Optical DWDM

Networks
Raj Jain
The Ohio State University
Columbus, OH 43210
[email protected]
These slides are available at
http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/~jain/talks/h_5opt.htm
Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

Overview
Sparse and Dense WDM
q Recent WDM Records
q WDM Applications and Sample Products
q Key Technologies
q Types of Fibers: Limiting factors to single wavelength
q Wavelength router and optical crossconnect
q Upcoming Technologies: Optic wireless, Soliton,
Packet Switching, Optical CDMA, ...
The Ohio State University
Raj Jain
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Sparse and Dense WDM

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10Mbps Ethernet (10Base-F) uses 850 nm

100 Mbps Ethernet (100Base-FX) + FDDI use 1310 nm
Some telecommunication lines use 1550 nm
WDM: 850nm + 1310nm or 1310nm + 1550nm
Dense Closely spaced 1nm separation
Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

Recent WDM Records

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140 G up to 65 km (Alcatel98). PMD Limited.

32 5 G to 9300 km (1998)
64 5 G to 7200 km (Lucent97)
10010 G to 400 km (Lucent97)
1610 G to 6000 km (1998)
13220 G to 120 km (NEC96)
7020 G to 600 km (NTT97)
1022 Wavelengths on one fiber (Lucent 99)
Ref: OFC9x
Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

WDM Applications
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WANs: Fiber links WDM DWDM Links

Undersea Links: Amplifiers High maintenance cost
Can't put too many fibers
DWDM highly successful in long-haul market.
Not yet cost-competitive in metro market.
Bandwidth demand is low and more dynamic.
Many new lower cost products for metro market.

Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

Sample Products
q

Nortel/Cambrian: Optera Metro: 32 2.5G Optera

LH: 2560622Mbps, 12801.25Gbps (Gb Ethernet),
6402.5Gbps, 16010Gbps
Pirelli Optical Systems: 12810G TeraMuX
WaveMux H-DWDM with Soliton
OMDS 32 WDM System
Monterey Networks: Wavelength RouterTM
256256 OC-48 scalable to 160 Tbps
Non-blocking any to any.
Fully hot swappable w/o fiber swap
1+1 or 1:N APS. Straight IP over DWDM.
Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

Key Components
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Tunable Lasers
Fast tuning receivers
Frequency converters
Amplifiers: Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers
(EDFA)s
Splitters, Combiners

Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

Directional Couplers
Control
q

Control

Control

Larger switches can be built out of 2 2 switches

Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

Types of Fibers I
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Multimode Fiber: Core Diameter 50 or 62.5 m

Wide core Several rays (mode) enter the fiber
Each mode travels a different distance
Single Mode Fiber: 10-m core. Lower dispersion.

Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

Types of Fibers II
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Dispersion-Shifted Fiber: Zero dispersion at 1310nm

EDFAs/DWDM systems operate at 1550 nm
Special core profile zero dispersion at 1550 nm
Dispersion Optimized Fiber: 3 ps/nm/km 1300-1700nm
Use 1300 nm now and 1550 in future
Low dispersion causes four-wave mixing
DSF/DFF not used in DWDM systems

Dispersion
0

The Ohio State University

Standard

DSF

1310nm 1550nm
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DOF
Wavelength
Raj Jain

Four-way Mixing (FWM)

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2w1-w2 w1 w2 2w2-w1
Caused when multiple wavelengths travel in the same
phase for long time
New signals are generated at the same frequency
spacing as original: w1,w2 2w2-w1, 2w1-w2
Closer channels More FWM
More power More FWM
Less dispersion More time same phase
More FWM
Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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Types of Fibers III

Amplifier
Standard
Dispersion
Fiber
Compensating Fiber
q Dispersion Optimized Fiber:
m Non-zero dispersion shifted fiber (NZ-DSF)
4 ps/nm/km near 1530-1570nm band
m Avoids four-way mixing
q Dispersion Compensating Fiber:
m Standard fiber has 17 ps/nm/km. DCF -100 ps/nm/km
m 100 km of standard fiber followed by 17 km of DCF
zero dispersion
The Ohio State University
Raj Jain
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Polarization Mode Dispersion

q

Each light pulse consists of two orthogonally

polarized pulses.
These polarizations experience different delays
through the fiber.
Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) limits distances
to square of the bit rate
OC-192 to 1/16th of OC-48, OC-768 to 1/256th.
Need Regenerators to compensate for PMD
Expensive
Most DWDM systems operate at OC-48
Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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Wavelength Grafting Router

1, 2, 3, 4

1 1, 2, 3, 4

1, 2, 3, 4

2 1, 2, 3, 4

1, 2, 3, 4

3 , , ,
1
2
3
4
4
1, 2, 3, 4

1, 2, 3, 4 12
3
q

Wavelength k on port i is route to output port i+k mod

M, k [0,M]
Passive Reliable
Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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Wavelength Routed Networks

Light Path

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Light path through a WGR network

Routing Wavelength assignment problem
Two wavelengths from different fibers should not be
mixed Need wavelength conversion
Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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q
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Optical (Wavelength) Cross

Connect

Slow switching nodes.

