Ch.

4 Single Phase Full Wave Voltage Controller

ioN i A1N sin(t sin( )e

Z R 2 L

Ch. 5 Single Phase Full-Wave Controlled Rectifier

( R / L ) t
in

If discontinuous use Ch.3 graphs

L
for,
where I RN I B off graph I R I QR
R
and

tan 1

I N I B off graph I Q

Thyristor Norm Currents:

IN

1
2

A1N

1
2

d (t )

I RN

2
A1 N

I RoN

2
RN

2
RN

2 I RN

VRoN

sin

t d t

L
; tan

Vc

RMS Norm Voltage:

gamma from graph then find beta

formulae:

RMS Norm Output Current:

d (t )

Fourier Analysis

vo Vo cn cos nt n

n 1

1
1

2 sin 2 2 sin 2

c an2 bn2

2 n

I nR2

I Ro I o2 I RI2

A
1

just calculate the second

V I
p. f . o o
Vsec I SR

current ripple factor:

bn

an

12

n tan 1

Io
A
2
I
R A
2

avg thyristor current:

IQ

rms thyristor current:

I QR

max. forward or rev. voltage across thyristor:

2 2
V 2 2V V
2V sin t d t
V cosvAK max

2V

I Ro
I RoN A ; VRo 2V VRoN

turn off time available: t q
s
Z

2

Harmonic Analysis
a

v
cos
n

t
d

n
o

I 2 R Vc I o
io an cos nt bn sin nt
p. f . Ro
n 1
Vsec I Ro
cos n 1 cos n 1

(-V
)then
D.C.
delivers power
o
1
2
n 1
a n io cos nt d t io cos nt d t n 1
(Vo ) then A.C. delivers power
0
0

2
bn
2

vo sin nt d t
if current totally constant(no ripple):
1
2

bn io sin nt d t io sin nt d t
V I
0
0
p. f . o o because I srms I o
sin n 1 sin n 1
Vsec I o

io i A1
n 1
n 1
RMS Ouputs:

1
a n2 bn2
2
H n I R 0

I nR
I nR

1
Vo
V

Thyristor Ratings

12

dn
2

; i N sinK i t IRI
Io

2Vsec

I RI

ripple current:

rms output current:

I Ro 1 2 2 I QR and I o 2 I Q )

nth harmonic component of current: I nR

RMS Voltage

VR

I nRpeak 2 I nR

2V sin t

12

d t

Ripple Voltage:

v 1
V VV
o
o

8 cos 2
RMS value of n harmonic at angle 2
2I
VRI VR

Vo nR2 V 1
2
RMS value of line current at angle 0 I R 0

th

H n

with Freewheeling Diode circuit

VnR I nR R 2 nL
2
Po Ro I Ro

p. f .

2
Ro

I R
VI Ro

Inductive:

RL:

min tan 1

Resistive:

treat as complete sinusoidal wave

IQ I N I B
I QR I RN I B

I RoN

2 I RN

Voltage Ripple Factor:

V
K v RI
Vo

io I o d n cos nt n n

get this:

dn

cn
2

Io

Vo Vc
R

R nL

1
2 2

n tan

because the source current is not constant must calculate

I SR

Io

d t

for p.f @ source

VB

2V ,

ZB Z ,

n L R rad

IB

Xo X N XB
Ch.2 Circuits with Switches and Diodes
First Principles:

v R Ri

off graph and then solve for cn

cn

2V sin t d t

BASE VALUES

Load circuit Current

avg output current:

vc

1
C

vL L

i dt v 0
t

di
dt

Half-Wave Rectifier:

2V sin t

2V
Z

vo Vo an cos nt bn sin nt

firing angle

R Load Circuit

Z R 0

I RN

2V
sin t
Z

extinction angle
conduction angel

IN

2
N

12

d t

rms norm

L Load with EMF Circuit

1
1 cos
sin t d t

2
2

Vc
sin 1 m
2V

sin 1

Vc
V
m c
1
1 Vc
2V
2V
1
2 1
maxsin22
sin
2
I RN
sin t d t

2V

2
2
4
2
1
1

cos

cos

m t
Vo
vo d t
v o d t
N
L Load Circuit
2 0
2
m cos cos( )

