EUROPEAN EXPLORATION AND COLONIZATION History 1A Identify the major eras and events in U.S, history through 1877, including colonization, ... and describe their causes and effects, History 1C Explain the significance of the following dates: 1607, founding of Jamestown; 1620, arrival of the Pilgrims and signing of the Mayflower Compact .... History 2A Identify reasons for European exploration and colonization of North ‘America. History 2B Compare political, economic, religious, and social reasons for the establishment of the 13 English colonies. History 3B Analyze the importance of the Mayflower Compact [and] the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut to the growth of representative government. Geography 10A Locate places and regions of importance in the United States during the 47th and 18th centuries. Government 154 Identify the influence of ideas from historic documents, including the Mayflower Compact ... on the U.S. system of government. Citizenship 20A Explain the role of significant individuals such as Thomas Hooker and William Penn ... in the development of self-government in colonial America, In this chapter, you will ieam about how Europeans first explored and colonized the Americas. KEY TERMS AND PEOPLE IN THIS CHAPTER & New Spain B Pilgrims Bi Quakers @ Encomiendas @ Puritans Lord Baltimore New France & Mayflower Compact James Ogelthorpe New Netherland Roger Williams ® Indentured Servant Hi Jamestown @ Anne Hutchinson & Fundamental Orders of & Williarsburg @ William Penn Connecticut AL QUESTIONS ©= Why did Europeans explore the world’s oceans and colonize the Americas? ©> What political, economic, religious, and social reasons led to the establishment. of the thirteen English colonies? © Which historic documents and colonial practices contributed to the growth of representative government? atName. 42 = 2 = MASTERING THE GRADE 8 SOCIAL STUDIES TEKS ISLS rn aa Uma CE — IMPORTANT IDEAS — New advances in technology allowed Europeans to explore the oceans. They were motivated to find an all-water route to Asia, European rulers sponsored exploration to increase their wealth and power. Christopher Columbus unexpectedly “encountered” the Americas when he sailed west in search of an all-water route (0 Asia, The encounter between Europe and the Americas led to the Columbian Exchange. Europeans benefited from new foods and products, New plants and animals were also introduced to the Americas. Millions of Native American Indians died from new diseases, such as smallpox and measles, unintentionally introduced into the Americas by European explor- ers and settlers Spain conquered the West Indies, Mexico, and Peru and established colonies. It grew rich from shipments of American gold and silver sent back to Spain, France, Holland, and England grew envious of Spain’s power and wealth, and sought to establish their own colonies in the “New World.” The first permanent English colonies were established at Jamestown (1607), Plymouth (1620), and Massachusetts Bay (1630). England established thirteen colonies along the Atlantic coast. These colonies were established for political, economic, religious, and social reasons, The Mayflower Compact and the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut encouraged the growth of representative government in the colonies. LO) 0) ey i oo) Sy ds aN WKO SUE oe By the fifteenth century, Europeans were aware of places as int as Africa, India and China, However, they had no idea of the existence of the Americas. Yet by 1650, most of the Atlantic coastline of the Americas would be under the control of European powers. How did such a rapid change occur? REASONS FOR EUROPEAN EXPLORATION The Growth of Trade, In the Middle Ages, a Venetian merchant, Marco Polo (1254~1324), returned from China and wrote about the marvelous things he had witnessed there. His writings encouraged an increase in trade, Europeans used spices from the East Indies to preserve their food, drank Chinese tea, prized Chinese porcelain, and wore Asian cottons and silks. ‘Marco Polo‘IEEE Mere ANTS CHAPTER 5: European Exploration and Colonization 43 European merchants and rulers were anxious to find a sea route to reach China and the Spice Islands of the East Indies. This would allow them to ship these luxury goods more easily back to Europe. Advances in Technology. Europeans had benefited from contacts through trade with China, which had invented gunpowder and the magnetic, compass. From Arabia, Europeans leamed how to make better sails, Europeans also developed the moveable rudder, so they could steer larger ships more easily. These technological improve~ ments in navigation made it possible for Euro- peans to sail farther than ever before, European sailors began to use the sun’s angle to determine their location, allowing them to judge distances. These innovations allowed them to sail into the open ocean instead of hugging