Configuration changed by management.
May allow any wavelength on any fiber to go to any
fiber.
Programmable.
Control channel could be electronic or optical.

Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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Upcoming Technologies
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Optic Wireless
Optical Time Domain Multiplexing (OTDM)
Soliton
Optical Packet Switching

Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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Optical Wireless
Receiver
EDFA

Telescope

Laser
Source
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Uses WDM in open air

Sample Product:
Lucent WaveStar OpticAir: 42.5Gbps to 5 km
Available March'00.
Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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Optical
Time
Division
Muxing
Source 1
Source 2
Source 3
Source 4

110101 11010101 0 1

Bit
Multiplexing

Splitter Delay lines

Modulators Combiner
A laser produces short pulses.
Pulse stream divided in to 4 substreams
Each substream modulated by different source.
Combined.
Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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Solitons
q

Light velocity is a function of amplitude

Index of dispersion is non-linear:
m n=n0 + n2E2, Where, E=field strength
m No dispersion if the pulse is sech(t)
Need high amplitude pulses (100 mW) and high nonlinearity

Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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Solitons (Cont)
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Solitons have no distortion but must be amplified

periodically. Erbium doped fiber amplifiers are used
Can be very short duration 10 ps High bit rate
20 Gb/s8 over 10,000 km using solitons
Sample Product: Pirelli Optical Systems
Soliton (nonlinear) systems are superior for ultra long
distance and 10+ Gbps. Linear systems are superior
for short-medium-long distances and lower rates.
Problem: Closely packed solitons can attract or
repulse Errors Bit rate < 10 soliton width
10 ps pulses 100 ps spacing 10 Gbps
Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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Optical Packet Switching

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Example: Keys to Optical Packet Switching (KEOPS)

Project in Europe
1.646s slots (1500B at 10G = 1.2 ms)
14B 622 Mb/s header processed electronically
Fixed-duration payload at variable rate Transparant
64 packet optical buffering feasible now
10-10 loss up to 80% load
Guard Header Routing Guard Load
Payload Guard
Time Sync bits Tags
Time
Time Sync bits
5B

14B

2B

102B

5B
Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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KEOPS (Cont)
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High dispersion fiber for fine synchronization

Delay lines for coarse synchronization
Multicast using optical components 1N
Input Interface: Header detection, payload alignment,
header erasure
Switching Matrix: Payload routing using Wavelength
router, contention resolution using buffering (delay
lines)
Output Interface: Wavelength reallocation, header rewriting
Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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Architecture of KEOPS Switch

Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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Optical CDMA
0

Data
01001011011011010010

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Time
Allows Time, Frequency, and Space Overlap
Spreading factor = Code bits/data bit, 10-100 commercial
(Min 10 by FCC), 10,000 for military
Signal bandwidth >10 data bandwidth
Correlation between codes Interference Orthogonal
Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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Optical CDMA (Cont)

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Coherent phase-shifted: More complex, higher SNR

Incoherent intensity modulated
4 Codes/ Hybrid OCDMA/WDM allows
150 10 Gb/s using 38 wavelengths
at 100 GHz spacing. 25 GHz with WDM.
Orthogonal codes on each link
Need code conversion
Currently code conversion done electronically.
Optical code conversion possible in future
Broad WDM (1300nm-1600nm) possible in future
Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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Other Research Topics

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Dark Solitons: A Gap in a high-powered beam

Light Guiding Light: A high-powered beam in a
dispersive substance alters its refrection index and
forms a waveguide. Other light waves will follow this
waveguide.
ZBLAN Fiber: Zirconium, barium, lanthanum,
aluminium, and sodium (Na) fiber. 10-2 or 10-3 dB/km
attenuation. Cross oceans without amplification. Need
2.55 micron wavelength Larger core.

Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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Summary

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DWDM allows 32- to 128- channels per fiber

Several types of fibers with different dispersion
characteristics
Wavelength routers/switches all-optical networks
Solitons allow high-datarate over very long distances
Optical Packet switching is around the corner.
Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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References:
q

See references in http://www.cis.ohiostate.edu/~jain/refs/opt_refs.htm

Recommended books on optical networking,
http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/~jain/refs/opt_book.htm
Optical networking and DWDM, http://www.cis.ohiostate.edu/~jain/cis788-99/dwdm/index.html
IP over DWDM, http://www.cis.ohiostate.edu/~jain/cis788-99/ip_dwdm/index.html
Newsgroup: sci.optics.fiber
Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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Standards Organization
q

ITU:
m G.681 Functional characteristics of interoffice and
long-haul line systems using optical amplifiers
including optical multiplexing
m G.692 Optical Interfaces for multichannel systems
with optical amplifiers (Oct 98): 50 and 100 GHz
spacing centered at 193.1 THz (1553.5 nm)
m G.872 Architecture for Optical Transport
Networks, 1999
m Several others in preparation
Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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Standards (Cont)
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ANSI T1X1.5: http://www.t1.org/t1x1/_x1-grid.htm

