Industrial Revolution Outline

Section 1: Dawn of the Industrial Age

The Industrial Revolution changed our lives today dramatically. It originated in Britain, and is
both a slow yet sudden process in which hand used tools are replaced by complex machines. It
later spread to the rest of Europe and America.
Life Changes as Industry Spreads
I. Most people lived in rural area
A. They produced their own clothes and grew their own food
B. Travel to town occasionally
C. Used candle light
II. Knew little of outside
A. Little news, only brave people travel by ships
III. Industrial revolution dissolved the rural way of life
A. Food produced by someone else, clothes made by others
IV. People traveled back and forth
A. Steamships, train
V. Many scientific firsts:
A. Dental anesthetic
1. Medicine that eliminates pain
B. Surgical anesthetic
C. First measure of speed of light
VI. Originated from the west through series of events
Agricultures Spurs Industry
Industrial revolution started because of agricultural revolution, which improved quality and
increased yields. Before that, farming was almost the same.
I. Farming Methods Improve
A. Dutch
1. Built walls to reclaim land from sea
2. Increase size of farms by putting lands together
3. Use fertilizers
B. English

1. Farm Journals share ideas

2. Mix earth (soil)
3. Grow tulips
4. Seed drill: Disperse seed in row rather than scattered to save land
II. Enclosure Increases Output but Causes Migration
A. What
1. Enclosure started
a) the process of taking over and consolidating land formerly shared by peasant
farmers
2. Parliament pass laws to facilitate enclosure
3. Land owners start enclosing
a) Farms became more efficient
B. Effects
1. More efficient farms, higher yields
2. Small farms cant compete
3. Causes migrations to cities
4. Village size shrinks
III. Population Multiplies
A. Statistics
1. Shocking states:
2. Britain: 5 million to 9 million
3. Europe: 120 million to 180 million
B. Reason
1. Enclosure allows food to be produced more efficiently, reducing famine
2. Better hygiene and sanitation prevents deaths from disease
New Technology Becomes Key
Energy: important factor in triggering the industrial revolution.
I. An Energy Revolution
A. Coal helped produce energy
B. Thomas Newcomen invented Steam engine
1. Pump water out of coal mine using coal
C. James Watt improved steam engine
D. Steam engine were then used not just for machinery, but for train and steam boats also
II. The Quality of Iron Improves
A. Coal
1. Used coal to smelt iron rather than charcoal
2. Iron is used to built steam engines and other mahines
B. Iron bridge was built, while railroads were built too using high quality iron

Section 2: Britain Leads the Way

Agricultural revolution made peasants migrate to cities,
produced more food that increased Britains population.
high unemployed peasants and increase in population
Britains industrial revolution unveil by providing labors
coal mines, factories, running machinery.

The
help
for

Why Britain?
Why
I. Natural Resources Abound
A. Rivers
1. Provided water power and the building of
canals
B. Natural Ports
1. Facilitated foreign trade
C. Coal
1. Provided power to run steam engines
D. Iron
1. Provided materials to build new machines
II. The Effects of Demand and Capital
A. Businesses
1. Britain had skilled mechanics
2. Britain had demand for products
3. Need money
B. Capitalism made by overseas trade (Britain was trading empire)
1. Enterprises were invested in
2. Invest capital in ventures and enterprise
C. Government
1. Britain had great government that supported economic growth
a) No river tolls many other countries had
b) Built navy to protect trade
2. Upper class didnt look down on business people, they welcomed the wealth of the
entrepreneurs
a) Entrepreneurs: People who managed and assume financial risks when starting
business
The Textile Industry Advances
Industrial revolution developed initially in the textile industrial, a major British industry.
Merchants organized cotton clothes industry with putting-out systems, where cottons where
given to peasant families to work on and finished by artisans and dyed later on.
I. Inventions Speed Production
A. Putting out system was slow and ineffective; the demand for clothes grew
B. Inventions in Britain solve the problem
1. John Kay made flying shuttle that sped up weavers
2. James Hargreaves produced spinning jenny, speeding up spinner
3. Richard Arkwright invented water frame, allowing spinners to be ran by water
C. Inventions in America helped Textile industry
1. Eli Whitney developed cotton gin which separated cotton from the seeds, allowing
more raw cotton to be shipped to Britain to be processed

