552" _ 19552" any qumxe aim qm in Example 2. Evaluate: @ 3 + 3% x 36 i) 519 x 5 + 5 iit) (4-4)? x (OP x 4-?2P Solution: 10 me nm 99% x a= Bixat 908-1 [using HE || 3 a j = 316-15 31.3 (i) 51 x 512 4 519 = gz = 510+ 12-19 _ 53 = 195 (it) (4-49)? & (49% x (42P = a4? x PX? y 2X? = 49x d& x gta 498-45 4? = 16 1. Evaluate: 3. Evaluate: @ x 35 Gi) 47x 8 x (i) 3° x (828 x 3-8 Git) 108 x 104 x 10-7 ti () +8) (iv) a? x a x oF (v) x7 x xB x x8 3) \3 3 (i) (3 x x? x 298 i) (778 x [77 (iv) 6) x 6F x (62)? 2, Evaluate: (v) 2° + 39 4 494 5 4. Write the following as a product of — 5. @ -5 W@ (iv) (— 8)" x (—8)7 + (-8) (ii) - 125 (iv) — 3125 () Gy? x (1b + (yr? 1 @ 8x P%+3* Ww 47+ Bx 48 (ii) 938 + 9! x 320POWERS AND ROOTS 131 5. Simplify: (ny 2x34 x8r? 3? x3° xBit (2) é @) |=] x= 6 169 52 (62)! w & x6 } 3 ANSWERS 1 27 i) 64 Gi) - 7 (iv) 1 (ii) 100 (iv) 1 (w) 4 (w) x4 wi) x6 4 @ C5)! ti) 5 2 @3 w 44 (iii) 58 (iv) 5 it) 9° Ww) -8° () 5° @) a ey 5 @ als (ii) 3a°b? 3% @ 3 i) (3) (iii) 16m®n-* (wv) 3 » lg (v) 18 (vi) 34 - 2 SQUARES AND SQUARE ROOT Square When a number is multiplied by itself, then the product is known as the square of the number. If a is a number, then the square of a is written as a? and is given by axa=a Examples. (i) 4 x 4 = 16, ice., the square of 4 = 16. (ii) 5 x 5 = 25, ie. the square of 5 = 25. (iii) -4 x -4 = (4)? = 16, ie, the square of -4 = 16. .. 66 6) 36 . 6 _ 36 Wo) $x$ = ($) = 36, ie., the square of $= 35 Note: Square of a number is always positive. Square Root A number which has exactly two equal factors, is called a square number, each factor is known as square root of the number. Thus, if m is a square root of a number n, then132 MATHEMATICS VIL mxme=n or msn The square root of a number n is denoted by vr. From the above, it follows that V2 = m. Examples. 25 = 5x5 = 5? = 5 is the square root of 25. Also, 25 = (-5) x (5) = (5)? = —5 is the square root of 25. Thus, every square has two square roots, one is positive (+) and other is negative (—). Positive square root is called the ‘Principal root’ of the number and denoted by the radical sign V Principal Square Roots of First 25 Squared Natural Numbers Squared Square root Squared Square root Number n vn =m Number n van =m 1 vi=1 196 Vi96 = 14 4 v4 225 225 = 15 | | 9 v9 =3 256 256 = 16 | 16 vié =4 289 289 = 17 | 25 V5 =5 324 324 = 18 | 36 V36 = 6 361 V361 = 19 | 49 V4 =7 400 V400 = 20 cy V64 =8 “1 V441 = 21 81 VBI =9 484 V484 = 22 100 100 = 10 529 | 529 = 93 | qt Vi2i = 11 576 VB76 = 24 144 vidd = 12 625 V625 = 25 169 yi69 = 13 ee CALCULATING SQUARE ROOT OF A GIVEN NUMBER There are two methods of calculating the square root of numbers. () Prime Factorization Method (ii) Division MethodPOWERS AND ROOTS 133 Prime Factorization Method In order to find the square root of a given number by prime factorization method, we follow the following procedure: Procedure: (i) Obtain the number. (ii) Find all the prime factors of the given number. (iii) Make pairs of the prime factors. (iv) Take one factor from each pair and multiply together, which is the required square root. Square Root of a Fraction Square root of a fraction = _Stusre root of numerator_ Square root of denominator If a and 6 be any two whole numbers (a, b # 0), then @ fe = 4 i) Jaxb = Jaxvb ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1. Find the square root of 1764. Solution: Resolving into prime factorization, we get 2 | 1764 1764 = 2x2x3x3x7x7 71 sa5 Vi764 = (Qx2)x(Bx3)K(TXT) =2x3x7= 42. 3 [ 441 Note: To find the square root we can also write the prime factors in index 3 | 147 form, instead of writing in pairs. Now, to find square root take half of index 7 | 49 value of cach prime factor. a For example: V1764 = J2x2x3x3x7x7 ~T 4: = \o«a2x7? =2x3x7=42 Example 2. Find the square root of: i4 2=— (ii) 1690000 @ Tai ww134 MATHEMATICS Vit Solution: 14 /2x121+14 121 121 24214 _ [256 _ 2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2 “Yaa ~ Vier © Wixi 2x2x2x2 _ 16 5 (ii) 1690000 = Aleo x10000 Vi69 x 10000 [= Vab = Va x vb] /13 «13 x/100x100 = 13 x 100 = 1300. Example 3. Find the square root of: (i) 0.0625 (ii) 0.000441 Solution: @ 0.0625 = a _ _\5x5x5x5 5x5 _ 25 _ gg Jl0x10x10x10 10x10 100°” 4 441 v441 la _ va Gy Jooo04a1 = |_“**___Va4} _ ~ (f- m 1000000 1000000 [ & vb | . [3x3x7X7 ___ 8x7 J10x10x10x10x10x10 10x10x10 21 = Fpoo = 0.021 Example 4. Evaluate the following: @ seat (i) J20 + J256 Solution: BOLxaaL _ 861x441 . fa _ve 289 289 6 VbPOWERS AND ROOTS 135 _ Bix 289 vis? x Ver? _ ve (ii) (20+ J256 = (20+ (2x2x2x2x2x2K2xZ = (20+2x2x2x2 = \B0+16 = a6 = Ve? = 6 Division Method When the numbers are very large or the numbers do not have any small factors, then factorization method of finding square root is very difficult and lengthy. For example, ¥8769 = 187, is very difficult to find using factorization method. To overcome this difficulty, we use long division method for finding square root of any number. We will explain the method by the following example: ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1. Find the square root of 390625 using division method. Solution: 6 | 390625 | 625 36 122 306 244 1245 6225 6225 Oo 390625 = 625. Explanation () Mark off periods by placing bars on every pairs, starting with unit digit. (ii) Find the number whose square is 39 or less. Here, 6 x 6 = 36 < 39. So, 6 is taken as divisor as well as quotient.136 MATHEMATICS VIL (iii) Subtracting 36 from 39, we get 3 as remainder. Bring down next period 06 to the right of 3 and get 306 as dividend. (iv) For next divisor, take 2 times of 6, ie., 12 as the new divisor. (v) Write a digit after 12 in the divisor as well as in quotient, so that the product of the new number formed (here 122) and 2 in quotient does not exceed 306. In this case, 122 x 2 = 244 is just less than 306. Thus, take 122 as new divisor and 2 as second digit of quotient. (vi) Now, subtract 244 from 306 to get 62 as remainder. Bring down next period 25 to the right of 62 to get 6225 as the new dividend. (vii) For next divisor, take 2 times of 62 quotient, i.e., 124 as the new divisor. (viii) Now, 5 is the largest digit such that 1245 x 5 = 6225. Thus, take 1245 as new divisor and 5 as the new digit of the quotient. Subtract 6225 from 6225 to get 0 as remainder. Thus, V390625 = 625. Example 2. Find the square root of 7458361. Solution: 2 | 7458361 | 2731 4 47 | 345 329 543 | 1683 1629 5461 | 5461 5461 0 ». J7458361 = 2731 SQUARE ROOT OF DECIMAL FRACTIONS When number is a perfect square decimal number, the process of finding square root is same, except for grouping of digits. Digits, which are to the left of decimal point, are grouped from left to right as stated above in the process of finding square root of whole numbers. And, digit to the right of decimal point, are grouped from decimal towards right and if in the end only one digit is left then we annex 0 to complete the period.POWERS AND ROOTS 137 Examples. (i) The number 473.2943 is grouped as 473.2943. (ii) The number 9743.567 is grouped as 9743.5670 . Now, start finding the square root by long division process as done before. Place decimal point in the quotient as soon as the whole number part is exhausted and stop the process when remainder is zero. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1. Find the square root of 147.1369. Solution: 1 { 147-1369 | 12.13 1 22 aT 44 241 313 241 2423 7269 7269 0 Vi47.1369 = 12.13 Example 2. Find the square root of 0.00003481. Solution: 0 | 0.00003481 | 0.0059 00 00 00 00 005 34 25 109 981 981 0 :. ¥0.00003481 = 0.0059.138 MATHEMATICS VIL PERFECT SQUARE A natural number is called a perfect square or a square number, if there exists a natural number n such that n = m, Examples. 1 = 1°, 4 = 27,9 = 37, 16 = 47, 25 = 5” ete. It follows that each one of the natural numbers 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, etc., are the squares of some natural numbers, such numbers are called perfect squares. [: ‘Natural Squares ‘Natural Squares Numbers m n= m Numbers m nem 1. Peixi=1 18 18? = 13 x13 = 169 2 Pax®=4 “4 3 3 =3x3=9 15 4 Podxd=16 16 16? = 16 x 16 = 256 5 B= 5x5 = 25 17 17? = 17 x 17 = 289 6 6 = 6x6 = 36 18 18? = 18 x 18 = 324 7 TxT=49 19 8 8x 8 = 64 20 9 9x 9=61 2. 10 10 x 10 = 100 22 hb ilx1l= 121 23 2 = 12x 12= 144 oy 5 257 = 25 x 25 = 625 te ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1. Show that 324 is a perfect square. Solution: Resolving into prime factors, we get 824 =-2x2x3K3x%3x%3 There are exactly three groups (pairs) of equal factors like (2 x 2), (8 x 8), (8 x 8) and no factor is left alone. Therefore, 324 is a perfect square. 324 162 [Se Sees [JelslelPOWERS AND ROOTS 139 Example 2. The student of class VII of a school donated Rs 2401 for Prime Minister's National Relief Fund. Each student donated as many rupees as there are number of students in the class. Find the number of students in the class. Solution: Let the number of students in the class = x 4 | 2401 | 49 So, contribution of each student = Rs x 16 Total contribution of x students = Rs x x x = Rs x” 89 | 801 Given that total contribution = Rs 2401 801 a x? = 2401 ) sy x = V2401 = 49 Hence, number of students in the class is 49. Example 3. A P.T. teacher wants to arrange maximum possible number of 6000 students in a field such that the number of rows is equal to the number of columns. Find the number of rows if 71 students were left out after the arrangement. Solution: Let the number of rows = + :. Number of students in each row = number of columns = x So, total number of students in the arrangement = x” It is given that after arrangement of the students in the form of square, 71 studenis are left out. ee 1 | 5929 | 77 x? +71 = 6000 e 2 = acer = x? = 6000 — 71 = 5929 jay x = V5029 = 77 1029 Hence, the number of rows is 7. 0 EXERCISE 9.2 1. Find the square of: 2 Find the square root of each of the 5 following: . "s . = @ 132 (i) monte iii) — iv) = ii) 6° v) exe 1 @) 138 we) 6F () 16 x 25 x 81 x 121140 8. Using prime factorization method, find the square root of: Gi) 121 (iii) 2601 4, Using division method, find the square (i) 441 (iv) 4225 roots of the following numbers: i) 49284 (iii) 99856 (v) 994009 (ii) 63001 (iv) 525625 (vi) 4020025 5. Find the square roots of: MATHEMATICS Vil 6. Simplify: = 292 i Yi168 w Pe 2023 a (iii) 5.21 «16.9744 (iv) V4 w stl 2.25 0.625, 7. 