Protection Coordination

Serge Beauzile
Chair IEEE FWCS
Ch i Power
Chair
P
&E
Energy S
Society
i t
[email protected]
June, 10,
June
10 2014
8:30 -12:30
Florida Electric Cooperatives Association
Clearwater, Florida

Seminar Objective
Distribution Circuit Protection
Fuse to Fuse Coordination
Recloser to Fuse Coordination
Breaker to Recloser Coordination

Transmission Line Protection

Distance Protection
Pilot Protection Schemes
Current Differential Protection

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June 2014

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Art & Science of System Protection

Not an exact science, coordination
schemes will vary based on:
Company Philosophy
Protection engineer preference
System requirements

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C
Coordinating
di ti D
Devices
i
Basic concept: All protective devices are able to
detect a fault do so at the same instant.
If each
h device
d i that
th t sensed
d a fault
f lt operated
t d
simultaneously, large portions of the system
g
every
y time a fault needed
would be de-energized
to be cleared. This is unacceptable.
A properly designed scheme will incorporate time
delays into the protection system, allowing
certain devices to operate before others.
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C
Coordinating
di ti D
Devices
i
Timing of device operation is verified using timetime
current characteristics or TCCs device
response curves plotted on log-log graph paper.
Devices have inverse TCCs. They operate quickly for
g magnitude
g
overcurrents,, and more slowly
y
large
for lower-magnitude overcurrents.
Operating time is plotted on the vertical axis,
axis and
current magnitude is plotted on the horizontal
scale.
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C
Coordinating
di ti D
Devices
i
Four different TCCs
are shown
h
on the
th
left. Device D is
the fastest to
operate, and device
A is the slowest.

100

.25
25 sec

0.1

For a given current

value, the operating
ti
time
can be
b found.
f
d

B
C
D

3 kA

100,000

1000

100

10

0.01
10,000

Time in Seconds

10

Current in Amperes

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Coordinating
g Devices
In this example,
Device A is clearly
l
l
faster than Device B
for low ((400-700 A))
fault currents.

100

Uncertain
Coordination

0.1
A

100,000
1

10,000

1000

100

0.01
10

Time in Seconds

10

Device B is clearly
faster for high
(>1000 A) fault
currents,
t but
b t iin the
th
700-1000 A region,
g is uncertain.
timing

Current in Amperes

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Coordinating Devices
Expulsion Fuse to Expulsion Fuse
100

Minimum Melt
Average Melt + tolerance

Time in Seconds

10

Total Clear

Average Melt + tolerance

+ arcing time

0.1

Curves are developed at 25C

With no preloading
10
00,000

10,000

1000

100

10

0.01

Current in Amperes

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Coordinating Devices
Expulsion Fuse to Expulsion Fuse
100

In this example, the red

TCCs represent the
downstream (protecting)
fuse, and the blue TCCs
represent the upstream
(protected) fuse.

The protected fuse

should not be damaged
by
y a fault in the
protecting fuses zone of
protection.

0.1

100,,000

10,,000

1000
1

100

0.01
10

Time in Seconds

10

Current in Amperes

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Coordinating Devices
Expulsion Fuse to Expulsion Fuse
100

Four factors need to be

considered:
10

2. Ambient
temperature.
p

3. Preloading effects.

0.1

4. Predamage effects.
100
0,000

10
0,000

1000
1

100

0.01
10

Time in Seconds

1. Tolerances.

Current in Amperes

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Coordinating Devices
Expulsion Fuse to Expulsion Fuse
100

Consideration of these
four factors can be
quite involved.
Practically, the 75%
Method can be used:
the maximum clearing
g
time of the protecting
link shall be no more
than 75% of the
minimum melting time
of the protected link.

0.1

Current in Amperes

IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination

100,000

10,000

1000
1

100

0.01
10

Time in Seconds

10

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Coordinating Devices
Expulsion Fuse to Expulsion Fuse
100

Minimum melting time of

protected link at 5 kA is
0.3 seconds.
Total clearing time of the
protecting link at 5 kA is
0.22 seconds.

0.22 < 0.3 75% = 0.225,

so coordination is
assured for current
magnitudes 5 kA.