the coastline. Exploration was fanned by the Renaissance spirit of inquiry and a desire to find an all-water route to the East. In Portugal, Prinee Henry the Navigator (1394--1460) sponsored the exploration of the Alantic coast of Africa by Portuguese sailors. He developed a new, lighter ship better suited for distant oceanic exploration, Many historians believe Prince Henry played a key role in encouraging European exploration and maritime trade with other continents. Emergence of Powerful European Rulers. In the early fifteenth century, the sea-faring countries of Europe hoped to extend their influence through exploration, Strong rulers had established power over unruly nobles. These rulers built large armics and amassed great wealth by collecting taxes. Desire for Profits. Italian city-states had once profited by shipping goods across the Mediterranean, but routes to Asia were cut-off by the Turkish capture of Constantinople in 1453. The capitalist economy was just emerging. People were seeing new wealth from investment and trade, Some hoped to increase their profits through exploration, Religious Enthusiasm. European missionaries, especially from Spain and Portugal, sought to spread the Christian religion, Christian missionaries believed they not only had a superior religion, but also a superior culture. + What impact did Marco Polo’s travels have on European exploration? + What economic, social, and political factors motivated Europeans to explore oceans?Name 44 MASTERING THE GRADE 8 SOCIAL STUDIES TEKS, EUROPE ENCOUNTERS THE AMERICAS An Italian sea captain, Christopher Columbus (1451-1506), believed he could reach China and the Spice Islands by sailing westwards, After courting ‘several rulers, he finally found support from Queen Isabella of Spain, Columbus set sail in 1492. He never reached Asia, but surpri ingly landed in the West Indies, where he established Spain’s first settlements in what became known as the “New World.” Other explor- ers, missionaries, and colonists soon followed, THE “COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE” The “Columbian Exchange” was one of the most significant events in world history. ‘This fy vom term identifies the exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Eastern and West- em Hemispheres that occurred after 1492, Europeans learned about new foods, such as corn, | — tomatoes, potatoes, and choc- | eaciete olate. Meanwhile, Europe- | ocear ans introduced sugar, wheat, oranges, grapes, and onions to the Americas. + | _peTweeN EUROPE AND THE AMERicas _fQ/} aos Colunbus lands in the Americas "THE EXCHANGE OF GOODS sour \ Dy anenuca Europeans also introduced many new animals to the Wester Hemisphere, including horses, sheep, goats, cows, cats, and rats. This exchange of plants and animals transformed ways of life in both hemispheres, The European encounter with the Americas also spread germs. Europeans brought diseases like smallpox, typhus, chol- era, and measles, Over centuries, Europeans had developed resistance to these diseases, but Native Americans had no such immunity. Estimates range from 2 to 18 million Native Americans died from these diseases. ‘An Aatec artist depicts the suffering from smallpox, « disease introduced by Europeans.UNLAWFUL TO PHOTOCOPY oR NEI ee eas CHAPTER European Exploration and Colonization 45, + Make your own drawing of one of the inventions that aided navigation. & Use the Internet to find and read excerpts from the journal of Columbus. + Make a chart of the positive and negative effects of the Columbian Exchange for both Native American Indians and Europeans. By 1494, news of the “New World” was in print throughout Europe, This greatly stimu- lated the appetite of European monarchs for overseas exploration. ‘The establishment of New Spain in the Caribbean, Mexico, Florida and South America further heightened the interest of Spain’s chief rivals: France, Holland, and England, The rulers of these nations sent their own explorers fo claim lands in the Americas, Where each nation explored and settled was affected by many factors, including ocean currents, weather patterns, and where. rival powers had claims. NEW SPAIN Spanish conquistadors (conquerors) like Hernando Cortés and Francisco Pizarro used horses and superior weapons, such as cannons and crossbows, to conquer the powerful Aztecs of Mexico and the Incas of Peru. Cortés allied with other Native American peoples, who had been conquered by the Aztecs, to achieve his vic~ tory. In Peru, the Incas had been weakened by civil war shortly before the arrival of Pizarro, The Spanish conquerors murdered the ruling classes of Mexico and Peru, and destroyed their temples and palaces, New Spain was ruled by the viceroys of the king. The Spanish monarchy became enriched by ship- ments of gold and silver. One fifth of all the gold and silver from the New World went to the king. When the Spanish first arrived