1225 plants are to be planted in a garden in such a way that each row contains as many plants as the number of rows. Find the number of rows and the number @ 26 w “1 of plants in each row. 289 961 8. A gardener wish to plant 375 plants in 97 115 such a way that there are as many i) 5 iv) 655 plants in each row, as there are number of rows. He finds that 14 plants are 1 . g 205 extra. How many plants did he want to a. gah ©) Wee i) 9756 put in each row? ANSWERS i) 20 16 21 lL @ 49 @) 20— 5 @ 16 aL q oF > (iii) 2.25 (iv) 25 1 ° 1 i) 14 (iv) 2 (w) 1.5129 wi 425 13 7 1 we () 32 wi) 38> 2 @) 13 (i) oo " 6 me 34 3 - (ai) 216 (iv) 108 © OF 4s (v) 1980 . (ii) 16.068 a = 3 @ll @) 21 5 (iii) 51 (iv) 65 i 4 @ WW ii) 251 O 3 (ii) 316 (iv) 725 () 997 (vi) 2005 Tait, ssPOWERS AND ROOTS 141 CUBES AND CUBE ROOT ‘Cube When a number is multiplied by itself three times, we get the cube of the number. Thus, the cube of the number raised to the power 3 is given by axaxaz=a Examples. 1° x 1x 1 = 1. Thus, cube of 1 is 1 (-4)3 =-4 x -—4 x —4 =~—64. Thus, cube of —4 is - 64 ay 4.4_ 64 4 64 (3) = TGXG agg Cube of 7 8 gag Perfect Cube A natural number is said to be perfect cube, if it is the cube of some natural number. The numbers 2° = 8, 33 = 27, 63 = 216, 113 = 1331 are called perfect cubes. Hence, natural number ‘n’ is called a perfect cube, if there exists a natural number ‘a’ such that axaxaz=@e=n The cube of first twenty natural numbers are given below: 3 ‘Numbers ‘Numbers Cube m m n=mi 1 u 1 = 1 x 11x 11 = 1331 2 12 12 x 12 = 1728 3 B 13 x 13 = 2197 4 u 14 x 14 = 2744 5 6 15 x 15 = 3375 6 16 16 x 16 = 4096 ¥ iv 17 x 17 = 4913 8 18 18 x 18 = 5832 9 19 19 x 19 = 6859 10 10 = 10 x 10 x 10 = 1000 20 | 20% = 20 x 20 x 20 = 8000 Cube Root The cube root of a number ‘n’ is that number whose cube gives ‘n’. Thus, a number m is the cube root of a number n, if n = m>. The cube root of ‘n’ is denoted by the symbol Yn. Y is called radical, n is called the radicand and 3 is called the index of the radical.142 MATHEMATICS VII Thus, l= => Yet 8=2 = B=2 Given below are the cube roots of some natural number: [Number m if2fafa4i]s 6 7] 8] 9] 0 (Cuben =m} 1 | 8 | 27 | 64 | 125 | 216 | 343 | 512 | 729 | 1000 | Cube root of | % 7 | Yea | Yi25 | Yee | %43) Yo12 | Y729 | Y1000 [n= | [Number=ml| 1 | 2 | 3 4/5[6|7 8 | 9 | 10 Note: We use the symbol ‘V ’ for square root instead of % . It is a mere convention that we omit 2 and use ‘V’ to denote square root, But in cube root we use the symbol ‘3/’ we do not omit the index 3 while writing the symbol for cube roots. Cube Root of a Perfect Cube by Prime Factorization Method Following are some steps for finding cube root of a number by factorization method: Procedure: (i) Obtain the given number. i) Resolve the given number into prime factors. Group the factors in triplets in such a way that in each triplet, all the factors are equal. (iv) If some factors are ungrouped, then the given number is not a perfect cube and the process is stopped. (v) If no factors are left ungrouped, then choose one factor from each group and find the product of the factors. The product is the required cube root. Example. *f9261 = Y3x3x8x7x7x7 =3x7=21 [Choosing one factor from each triplet] LPN Ty ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. Example 1. Find the cube root of 2744 by prime factorization. Solution: Resolving into prime factorization the given number, we get 2744 =2x2xQ@xxTIxTx7POWERS AND ROOTS 143 Grouping the factors in triplets of equal factors, we get 2 | 2744 2744 = 2x2xK2x7Tx7x7 2 | 1372 Choosing one factor from each triplet, we get =| es Yards = 2x7=14 7 | 343 Note: To find the cube root we can also write the prime factorsin index form, 7 | 49 instead of writing in triplets. Now, to find cube root take one third of 7 7 index value of each prime factor. > For example: Y9261 = Y3x3x3x7x7x7 = Ys? x7 = 3x7 = 21 Cube Root of a Fraction If @ and & be any two integers (a, & # 0), then 3 y of Gi) Yaxb = Fax s Cube root of numerator TI] 343 7| 7 Thus, cube root of fraction Cube root of denominator 49 Cube Root of a Decimal af 1 To find the cube root of a decimal fraction, we convert the decimal in fraction and find the cube root as stated above. Example 2, Find the value of 5x58 @ Pee Gi) W274 ii) 48000 7 Solution: We have, 5) of 8° X5% _ f(8° x8° _ 3° x5 _ 9x5 _ 45 2 | 2744 OG 7 2 7 9 2 | 1972 2 | 686 (ii) Ya744 = 7 | 343 7 49 7 7 i _ 92x 2xx2x7x 7x7 ~ — 0x10x10 Qaixt ax7 14 iy 1010 —144 ii) Y343000 = 9343x1000 = ¥343 x $1000 = MATHEMATICS VIL EXERCISE 9.3 1. Find the cube of: @5 (i) -3 4 (ii) — 30 liv) -F w uy (i) - 02 (vii) 1.50 (viii) -3.2 2, Find the cube root of the following: @ 1381 Ww) 204 (ii) 9261 (iv) 74088 (vi) YBxI19x19%19 h mea tee (vi) 238825 (ii) YO2XO2xO2KITxITxIT ind the cube root of the following: ot © nore me (iii) 3/1000 + 90.064 - 0.008 ® ’ ° [331 oe tiny 90.084, [0-125 ii) 22 tiv) PTE an 343 3375 ge 9 222 At (v) 1.331 1331” 8 4, Find the cube root of: 6. Find the cube root of the following: @ 8x 729 (i) 64 x 343 @ 38 x # Wi) 43 x 39 (ii) 343 x 512 (iii) 7? x 5% x 2° ANSWERS 1 @ 1000 (i) 1331 2 wu Ww 14 a ii) 21 (iv) 42 Git) — 27000 wo) ©) (wi) 62 a8 3 @t w 3 10 Z i 16 —< i) -296— as 14 ©) 25 (vi) -2965- Gi) 3 (wo) (vii) 3.375 (viii) —32.768 @) 114. 5. POWERS AND ROOTS 145 8 (i) 8 wil) 3.4 (iti) 102 ii) 56 31 4 (i) 4 @ ee iii) 30 iv) 38 6 2 Gi) 108 0) 35 (wi) 38 iii) 140 mm AT A GLANCE 1. If ‘a’ be any number and n be a positive integer, then a" =axaxaxax...n times we read, a" as a raised to the power n. Ina", ais called the base and n is called the exponent or power or index. @ Ifa be any number and m, n are positive integers, then a™*", similarly a” x a” x a? a™ xa! amen +p, (@@ Ia is a non-zero number and m, n are positive integers, thea ii) Ifa is any number and m, n are positive integers, then (any = a = (ay (iv) Ifa and b are numbers and n be a positive integer, then (a x bY =a" xB". (v) If@ and } are numbers and n be a positive integer, then (iy oe (vi) Ifa is a non-zero number, then a = 1; @ #0). a" When a number is multiplied by itself, then the product is known as the square of the number. If @ is a number, then the square of a is written as a” and is given by axaza A natural number is called a perfect square or a square number, if there exists a natural number n such that x =m’, A number which has exactly two equal factors, is called a square number, each factor is known as square root of the number.146 MATHEMATICS VIL 6. When a number is multiplied by itself three times, we get the cube of the number. Thus, the cube of the number raised to the power 3 is given by axaxa=a? 7. A natural number is said to be perfect cube, if it is the cube of some natural number. 8. The cube root of a number ‘n’ is that number whose cube gives ‘n’. Thus, a number m is the cube root of a number n, if n = m*. Q0010 RATIO AND PROPORTION INTRODUCTION In our previous class, we have already learnt about ratio and proportion. In this chapter, we shall revise them in more detail. RATIO The ratio of two quantities in the same unit is a fraction that one quantity is of the other. When we compare two quantities of the same kind by division, we say that we have formed a ratio of the two quantities. The symbol used to express ratio is “’ between the two quantities compared. Example. The ratio between Rs 10 and Rs 15 is written as Rs 10 : Rs 15 or 10; 15. A ratio has no unit in itself. Thus, for any non-zero numbers a and 6, a to b is the ratio ¢ and is written as a : 6. In ratio a : b, a is known as first term or the antecedent and b is known as second term or consequent. A ratio can also be expressed as a fraction. Properties of Ratio (i) A ratio is the quotient of two quantities of same kind and has no unit. (ii) The ratio should always be expressed in simplest form. Example. The ratio between 4m and 36m 4m_4 1 = 36m 36 9 147 =1:9148 MATHEMATICS VIL When the two quantities of a ratio have no common factor other than 1, then the ratio is in the simplest form. (ii) The comparison of two quantities is meaningful only when the quantities are of same kind and same unit. If the terms are of same kind but in different units, then they are to be converted into same unit. Generally, bigger units are converted into smaller units. Example. Ratio between Rs 5 and 60 paise = Rs 5 ; 60 paise = 500 paise : 60 paise = 500 : 60 (iv) A fraction does not change when its numerator and denominator are multiplied or divided by the same non-zero quantity. 33_33x2_66 Example. 83: 22= 39 =5oxa 4g 7 08 44 33 33+11 3 and 33: 22= Sa 8:2 33 : 225 66:44=3:2. COMPARISON OF RATIOS Let a : 6 and ¢ : d are two different ratios, if @arbre:dea SoS aad > be. a Mb ees £28 = i a:b=c:de F=5 aad= be . ac Gi) a:b B 4:7<5:8. Alternative Method Two or more ratios can be compared by converting them to the equivalent ratios with common consequent (same second term).RATIO AND PROPORTION 149 Example. Let us compare the ratios 9 : 63 and Bp:82. 3 45 Here, a= 9, = 65 = 7, 6= 52 =2t and d= 04-42 21 9 _9x7_63_7 © 4 _21x6_ 9 a Beg B97 OT gy © pA B88 6” 4545 5B Od 9 4x9 14 7 6 Now, LCM of 5 and 14 = 70. 3 vias ES cape ORE 48 ad 14 14x58 70 Clearly, 98 45 7_ 9 3B gl gl Bra ies o> : 65 > 62 :8— - 707 hen > Gg = 9 77 O48 DIVIDING A QUANTITY INTO A GIVEN RATIO Let the given quantity be k is to be divided into three parts in the ratio a : b :c, then a First rt = mer Par arbre Second part=- —’—xk atbte ¢ i 7 xk and Third part= CONVERTING A FRACTIONAL RATIO INTO A WHOLE NUMBER RATIO Let the two ratios are given as it a 1 llig 6 14 Ali alle aie Now, ribs $rgXba2 =e DG aba é 11_1 E Te. ae oS ample. Bas Note: The magnitude of three or more quantities of the same kind can be compared by a ratio known as continued ratio.150 MATHEMATICS Vit ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1. Express each of the given ratio in its simplest form: (@ 10 paise : 1 rupee (ti) 250 m : 5.5 km (ii) 6 month : wz yrs Soluiton: G) “10 paises i ropae= LOpae:. 1Opaise 10.1. 4, 16; Trupee ~ 100paise 100 10 250 m 250m 250 a 250m : 55 km= Fe 55x1000m ~ 55x1000 1 1 = hexa gg it) 6 months : 14 yrs= 6 months : 4 yrs = gone 3 x12 months 3 oS 58 core 16" 8 Example 2. If a:b =3:4andb:¢=6:5, finda:eanda:b:e. Solution: We have, 3 36 a a:b=3:45 7-9 and b:c=6 b= oe The quantity 6 is common to both the ratios. So, we multiply antecedent and consequent of first ratio by 6 and that of second ratio by 4. So that quantity 6 becomes equal in both ratios. 18:20 or 9:10 18:24:20 or 9:12:10 Thus, and a: ° 0 Alternative Method We have, Bu ond &. 