II. Factories Are Born in Britain

A. Large textile machines killed putting-out systems, since they cant be used at home
B. Sheds were built to house the machines, where operators come everyday to spin and
weave, producing clothing effectively
1. The factory equals the output of an entire district
The Transportation Revolution
Demand for transportation grew as trade increased. Turnpikes were roads built by
entrepreneurs who charged a toll fee for travelers. Canals were built, which also linked towns,
ports, and rivers. Ports were upgraded while bridges where built stronger.
I. Canals Boom
A. Demand for raw materials increased for factories
1. Canal was built to ship coal directly from mine to
factory
2. Finished goods where shipped to be sold
B. Bridgewater canal opened, linking Manchester and coal
mine
1. Halved the cost of coal
C. Canal building companies appeared
D. Locomotives later replaced canals
II. Welcome the Steam Locomotive
A. Use steam engines to run locomotives
B. First developed for carriages on iron rails
C. Does not have to follow water route, hence, more popular
D. Liverpool and Manchester was the first major railroad

1. Railroad building boomed

III. One Thing Leads to Another
A. High efficiency production of goods
B. Demand for goods increased while goods were more affordable
1. Changes lives
Causes:
A. Agricultural Revolution
B. Population boom+Urbanization
C. Factories
A.
B.
C.
D.

Coal
Steam engine + Iron
Locomotives + new machines, bridges
Helped transportation

A. Sea and River

B. Foreign trade+Canals
C. Transportation
A.
B.
C.
D.

Foreign trade
Capitalism
Entrepreneurs invested in
New industries: Build turnpikes, canals, consumer goods

A. Government
B. Navy+Patents, free ideas
C. Foreign trade+ Inventions, entrepreneurs
A. Inventions
B. Increase Quantity (cheaper goods+more goods) and Quality
C. Affordable by people, increasing demand+Meet consumer demand for goods

Section 3: Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution brought wealth to
entrepreneurs, but the workers suffered. Before
reforms were made, these workers would continue
to suffer from unsafe, unsanitary working condition
and overcrowded housing, poverty.
People Move to New Industrial Cities
I. Agricultural revolution, population boom, and
demand for labour brought people together into
cities (Urbanization)
II. Towns suddenly turned into large cities
A. Caused town to have polluted air, loud
steam engine noises, and filthy river stench

III. Change how labour and people are distributed

New Social Classes Emerge
Two classes emerged from the Industrial Revolution. Middle class owned businesses and lived
comfortably, while ex-peasants make up the working class who live tough lives.
I. The Industrial Middle Class
A. Consist of Entrepreneurs
1. Merchants
2. Artisans
3. Skilled Inventors
B. Vicissitudes
1. Self-made men
C. Lives
1. Paved roads
2. Well built houses with running water
D. Role of women
1. Women stay home to look after children
2. Rich: Maid servants
3. Poor: Child labour
II. The Industrial Working Class
A. Live in slums
1. Tenements- divided
apartments
B. Condition
1. No running water, only
community pump
2. No sanitation/sewage system
3. Garbage rot
C. Garbage thrown in streets or
rivers, creating foul smell
D. Created diseases
III. Workers Stage Futile Protests
A. Unions
1. Labor Unions were illegal, but
existed secretly
2. Wanted reforms, but have not political power
3. Frustrations turn violent
B. Luddites
1. Textile workers
2. Hate work-saving machines that unemployed them
3. Enter factories to smash destroy machines at night (wears mask)
IV. Workers Find Comfort in Religion
A. Methodist Belief
1. New belief form in urbanizations context
2. Follow moral ways (by John Wesley)
B. Methodist Churches
1. Enter slums to preach
2. Sunday schools not just teach bibles, but reading and writing, too

Life in the Factories and Mines

Harsh factory life
I. Factory Workers Face Harsh Conditions
A. Rural Life
1. Farmers: work vary from seasons
2. Putting out system: Tough life, but work at their own pace
B. Factory Life
1. Work at tight schedule
2. 12-16 hours work day, 6-7 days
3. No breaks without permission
4. Harsh condition
a) Smell Lint in textile factory- bad for lungs
b) Dangerous machine with no safety device
(1) Workers loss limbs, fingers, body parts
C. Women
1. Factories use women because adapted better to machine
2. Cheaper than men
3. Long work day, then return home to do chores
II. Miners Face Worse Condition
A. Industrial revolution had demand for coal and iron
B. Paid more, but worse conditions
1. All dark, no daylight
2. Dangers: explosions, floods, collapsing tunnels
3. Breathe in coal dust, which is poisonous
4. Crawl on all four
5. Push carts
III. Children Have Dangerous Jobs
A. About
1. Children worked too
a) Nimble fingers, quick moving
2. Crawl under machinery, spin wools, open and close air vents in mines
3. Children used to work on farms, so parents accepted child labour