0.1

Current in Amperes

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100
0,000

10
0,000

1000

100

0.01
10

Time in Seconds

10

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Utility
y Distribution Feeders
Multiple Feeder Segments
Segments are defined as sectionalizable pieces of a
feeder that can be automatically or manually
separated from the rest of the feeder.
feeder
Segments are delineated by reclosers, fuses,
sectionalizers or switches.
switches
Two primary concerns: number of customers per
segment and
d time to isolate
l
segment.

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Utility
y Distribution Feeders
Number of Customers per Segment
The number of customers per segment has a major
impact on reliability indices.
As the number of segments per feeder increases,
reliability
y can also be adversely
y impacted,
p
and
construction cost will increase.
A optimum
An
ti
point
i t mustt b
be sought
ht tto d
determine
t
i th
the
best segment size.
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Utility Distribution Feeders

Present and Future Load Requirements
Even the best load forecasts are full of errors.
You must continuously monitor your fuse
coordination due changes in the load.
It is impossible to predict everything, so versatility is
the key.

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Coordination Goal

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1.

Maximum Sensitivity.

2.

Maximum Speed.

3.

Maximum Security.

4.

Maximum Selectivity.

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Basic Coordination Strategy

gy

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1.

Establish a coordination
pairs.

2.

Determine maximum load

of each segment and the
pickup of all delayed
overcurrent devices.

3.

Determine the pickup

current of all instantaneous
overcurrent devices, based
on short-circuit studies.

4
4.

Determine
D
t
i remaining
i i
overcurrent device
characteristics starting
g to
from the load and moving
the source.

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Fuse Peak Load Capability

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Fuse Blow Vs. Fuse Save

Fuse Blow
Eliminates Instantaneous trip of the breaker or recloser
(1st) by having the fuse blow for all permanent and
temporary faults.
Minimizes momentary interruptions and increases SAIDI.
SAIDI
Improves power quality but decreases reliability.

Fuse Save
Minimizes customer interruption time by attempting to
open the breaker or recloser faster than it takes to melt the
fuse.
fuse
This saves the fuse and allows a simple momentary
interruption.
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Fuse Blow

FUSE is BLOWN

Lateral experiences
sustained interruption

30

Fuse Blow
Used primarily to minimize momentary
interruptions (reduces MAIFI)
Increases interruption duration (SAIDI)
Very successful in high short circuit areas
More suitable for industrial type
customers having very sensitive loads

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Fuse Save
Entire Feeder trips
Momentary occurs

FUSE is SAVED
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Fuse Save

Minimize customer interruption time

Reduce SAIDI
Increase MAIFI
May not work in high short circuit areas
Work well in most areas
Not suitable for certain industrial
customers that cannot tolerate immediate
reclosing
Works best for residential and small
commercial customers
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33

Both ((Fuse Save & Fuse Blow))

Many utilities use both schemes for a variety of
reasons
Fuse Blow for high short circuit current areas
and Fuse Save where it will work.
Fuse Save on overhead and Fuse Blow on
underground taps.
Fuse Save on rural and Fuse Blow on urban
Fuse Save on stormy days and Fuse Blow on nice
days.
Fuse
F
Save
S
on some circuits
i
it and
d Fuse
F
Blow
Bl
on
others depending on customer desires

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Fast Bus Trip

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SEL-351S
SEL
351S
Protection and Breaker Control
Relay

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Modern Microprocessor Relay

Protection and Breaker Control Relay

Extremely versatile, many applications

Most commonly used on distribution feeders
Communicates with EMS system (DNP 3.0 Protocol)
Key element of Substation Integration
Provides many traditional features
Provides new capabilities

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SEL-351S
Protection and Breaker Control Relay
Protection Features:
P f
Performs
att lleastt 18 different
diff
t protection
t ti functions.
f
ti

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SEL-351S
Protection and Breaker Control Relay
Protection Features:
B U
Bus
Undervoltage
d
lt
(27)
Phase Overvoltage (59P)
G
Ground
d Overvoltage
O
lt
(59G)
Sequence Overvoltage (59Q)
O
Overfrequency
f
(81O)
Underfrequency (81U)
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Modern Microprocessor Relay