64 e & 5RATIO AND PROPORTION 151 Now, a: = a: and a: [Multiply by 4] 4:2 = 18:24: 20-9: 12: 10. > a:b:e=3: Example 3. Rs 720 is divided among Ram and Shyam in the ratio 4: 5. How much rupees will each get? Solution: We have, Total sam = Rs 720, ratio of Ram and Shyam = 4:5 Sum of ratios = 4+5=9 Ram's share = Sars 720 = Rs 320 and Shyam’s share = BxRs 720 = Rs 400 ; Lil pl, Example 4. The sum of three numbers, whose ratios are 35 : 45 : 6% is 4917. Find the numbers. Solution: Let the numbers be a, 6 and c. 1 lel rb:e= stiatigl Pe eB 8 = 10, 21,49 _ 10x120 21 199.49 120 3°58 3.8 8 [> LOM of 8, 5 and 8 = 120] = 400 : 504 : 735 Sum of ratios = a +b +6 = 400 + 504 + 786 = 1639. a = 4.4917 = 1200 1639 504 = ——x4917 = 1512 b= See xa9lT = 15 735 = 2235 xagir = 2205 and c= aax49 Hence, the numbers are 1200, 1512 and 2205.152 MATHEMATICS Vit Example 5. A group of soldiers is divided into two divisions in the ratio 5 : 8. If the number of soldiers in the first division is 8250, find the total number of soldiers. Solution: Let the total soldiers = x Soldiers are divided in the ratio 5 : 8 Sum of ratios = . +8 = 13. Br 13 Soldiers in the first division = 5 of x = Given that soldiers in the first division = aso _ 3280 x13 oe BI, Hence, total number of soldiers is 21450. Example 6. Divide 417 in three parts such that the first part is £ of the second part and the ratio of second and third part is 11 : 8. Solution: Let the three parts be a, 6 and c. 4 Now, a= 5 ofb a 4 > Brg 2 orb=4:5andb:e=11:8 @_ 4.11 44 6 115 _85 £2 4,4.8 2 sxe Now, b5*t ss 84 C= E*5 "40 a:b:c = 44:55:40 Sum of ratios =a +b +c = 44455 + 40 = 139 44 Thus, a gets = Tae = 182 = 22 xdl7 = 5b gets iso" 165 = Oo x417 = and c gets = i55 120 Example 7. Two numbers are in the ratio 5 : 7. There difference is 10. Find the numbers. Solution: Let the numbers be 5x and 7x. Then difference between the numbers = Tx — 5x = 2x. Given that difference = 10 10 2x=10 = sey =5 Hence, numbers are 7 x 5 = 35 and 5 x 5 = 25.RATIO AND PROPORTION 159 EXERCISE 10.1 1. Express each of the given ratios in its simplest form: @ 28: 30 (i) 17: 85 i i 1 1 (di) 1.9: 11.4 wv) 67:22, (v) 60 paise : 3 rupees (vi) 35 kg : 1.5 quintal (vii) 75cm : 120m (viii) 600 m : 5.5 km (ix) 30 min : 50 sec (x) 18 min : 3 hrs 2 Which ratio is greater out of the following ratios? @ 6:7 or 18:19 ii) 15: 13 or 9:7 ii) 9:62 or 52:82 - 4 6 (iv) 2.3: 6.9 or 3.4: 5.1 3 Ifa:b=3:4andb:c=7:9, finda :e, 4. Ifa:b=1:3andb:c=2:3,finda:b:c. 1 5 Ia:b= 15:17 andb:e= 15:12, find @ : : ¢ in simplest form. 6. Divide Re 6480 among Paral, Madhu and Rupali, if their shares are 3 : 5 : 7. 7, Twenty sweets are distributed among A and B in the ratio 2 : 3. Find, how many does each get? 8 Divide Rs 260 among A, B and C in the ratio 2 og af 234 9. In a class the ratio of boys to the girls is 10: 9, What part of the whole dass are girls? 10. i. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Out of 200 teachers teaching in a school, 85 are males and remaining are females. Find the ratio of the numbers of: (@ male teachers to that of female teachers (ii) total teachers to that of female teachers (iii) total teachers to that of male teachers. Sanju scored 92 marks in Mathematics out of 100 marks and 42 marks in Hindi out of 50 marks. In which subject did he perform better? A man divides Rs 90,000 among wife, son and daughter in the ratio 2.1.1 346 Find the amount received by them. ‘The ratio of the diameter and circumfer- ence of acircle is 7 : 22. If the diameter is 6 m 30 cm, find the circumference of the circle. The salaries of Mr. Khanna and Mr. Sharma are in the ratio 5 : 6. If ‘Mr. Khanna receives Rs 13950 as salary, find how much Mr. Sharma receives? Two numbers are in the ratio 10 : 13. If the difference between them is 48, find the two numbers. Two numbers are in the ratio 17 : 23. If the sum of the numbers is 360, find the numbers. ‘The population of a town is 240,000. Out of which males and females are in the ratio 13 : 11. Find the number of males and females population.154 MATHEMATICS VIL 18. The ratio of angles in a triangle 19. The ratio of ages of three persons P, Q is 2:3: 4. Find the measures of each and R is 6: 7: 11. If the sum of the angle. ages of P and R is 102 years, find the age of Q. ANSWERS 1. @ 14:15 W135 7 A=8,B=12 Gi) 1:6 (iv) 5:18 8. A= Rs 120, B = Rs 80 and C = Rs 60 @) 1:5 (i) 7: 30 9 (vii) 5:8 (iti) 6 55 Sag Part (ie) 36:1 () 1:10 10. i) 17: 23 (i) 40 : 23 2 @ 18:19 (9:7 (iii) 40 17 11. Mathematics ii) 9: 62 (iv) 34:51 12. Wife = Rs 40,000, son = Rs 30,000, 7 daughter = Rs 20,000 87:12 4.2:6:9 13. 19m 80cm 14. Rs 16740 5. 160 : 168 : 135 15. 160 and 208 16. 153 and 207 6. Parul = Rs 1296, Madhu = Rs 2160, 17- Male = 1,30,000, Female = 110,000 Rupali = Rs 3024 18. 40°, 60", 80° 19, 42 years. PROPORTION The equality of two ratios is called proportion. Example. The ratio between 2 and 8 is 2 : 3. And, the ratio between 4 and 6 is 4:6 or 2:3. = 2:3=4:6 In general, we define proportion as Four quantities a, b, ¢ and d are said to be in proportion if the ratio between first and second quantities is equal to the ratio between the third and fourth quantities. Ifa:b=c:d, we say that a, b, c, d are in proportion and is written as a:b::e:d. [Read ¢ : ‘Proportional’ or ‘same as’] The terms ‘a’ and ‘d’ are called extremes and the terms ‘b’ and ‘’ are called means.RATIO AND PROPORTION 155 We have, cbees 208 = Cte 3 q ae be ‘Thus, in a proportion Product of extremes = Product of means If ad + be, then a, b, ¢ and d are not in proportion. The fourth term ‘d’ is called fourth proportional. Example. 2,5, 18 and 45 are in proportion, Since 2 : 5 = 18 : 45. Clearly, 2 and 45 are extremes and 5 and 18 are means. Also, 45 is the fourth proportional to 2, 5 and 18 DIFFERENT TYPES OF PROPORTION Continued Proportion Three quantities are said to be in continued proportion if the ratio between first and second is equal to the ratio between second and third. Thus, a, b, ¢ are in continued proportion, if e.8 Sa:b::b:ce>b%=ac Mean Proportion Let a, b, ¢ be in continued proportion, then b a:bi:bie = $= = Baac + b= vac Here, b is called mean proportional between ‘a’ and ‘c’ and ¢ is called third proportional to ‘a’ and ‘B’. Note: Three quantities are in continued proportion if product of extremes is equal to the square of means. KS 2 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1. Find the value of x if x: 5 :: 27: 18. ‘ x_27 5x27 Solution: x :5::27:15 + F=7p ox = TE =9156 MATHEMATICS VIL Example 2. From the numbers 4, 10, 15, 6 form a proportion. Solution: To form a proportion by using the numbers 4, 10, 15 and 6, we have to select two pairs whose ratios are equal. Clearly, 4% 15 = 6x 10 [v 60 = 60] 4 = 6 7 15 Thus, the proportions are 4:6::10:15,6:4::15:10 4:10::6:15,10:4::15:6 Example 3. Find the fourth proportional to @ 5, 16, 20 (ii) 2ab, a”, b? Solution: (@ Let the fourth proportional be x, then 5:16 0 sx 16x20 Product of extremes = 5xx=16x2 > r= = 64 oe | (ii) Let the fourth proportional be x, then Qab sas: bse 2 ae = Mbxxsa?xb? = x= TXH _ ab Qab 2 Example 4, Find the third proportional to « — b, a? — ”. Solution: Let the third proportional be x, then a-b:a?-B::0?- Bie = (a - bx = (@? - 8) (a? — b*) _ (a? = 8? )a? ~b*) > x= SS et i? - 8) a-b Example 5. Find the mean proportional to () 15 and 60 (ii) 0.9 and 2.5 Solution: (i) Let the mean proportional between 15 and 60 be x, then 1B: x::x:605x7=15x 60 = x= 15x60 = 30 (ii) Let the mean proportional between 0.9 and 2.5 be x, then O9:x::7:2552=09%25 - x= (09x25 =15RATIO AND PROPORTION 157 EXERCISE 10.2 1. Which of the following are in proportion? @ 5,9, 15, 27 Gi) 7, 10, 8,9 (ui) 65, 8.5, 9.1, 11.9 2, Find the value of x in each of the following proportions: @ 2:35:45 Gi) x: 2 Gi) x: 05 2s 1 Go) ye 3. Check whether the following quantities form a proportion or not: @ 7x, 9x, 35, 45 Gi) 62, 3.1, 8, 4 ANSWERS 4, Find all possible proportions that can be formed using the following numbers: @ 7,14, 8,16 Gi) 6.3, 8.1, 14, 18 . 21 1 1 i) 7 2 @) 35°29 5. Find the fourth proportional to @ 8,14, 16 (i) 21, 1.5, 8.4 (ii) Qy, 2, 9? @v) 2434 6. Find the third proportional to @ 5,10 (i) 09, 18 7. Find the mean proportional @ Tand 63 (i) 03 and 4.8 1. @, (ii), (iv), (v) _, 135 . 5 2 OF WE Git) 0.25 ay @) & 8. @ Yes (ii) Yes (iii) No Li. oe syiyt? 11, or rag? Ll "47158 S » MATHEMATICS VIL 5 08 w6 Gi) S we, 2st a (iv) 9 : S 4 & 20 36 2.91. 1,3 72 @2 Ww 12 or 575 4 1,2 1 or 25S Sse AT A GLANCE . The ratio of two quantities in the same unit is a fraction that one quantity is of the other. @ A ratio is the quotient of two quantities of same kind and has no unit. (ii) The ratio should always be expressed in simplest form. . Let a: b and ¢ : d are two different ratios, if @a:b>oe:de @a:bee: @@a:b @ of the work and B can finish = =~ oof the work Work done by A in 1 i iy = (A + Bs 1 day’s work — Se 1 day's work . cs s ()- 31 of the work. 12 30. 60 60 7" Hence, A can finish the work in 20 days. Example 3. In 10 days, A can do $ of the job and B can do i of the job. In 1 what time will they do = of the job working together? Solution: In 10 days, 1 1 Avan do 5 of the job and B can do 3 of the job. Then, in 1 day, Acan do = —1—= and B can do = —~~=~ of the job. ~ 2x10 20 * 3x10 “5 a ‘A ana B, together can do = (5° )- (*2)- 5 1 ot the job. 20°30) ~ (60 |" 60 12 Now, , Zs of the job can be done in 1 day :. 1 of the job can be done in = — = 12 days 7 a 2 i. © of the job ean be done = (ext days = 2 days.166 MATHEMATICS VI Example 4. Rohan and Sunil can complete a piece of work in 6 days and 4 days respectively. Rohan started the work and worked for 2 days. He was then joined by Sunil. Find the total time taken to complete the work. Solution: Rohan can complete the work in 6 days. ‘And, Sunil can complete the work in 4 days. In 1 day, Rohan can do é of the work and Sunil can do ; of the work. { 5 Rohan and Sunil together can do = { =7g of the work. " 2 1 Work done by Rohan in 2 days = & = 5 of the work. 1) 2 After 2 days, work left = a "3 of the work Required time = ————___Work left__ Work done by them together in 1 day 2 ge BK 8 = Br aye oe 8 12 ‘ ‘ 8_18 Thus, total time required = 2+5="> days = 38 5 days. Example 5. A can do a piece of work in Yd sh while i can do it in 21 days. They began together and worked for 7 days. Then, A fell ill and B had to complete the work. In how many days was the work completed? Solution: In 1 Mi A can do 77 of the work and 3 can do 3 of the work, 3 A and B together can do = oo = (2) 2 of the work. Work done by A and B in 7 days = me 3 = 3 of the work, of the work which is to be completed So, after 7 days, work left = 3 by B alone.UNITARY METHOD 167 :. Time to complete remaining work by B alone 1 = 6227 = $a Gry as 21 Tha, total time = [7+ 2) days = Me day ys= 2 pdms 5 days. Example 6. A can finish z of the work in 6 days and B can finish i of the work in 5 days. They worked together for 3 days and then B left the work. The remaining work was done by A. How many days A took to finish the remaining work? Solution: In 6 days, A can do ; of the work. “In 1 day, A can do 2-= of the work +. In 1 day, A can do 5-75 of the work. 1 In 5 days, B can do 7 of the work. 1 1 s. In 1 day, B can do ——==— of the work. 4x5 20 r 1 1) 10+9 9_ 19 Work done by A and B in 1 day = (3+3)= 29 =>. of the