in the Now World, they brought with them a set of customs and traditions from Spain. Spaniards took large tracts of land for mining, ranch- ing, and farming, known as encomiendas, Although the encomienda system was introduced with the idea of caring and providing for Native Americans, it quickly became a highly abusive and destructive system. ‘Spanish conquistadors used horses and superior weaponry to defeat the Aztecs and Incas.46 MASTERING THE GRADE & SOCIAL STUDIES TEKS (ace Native Americans were used as forced laborers to mine silver and to grow sugar cane Missionaries came from Spain to convert them to Catholicism. As you know, h used religion to justify their domination over the Native Americans. Millions of Indians died from overwork and new diseases. The Spaniards replaced them by import ing enslaved Africans, starting the Atlantic slave trade. Indians and slaves endured terrible conditions in mines and on plantations and ranches. NEW FRANCE Other European rulers were envi- ous of Spain’s power in the Ameri- cas. They sent their own explorers to the “New World.” New France was established in Canada along the St. Lawrence River, Great Lakes, and Mississippi River. New France never became as populous as the Spanish or Eng- lish colonies. It consisted of a handful of towns and a series of EX REAS CLAIMED BY ENGLAND, FRANCE, SPAIN, NETHERLANDS i WS ne) Ty rene trading outposts. French mission- Peas aries came to convert the Indians EE ssonim to Christianity. French explorers Blown found that the region contained valuable fur-bearing animals, especially beavers. This prompted French colonists to engage in an active fur trade with the Native Americans, we Compare and contrast the Spanish and French colonies by making a chart showing their political, economic, and social similarities and differences. NEW NETHERLAND Henry Hudson (1565-1611), an English sea captain, was hired by Dutch merchants look- ing for a Northwest Passage to Asia, In 1609, Hudson reached New York Harbor. Based on Hudson’s explorations, the Dutch claimed control of this region. They set up a suecess~ ful fur trade with the native peoples of the Hudson River Valley, and called their colony New Netherland, The Dutch government gave control of the colony to the merchants of the Dutch West India Company. New Netherland also conquered the neighboring Swedish colony of Delaware in 1655.Tina Name emer SoC CHAPTER 5: European Exploration and Colonization 47 At first, New Netherland was a company owned and operated business, run by the Dutch West India Company, The intent of the company directors was to make a profit for the investors in the company, Dutch families settled in present-day Albany and New York City (then known as New Amsterdam). New Netherland became active in trading for furs. Beaver skins and other furs were highly valued by Europeans. The settlement of New Amsterdam, with its fine natural harbor, became a leading center for trade. ‘The Dutch welcomed people from other countries, ‘They also practiced religious tolera- tion, Walking around New Amsterdam in the 1660s, a visitor might have seen Itish, British, German or French people talking in the streets, Others there might be Native Americans or Africans. The Dutch West India Company introduced enslaved persons to the colony in 1625, Most Africans in New Netherland had been brought from Africa or the West Indies as enslaved persons. + Which European countries established colonies, and where did they settle? + What role did the Dutch West India Company play in creating colonial settlements? ‘The colonization of America shifted wealth and power away from the Mediterranean region to the countries of Western Europe. Spain was greatly enriched by American gold and silver, Protestant England became engaged in a series of wars against Catholic Spain. England’s rulers desired to stake a claim for lands and riches in the New World, so that they could match Spain’s wealth, England’s colonies were established for political, economic, religious, and social reasons.Name re 48 MASTERING THE GRADE 8 SOCIAL STUDIES TEKS LASTS UTE Ug THE FIRST ENGLISH COLONIES ‘The adventurer Sir Walter Raleigh persuaded Queen Elizabeth to found a colony. This first English colony in the “New World,” at Roanoke, North Carolina originally consisted of 100 householders. Founded in 1585, this settlement lasted only ten months and then mysteriously failed. ‘The colony had disappeared without a trace. None of the colonists could be found, All personal belongings were left in place as if the people had disappeared into thin air. Although two first attempts at English colonization were failures, it brought attention (o the dangers of creating anew society in the far off distant land. JAMESTOWN (1607) ‘The first permanent English colony in the “New World” was established by the Virginia Company for economic reasons. This private company hoped to