Protection and Breaker Control Relay
Protection Features (continued):
Ph
Phase
Di
Directional
ti
l Overcurrent
O
t (67P)
Ground Directional Overcurrent (67G)
S
Sequence
Di
Directional
ti
l Overcurrent
O
t (67Q)
Instantaneous Phase Overcurrent (50P)
I t t
Instantaneous
Ground
G
d Overcurrent
O
t (50G)
Instantaneous Sequence Overcurrent
(50Q)
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SEL-351S
Protection and Breaker Control Relay
Protection Features (continued):
Ti
Time
Ph
Phase Overcurrent
O
t (51P)
Time Ground Overcurrent (51G)
Ti
Time
S
Sequence Overcurrent
O
t (51Q)
Directional Neutral Overcurrent (67N)
I t t
Instantaneous
N t l Overcurrent
Neutral
O
t (50N)
Time Neutral Overcurrent (51N)
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SEL-351S
Protection and Breaker Control Relay
Breaker Control Features:
S
Synchronism
h
i
Ch
Check
k (25)
Automatic Circuit Reclosing (79)
TRIP/CLOSE Pushbuttons
Enable/Disable Reclosing
Enable/Disable Supervisory Control

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SEL-351S
Protection and Breaker Control Relay
Other Features:
E
Event
t Reporting
R
ti and
dR
Recording
di
Breaker Wear Monitor
St ti Battery
Station
B tt
M
Monitor
it
High-Accuracy Metering
F lt Locator
Fault
L
t

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SEL-351S
Protection and Breaker Control Relay

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 Advantages of microprocessor relays

Extremely flexible
Have many different elements (UF, UV, Directionality, etc)
One relay can protect on zone of protection
Inexpensive and require much less maintenance
Alarm if they fails and dont need calibration
Provide fault information
Provide oscillography and SER data
Can provide analog data to SCADA

Disadvantages of microprocessor relays

Can be very complex to program due to given flexibility
Require
R
i more training
t i i to
t Relay
R l T
Technicians
h i i
Require more training to Relay Engineers

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45

Relays
Basic relay settings:
Phase overcurrent elements must be set above maximum
possible loads
Ground overcurrent elements must be set above maximum
anticipated
p
unbalanced loads
Must be coordinated with downstream protective devices
Under Frequency elements must be set according to the
predetermined set point

TAGGING
NORMAL mode 2 reclosing
g attempts
p
WORK mode HOT LINE TAG
COLD mode

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46

Relay Curves
100

10

S
e
c
o
n
d
s

Moderately Inverse

Inverse
Very Inverse
Extremely Inverse

0.1

0.01
0.1

1
10
Multiple of Pick Up

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100

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Very Inverse Curve Time Dial

0.29s

100

In this example
p
Multiple of Pickup = 3.

SECONDS

10

TD=0.5

TD=2
TD=6
TD
6

TD = 0.5
05
TD = 2
TD = 6
TD = 15

Time = 0.3s
0 3s
Time = 1.1s
Time = 3.4s
Time = 7.0s

TD=15
0.1

0.01
0.1

1
10
Multiples Of Pick Up

100

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Very Inverse Curve Time Dial

0.29s

In this example,

100

Pickup
Pi
k = 600 A
A.
Fault Current = 1800 A.

SECONDS

10

TD=0.5

TD=2

T = 0.5
TD
TD = 2
TD = 6
TD = 15

Time = 0.29s
0. 9s
Time = 1.16s
Time = 3.48s
Time = 8.72s

TD=6
TD
6
TD=15
0.1

0.01
0.1

1
10
Multiples Of Pick Up

100

IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination

Pickup = 900 A.
Fault Current = 1800 A.
TD = 0.5
TD = 2
TD = 6
TD = 15
June 2014

Time = 0.69s
Time = 2.78s
Time = 8.33s
Time = 20.8s
20 8s

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Pickup
p Current of Delayed
y Ground OC Devices
Source Side

Backup

Load Side

Primary
Single
g Phase to Ground Fault

IMU<IPU<I MIN Fault

IMU = Maximum Unbalance

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Pickup
p Current of Delayed
y Phase OC Devices
Source Side