work. . Work done by A and B in 3 days = 3x22 =22 of the work. ¥ ays = 2X 730 60 After 8 days work left = (- of the work. Number of days required by A alone to complete the work Work left ~ Work done by A in 1 day 41 _ 60 _ 41x18 “1” 60 18 41x3 _ 123 10 10 - = 3 12d days.168 MATHEMATICS VIL Example 7. A, B and C working together can finish a piece of work in 8 hours. A alone can do in 20 hours and B alone can do in 24 hours. In how many hours will C alone do the same work? Solution: A, B, C can do the work in 8 hours, A alone can do in 20 hours and B alone can do in 24 hours. In 1 hour, 1 Work done by A, B and C = 3 of the work. 1 1 Work done by A 20 of the work and work done by B = vy of the work. Thus, work done by A and B in 1 hour 1,1 6+5) 11 = (Sta < (3) = Gap of the work. «Work done by C in 1 hour fou) Wen 41 “a7 3) = "720 120° 30 Hence, C alone can finish the work in 30 days. of the work. Problems Based on Pipes and Cisterns Inlet: A pipe connected with a tank or cistern, which fills it, is known as inlet. Outlet: A pipe connected with a tank or cistern, which empties it is known as outlet. Example 8. Pipes A and B can fill an empty tank in 10 hours and 15 hours respectively. If both are opened together in the empty tank, how much time will they take to fill it completely? Solution: In 1 hour, 1 pipe A can fill [> of the tank and pipe B can fill of the tank. + 1 A. 384+2 5521 A and B together can fill in 1 hour = | —+——| = ——=—=-= of _ gether in 1 hour (+s) soap 7g of the tank .. A and B working together can fill the tank in 6 hours. Example 9. A pipe can fill a cistern in 9 hours. Due to a leak in its bottom, the cistern fills up in 10 hours. If the cistern is full, in how much time it will be emptied by the leak? Solution: The cistern is filled by the pipe in 9 hours and due to leakage in 10 hours.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.12 sree, DISTANCE AND TIME INTRODUCTION When a body is moving we say that body is in motion. A moving body covers some distance in some time. The distance covered in per unit time is called speed. Thus, we have the following formulae: Distance Speed = , unit of speed is m/s or km/hr. peer Ti sp Distance = Speed x Time, unit of distance is m or km. Time = PiSt@NCe unit of time is min, sec or hour. ‘Speed CONVERSION OF UNITS (i) 1km= 1000 m (ii) 1 hour = 60 min = 60 x 60 sec = 3600 sec (i) 1 emf = Lem _ 1000 _ 5 jcoe Thr 3600sec 18 1 — 3600 me = 18 (iv) 1 msec = 1™ - 1000 v= B tanner. 1sec 1 hr 1000 3600 Note: (i) To find speed, if distance is in km and time in sec, then convert time in hour and write speed in km/hr. (i) To find distance, if speed is in m/s and time in hour, then convert time in sec and write distance in m. If speed is in km/hr and time in min or sec then convert time in hour and write distance in eens n172 MATHEMATICS VII (ii) To find time, if speed is in km/hr and distance in m, then convert distance in km and write time in hr. If speed is in m/sec and distance in km, then convert dis- tance in m and write time in sec. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1. Stalin goes 360 km in 6 hours. Find: (i) his speed (ii) distance covered by Stalin in 5.5 hours (iii) the time taken by him to cover the distance 270 km. Solution: Distance 360 km is covered in 6 hours. (i) Speed = Distance _ 360k _ gy jour. Time 6hr (i) Distance covered in 5.5 hours = Speed x ‘Time = 60 knvhr x 5.5 hours = 330 km. (ii) Time taken to cover the distance 270 km Distance __270km _ 270 “Speed” Gokm/hy ” eg 7 SS be Example 2. Convert the speed of 54 km/hr into m/s. Solution: We have, 54km _ 54x1000m Speed = 54 km/hr = = 15 m/sec. pee. Thour ~ 60x60sec see OR 54 keavhe = 54 x > mm/sec = 15 m/sec. [- 1 - 5 ma] 18 hr 18 Example 3. Convert the speed of 20 m/sec into km/hr. Solution: We have, 20 hm Speed = 20 m/sec = 22M = 1000, 20x 3600 yap, _ 79 kevhr. 1sec 1 oy 1000 3600 oR 20 m/see = 20 x 2 km/hr = 72 km/hr. [‘SPEED, DISTANCE AND TIME 173 Example 4. Raj Kumar went to another town such that he covered 80 km by train with the speed of 100 km/hr, 200 km by bus with the speed of 50 km/hr and rest 240 km by car with the speed of 60 km/hr. What was his average speed during the whole journey? Solution: Raj Kumar travels, 80 km by train at the speed of 100 km/hr. ee 80 4 [.. Time = Distance .. Time to cover 80 km, joo rag bn f Tmen 200 km by bus, at the speed of 60 kny/hr. «Time to cover 200 km, ~ He ay and 240 km by car at the speed of 60 km/hr. <. Time to cover 240km, “ hr=4hr. Now, total distance = (80 + 200 + 240) km = 520 km and total time, f= 7, +t, +1, “ (+4+4] et a 5 5 Total distance covered Total time taken _ 520km _ 520x5 4 4 5 Average speed = km/hr =59 & knvhr, oi Example 5. A bus has to cover a distance of 72 km in 1 hour 30 min. However, for the first 36 km, it travels at 54 km/hr. At what speed must it travel to cover the remaining distance on time? Solution: Distance of total journey = 72 km, and time for the journey = 1 hour 30 min. Time taken to travel 36 km at the speed of 54 kr/hr 36 = © hour = 2 hour = 40 min 54 8174 MATHEMATICS VIL Now, remaining distance of the journey = 72km — 36 km = 36 km and time left for the journey = 1 hr 30 min — 40 min 50, 5 x = r= 2 hr 50 min 3 Thus, the required speed for remaining distance _ 36km _36x6 3 km/hr = 43.2 km/hr. os Example 6. Mr Sharma cycles to his office at the rate of 12.5 km/hr and late by 3 min. However, if he travels at 15 km/hr, he reaches 5 min earlier than the usual time. What is the distance of the office from his residence? Solution: Let the distance be 1 km. Time taken by Mr Sharma at 12.5 km/hr or 3 km/hr 1 2 2x60 m - = o min = 4.8 min Again, time taken by Mr Sharma at 15 km/hr = + pr= © min = 4 min B15 Difference in two times = 4.8 min — 4 min = 0.8 min But, actual difference in time = (3 + 5) min = § min. When difference is 0.8 min, then distance = 1 km When difference is 1 min, then distance = —— km When difference is 8 min, then distance Hence, the distance of his office from residence is 10 km.‘SPEED, DISTANCE AND TIME 175 EXERCISE 12.1 Fe, 1. Convert the following into m/sec: @ 72 kew/hr i) 144 kn/br (ii) 63 km/hr (iv) 300 km/hr 2. Convert the following into km/hr: (@) 20 m/sec (ii) 36 m/sec (iii) 48 m/sec (iv) 150 m/sec 3. A car runs at 60 km/hr. How far it go in 15 sec? 4. A boy covers a distance of 1.2 km in 40 min. Find the speed in @ km per hour, (ii) metre per second. 5. A boy drives his scooter with a uniform speed of 45 km/hr. Find: () distance covered in 3 hour 20 min, (i) time taken to cover 189 km, (iii) time taken to cover 472.5 m. 6. Aman can covers a certain distance in 2 hrs 45 min, if he walks at the rate of 4 kmvhr. If he covers the same distance on cycle at the rate of 16.5 km/hr, find the time taken by him. 7. A car running at an average speed of 48 km/hr completes a journey in 7 hours 36 minutes. Find the distance it has covered. 8. A train leaves New Delhi at 7.30 am and reaches Agraat 10.45 am. Ifthe distance between New Delhi and Agra is 252 km, find the speed of the train. 9. The time taken by a boy to walk 120 mis same as the time taken by a car to cover 6 km at the speed of 60 km/hr, Find the speed of walking of the boy. 10. A boy covers a distance of 18 km, from his house to a place, by autorickshaw at 15 km/hr. He returns on cycle at 10 km/hr. Find his average speed of the whole journey. 11. A train covers first 160 km in 2 hours, next 200 km in 4 hours and last 180 km in 3 hours. Find the average speed of the train. 12. A man covers first 80 km of his journey at 40 knv/hr and remaining 60 km in 20 knv/hr. Find: (®) total time of journey, (@) average speed of the whole journey. 13, I walk at 5 km/hr, I miss a train by 7 min. However, if I walk at 6 km/hr, I reach the station 5 min before the departure of the train. What is the distance between my house and the station? ANSWERS 1. @ 20 ms Gi) 40 m/s 3, 250 m (ii) 17.5 mis Ww) 250 ie 4. (i) 18 km/hr i) 0.5 m/s 3 5. @ 150km 2 @ 72 km/hr Gi) 129.6 km/ar (i) 4hours 12 min (iii) 172.8 kew/hr (iv) 540 knv/hr (iii) 10 hours 30 min176 MATHEMATICS VIL 6. 40 min 7. 364.8 km 12 @ 5 hours (i) 28 km/hr 8. 80 km/hr 9. 1.2 km/hr 13. 6 km. 10. 12 km/hr 11. 60 km/hr PROBLEMS ON THE MOTION OF TRAINS Here, we shall discuss some problems related to the motion of trains. While solving these problems, the following points should be kept in mind: 1. When a Train Passes a Stationary Object: Let there be a train of length / metres. Also, let there be a stationary object such as a signal post or a fixed pole or a standing man. Let the front of the engine of the train be just near the stationary object as shown in fig. 12.1. Ss Pa ey Stationary object Stationary object ¥oNs I metres I metres Fig. 12.1 Fig. 12.2 ‘The train will clearly pass the object, when the end of the train just passes the object as shown in fig. 12.2. Thus, the time taken by a train to pass a stationary object is equal to the time taken by the train to cover a distance equal to the length of the train. If the length of a train is J metres and it is running with the speed v m/sec, then the time taken by it to cross a stationary object is given by Length of the train 1 cea, Speed ofthe train uv 2. When a Train Passes a Stationary Object Having Some Length: Let there be a train of length / metres and let there be a stationary object such as a tunnel or a bridge or a platform or a standing train of length m metres, as shown in fig. 12.3. a o metres m metres m metres [metres Time = Tunnel Tunnel Fig. 12.3 Fig. 12.4SPEED, DISTANCE AND TIME WT In order to cross the stationary object of length m metres, the end of the train must coincide with the end of the stationary object as shown in fig. 12.4. For this, the engine of the train will have to cover a distance of (J + m) metres. Thus, the time taken by a train of length | metres to pass a stationary object of length m metres is equal to the time taken by the train to cover a distance of (+ m) metres. If length of a train is | metres is running with a speed of » m/sec, then time taken by it to pass a stationary object of length m metres is given by Length of the train + Length of the object Ti = me ‘Speed of the train ‘ lim or Time = — sec. v ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. Example 1, A train 250 m long is running at a speed of 45 km/hr. How much time will it take to cross a light post? Solution: Speed of the train = 45 km/hr 5 25 km _5 a ane Pacaanaree 22 p- Hem 3 ys Shey BUR Sy hr 18 Time to cross the light post is same as the time to cross its own length. Required-timess 2 gecjs 289 gee =: 22°. 