profit from gold and other resources, 104 English men and boys built a settlement of cabins surrounded by a stockade fence near the James River at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. The river and settlement were named after England’s King James I. ion Virginia archaeologists at historic Jamestown ‘These first settlers were men who came in search of gold. What they found in the area was a swamp plagued by mosquitoes that caused malaria, Half the group were arti- sans, soldiers, and laborers. ‘The other half were “gentle~ men” who did not care to work. They quickly used up their supplies, and many later died from a lack of food. After their leader, Captain John Smith, returned to England in 1609, the colonists at Jamestown endured a sec ond winter of starvation and death. Having failed to plant or store enough grain for their needs, the settlers became des perate for food, The “Starving Time,” the winter of 1609, Capen Joli Smith saw only 60 of the first 214 settlers at Jamestown survive. (1580-631ae Name isan untae CHAPTER 5: T ACTING AS AN AMATEUR HISTORIAN Captain John Smith recorded what he later leamed in his history of the colony — The General Historie of Virginia, published in 1624, ‘uropean Exploration and Colonization 49 “These miserable and poor creatures were [kept alive] for the most part by roots, herbs, acorns, walnuts, berries, and fish, even the skins of horses. So great was our famine, that when an Indian was killed, and buried, the poor dug him up and [ate] him, and others boiled and stewed with roots and herbs: One amongst us killed his wife, powdered her, and ate part of her before it was known, for which he was executed.” $4 What hardships did the first settlers at Jamestown face? 3 4 How did some of the Jamestown colonists survive the “Starving Time”? Despite these initial setbacks, the colony at Jamestown became profitable by growing tobacco for sale in Furope. By 1619, Jamestown was exporting tons of tobacco to England for the new fashion of smoking. Jamestown’s new tobacco economy created a labor short- age. The need for laborers was so great that early settlers attempted to enslave the area’s Native American Indians, However, these Indians were unwilling to be used as forced laborers and often escaped into the surrounding forests. The first enslaved people from Africa arrived in the colony in 1619, as well as the first women. As the success of tobacco planting spread, using African slaves would grow to become the foundation of the South- em agrarian economy. Later, the area of colonial settlement spread from Jamestown to other parts of Virginia, The capital of the colony was moved to Williamsburg. Virginia eventually had both rich plantation owners and smaller farmers, and grew to become one of the wealthiest colonies. THE IMPACT OF GEOGRAPHY ON HISTORY In a country without roads, rivers played an important role. The first colonists depended on rivers to ship crops from the farm to the marketplace. The marshy coastal plain along the Chesapeake Bay contained. many navigable streams. Land- ‘owners constructed their buildings along these streams, while ocean-going ships sailed up these streams for many miles, stopping to load goods at each plantation. These geographic conditions encouraged the development of independent farms and plantations in Virginia and Maryland, At the same time, land away from the rivers Temained largely unsettled, These colonies developed few large towns, since buying and selling often took place at a farmer's dock.Name ____W________ eri 50 MASTERING THE GRADE 8 SOCTAL STUDIES TEKS THE PILGRIMS AND PURITANS A second English colony was founded for religious reasons by a group of Protestant Chri tians known as the Pilgrims (or Separatists). They were unhappy with the policies of the Church of England, In an attempt to escape persecution, the Pilgrims first fled to Hol- land. In 1620, a group of Pi grims sailed to the Americas. They landed at Plymouth in present-day Massachusetts. At Plymouth, they established the first permanent European settlement in “New England.” ‘They committed themselves to a life based on the Bible. Before going ashore, the Pilgrims pledged themselves to self-government by signing an agreement known as the Mayflower Compact. They agreed to form their own government and to obey its laws. Pilgrines landing in Plymouth. ACTING AS AN AMATEUR HISTORIAN “In the name of God. We who ate underwritten, the loyal subjects f King James of Great Britain, France and Ircland, having under- raken for the glory of God, and advancement of the Christian faith, {and honor of our country, a voyage to plant the first colony in Vir nia, do [agree] and combine ourselves together into a body politic + [a comnunity with its own form of government, for our better order and $ preservation and ... to enact and frame just and equal laws, ordinances, acts, and con- { stitutions from time