IML<IPU<Imin Fault

Load Side

Phase to Phase Fault

IML = Maximum Load

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Typical Pickup Setting

TB > TR + CTI

CTI = Coordination Time Interval (Typically 0.2-0.5sec)

Recloser Ct ratio 600:1

IPU = 1 A
IPU Primary= 600 A

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Breaker Ct ratio 240:1

IPU = 3.75 A
IPU Primary= 900 A

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Trip Logic
TR

= OC + PB9 + 51P1T + 51G1T * (LT6 + LT7) + (50P3 + 50G3) * LT7 + (50P2 + 50G2) * SH1

OC: OPEN COMMAND (SCADA TRIP)

PB9: FRONT PUSH BUTTON
51P1T: PHASE TIME OC ELEMENT
51G1T: GROUND TIME OC ELEMENT
LT6: TAGGING IS IN NORMAL MODE
LT7: TAGGING IS IN WORK MODE
50P2/50P3: PHASE INSTANTANEOUS OC ELEMENT
50G2/50G3: GROUND INSTANTANEOUS OC ELEMENT
SH1: RECLOSING SHOT #1 (FIRST RECLOSE ATTEMPT)
CTR = 600.0
INSTANTANEOUS ENABLED ONLY AFTER FIRST RECLOSE ATTEMPT
50P2P = 2.5 (1500 AMPS PRIMARY)
50G2P = 1.6
1 6 (960 AMPS PRIMARY)
INSTANTANEOUS ENABLED ONLY DURING WORK/HOT LINE TAG
50P3P = 1.35 (810 AMPS PRIMARY)
50G3P = 0
0.50
50 (300 AMPS PRIMARY) NORMAL UNBALANCE GROUND CURRENT ~20 TO 30 AMPS
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SEL-351S
History Summary (HIS Command)
Sample output:

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SEL-351S
Sequence of Events Recording (SER)

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SEL-351S
Metering Data (MET Command)
Sample output - Metering Data (MET):

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SEL-351S
Metering Data (MET Command)
Sample output - Metering Demand (MET D):

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SEL-351S
Metering Data (MET Command)
Sample output - Metering Energy (MET E):

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SEL-351S
Metering Data (MET Command)
Sample output - Metering Max/Min (MET M):

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DifferentialRelays
ProtectionofaDeltaWyeTransformer

IaIIb
A
B
C

IbIc
IcIa

IaIIb

IaIb
IbIc

IbIc

52
IcIa

Ia
Ib
Ic

IcIa

Ia

Ia
Ia I
b

52

Ib

Ib I
c

Ic

a
b
c

Ic
IaIb

IaIb
IbIc
IcIa

Power System Protection

OP
R

IaIb

OP
R

IbIc IbIIc

OP
R

IcIa

-64-

IcIa

Ralph Fehr, Ph.D., P.E. October 28, 2013

DistanceRelays
y
ProtectionFeatures

Fourzonesof distanceprotection
Pilotschemes
Phase/Neutral/GroundTOCs
Phase/Neutral/GroundIOCs
Phase/Neutral/Ground IOCs
Power System Protection

-65-

Ralph Fehr, Ph.D., P.E. October 28, 2013

DistanceRelays
y
ProtectionFeatures continued
NegativesequenceTOC
NegativesequenceIOC
PhasedirectionalOCs
NeutraldirectionalOC
NegativesequencedirectionalOC
Phaseunder andovervoltage
Powerswingblocking
Outofsteptripping
Power System Protection

-66-

Ralph Fehr, Ph.D., P.E. October 28, 2013

DistanceRelays
Control Features
ControlFeatures
BreakerFailure(phase/neutralamps)
B k F il
( h /
t l
)
Synchrocheck
Autoreclosing

Power System Protection

-67-

Ralph Fehr, Ph.D., P.E. October 28, 2013

DistanceRelays
Metering Features
MeteringFeatures
FaultLocator
F lt L t
Oscillography
EventRecorder
DataLogger
Phasors/trueRMS/active,reactive
and apparent power, power factor
andapparentpower,powerfactor

Power System Protection

-68-

Ralph Fehr, Ph.D., P.E. October 28, 2013

DistanceRelays
ZonesofProtection

Zone 2
Zone2

X
3

Zone1
2
1

Line Impedance (Line A)

