ENERGY Resources About the Author. Second Edition | Non-Conventional!” BH Khan received his BSc Engineering degree from ‘Aligath Muslim University (AMU), Aligath (frst sank, 1976), ME from TISe Bangalore (1978) and PhD from ITT Kanpur (1989). Since 1978, heis a faculy ofthe Electrical Engineering Department, AMU, Aligarh, where he is currently working asa professor. . Dr Khan is a recipient of the President of India Medal Buen of Institution of Engineers (India), 2002, for his work Professor ‘om Simultaneous ade Trantmision, He also received the Department of Electrical Engineering Railway Board's First Prize of 1986-87. He is senior Aligarh Musin University wranbor of IEEE (USA), Life Fellow of IE (india) sie ‘Aligarty Uttar Pradesh tember of the Indian Society for Technical Education tnd a life member of the System Society of India. He has over 31 years of experience of teaching / research 5 " A at the undergraduate and post graduate levels in clctrcal engineering in Indias well as abroad, and has worked fon several sponsored research projects His current areas Of ‘interest include Non-conventional and Renewable Energy Sources, Power Electronics and Microprocessor Applications Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited NEW-DELHI ‘McGraw-Hill Offices New Delhi New York St. Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogotd Caraca: Kuala Lumpur Lisbon’ Londorr Mag ses CHEE ME: ‘San Juan Santiago =BF wicca’ Pei aNdy Published by the Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited, 7 West Pe} Nagap News Dethi WOO0R-) | ‘Copysight © 2099 by Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited. ‘Thincen epi 2013. #O990 ‘No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed mm any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise or stored in a database of retrieval system withoit the prior written permission ofthe publishers. 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However, neither Tata McGraw: Hill nor its authors guarantee the ‘accuracy of completeness of any information published herein, and neither Tata McGraw- satis tone wa ee ee een gree Hil ands authors ae spying infermatg attempting fo render engineering cor other professional services IPeuch services aie feed he esisance oan ppropng professionat should be sought. * “ ‘Typeset at Noxech Digi C-54, Oba Maaastadr Aiea New Du riaton, WAP printed at Adarsh Printers, C-50/51, Mohit Park; Naveen Shahdars, Delhi 110032 Cover: SDR Pre Visual Summary. Fundamentals of Energy—Science and Technology 4 1 3 1.1. Energy Consunspion and Standitd of Living’? 12. Oil Casis of 19732 13 Clascation of Energy Resources 2 14 Consumption Trend of Primary Boergy Resourced 4 1.5. Importance of Non-Conventional Energy Sources 5° 116 Energy Chain 5 1.7 Comon Forms of Energy 6 18. Advantages and Disadvantages of Conventional Energy Sources, 7 119) Salient Features of Non-Conventional Eatiy Source’ : 1.40 Environmental Aspects of Energy 8 i 111. Environment-Economy-Energy and Sustainable Development 73 112 Energy Densities (Heatig values) of Vatious Peels 14) 0 113 World Energy Setus 15 ! 1114 Energy Séenasio fm Fadia" 19 1115 Applied Thermodynamnics—a Review 27 Review Questions 43, Problr 44 Objecive ype Questions 44 i Energy Conservation © + ¥ 2.1. Salieit Features of “Energy Conservation’ Att, 2001” 49 22 Various Aspects of Energy Conservation © 50" 23 Principles of Energy Conservation 57 24. General Bectsical ECO's (Energy Caiseition Oppo)" 53 25 Cogeneration 5 a 26 Combined Cycle (Binary Cyck) Plants » 57 Review Questions 60 Problem 60 Objective 9pe Questions 60 Energy Storage " 3. Necesity of Energy Storage 62 32. Energy Storage Methods 63, Revco Quer 79 Objectvppe Questions 79 a7CD cous 4. Solar Energy — Basics 44 ‘The San as a Source of Energy 89 43 Su arate # A3-Sent Spectrums 54 * “44 Brttatereesteal and Terrestrial Radiations 85 45. Spectral Energy Distibation of Solar Radiation 86 46 Depletion of Solae Radiation 86 47 Measurements of Solar Radiation 89 48 Solar Radiation Data 97 49 Solar Time (Local Apparent Time) 93 410 Sola Radiation Geomeuy 93 411 Solar Day Length 97 412 Empirical Equations for Estimating Solar Radiation Availabilty on Horizontal Surface for Cloudy Skies: 99 4.13 Hourly Global, Diffuse and Beam Radiations on Horizontal Surface Under Cloudless Skies 107, 4.14 Solar Radiation on Inclined Plane Surface 109 Rerew Quetons 112 Problems 113 Objective pe Ques 114 Solar Thermal Systems 5.1 Solar Collectors 116 52 Solar Water Heater 130 533. Solar Pasive Space - Heating and Cooling Systems. 