to time, as shall be thought most convenient for the general good. £ of the colony, unto which we promise all due submission and obedience. ia witness whereof we sign our names at Cape-Cod, 11th of November [1620]” + Based on the Mayflower Compact, why did the Pilgrims decide to establish a col ony in North America? Why do they refer to Virginia? + How did the Pilgrims promise to act towards laws passed by the community? Another group of English Protestants, the Puritans, landed in nearby Massachusetts Bay in 1630. They also came to practice their own religious beliefs without persecution. They wanted to “purify” the Church, These Puritans planned to establish a more virtuous society, based on what they believed was God’s will, One Puritan writer stated that they would establish a “City upon a Hill” — a symbol of goodness and virtuous living for all the world to see.eno Name CHAPTER 5: European Exploration and Colonization 51 Unlike the adventurers at Jamestown, the Pilgrims and Puritans sailed to the “New World” as entire families, along with their wives and children. Eventually, their two settlements merged into the single colony of Massachusetts. Early Puritans and Pilgrims lived simple, religious lives. ‘Their clothing was usually black or gray. ‘They believed that hard work was the key to getting into Heaven, Sundays and holi- days were strictly observed, Religious lead- ers played an important role in governing Sea the colony. Building a settement in Massachusets THE OTHER ENGLISH COLONIE Other English colonies were founded for a variety of reasons: Rhode Island. The Puritans did not ordinarily permit others to practice their religion freely in Massachusetts. In 1636, Roger Williams therefore left Massachusetts to start his ‘own new colony at Rhode Island, based on principles of religious toleration. AmongthosewhoalsofiedtoRhodelslandwas Anne Hutchinson. ‘While living in Massachusetts, she had often met with friends after church and held religious discussions. She expressed her belief that God revealed himself to individuals without the aid of clergy. Puritan leaders saw these meetings as acts against God, since they believed that God could only be revealed to ministers. Anne Hutchinson was put on trial, where she claimed God had spoken to her directly, She was found guilty of lying. In 1637, she was banished from Mas- sachusetts. Soon after, she joined Williams and other dissenters in Rhode Island, ‘Ann Huichinson (1591-1643) Connecticut and New Hampshire, Other Massachusetts set- tlers formed new colonies in Connecticut and New Hampshire. Set- tlers in Connecticut, led by Thomas Hooker (1586-1647), established self-government in the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639). In addition, the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut provided a basis for future governing in the colony. New York, At one time, New Netherland separated English colonies to the north and south of it. England, at war with Holland in Burope, sent four ships into the harbor of ‘New Amsterdam in 1664, Dutch settlers, fearing British cannons, refused to fight. Gover- nor Peter Stuyvesant surrendered the colony. Under British control, New Netherland was renamed New York, Fort Orange became Albany, and New Amsterdam became New York City.Name —___ @wrsmersersrrererry 52 MASTERING THE GRADE 8 SOCTAL STUDIES TEKS ASIN MUTT de Pennsylvania, William Penn (1644-1718) founded Pennsylvania for the Quakers, a group of Protestants who opposed war. Elsewhere, colonists had just taken land from the Native American Indians, but Penn negotiated peaceful purchases, He gave Pennsylvania a written constitution that limited the power of government, provided a humane penal code, and guaranteed many fundamental liberties, William Penn negotiating to buy land from Native Americans. Maryland, Lord Baltimore started the colony of Maryland, across the Chesapeake Bay from Virginia, as a haven for England's Catholics. Delaware and New Jersey. These territories were also taken by the English from the Dutch in 1664. Later both became separate colonies, Carolinas were established for economic reasons. The colony was formed in 1663 when King Charles II gave land to eight nobles, The nobles hoped (o make a profit by attracting settlers from Virginia, who would grow tobacco for sale to Europe. In 1712, the Carolinas were divided into North and South Carolina, In 1729, North Carolina was made into a royal colony. It became known for its naval stores — tar, pitch, and turpentine — made from pine trees, South Carolina ‘became a colony of mostly large plantations, Landowners purchased enslaved Africans to serve as field workers, Charleston became a major port for shipping rice and indigo (blue dye), and for receiving slaves. Sowing cotton seeds in South Carolina. Georgia. This colony was established for social reasons. James Ogelthorpe formed the colony in 1733 as a place for imprisoned debtors and convicts sent from England,‘UL TO PHOTOCOPY OR PNGIN MALIN as CHAPTER 5: European Exploration and Colonization 53 Can you classify the thirteen colonies based on why they were established or seized by the British? The first row has been filled in for you, Complete the others. Reasons Definition Examples Concerns government, citizens’ | Virginia, New York, Delaware, Political | rights and responsibilities. New Jersey Economic | Concerns money and wealth. Religious | Deals with beliefs and practices in the worship of God. Social | Involves how people organize themselves or live together. 