5-9 non'e'90 see, : 5 5 2 Example 2. A train, 540 m long, is running with a speed of 54 km/hr. In what time will it pass a 180 m long tunnel? Solution: Speed of the train = 64 km/hr 5 = 54x 73 m/s = 15 ms Length of train = 540 m and length of tunnel = 180 m ‘Total length = 540 m + 180 m = 720 m. Total length _ 720m rotallength = 48 sec. Speed oftrain 15 m/s Now, required time Example 3. A train, running at a speed of 54 km/hr, passes an electric pole in 11 seconds. How much time will it take to cross a platform which is 240 m long?178 Solution: MATHEMATICS VIL Speed of the train = 54 km/hr 5 = 54x 75 mis = 15 ms Time to cross the electric pole = 11 sec. Distance covered in 11 sec = 15 m/s x 11 sec = 165 m Thus, Jength of the train = 165 m and length of platform = 240 m Total length = 165 m + 240 m = 405 m So, time required to cross the platform _ Length of(platform +train) _ 405m 2 87668! Speed of the train 15 m/s Ce EXERCISE 12.2 1. A train 160 m long is travelling at a speed of 72 km/hr, find the time taken by the train to pass a tree. 2. A train 270 m long is running at a speed of 90 km/hr. How long will it take to pass a railway signal? 3. A train is 180 m long is running at a speed of 60 km/hr. How much time will it take to pass a platform which is 570 m long? 4. Atrain 350 m long, crosses an electric pole in 28 seconds. Find the speed of the train. A train 90 m long crosses a platform 110 m long in 10 seconds. Find the speed of the train. a A train 220 m long passes a railway platform 180 m long in 20 seconds. How long will it take to pass a bridge which is 120 m long? A train 270 m long passes another stationary train which is 180 m long in 22% seconds. How long will it take to cross @ an clectrie pele, Gi) a platform 130 m long? Two trains start from the same station and running in opposite direction. If the speed of one train is 60 km/hr and that of the other is 72 km/hr, find the distance between them after @ 2 hours (i) 5 hours (ii) 10 hours. Aand B start from the same point at the same time with speeds 18 km/hr and 20 km/hr respectively. Find the distance between A and B after 8 hours if both move in: @ same direction, (ii) the opposite direction.‘SPEED, DISTANCE AND TIME 179 ANSWERS 1. 8 sec 2, 10.8 sec 7. 13.5 sec Gi) 20 sec 3. 45 sec 4. 45 kaw/hr 8.) 264 km (i) 660 km (ié) 1320 km 5. 72 km/h 17 . & 17 see 9% (i) 16 km (i) 304 km. me AT A GLANCE 1 Speed = —S 2° unit of speed is m/s or km/hr. Time Distance = Speed x Time, unit of distance is m or km. Timea Distance: it of time:is:min;:sec or hour: Speed 2. @ To find speed, if distance is in km and time in sec, then convert time in hour and write speed in km/hr. (ii) To find distance, if speed is in m/s and time in hour, then convert time in see and write distance in m. If speed is in km/hr and time in min or sec, then convert time in hour and write distance in km. (iii) To find time, if speed is in km/hr and distance in m, then convert distance in km and write time in hr. If speed is in m/sec and distance in km, then convert dis- tance in m and write time in sec. 5 3. (@ To convert the speed in km/hr to m/sec multiply by 5. 38 (ii) To convert the speed in m/sec to km/hr multiply by 2 . 4, The time taken by a train to pass a stationary object is equal to the time taken by the train to cover a distance equal to the length of the train. 5. The time taken by a train of length / metres to pass a stationary object of length m metres is equal to the time taken by the train to cover a distance of (I + m) metres. Qoo00PERCENTAGE INTRODUCTION In our previous class, we have already learnt about the concept of percentage and application of percentage. In this class, we shall extend the concept that we have learnt earlier. We know that per cent means per hundred. By certain per cent, we mean that many hundredths. Thus, x per cent is denoted by x%. The symbol of per cent is %. We are already familiar with the methods of converting a per cent into a fraction, ratio or decimal and vice-versa. Before to go further, let us revise the concept already we have studied. CONVERSION OF PERCENTAGE INTO FRACTION To convert a given percentage into fraction, we remove % sign and divide by 100. Examples. 51% = +, 95% = 2% = 9 ote 100 ~ 20 CONVERSION OF PERCENTAGE INTO DECIMAL To convert a given percentage into decimal, we remove % sign and shift decimal point two places to the left. Examples. 40% = 0.40, 19% = 0.19, 613% = 6.13 CONVERSION OF FRACTION INTO PERCENTAGE To convert a given fraction into percentage, we multiply the fraction by 100 and put % sign. Examples. i = Be ete.PERCENTAGE 181 CONVERSION OF DECIMAL INTO PERCENTAGE To convert a given decimal into percentage, we shift decimal point two places to the right and put % sign. Examples. 0.19 = 19%, 2.13 = 213%, 5.2 = 520% ete. EXPRESSING A QUANTITY AS PERCENTAGE OF OTHER QUANTITY Procedure: (i) Express the given quantity as fraction. (ii) Multiply the fraction by 100 and put % sign. x ‘Thus, to express x as the percentage of y, we write as ~ x 100%. y Note: The given quantity must have the same unit. If they are not in same unit, then convert them into same unit. Example. Let us convert 25 paise as a per cent of Rs 8. The required percentage = Spee x 100% 6 ~ 25 prise. rg9%, - 34% 8x 100 paise 8 TO FIND PERCENTAGE OF A GIVEN QUANTITY Procedure: (i) First convert the percentage in fraction. (éi) Multiply the fraction by the given quantity. 40 40x15 _ Example. 40% of Rs 15 “00 x Rs 15 =Rs Rs 6, ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1. What per cent of 3 days is 18 hours? Solution: The required percentage = hous x 100% 18 hours. 190% = 25%. ~ 3x 24 hours182 MATHEMATICS VIE . 1 Example 2. Find 125% of Rs 80. Solution: whe of Rs 80 = x Rs 80 = Rs 10. 20 2x 100 Example 3. Find the number whose 37% is 148. Solution: Let the required number be x. s 37% of x = 148 37 148 x 100 => Too <%= 148 = e= 37 = 400. Example 4. Rajat got 40 out of 50 in English, 60 out of 80 in Hindi and 75 out of 90 in Mathematics. In which subject his percentage of marks is the best? Solution: Percentage of marks in English = 2 x 100 = 80% Percentage of marks in Hindi = s x 100 = 75% Percentage of marks in Mathematics = 2 x 100 = 885% Clearly, in Mathematics his percentage of marks is the best. Example 5. Salman bought 600 mangoes. 15% of these were found to be rotten. 1 Of the remaining, 13% got crushed. How many mangoes were in good condition? Solution: Total number of mangoes = 600 1 Rotten mangoes = 15% of 600 = a x 600 = 90 Remaining mangoes = (600 — 90) = 510 1 Out of 510 mangoes 13:5 % are crushed. 1 Crushed mangoes = 18-5 % of 510 40 = x 510 =68 3x100PERCENTAGE 183 Hence, quantity of mangoes in good condition = (510 — 68) = 442 Example 6. The salary of a person is 25,000. 8% of the. salary is deducted as provident fund. Out of the remaining salary, he spend 10% on the house rent, 15% on education of the children and 20% on food. How much does he spent on education, rent and food? Also, find the amount to be deducted as a provident fund. Solution: Total salary = Rs 25,000 Money deducted as a provident fund = 8% of Rs 25,000 = 2. x Rs 25,000 = Rs 2,000 100 o Remaining salary = Rs 25,000 — Rs 2,000 = Rs 23,000 Now, expenditure on rent = 10% of Rs 23,000 10 —— x Rs 23,000 = Rs 2,300 100 Expenditure on education = 15% of Rs 23,000 15 == = 50 i00 x Rs 23,000 = Rs 3,4: Expenditure on food = 20% of Rs 23,000 20 = t00 * Rs 23,000 = Rs 4,600. “aesy EXERCISE 13.1 1. Express the following as per cent: 3. Express the following per cent as 8 sm ae decimals: OF © 4 @ 6.5% (ii) 35% (ii) 7.25 (wu) 0.124 (iit) 0.02% (iv) 0.012% () 0.05 (vi) 0.025 2. Express the following percentages as w 32% fractions: 5 1 i : 125% w 3b 4. Find the value of: @_ 6% of Ra 600 (ii) 42% of 60 Gi) 73.% Gv) 25% 1 2 % of 80 kg (iv) 14.5% of 620 ©) 62.5% (vi) 0.08% Gl 1 Mok RO ke Cet °184 = a 10. nu. 12, 3. . Monika scored 35 marks in mathe- matics out of 50. Find the percentage of marks that she scored. Ina class 60% of the students are girls. If girls aro 18 in number, find the number of students in the class. . A man earns Rs 9000 per month and spent 80% of his earnings. Find his monthly savings. . Ninety-six per cont of the cost of a T.V. is Rs 10,464, What is the cost price of the T.V? An alloy contains 36% of zine, 40% of copper and the rest of itis nickel. Find in grams the quantity of each of the contents ina sample of 1 kg of the alloy. A fruit seller had some apples. He sell 40% of them andstill has 420 apples. Find the number of apples he had criginally. In an examination, 68% of total examinees passed. If the number of failed candidates is 576, find the total number of examinees. Gunpowder contains 75% nitre, 10% sulphur and rest of it is charcoal. Find the amount of charcoal in 10 kg of gunpowder. 13, 14, 15. 16. 17. 18. MATHEMATICS Vit A property dealer charges commission at the rate of 2% on the first 10,000 and 1% on the remaining price. Find his commission on the property that has been sold for Rs 10,87,500. In a maths quiz of 80 questions, Alok got 80% correct answers and Pradeep got 85% correct answers. How many correct answers did each give? In a school, out of 3000 students 60% are boys and rest are girls. If 300 girls leave the school and no new student admitted, what is the new percentage of girls in the school? 36% of maximum marks are required to pass in an examination. A student gets 123 marks and is declared failed by 39 marks. Find the maximum marks Akriti went to school for 255 days in a fall year. If her attendance is 85%, find the number of days on which the school was open. In an election there were two candidates A and B. A got 60% of the total votes casted. If A got 7200 votes, find the number of votes that B got. ANSWERS @) 15% (ii) 450% (iii) 725% (iv) 12.4% (v) 5% (vi) 25% 2 . 1 O17 @ 3 i) 4 @ 5 1 Os ©) 3000 (@ 0.065 Gi) 0.35 Gi) 0.0002 (iv) 0.00012 (v) 0.032 10. 12. 14. 15. 17. @ Rs 36 @a (ii) 10 kg (iv) 89.9 10% 6 30 . Rs 1800 & Rs 10,900 zine = 360 g, copper = 400 g, nickel = 240 g 700 11. 1800 15 kg 18, Rs 10975 Alok = 64, Pradeep = 68 33 de 16. 450 300 days 18, 4800 votesPERCENTAGE 185 INCREASE AND DECREASE PERCENTAGE Percentage increase = (—I™Te#8*__ 190 |% Original value De Percentage decrease = | ""*" _ x 100|% Original value When a quantity increased by some %, then Inereacod value = 100+ ncrense® original value 100 it 100 Original value = —100____,. tnereased value 100 + Increase % When a quantity is decreased by some %, then 100 — Decreased % 100 100 Original value = Woe x Decreased value Decreased value = x Original value ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1. The price of a commodity is decreased from Rs 80 to Rs 64. Find the percentage decrease. Solution: Original price = Rs 80, Reduced price = Rs 64 Decrease in price = Rs 80 — Rs 64 = Rs 16 Decrease in price So, percentage decrease in price = an 5 x 100 Original price Rs 16 = Reso * 100% = 20%. Example 2. The enrolment of students in a school in 2007 was 1500 and in 2008 was 1680. Find the percentage increase in enrolment. Solution: Enrolment of students in 2007 = 1500 Enrolment of students in 2008 = 1680 Increase in enrolment = 1680 - 1500 = 180 180 So, percentage increase in enrolment = 77> x 100% = 12%.186 MATHEMATICS Vit Example 3. The price of a car is reduced by 20% to Rs 2,00,000. What was the original price? 