130. 54 Solarind Ustial Heating Systems 133 poeok bit 1 55. Solar Reftigeration and Air-Conditioning Systems + 134 516 Solar Cookers 137 37 Solar Furnaces 140 538 Solar Green House 147 59. Solar Dryer 145 = 510 Solar Distltion (or Desalination of Water) 146 5.11 Solar Thermo-Mechanial Systems 148 sci Review Questions 154 conde Objectve-9pe Qneions 155 ie 6. Solar Photovoltaic Systems xo test le 6:1 Solar Cel Fundamentals 159 poms 62. Solar Cell Characteristics 166 0 63. Solar Cell Classification | 172 64 Sola Cel, Module, Pane and Array Construction i177, 65. Maximizing the Solar PV Output and Load Matching: «182 {66 Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) 182 67 Balance of System Components 185 organ a 68 Solar PV Systems 186 69 Solar PV Aplications 188, Review Questions 192 82 16 Probl 193 Obit ope Onions 193 Wind Energy 7A. Origin of Winds 198 72 Nature of Winds 200 73 Wind Turbine Sing, 204 74 Majo Aplications of Wind Power 204 75 asics of Fhid Mechanics 205 16 Wind Tarbine Aerodyaamics 208 77 Wind Turbine Types and Their Construction 2/8 18 Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) 229 79. Wind-Diesel Hybrid System 232 7.10 Esfects of Wind Speed and Grid Condition (System Integration) 233 11 Wind Energy Storage 234 712 Environmental Aspects 234 713 Wind Energy Programme in dia 236. Renin Qretons 238 Problon 239 Obitve pe Quetons 240 Biomass Energy 8.1 Photosynthesis Process 243 82 Usable Forms of Biomass, their Composition, and Fuel Properties 244 Aon 83 Biomass Resources 247 84 Biomass Conversion Technologies 242: 85. Urban Waste to Energy Conversion 253 86 Biomass Gasification 255 87 Biomass Liquefaction 259: 88 Biomass to Ethanol Production 259 89 Biogas Production’ fron White Biomass 1 2631. 810 Bnergy Farming. 277.005) (291)! 8.11 Biomass Energy Progemime in India ~ (as on December 2007) 250 Geothermal Energy 1 9.41 Applications 288 : omens OD 196 242, f gakgont o 92 Origin and Distsibution of Geothermal Energy. 290, 93. Types of Geothermal Resources .292., 9:4 Analysis of Geothermal Resources, 299 95 Exploration and Development of Geothermal Resources. . 305AED coments 10. 1. 14. 9.6" Bavizonmental Consideration 306 9.7 Geothermal Energy in India 307 Review Quétions 308 Problem 309 1 Objective ype Questions 309 Ocean Energy 1041 Tidal Energy 377 102 Wave Energy 321 103 Ocean Thermal Enesgy 337 Reriew Qncitons 336 Problow 336 Objective te Questions 336 ‘Small Hydro Resources 111 Advantages and disadvantages of Small Hydro Schemes. 340 11.2 Layout of a Micro-Hydro Scheme "347 113 Water Turbines 344 1114 Tarbine Clasfication, Characteristics and Selection » 350 115 Generators 352 1146 Present Stas 357 Resi 357 eee ee Objective pe Quesions 358 .. Emerging Technologies 121 Fuel Cel 360 122 Hydeogen Energy 379 il Review Questions 383 Problem 390 Objesive ype Questions 390 i Miscellaneous Non-conventional Technologies 131 Nag Haan (hp Pome i 9? 13.2 Thermoelectric Power Conversion "400" 133 Thermionic Power Conversion 404 Review Questions 407 Pralon 408 Objective ye Quesions 408 2 Financial and Economic Evaluation © 14.41 Basic Terms and Definitions 410 won 142 Calculations for the Case of Single Payitient (Be Recipe '413, 143 Calculations for Uniform Sees of Biyinents (F Receipt) "475 1444 Calealations for Uniform Gradient Series of Paynes (orReceipty 419 3a 339 145 Caleulations for Geometsic Gradient Series of Payments (or Receipt) #27 146 Effect of Jnflaton on Cash Flows 423 147 Contpataive Economic Evaluation of Alternatives 424 148 Effect of Depreciation and Tax on Cash Flows 433 Retiew Qnetont 136 abn Opec pe mins 439 Appts: A Appts B Appi C Append D a ae ; Append F ng Inde .