2 Sketching your own map of an area can help you better grasp where certain places are located, A “sketch map” is nof visually identi- I to the map being sketched. Rather a “sketch map” focuses on the relationships between and among places. It helps you to better understand the various spatial relationships. Make your own “sketch map” of early colonial America showing the location of these places: Jamestown, Williamsburg, Plymouth, Boston, Baltimore, Philadelphia,Name —__________ meses 54 MASTERING THE GRADE 8 SOCIAL STUDIES TEKS UU ees CSSSLeARNT GANIZERS aa Complete the graphic organizer below by explaining the primary reason why each colony was founded. The names of the colonies have been filled in for you. REASONS WHY EACH LONY WAS ESTABLISH Connecticut Massachusetts The Carolinas Delaware New Hampshire Pennsylvania Georgia New Jersey Rhode Island Maryland New York VirginiaCinema Name sam ULM SCE pen : European Exploration and Colonization 55. The colonists who established the first English colonies braved the dangers of crossing the Allantic Ocean, The ships they came on were small and crowded. Their destination was a strange and unfamiliar land with primitive living conditions. Why did they come? POLITICAL REASONS: ENCOURAGEMENT FROM RULERS British monarchs encouraged the development of colonies as new sources of wealth and power, They granted charters to groups of businessmen, like the Virginia Company, who offered to help colonists settle in the “New World.” ECONOMIC REASONS: HUNGER FOR GOLD AND SILVER Based on the success of Spain, the first colonists believed that gold and silver existed in great abundance in the Americas. These early adventurers came to the Americas in search of precious metals, ECONOMIC REASONS: LAND HUNGER Colonial settlements pre- sented new business oppor- tunities for merchants. The “Proprietors” who owned the Catolinas encouraged people to come. Many colo- nists came to obtain their ‘own land. Most people in Britain, Ireland, and the rest of Europe were peasants or tenant farmers occupying small, over-worked lands o The availability of land was a major attraction drawing and paying high rents. In selers to Colonial America, America, free land still seemed plentiful. The settlers did not recognize the rights of Native American Indians or understand their use of the land, Many of the first settlers were given free land by the colony or were able to purchase land cheaply, Later many colonists came as “indentured servants.” A colonial landowner paid for an indentured servant’s passage across the Atlantic, and the indentured servant then promised to work on the landowners plantation or farm, usually for a period of seven years. Once the debt was paid off, indentured servants obtained freedom and began saving to buy their own land.Name —_____________ @rrewersaranenarts 56 MASTERING THE GRADE 8 SOCIAL STUDIES TEKS LUA ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL REASONS: A BETTER LIFE Most colonists had faced difficult lives in Britain, Ireland, Scotland, or Germany, The men- ace of European wars served as an important reason to leave for many settlers. They wanted to get away from the horrors that wars brought to their lives, They also came to the Ameri- cas to escape poverty, political turmoil, famine, and disease. ‘These problems in Europe led to the Great Migration. Between 1629 and 1640 thousands of European men, women, and children migrated to the Americas. More than 40,000 of them moved to British colonies in New England and the Caribbean, They believed colonial life offered new opportunities. RELIGIOUS REASONS Protestant groups, like the Pilgrims and Puritans, came to the Americas to establish their own communities, where they could worship God in their own way. Catholics, Quakers, and Jews later came to the colonies seeking freedom of worship. : ACTING AS AN AMATEUR HISTORIAN + Use the Internet or your school library to conduct research on one 3 of the thirteen colonies. Then make a report on the people who ime to that colony. Where did most of them come from? Why did $ they come? Complete the graphic organizer below, Identify each of these reasons why people migrated to the “New World.” _ Political Reasons Economic Reasons WHY PEOPLE | MIGRATED | TO THE “NEW. WORLD” Social Reasons