100 Solution: Original price of the car = 5) ~TecreasedG * Desreased price _ _100 * yoo —20 = “ x Bs 2,00,000 = Rs 2,50,000. x Rs 2,00,000 Example 4. Nikhil’s income is 20% less than that of Akhil. How much per cent is the Akhil’s income more than that of Nikhil’s? Solution: Let the income of Akhil be Rs 100. 100 —20 100 Clearly, Akhil's income is Rs (100 — 80) = Rs 20 more than Nikhil's income. Per cent of Akhil's income more than Nikhil's income At 20% less, Nikhil's income = Rs ( | x 100 = Rs 80 _ Rs20 = x 100 = 25% Rs 80 Hence, Akhil's income is 25% more than Nikhil's income. Example 5. A number is increased by 10% and then decreased by 10%. Find the net increase or decrease per cent. Solution: Let the number be 100. 100 +10 100 Again, 110 is decreased by 10%. x 100 = 110 -. Increased number = Decreased number = ( Clearly, there is a decrease. : Decrease = 100-99 =1 1 Pe de = —— x 100% = 1%. ercentage decrease i00 * 1%.187 1. If price of an article is inereased by 40%, the increase amount is Rs 20. Find the new price. 2, The price of a commodity is reduced by 25%, if the reduction in price is Rs 15, find the original price. 3. Price of an article is increased by 50%. If the increased price is Rs 112.50, find the original price. 4, The price of the chair is increased by 20%. Find the ratio of @ old price to the new price. (@) new price to the increase in price. 5. The price of an article is decreased from Rs 75 to Rs 60. Find the percentage decrease. 6. After allowing a discount of 12.5%, the price of a washing machine is Rs 6982.50. Find the original price of the washing machine. 7. Amit's income is 20% more than the Atul's income. By what per cent Atul's income is less than Amit's income. 10. nL ‘The population of a town increases by 11% annually. If the present population is 1,46,520, what was the population ‘one year ago? Ratan was given an increment of 10% on his salary. His new salary is Rs 13,200. What was his salary before the increment? The value of a car is reduced by 20% every year. If the present value of the car be Rs 2,25,000, then find the value of the car @ ayear ago, i) after one year. A number is increased by 20% and then decreased by 20%. Find the net increase or decrease per cent. In an examination, first division marks are 60%. A student secures 467 marks and missed the first division by 13 marks. Find the total marks of the examination. ANSWERS 1. Rs 70 2. Rs 60 3. Rs 75 4. 5:6 @) 6:1 5. 20% 6. Rs 7980 ah 9. 10. 1. De 8 1,82,000 Rs 12,000 @ Rs 281,250 (ii) Rs 1,80,000 4% decrease 12, 800188 MATHEMATICS VIL AT A GLANCE as 1. To convert a given percentage into fraction, we remove % sign and divide by 100. 2, To convert a given percentage into decimal, we remove % sign and shift decimal point two places to the left. 3. To convert @ given fraction into percentage, we multiply the fraction by 100 and put % sign. 4. To convert a given decimal into percentage, we shift decimal point two places to the right and put % sign. To express the given quantity as percentage of other quantity (i) express the given quantity as fraction, (i) multiply the fraction by 100 and put % sign. 6. To find percentage of a given quantity () convert the percentage in fraction, Gi) multiply the fraction by the given quantity. s . Increase 7. Percentay = |_itateaae sreentage increase le ae 100% Decrease Percentage decrease = (eS al vali x100}% When a quantity increased by some %, then fhereassd value= 100+Tncneas6%: 6.5574 value 100 Original value = invpoaee x Increased value. When a quantity is decreased by some %, then Decreased value = Lhe Decreased x Original value 100 = ———— x Decreased a 100 Decreased % ~ value Original value goaaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.190 MATHEMATICS VIL PROFIT AND LOSS PER CENT The profit per cent is the profit that would be for a C.P. of Rs 100. Loss per cent is the loss that would be for a C.P. of Rs 100. Profit Loss Profit % = 100 and Loss % = «100 LPs CR. Profit% Loss % Profit = —— CP. .d Loss = C.P. rofit= PROBL cp, and Loss = LO. At certain profit% 100 + Profit % 100 SPE gg SOP end CR. S opr ae At certain loss% 100 —1 Loss % 100 = = SP. SP. = aa xC.P. and CP. 100 Lom% ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Finding of Profit or Loss when C.P. and S.P. are given Example 1. A dealer buys a wrist watch for Rs 225 and spends Rs 15 on its repair. If he sells the same for Rs 300, find the profit per cent. Solution: Cost price of watch = Rs 225 Spend on repair = Rs 15 Cost price (including repairing cost) = Rs (225 + 15) = Rs 240 and, selling price of the watch = Rs 300 Clearly, profit = Rs 300 - Rs 240 = Rs 60 Exons, 100% = (£2 x100)s = 25%. 240 Profit % = (ee Finding S.P. when C.P. and Profit (or Loss) per cent are given Example 2. At what price must a washing machine which costs Rs 8,900 be sold so as to gain 14%? Solution: At 14% gain: Gain = 14% of Rs 8,900 = = exRss, 900 = Rs 1,246PROFTT, LOSS AND DISCOUNT 191 SP. = CP. + Gain = Rs 8,900 + Rs 1,246 = Rs 10,146. Alternative Method Using direct formula, _ (100 + Profit % _ 100+14 SP.= (tos trofit®) P.= Ex Rs 8,900 = U4, 258,900 = Rs 10,146. 100 Example 3. Tina bought oranges at Rs 10 per dozen. She had to sell the oranges ai a loss of 4%. Find the selling price of one orange. Solution: C.P. of oranges = Rs 10 At 4% loss: 100 — Loss% ————x S.P. of oranges = 0 CP. 100-4 96 = |-——“|xRsl10 = —xRs10 = Rs 9.6 ( 100 iy 100 * Now, S.P. of 12 oranges = Rs 9.6 « SP. of 1 orange = mee = Rs 0.80 or 80 paise. Finding C.P. when S.P. and Profit (or Loss) per cent are given Example 4. A retailer sold a T.V. set for Rs 21,800 at a profit of 9%. What is the cost price of a T.V. set for the retailer? Solution: Let C.P. of the T.V. set be Rs 100. At 9% profit: S.P. of the T.V. set = Rs (100 + 9)= Rs 109 If SP. of T.V. set is Rs 109, then CP. = Rs 100 100 109 If SP. of TV. set is Rs 21,800, then C.P.= Rs 30° x 21,800 If S.P. of T.V. set is Re 1, then C.P. = Rs 20,000 Hence, C.P. of the T.V. set = Rs 20,000.192 MATHEMATICS VIL Alternative Method We have, at certain profit per cent 100 CP = s505 Prom <> _ _100 “~ 100+9 x Rs 21,800 = Rs 200 91,800 109 = Rs 20,000. Example 5. If a man were to sell his handcart for Rs 720, he would loss 25%. At what price he sell it to gain 25%? Solution: We have, S.P. of handcart = Rs 720 and loss = 25% 100 100 cp.- 10 __ sp. 100 Loss’ “S?* ~ 700-25 “7° = Rs 100 720 = Rs 960 % ‘Thus, C.P. of the handeart is Rs 960. Now, to gain 25%, 100+ 25 125 Sp.= WO#25 .Rs960 = Rs 2>x960 = Rs 1,200 Hence, he must sell it for Rs 1,200 to gain 25%. Example 6. By selling an article for Rs 144, a man loses 2th of his outlay. If it is sold for Re 189, what is the gain or loss per cent? Solution: Let C.P. of the article = Rs 100 Loss = 3 of Rs 100 = Rs 2 So, selling price = C-P. — Loss = Rs 100 - Rs m = Rs = If the S.P. of the article is Rs S. then GP. = Rs 100 If the S.P. of the article is Re 1, then C.P. = Rs ext Rg L00x7x144 600 = Rs 168 If the S.P. of the article is Rs 144, then C.P. = Now, S.P. of the article= Rs 189 and C.P. of the article= Rs 168PROFIT, LOSS AND DISCOUNT 193 Profit = S.P. - C.P. = Rs 189 - Rs 168 = Rs 21 Profit Profit % = “cp, *10% = 21x 100% = 125%, 168 Mixed Problems Example 7. If the cost price of 10 chairs is equal to the selling price of 16 chairs. Find the gain or loss per cent. Solution: Let C.P. of 1 chair = Re 1 * C.P. of 10 chairs = Rs 10 and C.P. of 16 chairs = Rs 16 It is given that S.P. of 16 chairs = C.P. of 10 chairs = Rs 10 o S.P. of 16 chairs = Rs 10 and C-P. of 16 chairs = Rs 16 Clearly, C.P. > S.P., then Loss = C.P. - S.P. = Rs 16 - Rs 10 = Rs 6 Loss 6 Now, Loss % = (Tees «100 = (S100) = 37.5% Example 8. Mohan bought 20 dining tables for Rs 12,000 and sold them at a profit equal to the S.P. of four dining tables. Find the S.P. of 1 table. Solution: Let S.P. of 1 table = Re 1 S.P. of 4 tables = Rs 4 and SP. of 20 tables = Rs 20 Now, S.P. of 20 tables = Rs 20 and profit = Rs 4 then C.P. of 20 tables = S.P. ~ Profit = Rs 20 - Rs 4 = Rs 16 4 Profit % = (4x10) = 25% Now, at 25% profit: SP. of 20 tables = 29*?5 .R512,000 = Rs 175 x12,000 100 100 = Rs 15,000 Hence, SVP. of 1 table = Rs ae = Rs 750. Example 9. Dinesh sold his motorcycle to Naveen at a loss of 28%. Naveen spends Rs 1680 on its repair and sold the motorcycle to Saran for Rs 35910, thereby making a profit of 12.5%. Find the cost price of the motorcycle to Dinesh.194 MATHEMATICS VIL Solution: Naveen sold the motorcycle to Saran for Rs 35910 at a profit of 12.5%. <. Cost price of motorcycle (including the repair cost) to Naveen 100 100 = Rs (1 __x35910) = Rs 35910) = Rs (rae ) ae 210) 31920 Repairing cost of the motorcycle = Rs 1680 <. C.P. of motorcycle to Naveen = Rs $1920 — Rs 1680 = Rs 30,240 So, Dinesh sold the motorcycle for Rs 30,240 at a loss of 28%. Thus, cost price of motorcycle to Dinesh 1 e ( Rs 90,210) = Rs (2 xa0240] = Rs 42000 100-28 72 Hence, Dinesh purchased the motorcycle for Rs 42,000. Example 10. A tricycle is sold at a profit of 16%. Had it been sold for Rs 10 more, the profit would have been 20%? Find the C.P. Solution: Let C.P. of the tricycle be Rs 100. At 16% profit: SP. of the tricycle = Rs ( At 20% profit: S.P. of the tricycle = Rs ( 20018 300) = Rs 116 100 200+20 100) = Re 120 100 Difference between two S.P.s = Rs 120 - Rs 116= Rs 4 When difference between two S.P.s is Rs 4, then C.P.= Rs 100 When difference between two SP.s is Re 1, then GP.= Rs aa ‘When difference between two S.P.s is Rs 10, then C.P.= Rs Boxe = Rs 250 Hence, C.P. of the tricycle is Rs 250. Example 11. A fruit seller purchased 120 bananas at 3 a rupee and 120 more at 5 a rupee. On transportation, 40 bananas were spoiled. He sold the remaining bananas at 4 a rupee. Find his profit or loss per cent. Solution: CP. of Ist category of 3 bananas = Re 1 ©. C.P. of Ist category of 120 bananas = Rs dx120 = Rs 40PROFIT, LOSS AND DISCOUNT 195 C.P. of 2nd category of 5 bananas = Re 1 -. C.P. of 2nd category of 120 bananas= Rs Exiz0 = Rs 24 So, total C.P. = Rs 40 + Rs 24 = Rs 64 Total number of bananas = (120 + 120) = 240 Number of spoiled bananas = 40 .. Number of bananas which are good = 240 - 40 = 200 SP. of 4 bananas = Re 1 S.P. of 200 bananas = Rs Fx200 = Rs 50 Clearly, total S.P. < total CP. [- Rs 50 < Rs 64] So, Loss = C.P. - SP. . = Rs 64 — Rs 50 = Rs 14 Loss %= 1° 100% = (24 100} = ale Total C.P. 64 Hence, there is a loss of ait. EXERCISE 14.1 LD 1. Fill in the blanks: S.No] CP. SP. Profit Profit% | Loss Loss% @ | Rs100 Bs 120 Gi) | Rs80 Rs 68 Gi) Rs 162 8% @) Rs 99 i 10% ® Rs62.50 | 25% w) Rs9 5% (ii) Rs 211.50 Rs 13.50 (viii) | Rs 800 4.5% () | Rs 75 Rs 67.50 (x) | Rs80 8%196 10. 