LineImpedance(LineA)
Zone2

A1
Z
Zone3
3

Bus1

Zone3

Power System Protection

Bus2

NormalLoad
Normal
Load
R
DistanceRelay
atBus1
toprotectLineA

A2
3

Zone1
2

LineA

Zone1 fastest(80%ofline)
Zone2 slower(120%ofline)
Zone3(backwardsUseinPilot
Protectionforcurrent
Reversallogic)
-69-

Ralph Fehr, Ph.D., P.E. October 28, 2013

Zone of Protection
Zone 2
Zone 1
1

t
2

Zone 2

Zone 1
4

Zone 1
Zone 2

Zone 3

Zone 1

Zone 2

Zone 3
Zone 1: Under reaches the remote line end Typically 0.7 Z1L to 0.9 Z1L
With no intentional time delay.
Zone 2:
Z
2 Over
O
reaches
h the
th remote
t line
li end
d Typically
T i ll 1.2
1 2 Z1L
with definite time delay.
Zone 3: Over reaches the longest adjacent line
with
i h definite
d fi i time
i
d
delay
l greater than
h Z
Zone2.
2
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Unconventional Zone 2 & Zone 3 Settings

Zone 2
Zone 1

Long Line

Short Line

Be Mindful when Applying General Rules

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Step Distance Relay Coordination Exercise

Setting the relay at breaker 3 protecting Circuit 2.

Set the Zones of Protection.
The maximum expected load is about 600A.
CTR = 1200:5 or 240:1
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PTR = 600:1
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Distance Relay Coordination Exercise

Circuit 2 & Circuit 5 Impedances

Circuit 3 & Circuit 6 Impedances

Z1 = 35.11 83.97 primary

Z1 = 17.56 83.72 primary

Z0 = 111.58 81.46 primary

Z0 = 53.89 81.56 primary

Circuit 1& Circuit 4 Impedances

Z1 = 35.21 83.72 primary
Z0 = 187.80 81.56 primary
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Distance Relay Coordination Exercise

Zone 1 Reach = 0.8 * (35.11 83.97) primary

Z
Zone
2R
Reach
h=1
1.2
2 * (35.11
35 11 83.97)
83 97) primary
i

Zone 1 Reach = 28.09 83.97) primary

Z
Zone
2R
Reach
h = 42.13
42 13 83.97)
83 97) primary
i

Check Zone 2 reach does not overreach = Circuit 2 Impedance + (Zone 1 of Circuit 3) or (Zone 1of Circuit 6).
General rule = p
protected Circuit Impedance
p
+ Zone 1 of the Shortest Circuit p
past the p
protected circuit.

Check for Zone 2 Overreach = 35.11. + (0.8 * 17.56) = 49.16 primary

Zone 2 Reach = 42.13 < 49.16 no overreach
Zone 4 Reach = (35.11 83.97) + (17.56 83.72) ( primary) Zone 4 Reach = 52.55 83.35) primary
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Primary / Secondary Impedance

Relay Input

75

Relay Input

Zone 1 Reach = 28.09 x 240 = 11.24 secondary

600
Zone 2 Reach = 42.43 x 240 = 16.97 secondary
600
Zone 4 Reach = 28.09 x 240 = 21.02 secondary
600
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Overcurrent Supervision Setting Criteria

Zone 1 Phase Fault detector:

1) Find the lowest fault seen by relay 3
for a remote end bus (4
(4, 10
10, 5
5, 11)
11).

Set above (maximum load) and 60% of min fault.

Zone 2 Phase Fault detector:

1) Find the lowest fault seen by relay 3
for a remote end bus ((6,, 12).
)

Set above (maximum load) and 60% of min fault.

Zone 4 Fault detector same as Zone 2

Repeat same process for Ground Fault detector.
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Current Infeed
IL =0.5 A
ZL =2

IR =1 A
ZR =1

IT =0.5 A
ZT =1

Actual Impedance from L to the Fault is 3

Apparent Impedance = EL
IL
Apparent Impedance = ( IL x ZL) + (IR x ZR)
IL

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Apparent Impedance = 4

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Thank You
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