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1 Introduction

The skeletal system includes bones, cartilages, and connective tissues. It has several main functions: protection, movement, support, storage of minerals and lipids, and blood cell production. Bones are classified by their shape into long bones, flat bones, short bones, irregular bones, sutural bones, and sesamoid bones. The skeletal system is divided into the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton, with a total of 206 bones in the human body. Long bones make up the limbs and have a diaphysis, epiphyses, and other structures. Flat bones resemble a sandwich of spongy bone between compact bone layers.

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165 views

1 Introduction

The skeletal system includes bones, cartilages, and connective tissues. It has several main functions: protection, movement, support, storage of minerals and lipids, and blood cell production. Bones are classified by their shape into long bones, flat bones, short bones, irregular bones, sutural bones, and sesamoid bones. The skeletal system is divided into the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton, with a total of 206 bones in the human body. Long bones make up the limbs and have a diaphysis, epiphyses, and other structures. Flat bones resemble a sandwich of spongy bone between compact bone layers.

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api-294162496
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Introduction to the

Skeletal System

The Skeletal System


Skeletal system includes:
bones of the skeleton
cartilages, ligaments, and connective tissues

Main Functions of the Skeletal System


1
2
3
4
5

Protection (ex: skull/vertebral column)


Movement (Leverage/force of motion)
Support (ex: femur supports upper body)
Storage of minerals (calcium) and lipids (yellow marrow)
Blood cell production (in red bone marrow)

Classification of Bones
Bones are identified by SHAPE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Long bones
Flat bones
Sutural bones
Irregular bones
Short bones
Sesamoid bones

Long Bones
Are longer than they are wide

Are found in limbs, hands, feet, fingers, and


toes

Flat Bones
Are thin (sometimes curved)
Are found in the skull, sternum, ribs, and
scapula

Sutural Bones
Classified by LOCATION
Are found between the flat bones of the
skull

Irregular Bones
Many different and complex shapes
Ex: ear bones/vertebrae

Short Bones
Are small and thick; cube-shaped
Ex: ankle & wrist bones

Sesamoid Bones
small and flat
Develop inside tendons
near joints of knees,
hands, and feet

Two Divisions of the Skeletal System


Total Bones: 206
Axial
Total Bones: 80
Includes the longitudinal axis of
the body
Skull (29 Bones)
Vertebral Column (26 Bones)
Bony Thorax (25 Bones)

Two Divisions of the Skeletal System


Appendicular
Total Bones: 126
Upper Limbs (60 Bones)
Lower Limbs (60 Bones)
Pectoral Girdle (4 Bones)
Pelvic Girdle (2 Bones)

Long Bone Structure


Diaphysis - the shaft
A heavy wall of compact bone, or dense
bone
A central space called marrow cavity
Epiphysis - wide part at each end of bones
Mostly spongy bone
Covered with compact bone
Metaphysis - where diaphysis and epiphysis
meet
(PHYSIS = growth, dia = between, epi = on/upon,
meta = middle)

Long Bone Structure


Epiphyseal Line: where bone has stopped
growing
(plate = where bone is actively growing)

Long Bone Structure


Articular Cartilage:
Thin layer of hyaline cartilage at end of
bones where bones connect

Long Bone Structure


Periosteum:
Covers bones; made up of tough fibrous
membrane

Long Bone Structure


MEDULLARY CAVITY:
Space within diaphysis that contains bone
marrow

Long Bone Structure


Endosteum: Layer that lines the medullary
cavity

Long Bone Structure


Spongy Bone: cancellous bone that forms
the epiphyses of long bones

Long Bone Structure


Yellow Marrow: made up of lipids/fats

Flat Bones
Resembles a sandwich of spongy bone between 2
layers of compact bone
The parietal bone & other flat bones of the cranium

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