1
1
m 2
2
an vo cos nt d t

cos

sin

sin

2
2
2V
i
cos cos t

L
1
1 a
bn vo sin nt d t
2
I

cos cos t m t 2 d

1
RN

IN
cos cos t d t
2
2
1
2
2 12

sin 1 m sin 1

nth rms harmonic voltage:

1
VR
2

VnR

2
12

bn

Ch.6 One Quad Chopper DC to DC Converter

Type A: Vo and Io only positive

1
cos sin

12

2
2
2
1 find:
2
Vo VnR

1 2

cos cos t 2 d t
I RN

Vc e 1
tON
T
L
2
2 12
2

rms ripple voltage: V

RI VR Vo
1
V1 e 1

R
T
1 2 2
2 1
VRI
(solve
for sin
from2m
equation)

VRN
sin

t
d

voltage ripple factor: K v

2 2 4

Vo

t
2

if ON then C.C.M. else D.C.M, if you dont have

Continuous Current Mode

d t

ON

th

n rms harmonic current:

I nR

1 2

cn d n2
2

I RI I R2 I o2
I RI
current ripple factor: I v
Io
rms ripple current:

di
Ri
dt

12

IN

Ch.3 Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier

mainly done through graphs

cos

12

m
sin
cos

I min

i d t avg. norm
N

1
2

I RN

2
iN d t

1
IN
2
I RN

i d t avg. norm

i d t

2
N

RMS norm

1
IN
2

n 1

V
an
sin ntON
n
V
bn
1 cos ntON
n
2V
cn
1 cos ntON 1 2
n
sin ntON
n tan 1

1 cos ntON

i d t avg norm
N

1
cos 1 m 2 m
2

V
2
R L t
max 2 sin 1 c
sin t sin e

2V
Z
1
i N sin t m
L
2
Z R 2 L 2 tan 1

( )
R

R
1 V

R
1

Vo cn sin( nt n )

V e tON

R eT

n 1

rms norm

Vc
sin 1 m
2V

sin 1

R 1 e

vo Vo an cos nt bn sin nt

R Load with EMF Circuit

2V sin t

I max

max

the preceding 4 formulas only for C.C.M.

VnR

1 2
an bn2
2

rms output voltage:

VR V V
n 1

2
o

2
nR

current ripple factor:

VRI

2
nR

n 1

V V
2
R

2
o

R nL

I 01 I max current at commutation

bn

Bn

R 2 nL

n tan 1 nL R

LI
sin 1 r 1 01
sin 1 r
r
V r r

2
1
2

LI
t2
sin 1 r 1 01
t1
r r
V
r
r

t1

io I o An cos nt n Bn sin nt n
n 1

an

An

R nL

tq t2 t1

bn

Bn

R nL

n tan 1 nL R
rms nth harmonic current:
or

Z n R 2 n L

I nR

1 2
An Bn2
2

2 12

VnR
Zn

I nR

which leads to:

rms ripple current:

I RI

I nR2

n 1

I R2 I o2

Ki

current ripple factor:

c n a n2 bn2

t x ln e

tON

rms nth harmonic voltage:

V Vc
1 e tON
1
Vc

I min

V V
Io o c
R

current at moment of commutation: Imax

V Vc
1 e tON
R
0

vo Vo an cos nt bn sin nt

rms output voltage:

E V
V

for Full-Bridge: E

Vo cn sin( nt n )

1 2 2
an bn
2

VnR

VR V V
n 1

2
o

2
nR

VRI

2
nR

n 1

V V
2
R

2
o

n 1, 3

4E

nZ

n 1, 3

T
t q t x t off
2
io I o An cos nt n Bn sin ncommutation
t n

I nR

n 1

or

Z n R 2 n L
I nR

1 2
An Bn2
2

which leads to:

rms ripple current:

I RI

I
n 1

2
nR

I I
2
R

2
o

formula:

rad

: has to be true for guaranteed

I nRo

t , io I 01

1
2

I nD
2

load current at instant of commutation sub this into the io

I on

2 12

V
nR
Zn

nL 1 nC

rms nth harmonic current:

2 12

n tan 1

n 1

sin(nt n )
n

1
Z n R nL

nC

V
K v RI
Vo

voltage ripple factor:

4E
n sin nt V

vo

io

rms ripple voltage:

n 1

for Half-Bridge:

12

the preceding 4 formulas good for C.C.M. and D.C.M. but using the following 2 equations, the nth harmonic voltage
C.C.M. has simplified ones in its section
and current equations can be found:

I RI
Io

T t x V
t
Vo ON V
c
T
T
I max

n tan 1 a n bn

Discontinuous Current Mode

CV
2 T
t1
1 cos r t 2 x 1 cos r t 2
v
cos
n

t
dt
0
I 01
r
T 0
t
T
2 tON
2nt
2 n

V cos
dt Vc cos t1 dt2
0
t
x
T
T
T
r
12
V C
Vc
V

tc t 2 t1 t1

sin nt ON
sin nt x
I 01 V
n
n
1

2 T
1 1
t q1
tq 2 t2
bn v 0 sin nt dt
2 sin

r
x
r
T 0
V

1 cos nt ON Vc 1 cos nCh.t x7 Single Phase Voltage-Source Inverter

an

I RI
Io

Current Commutation of Type A Chopper

V
K v RI
Vo

voltage ripple factor:

an

An

rms ripple voltage:

Ki

1
2

4E
sin nt n d t
n Z n

4E

n Z

4E
n Z n

sin nt n d t
n

sin 2 nt n d t

Io

n 1, 3,..

I Ro

n 1, 3,..

Po RI12R

ts :

Pi t ic (t ) vce (t ) Vce ( sat ) I cs

on

1
Ps
T
tf :

2
on

Ps

2 I1R

if resistive:
the only difference use this formula for rms output current:

i
I
o max o1 peak ,
2
2

I Ro

I QR

I
Ro
2

Ch 7 (cont)
single pulse width:

ts

Pi t dt

inst.

avg power

Ch. 9 DC to DC Converters
Buck
Rise:
power

Vs Vo L
Fall:

t Vo L t
t

2
Pi t ics (t ) vce (t ) I cs 1 Vcc
inst. power

t
t
f
f

V Vo
I s
1 tf
L
Pf Pi t dt avg power
T 0
General for Buck:

to 1 k T t s t f :

1
f

n
n
sin
sin ntPi t ics (t ) vce (t ) I ceoVcc inst . power
2
2
n 1, 3
Vo kVs
1 to
where is pulse width
Po
Pi t dt avg power

v AB

V ABn

4Vs

V ABnR V ABn
io n

sin

4Vs
n
n

sin
sin
VnPeak
n
2
2
2

V
nPeak sin t n
Zn

V
Ion nPeak sint n
Zn
t angle desired ,
i.e. commutation

Ch. 8 Power Transistors

td :
Pi (t ) ic (t ) vce (t ) I ceo Vcc
Pd

1
T

td

Pi (t ) dt

I 2 I1
I
L
t1
t1

dPi t
0 for max power
dt

Thermal Evaluation

TJUNCT TAMB PT JC CS SA

Secondary Breakdown Derating Factor:

TC TJUNCT PT JC

kD

Qx VxC x

I1
Vgd

Qgd
Q
, I 2 gs , IT I1 I 2
t
t
Vgs Vds

Vo

Vs
V DT
V D
o
o
1 D
RC
RCf

t1
T

t2
T

Vo Vs Vo kVs 1 k

fLVs
fL

Vo

Vo

q 1 I

C
8 fC

Boost:

T Ts
1
f

t1

I L
Vs

t1 DT
t DTs

Vo

1 D
8 fLC

Dk

MOSFET

I
I
L
L
Vs Vo
Vo

V
t1
k o duty cycle
T
Vs

tON td tr
tOFF t s tr
Ptotal PT Pd Pr Pn Ps Pf Po

T t1 t 2

General Equations:

t1 Vo t 2

T t1 t 2
t2

I
I
L
L
Vs Vo
Vo

I L
V0 Vs

t 2 1 D T