Religious ReasonsTC eee Name fad OR RiMoeaciescn) CHAPTER : European Exploration and Colonization 57 (oases ) (PORE SE) (RRR scnbadaad MEASLES”) | EcONOHIC REASONS COMPACT ) cone ass ( TeV ORES oi oF Fan] |, hmente | [weno || atten: [( Saparae i canes ts r005 18] ave rors cau a DL tr cotoues (oss) ] Cane) , iz (aE) (area reson) {_sovetaon i i Tao "eine enc Faas] [Pemaeenie) |e NAN sar mee EXPLORATION AND iMassachasetts] COLONIZATION ‘cones 1 als a zat newsman rst ron aes Kost DN i anon) ewe ie EMPIRES HCassissierr ) eae rome paimwcorecco | wan _(oneRSIV OP (snes) (sts) | es “TOLERANCE erweRisno. Pets zou i t ' ' Cee & Encouragement from Rulers / Countries. European rulers sought colonies as new sources of wealth and power, 4 Mercantitism, Gold and silver were prized as a source of wealth, Nations measured a nation’s wealth by the gold and silver they had, + Religious Reasons. Groups came to estab- lish their own religious communities, # Better Life, Most colonists faced hardships in Europe. Saw colonies as a place to escape famines offered economic opportunities. TIES eA NEA ULLAL: + New Spain, * Mexico, Cuba, Central America. * Missionaries sent to convert Indians. © Encomiendas: forced labor. & New France, © Canada, Great Lakes, Mississippi River. ‘© Wanted to establish trading posts for furs. & New Netherland, Became NY in 1664. * Introduced the Patroon System, -& Thirteen British Colonies. Established colonies along Atlantic coast.SMncee ee Comoe + Mayflower Compact (1620). K Christopher Columbus. Established Spain’s © Document by Pilgrims at Plymouth first settlements in the New World, ¢ Pledged themselves to self-government, | 4 Robert de LaSalle, Explored Great Lakes, St. = as a eon their own govern Lawrence River, and Mississippi River. iiacbeeraaes eaareneg Henry Hudson. Reached New York and sailed ‘ Fundamental Orders of Comecticut | ® upriver that beats his name, (1639). ri * Led by Thomas Hooker; settlers in Con- } ‘% Hernando Cortés. Spanish conqueror. necticut established self-government. # Francisco Pizarro. Spanish conqueror. * Although not considered a constitution in + 4x Roger Williams. Started colony at Rhode Island based on religious toleration. the modern sense, the Orders were the ba- sis of Connecticut government from 1639 Je Lord Baltimore. Began Maryland colony as a haven for England's Catholics ‘to 1662, William Penn. Founded Pennsylvania colony asa haven for Quakers. ce 58 MASTERING THE GRADE 8 SOCTAL STUDIES TEKS SAMA SUED Sol SClN ' { | Directions: Put a circle around the letter that best answers the question. Use the passage and your knowledge of social studies to answer the following question. “When I first went to Virginia, I remember we hung an [an old sail] to four trees to shadow us from the sun; our walls were rails of wood; our seats unhewed trees, till we cut planks; our pulpit a bar of wood nailed to trees, In [bad] weather we shifted into an old, rotten tent. This was our church till we built a homely thing, like a barn, The best of our houses were like this, We had daily prayers morning and eve- ning, two sermons every Sunday, and commu- nion every three months till our minister died.” i — Adapted from John Smith, The Generall Historie of Virginia, (1624) 1 Based on this passage from John Smith, what conclusion can be drawn about the lives of colonists in Jamestown, Virginia? ‘The standard of living was similar to most Buropean nations. ez) Religion played an important part in the lives of early colonists. Local Native American Indians were a serious threat to early colonists. Growing tobacco was the main source of income of early colonists to Virginia. vaepUNLAWFUL TO PHOTOCOPY OR REIN CHAPTER 5: European Exploration and Colonization 59 EXAMINE the question, This question tests your ability to draw a con- clusion from a reading passage. RECALL what you know. You should recall that: most of the colonists were quite religious 200 years ago. Religion was a central feature of life in Europe, APPLY what you know. You should realize that since most: the Sinith passage deals with his church, sermons, and praying that Choices A, C, and D do not really apply to this passage. The beot- anewer io Cholce 8, The pacoage dem- onstrates the importance of religion to settlers in early Virginia. Now try answering some additional questions on your own, Now try answering some additional questions on your own. 2 Why is the Mayflower Compact considered an important step in the development of American democracy? F _ Itestablished the principle of separation of church and state. CED G It provided a basis for self-government in the Plymouth Colony. H__ It defined colonial relations with local Native American Indians. J Itoutlawed slavery in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. 