1 A shopkeeper buys a cooler for Rs 1250 and sells it for Rs 1375. Find his profit per cent. Renu bought a saree for Rs 1240 and sold it for Rs 1147. Find her loss per cent. Ifa person sells an article for Rs 432, gaining z th of its C.P. Find the gain per cent. Acertain number of articles are bought at3 for Rs 150 and all of them are sold at 4 for Rs 180. Find the loss or gain per cent. The cost price of an article is Rs 1200 and selling price is 5 nen of its cost price. Find: @ selling price of the article, (i) profit or loss per cont. ATTY. set is sold for Rs 6,800 at 2 loss of 15%. Find: @ cost price of the T.V. set, (i) new selling price of it, in order to gain 12%, A shopkeeper bought a fridge for Rs 19,000. He paid Rs 100 for its cartage. He sold it at a gain of 10%. What is the shopkeeper's profit? Aman buyslemons at 4 for Rs 3 and sell them at 5 for Rs 4. How much per cent gain or loss does he make? ‘The cost price of 18 chairs is equal tothe selling price of 16 chairs. Find the gain or loss per cent. co 12, 13. 14, 15. 16. 1. 18, MATHEMATICS Vit By selling 8 dozen pencils, a shopkeeper gains the selling price of one dozen pencils, Find his gain per cent. By selling 36 bananas a vendor suffers a loss equal to the selling price of 4 bananas. Find his loss per cent. By selling an exhaust fan for Rs 1470, a 1 man gains & thofits cost price. Find its cost price. Mangoes are bought at 20 for Rs 60. I they are sold at 383% profit, fin: @ selling price of each mango, Gi) SP. of 8 mangoes. By selling an article for Rs 825, a man loses equal to ; of its selling price. Find: @ cost price of the article, (i) if S.P. of the article is Rs 1265, find profit or loss per cont. ‘A dealer sold a sewing machine for Rs 1080 at a loss of 10%. At what price should he have sold it so as to gain 10% on it? Lemonsareboughtat 11 forRs 10 and sold at 10 for Re 11, What is thegain per cent? By selling 90 ball pens for Rs 160, a person loses 20%. How many ball pens should be sold for Rs 96 so as to have a profit of 20%? @ Profit = Rs 20, Profit% (i) Loss = Rs 12, Loss% (ii) C.P. = Rs 150, Profit = Rs 12 @w) C.P. = Rs 110, Loss = Rs 11 (v) C.P. = Rs 250, 8. Rs 312.50 (i) C.P. = Rs 180, S.P. = Rs 171PROFIT, LOSS AND DISCOUNT 197 (vit) CP. = Rs 225, Loss% = 6% 2 . (viii) SP. = Rs 764, Loss = Rs 36 & Rete & 957. gain (ix) Loss = Rs 7.50, Loss% = 10% 10. 12.5% gain 11. 14.28% (x) S.P. = Rs 73.60, Loss = Rs 6.40 12. 10% 13. Rs 1260 2. 10% 3. 7.5% 14. @ Rs 4 (ii) Rs 32 4. 20% 5. Loss = 10% 15. () Rs 1100 Gi) 15% profit 6. @ Rs 1500 (ii) P = 25% 16. Rs 1320 7. @ Rs 8000 (ii) Rs 8960 17. 21% 18, 36 DISCOUNT List Price or Marked Price (M.P.): The price which is written on an article is called marked price and the price which is printed in the price list is called the list price. Discount: The rebate or reduction on the marked price of an article is called discount. Net Selling Price: The price at which an article is sold after allowing a discount is called net selling price. Note: Discount is always reckoned on the marked price. Formulae Discount = Marked Price x Discount Selling Price = Marked Price — Discount ; Discount Discount % = | ——————__ x 100 wes Price * ) 100 - Diseount% 100 Selling Price = x Marked Price ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1. A shopkeeper marks a washing machine at Rs 8,500 and sells it for Rs 7,905, Find: @ the amount of discount, (ii) discount per cent.198 MATHEMATICS VIL Solution: M.P. of washing machine = Rs 8,500 and SP. = Rs 7,905 (i) Amount of discount = M.P. — $.P. = Rs 8,500 - Rs 7,905 = Rs 595 fA Ba Discount 595 (ii) Discount per cent = SET x100% = Example 2. A dealer marks his motorcycle at Rs 42,500. But he sells it at 7.5% discount. Find the selling price of the motorcycle. x100% = 7%. Solution: MP. = Rs 42,500 and discount = 7.5% sp, = 00-D% up. 100 = 100-75 , Rs 42,500 = Rs 225. x 42,500 100 100 = Rs 39,312.50. Example 8. Afier allowing a discount of 16%, an article is sold for Rs 15,120. What was the marked price of the article? Solution: S.P. of the article'= Rs 15,120 and discount = 16% «. MP. of the article = x SP. 100 100-D% _ _100 _ pg 10015,120 = 7o9 -16 *R# 15.120 = Rs “7 Example 4. A shopkeeper bought an almirah for Rs 4,500. He marked its price 30% above the cosi\and allowed 20% discount. Find: (i) Marked price of the almirah. (ii) Discount given to the customer. iii) Selling price of the almirah. (iv) Profit per cent made by the shopkeeper. Solution: C.P. of the almirah = Rs 4,500, discount = 20% . ‘ 100 +30 130 ©. MLP. of almirah = ———x Rs 4,500 = ——x4, = . @) 100 x , Rs 700* ,500 = Rs 5,850. (ii) Discount = D% up. iQ 100 = Rs 18,000. 20 “Too * Rs 5,850 = Rs 1,170. (ii) S.P. of the almirah = MP. — Discount = Rs 5,850 — Rs 1,170 = Rs 4,680. Gv) Profit = S.P. — C.P.= Rs. 4,680 — Rs 4,500 = Rs 180 Profit% = P< 190% = 18 x100% = 4%. x = cP. 4500PROFIT, LOSS AND DISCOUNT 199 oP EXERCISE 14.2 1, Adealer marks a T.V. set at Rs 12,000 but agrees to give a discount of 15%. Find the selling price of the T.V. set. 2. A shopkeeper marks the price of an article at Rs 1,280. If he gives 5% discount, find the selling price of the article. 3. A toy marked at Rs 155 is sold for Rs 124, Find discount per cent. 4, Apair of shoes is marked at Rs 450, are sold at a discount of 12%. Find: (@ amount of discount, i) selling price of the shoes. 5. A mathematics book is available at 15% discount, Find the selling price of the book if the list price is Rs 240. 6. A shopkeeper purchased an article for Rs 500. He marks the price 20% above the CP. and then allowed a discount of 10% on the M.P. Find: @ MP. of the article, 7. Find the marked price of a sofa set, if it is sold for Rs 10,350 after giving a discount of 10%. 8. A dealer wants to make a profit of 40% after allowing a discount of 20% on marked price. What per cent above the cost prico he should mark the prico? 9. The marked price of a ceiling fan is Rs 920. During the off season, it is sold for Rs 874, What per cent discount is allowed? 10. If at 8% discount, the discount on a certain article is Rs 48, Find the selling price and marked price of the article. 11. A dealer buys a T.V. set for Rs 12,500. He marks it at Rs 16,000 and then gives a discount of 10% on it. Find: @ selling price of the T\V., (@ amount of discount, (ii) profit and profit per cent made by Gi) discount given by the shopkeeper, the dealer. iii) selling price of the article, (iv) profit per cent made by the shop- keeper. ANSWERS 1. Rs 10,200 2 Rs 1,216 7. Rs 11,500 8. 75% 3. 20% 9. 5% 4. @ Rs 54 @ Rs 396 10. S.P. = Rs 552, MP. = Rs 600 5. Rs 204 11. @ Rs 14,400 ii)‘ Rs 1,600 6 (i) Rs 600 (i) Rs 60 (iii) Re 1,900, 15.2% (iii) Rs 540 (iv) 8%200 . Net Selling Price: ). Discount = Marked Price x MATHEMATICS VIL AT A GLANCE . Cost Price: The price at which an article is purchased, is called the cost price of the article. The short form (abbreviation) of cost price is C.P. . Selling Price: The price at which the article is sold, is called the selling price. The short form (abbreviation) of selling price is S.P. . Gain (Profit): If the selling price (S.P.) of an article is more than the cost price, then the difference between the selling price and the cost price is called profit. Thus, if SP. > C.P., then profit = S.P. - CP. Loss: If the selling price (S.P.) of an article is less than the cost price (C.P.), then the difference between the cost price and the selling price is called loss, Thus, if SP. < CP, then loss = C.P. - SP. Profit Loss Profit % = E100 and Loss % = GE" x 100 Profit = Profit® op and Loss = 8% yop, 100 100 At certain profit% 100 + Profit % 100 sp, = 100+Proft® op, andor. - — 1 ___xsp. I = 100 + Profit% At certain loss% 100 - Loss% 100 Pp, = 0 boss® .op. P= — 7 _ xsp. s. Foe XP. and OP. = Te xSP. List Price or Marked Price (M.P.): The price which is written on an article or printed in the price list is called the list price. Discount: The rebate or reduction on the marked price of an article is called discount. The price at which an article is sold after allowing a discount is called net selling price. Discount % 100 Selling Price = Marked Price — Discount. Discount Marked Price Selling Price = 100- Pisepunt % x Marked Price Dino = ( a0 o00SIMPLE INTEREST INTRODUCTION Sometimes to meet big expenditure people need a big amount of money, which they borrow from bank, private money lender, financial institutions etc. They promise to pay it back after a specified period of time. At the end of this period, they have to pay the money borrowed including some extra money instead of using another person's money. This extra money is known as interest. Let us learn some important terms and formulae. IMPORTANT TERMS AND FORMULAE Principal (P): The money borrawed hy borrower from money lender is known as principal. Interest (I): The extra money paid by the borrower to the money lender with principal is known as interest. Amount (A): The total money paid by the borrower is known as amount. Thus, Amount = Principal + Interest Time (1): The period for which the money borrowed is known as time or time period. Rate (R): The interest paid for Re 100 for one year is called rate of interest. The rate is denoted by r% or R%. Simple Interest (8.1): If interest is calculated uniformly on the original principal throughout the loan period is called simple interest. The original principal is the principal for every year. For calculating simple interest, we use the following formula: Let P = Principal, A = Rate% and T = Time, then PRT202 MATHEMATICS VIL . SI.x100 S1.x100 S.1.x100 and () P = @R= Se DT = ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Finding of Amount and Interest Example 1. Find the simple interest on Rs 5,500 for 3 years at 6% per annum. Also, find the amount. Solution: Here, P= Rs 5,500, R = 6% p.a. and T = 3 years PRT _ pq 5.500x6x3 100 100 and Amount = Principal + Interest = Rs 5,500 + Rs 990 = Rs 6,490. Simple Interest = = Rs 990 Example 2. Santa borrowed Rs 12,000 from State Bank of India for 3 years 8 months at 12% per annum. What amount will clear off her debt? Solution: Here, P = Rs 12,000, R = 12% p.a. and T = 3 years 8 months . (a 5) years = 3% years = + years 12 8 3 PRT Rs 12,000 x12x11 100 3x100 and Amount = P + I = Rs 