B. Reforms

1. Factory Acts
2. Children
a) Shorter than 12 hour work day
b) No children under 8-9 can work
c) Have to be educated
3. Women
a) Shorten work days
4. Inspectors inspect factories to enforce laws
The Results of Industrialization
I. Curse
A. Harsh working conditions, hardships
B. Later Improvements
1. Reforms were passed later on
2. Unions can involve in wages, working conditions, working hours
3. Men can vote
II. Benefit
A. More factories opened- more jobs
B. Wage rose- leftover money to buy news papers, visit music hall
C. Train ticket prices lowered- visit faraway family
Section 4: New Ways of Thinking
Thomas Malthus is one of many who tried to understand the changes of the Industrial
Revolution, and looked for natural laws that governed business and economics.
Laissez-Faire Economics
Laissez-Faire economics was supported by physiocrats during the enlightenment, in which
government should not control the economy. According to the philosophy, the economy will take
care of itself. Adam Smith, who wrote the Wealth of Nations, has the same belief; according to
hime, the economy will naturally benefit everyone, where the price will naturally come down and
everyone will be able to afford consumer products. His belief is supported as shown in the
success of the Industrial Revolution, which is free from government interference.
I. Malthus Holds Bleak View
A. Thomas Malthus- Laissez-Faire economists

B. Believed that population boom would eventually outpace the food supply
1. Natural ways to limit population
a) Famine
b) War
c) Disease
C. People believed in his theory at first, but eventually his theories turned out wrong
D. Food supply later grew faster, while as people became more wealthy, they had less
children
II. Ricardo Shares View
A. David Ricardo- another Laissez-Faire economist
1. Economics became the dismal science due to gloomy predictions of economists
B. Believed that wage increase is futile
1. Wage increase cause people to have more children
2. People did not have more money
C. Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo
1. Believed that government should not interfere to help the poor
2. People should work hard by themselves
3. Free market would help them
Utilitarians For Limited Government
I. Jeremy Bentham believed in
A. Utilitarianism- the idea that the goal of society should be the greatest happiness for the
greatest number of its
citizens
B. Individual freedom
C. Sometimes, government
should involve
II. John Stuart Mill was influenced
by Jeremy Bentham
A. Believed that individual has
freedom under the
circumstance that the
freedom doesnt harm
anyone
B. Government should help
working class if middle class
factory owners are hurting working class for their benefits
C. Voting rights should be given to workers and men to influence and pressure for reforms
1. Supported by middle class only later on
2. Inspires todays democratic government
Socialist Thought Emerges
Some focused on laissez faire, while other believed industrial capitalism drives the growing gulf
between the rich and poor. They believe in socialism, where people as a whole own and operate
the means of production (farm, factory, railways, and other large business)
I. Are Utopians Dreamers?
A. Socialists established their own communities, where work was shared and property was
owned by everyone
B. Believe that since everyone have equal wealth, theres not fighting

C. They were called utopian because it means impracticality

D. Robert Owen set up an utopian town in New Lanark, Scotland, to realize his ideas
II. Owen Establishes a Utopia
A. Once a poor boy, Robert Owen became a mill owner, who unlike most industrialist,
refused to use child labour
B. Campaign for laws that
1. Limit child labour
C. Encouraged labor unions
Karl Marx Calls for Worker Control
I. German philosopher Karl Marx believed in scientific
socialism, which is made with scientific study of
history
II. Teamed up with Friedrich Engels
A. Wrote the Communist Manifesto
1. About how the fighting between disparity
would bring about a classless society
2. Community will own everything
B. Communism later became known as a system
lead by a small political elite that controls
economic and political life
III. According to Marx, economics drives history, where
the have (middle class) and have-nots (proletariatworking class) struggles
IV. The working class, Marx believed, would win the
struggle and set up a society where wealth and
power is equally distributed
V. Marx despised capitalism, which he believed that
the little enjoy while most suffered from poverty
A. Called for the worlds working class to united to
bring about capitalisms downfall
Marxism in the Future
At first, many people supported his ideas. But
eventually, Marxs ideas ended up different.
I. Marxism Briefly Flourishes
A. Germany
1. Social democracy set up in Germany
2. Slow transition to socialism rather than sudden change
B. Russia
1. Russian Revolutions in 1917 set up a communist government
C. Globe
1. Revolutionaries all over the world adhered to communist ideas
II. Marxism Loses Appeal
A. Time proved that Marxs ideas are flawed
B. There was no international workers movement
C. Nationalism grew strong to unite a countrys workers
D. Most countries today have free market capitalism with little communist countries`