3° One way in which the settlements at Jamestown (1607) and New Amsterdam (1625) were similar is that both were located — A. inthe mountains C near the coastline am) B_ onislands far from fresh water D_ ina dry climate 4 The Mayflower Compact and the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut are most closely associated with — ee | F abuses by absolute monarchs CED | G establishment of religious toleration H__ steps toward colonial self-government J adoption of universal suffrage 5 In which region of the United States was the first permanent English settlement located? A. Pacific Northwest C Atlantic Coast B_ Great Plains D_ Great Lakes Mountains 6 The need for agricultural workers in the tobacco fields of colonial Virginia led to the F formation of labor unions GRD G decision to industrialize H_ improvement in farming J__use of enslaved people from AfricaName 60 7 Use the map and your knowledge of social WHERE COLONISTS SETTLED studies to answer questions 9-11, ae 9 10 i RTC aa) DOO RICO MASTERING THE GRADE 8 SOCTAL STUDIES TEKS IS ‘What was one important result of the encounter between Europeans and Native Amer- ican Indians? A’ Native American Indian populations continued to increase, CR B_ The African slave trade ended. C__ New diseases were spread to Native American populations, D__ Spain’s empire in the New World declined. Early European explorers who came to the “New World” were looking for a North- west Passage in order to F prove the world was round CE G improve trade with Native American Indians H_ explore the Great Lakes J find a shorter water-route to Asia l Which geographic feature along the Atlantic coastline contributed most to the growth of trade in the British colonies? A many offshore islands (@ea'i6(A)) B high, rocky cliffs C natural harbors D barrier reefs Paces were colonists settled © Ton orvilage ‘The information on this map suggests that most early colonists — F were unable to achieve political unity G were located very close to each ee other H_ built their settlements near bodies of water J encountered great difficulties with Native American Indians According the map, which statement is most accurate? A The largest number of people lived in Virginia. B_ Most colonies were located next to the Great Lakes. C Most towns and villages developed in and around areas of settlement. D Areas of settlement tended to avoid nearness to bodies of water.fae Name MISSION Meecarn Ge esa nla CHAPTER 5: European Exploration and Cotonization 61 Based on these two documents and your knowledge of social studies answer the following question. “We the Loyal Subjects of King James ... having undertaken ... a voyage to plant the first colony in Virginia; do ... mutu- ally ... combine ourselves together into a civil body politick ...; and shall meet and [convene] for the general good of the Colony; we promise all due submission and obedience. In witness we have sub- scribed our names at Cape Cod.” —The Mayflower Compact, 1620 “We do therefore associate and connive ourselves to be as one Public State or Commonwealth; and do, for ourselves and our successors ... enter into combina- tion and Confederation ... As also in our Civil Affairs to be guided and governed according to such Laws, Rules, Orders and Decrees as shall be made ...” Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, 1639 12 Based on these excerpts, in what way were these two documents similar? F The signers of both documents had only just landed in America. CES G _ In both documents, colonists agreed to establish a community and obey to its laws. H_ In both documents, colonists agreed to obey the British King’s decisions. J Both documents established a government in which governor, members chose their own 13 Which colonial settlement is correctly paired with the reason it was founded? A North Carolina — haven for Pilgrims and Puritans GOD B__ Georgia — place for imprisoned debtors and convicts C Maryland — refuge for Quakers D__ Pennsylvania — refuge for English Catholics 14 What was the major reason European rulers sought to colonize North America? F They needed people from North America to settle in Europe. BRAD G They sought to learn more about Native American cultures, H_ They sought to expand their power with riches from the “New World.” J. They wanted a place to send their criminal population. 15 One reason for the importance of the Mayflower Compact and the Fundamental Order of Connecticut was that they laid the foundation for — A a two-house legislature in state governments B the growth of representative government in Colonial America C__ the development of English common law in the colonies D _ social freedom in colonial legislatures 16 The journeys of Henry Hudson, Christopher Columbus, and Robert de LaSalle to the “New World” were made possible because of the — F effects of the Atlantic slave trade CAA) G _ support of exploration by the English Parliament H__ trade connections established by the travels of Marco Polo J development of new navigational instruments and technology