12,000 + Rs 5,280 = Rs 17,280 Hence, Rs 17,280 will clear her debts. -. Simple Interest = = Rs 5,280 Example 3. Find simple interest on Rs 8,000 from 12 October 2007 to 6 March 2008 at 8% per annum. Solution: Here, P = Rs 8,000 and R = 8% pa. For counting time, we do not count the day on which the money was deposited, but we count the day of withdrawal. Thus, we have the number of days as follows: Oct Nov Dee Jan Feb Mar 19 + 30 * 31 + 31 + 29 + 6 = 146 days Time = 448 year = 2 year. 365 5SIMPLE INTEREST 203 PRI 8000x8 x2 So, SL= SX = Rs Sopzg— 7 Rs 256 Note: (i) In example 3, number of days in October = (31-12) = 19 and number of days in February is 29 sinco 2008 is a leap year. (i) To convert number of days into year, we divide the number of days by 365, even if the year under consideration isa leap year. Example 4. Akash borrowed Rs 45,000 from a money lender at 16% per annum simple interest. Afier 3 years, he paid Re 30,600 and gave a buffalo to clear the debt. What is the cost of the buffalo? Solution: Here, P = Rs 45,000, R = 16% p.a. and T = 3 years SI. = Re 45:000%16%3 100 So, Amount = Principal + Interest = Rs 45,000 + Rs 21,600 = Rs 66,600 ‘Money paid by the Akash = Re 30,600 Cost of buffalo = Amount — Money paid = Rs 66,600 - Rs 30,600 = Rs 36,000. = Rs 21,600 Finding of Principal Example 5. The simple interest on a certain sum for 3 years at 10% per annum is Rs 829.50. Find the sum. Solution: Here, SL = Rs 829.50, R = 10% p.a. and T = 3 years Let principal be P. S.Lx100 829.50x100 Rxt = 88 qoxg = Rs 2,765 Hence, principal is Rs 2,765. Example 6. A sum of money invested at 8% per annum amounts to Rs 12,122 in 2 years. Find the sum. Solution: Let the sum invested be P. Also, R = 8% p.a., T = 2 years sg = Px8x2 _ 4P "100 25 4P _ 29P A=P4+I= P+— = — 25 25204 MATHEMATICS VIL Given that A= Rs 12,122 29P ——s= 12,122 ag, ee ey P= Rs 1212225 _ Ry 10,450. 29 Alternative Method Let principal be Rs 100, then 100 x8x2 I= ——— = 1 SI. = Rs 700 Rs 16 Amount = Rs 100 + Rs 16 = Rs 116. When amount is Rs 116, then principal = Rs 100 When amount is Re 1, then principal = Rs Fs When amount is Rs 12,129, then principal = Rs eee = Rs 10,450. Finding of Rate of Interest Example 7. Ai what rate per cent per annum will Rs 3,600 amounts to Rs 4,734 in at years? Solution: Here, A = Rs 4,734, P = Rs 3,600 and T' = ak years = z years Now, S.I.= A - P = Rs 4,734 ~ Rs 3,600 = Rs 1,134 Let rate of interest be R%, then pq S1x100 _ 1184x100%2 “ PxT ~ 3600x7 Hence, rate of interest is 9%. Example 8, At what rate per cent will a sum of money be treble itself in pi years? Solution: Let principal be Rs 100, then amount is Rs 300. So, SL. =A - P = Rs 300 - Rs 100 = Rs 200 and T= wh years = 2 yearsSIMPLE INTEREST 205 I.x100 _ 200x100 _ 200x100x2 - oe = 16 PxT “100 R 25 10025 2 Hence, rate of interest is 16%. Finding of Time Period Example 9. In what time will Rs 5,600 amounts to Rs 6,720 at 8% per annum? Solution: Here, P= Rs 5,600, A = Rs 6,720 and R = 8% per annum a S.L= A - P = Rs 6,720 — Rs 5,600 = Rs 1,120 Let required time be T. S.I.x100 1120x100 5 1 =e = hoopne =p Years = 25 years, Example 10. At what time will the interest be z of the principal at 12% per annum? Solution: Let the principal be Rs 100. Then, simple interest = Bars 100 = Rs 60 and rate of interest = 12% _ S.1Lx100 _ 60x100 ~PxR ~ 100x129 YO" = 8 years. Miscellaneous Examples Example 11. Find the sum which when lent at the rate of 8% per annum for 9 months will give the same simple interest as Rs 2,000 lent at 9% per annum for 2 years. Solution: In second case, we have P= Rs 2,000, R = 9% p.a. and T = 2 years. SL.= Re 2000x9x2 _ p. 360, 100 Now, we are to find the principal for first case, where 8.1. = Rs 360, R = 8% pa. and T = 9 months = 3 ea 360x100 _ p,, 360x100 paRs 8x3 4 = Rs 6,000 Bx 4 Hence, the required sum is Rs 6,000.206 MATHEMATICS Vil Example 12. A sum of money lent at simple interest amounts to Rs 4,745 in 8 years and to Rs 5,475 in 5 years. Find the sum and rate per cent per annum. Solution: We have, Amount in 5 years = Rs 5,475 = Principal + 5 years interest = Rs 5,475 i) Amount in 3 years = Rs 4,745 = Principal + 3 years interest = Re 4,745 On subtracting, we get SI. for 2 years = Rs 730 . = SI. for 3 yoars= Rs [20 (780 x3] = Rs 1,095 Now, amount in 3 years = Rs zs and SI. for 3 years = Rs 1,095 Principal = Rs (4745 — 1095) = Rs 3,650 Thus, P = Rs 3,650, 7'= 3 years and SJ. = Rs 1,095 | p= SEx100 _ 1095x100 _ | Hence, sum is Rs 3,650 and rate is 10% p.a. Example 13. A man invested Rs 4,000 at 6% and Rs 3,000 at 4%. After certain time he found that the sum of the interests in two investments is Rs 1,800. Find the duration of the investment. Solution: Let the duration of investments be ¢ years. <. Interest on Rs 4,000 at 6% p.o. for ¢ years 4,000x6xt = Rs ~——— _ = Rs 240 ¢ 100 and interest on Rs 3,000 at 4% for ¢ years 3,000x4 xt Rs ——————- = Rs 120 t 100 Given that sum of two interests = Rs 1,800 240 ¢ + 120 ¢ = 1,800 > 360 += 1,800 > 7 = 180 _ 5 360 Hence, duration of investment is 5 years.SIMPLE INTEREST 207 1, Find the simple interest, when: @ Principal = Rs 7,200, rate = 5% p.a. and time = 2 years (ii) Principal = Rs 9,000, rate = 7.2% p.a. and time = ak years (iii) Principal = Rs 18,000, rate = 4.5% p.a. and time = 9 months iv) Principal =Rs 25,000, rate = 54% p.a.and time = 219 days 2, Find the principal, when: @ S.L = Rs 720, rate = 8% p.a. and time = 5 years Gi) S.I. = Rs 210, rate = 5% and time 19 days (ii) $.1. = Rs 10.50, rate = 2% pa. and time = 2 years 4 months. 3, Find the rate, when: @ Principal =Rs 6,400, S.1. = Rs 1,152 and time = 4 years (a) Principal = Rs 3,157.50, S.I. = Rs 1,263 and time = 4 years (iii) Principal = Rs 5,200, S.I. = Rs 975. and time = 22. years. 4, Find the time, when: (@ Principal =Rs9,450, SL and rate =8% (i) Principal =Rs 8,000, S.1. = Rs 1,024 and rate = 16% (ii) Principal =Rs 6,400, 8.1. = Rs 1,008 and rate = 4.5% 5. On what sum of money does the 8.1. for 10 years, at 5% become Rs 1,600? 6. Om Prakash invests Rs 30,000 at the rate of 8% p.a. Find the annual income. Rs 1,890 7. Monika deposits Rs 5,000 in a bank which pays interest at the rate of 6% per annum, Find her annual income. 8. Yogesh borrowed a sum from a bank for buying a autorickshaw. After 3 years, he paid Rs 55,800 and settled the accounts. If the rate of interest is 8% per annum, what sum did he borrow? 9. A sum of money invested at 11% per annum amounts to Rs 4,491 in 2 years 3 months, What will it amount to in 3 years at the same rate? 10. In what time will Rs 1,860 amounts to Rs 2,348.25, if simple interest is calculated at Tis per annum? 11, At what rate per cent per annum will a sum treble in 16 years? 12. Raj Kumar invested Rs 25,000 at 93% for the period from 7 March 2008 to 12 October 2008. How much amount did he get back at the end of the period? 13. A sum of money doubles itself in 10 years. In how many years it will be treble itself? 14, The rate of interest in the monthly income scheme of a post office is 9% per annum. How much should a man invest in this scheme toget Rs 750 as monthly interest? 15. Rs 640 amounts to Rs 768 in 2b years, What will Rs 1,800 amount to in 3 years at the same rate per cent per annum? 16. Roma lent Rs 3,000 to Kamal and Rs 1,800 to Asha for 3 years. The rate she charges from Asha is 2% more what she charges from Kamal. If the total interest received from both is Rs 1,836. Find the two rates of interest.208 MATHEMATICS VII 17. Asum of money lent at simple interest 19. The simple interest on a sum of money amounts to Rs 3,224 in 2 years and for 3 years at 11% per annum is less Rs 4,160 in 5 years. Find the sum and than the simple interest on the same the rate of interest. sum for 4 years at 10% per annum by 18. A sum of money invested at 5% per Rs 574. Find the sum. annum amounts to Rs 2,275 in 6 years, 20. If the interest. on Rs 4,000 for 4 years How much would it amount to in exceeds the interest on Rs 5,000 for 16 years at 6.25% per annum? 3 years by Rs 50, find the rate of interest. ANSWERS 1. @ Rs 720 (ii) Rs 2,268 5. Rs 3,200 6. Rs 2,400 7. Rs 300 (iii) Rs 607.50 (iv) Rs 825 1 2 @ Rs 1,800 (i) Rs 7,000 8. Rs 45,000 9. Rs 4,788 10. 35 years (iti) Rs 100 1 3. @ 4.5% (ii) 10% (iii) 7.5% 1. R5% 12. Rs 26,425 4. 24 years Gi) 292 days 13, 20 years 14 Rs 100,000 2 15. Rs 2,232 16. 12%, 14% Go 32 ye 17. Rs 2,600, 12% p.a_ 18. Rs 3,500 Bi) 35 years 19. Rs 8,200 20. 5% ha AT A GLANCE 1. Principal (P): The money borrowed by borrower from money lender is known as principal. 2. Interest (I): The extra money paid by the borrower to the money lender with principal is known as interest. 3. Amount (A): The total money paid by the borrower is known as amount. Thus, Amount = Principal + Interest 4, Time (7): The period for which the money borrowed is known as time or time period. 5, Rate (R): The interest paid for Rs 100 for one year is called rate of interest. The rate is denoted by r% or R%. 6. Simple Interest (S.L): If interest is calculated uniformly on the original principal throughout the loan period is called simple interest. 7. For calculating simple interest, we use the following formula: Let P = Principal, R = Rate% and T= Time. Then S.L = a SLx100 ,.,_S1x100 ._ S..x100 and (i) P= RxT Gi) R= PxT ii) T= PxR Qo00AVERAGE INTRODUCTION In our day-to-day life, we often use the word average. Average is also known as mean or arithmetic mean. In this chapter, we shall learn the meaning of average and the method of calculating average. Suppose, a student scored the marks in different subjects in a monthly test out of 25 marks are as follows: Mathematics = 22; Science = 20; Social studies = 20; English = 18; and Hindi = 19. Then his total marks in 5 subjects = 22 + 20 + 20 + 18 + 19 = 99. Now, if we distribute these marks equally in all subjects, then marks in each subject = 2. ie., 19.8, then also his total marks = 19.8 x 5 = 99. Here, 19.8 is the average marks in the five subjects. Thus, we can define arithmetic mean or average as follows: Arithmetic mean or average of a set of observations (quantities) is equal to their sum divided by thé total number of observations. Sum of observations Thus, A Pn acl lacie ne verage = Number of observations ie, Sum of observations = No. of observations x Average Note: (i) The quantities (observations), whose average is to be determined, should be in the same unit. ii) The unit of average is the same as the unit of given quantities. Examples. 6+8+10+12 36 (i) Average of 6, 8, 10 and 12 = Fagg ne ta 9. (i) If the average age of 6 students is 18 years, then sum of their ages = 13 x 6 years = 78 years. Total distance Note: Average speed = Be Spee Total time 209aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.