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2011 Chapter 5 Notes

The document summarizes key concepts about the periodic table, including how Mendeleev and Moseley arranged the elements, the periodic law, atomic structure, properties that change periodically like atomic radius and ionization energy, and families of elements including metals, nonmetals, and noble gases. Elements in the same column have similar properties due to their valence electrons, while properties vary predictably when moving from row to row or up and down columns according to trends in atomic structure.

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1K views

2011 Chapter 5 Notes

The document summarizes key concepts about the periodic table, including how Mendeleev and Moseley arranged the elements, the periodic law, atomic structure, properties that change periodically like atomic radius and ionization energy, and families of elements including metals, nonmetals, and noble gases. Elements in the same column have similar properties due to their valence electrons, while properties vary predictably when moving from row to row or up and down columns according to trends in atomic structure.

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The Periodic Table

Chapter 5 Notes

Mendeleev

Designed first periodic table (1869)


Arranged mostly by increasing atomic mass
Elements in the same column have similar
properties

Moseley

Arranged by increasing atomic number

Periodic Law

Elements physical and chemical properties


show a periodic [repeating] pattern when
arranged by atomic number

COLUMN = Group or Family

Similar properties based on the same number of


valence electrons
Numbered 1-18 or with Roman numerals

ROW = Period

Valence electrons

Electrons in the highest energy level

Octet Rule = all atoms want 8 valence


electrons to achieve stability

Exceptions: H, He

Families of the Periodic Table

Alkali Metals

Soft
Most reactive metals

Noble Gases

very UNreactive
inert

Halogens

Most reactive nonmetals

Metals

luster/shiny, good conductors of heat &


electricity, malleable, ductile
LEFT SIDE of periodic table

Nonmetals

not shiny, poor conductors, not malleable or


ductile, brittle
RIGHT SIDE of periodic table

Metalloids

semi-metals
some properties of metals, some of nonmetals
touch ZIG-ZAG LINE

Atomic Radius

Distance from the nucleus to the outer electrons


Decreases across a row
Increases down a column

Explanation of Atomic Radius


increasing down a column

Explanation of
Atomic Radius
increasing down
a column

Explanation of Atomic Radius


decreasing across a row

Explanation of Atomic Radius


decreasing across a row

Shielding

Inner electrons blocking or shielding the


valence electrons from the pull of the nucleus.

related to atomic radius

Ionization Energy

Energy needed to remove an electron


Increases across a row
Decreases down a column

Graph of Ionization Energy

1 and 2 Ionization Energy


st

nd

1st ionization energy = energy needed to


remove 1 electron
2nd ionization energy = energy needed to
remove 2 electrons.

Electronegativity

Ability of an atom to attract electrons to itself


within a bond

Increases across a row


Decreases down a column

Electron Affinity

How much an atom wants to gain an electron

Decreases down a column


Increases across a row

Think about Corners

Practice- Circle your answer choice


Larger atomic radius?
1) Mg or Sr
2) Mg or S
Larger electronegativity?
3) P or Sb
4) Ge or Br
Larger ionization energy?
5) Ca or Se
6) Ca or Ra

Ion Size

Cation atom loses electron

Atom gets smaller

Anion atom gains electron

Atom gets bigger

Example
of Ion
Size

Practice- Circle your answer choice


Larger atomic radius?
1) Mg+2 or Mg
2) S-2 or S
Arrange from smallest to largest
3) X+2 , X , X-2
4) P-3 , P , P-2
5) Z+1, Z+2, Z

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