IETF: MPLS over DWDM
Optical Interoperability Forum (OIF):
www.oiforum.com
m Started April 1998 by CISCO, Ciena, ...Now over
128 members
m Working groups on Architecture, Physical and Link
Layer, OAM&P
m Signaling protocols for rapid provisioning and
restoration
Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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Products
q

Ciena MultiWave Family: 16, 40, 96-channel systems

with SONET/ATM/IP to DWDM
m CoreDirector: 256 OC-48 or 64 OC192 (640G
total) Switch, Optical signaling and routing
protocol
m EdgeDirector: ATM VP ring with 50ms APS, DS1
to OC3, 10-100Base-T interfaces, RIP and OSPF
m CoreStream: 2.5G or 10G (to 2 Tbps total) DWDM
Long Haul transport
m Metro: 242.5G duplex ADM nodes on a 2 fiber
ring

Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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Products (Cont)
Sentry: 402.5G long haul 800 km
m Optical Line Amplifier: EDFA, 1540-1560nm
m Sentry ADM: OC-48 ADM at any amplifier site
m Firefly: 242.5G Short haul, point-to-point,
1310nm
m WaveWatcher SNMP & TMN Fault Management
System
m WaveWatcher SNMP & TMN Element
Management System
m

Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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Products (Cont)
q

Sycamore:
m SN 6000 Intelligent Optical Transport Node
m OC-192 DWDM
m Allows OC-48 IP/ATM/SONET inputs
m Private line applications
m 28 OC-48 inputs per rack
m SILVX Optical Network Management System
Corvis: CorWave supports OC-192 SONET/ATM/IP
streams to 3200 km
Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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Products (Cont)
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Optical Networks Inc: ONLINE 9000 Metro Nodes,

OPTX Metro Network Operating System (design,
configuration, operation), OLMP Optical link
management
NEC: Submarine WDM System 1610G up to 300
km expandable to 3210G
Monterey Networks:
m Teraseed: Single chip. Clustered to create switch
matrix.
m Wavelength Routing ProtocolTM (WaRPTM)
Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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Products (Cont)
q

Tellium:
m Aurora 32: Carrier Class Optical Switch
m Aurora 512: Bidirectional carrier class 1.2 Tbps
nonblocking optical switch
Alidian Networks:
m Optical Service Networks (OSN): Metro and
Access Rings with
m ATM/FR/TDM/SONET Services with QoS

Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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Products (Cont)
q

CISCO:
m 12000 Gigabit Switch Router with OC-48c line
card
m Dynamic Packet Transport (DPT)
q Uses SONET framing
q Dual Ring
q Both rings used simultaneously
m Spatial Reuse Protocol (SRP)
m SRP fairness algorithm
Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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Products (Cont)
Intelligent Protection Switching (IPS): Handles
events at layer 1, 2, and 3 (APS handles only layer
1). Can provide reduced capacity during failures.
Canoga Perkins Corp: Converter MMF/SMF 8M1.25G to 1310/1550nm
Integral Access: PurePacket Node DSL Access Mux
(DSLAM), Voice, Data to DWDM/MPLS
m

Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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Products (Cont)
Lucent WaveStar Family:
m OLS 400G/80G/40G/10G/2.5G: 80OC-48 or
40OC-192 (point-to-point)
m Bandwidth Manager: 1152 STS-1/384 STM-1
Switch Fabric with electrical and optical interfaces
q Lucent OpticGate Family: Allows connecting ATM
Switches and IP routers to 400G.
m MetroPoint: 162.5G to 60 km
m AllMetro: 402.5G with add/drop
m OpticAir: 42.5Gbps to 5 km
m FT-2000: STS-1 to OC-48 SONET
The Ohio State University
Raj Jain
q

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Products (Cont)
q

q
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Lucent OptiStar Family: OC48/OC12/1G: nonDWDM Network adapters for NT/2000/Linux

OSICOM: 322.5G Gigamux (point-to-point)
More Vendors: ADC, Bosch, DSC, Ericsson, Fujitsu,
Hitachi, NEC, Scientific-Atlanta, and Tellabs

Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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Acronyms
ADM
Add-Drop Multiplexer
q PANDA Polarization maintaining AND Absorption
reducing
q ANSI
American National Standards Institute
q APS
Automatic Protection Switching
q ATM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
q CDMA
Code Division Multiple Access
q DARPA Defense Advanced Research Project
Agency
q DCF
Dispersion Compensating Fiber
q DPT
Dynamic Packet Transport
q DSF
Dispersion Shifted Fiber
The Ohio State University
Raj Jain
q

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q
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DFF
DSL
DWDM
EDFAs
FCC
FWM
GHz
IEEE
IETF
IPS

Dispersion Flattened Fiber

Digital Subscriber Lines
Digital Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers
Federal Communications Commission
Four-Wave Mixing
Giga Hertz
Institution of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers
Internet Engineering Taskforce
Intelligent Protection Switching
Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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q
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ITU
KEOPS
LAN
LED
MMF
NRZ
NTONC
OAM
OC
OCh

International Telecommunications Union

Keys to Optical Packet Switching
Local Area Network
Light Emitting Diode
Multimode Fiber
Non-return to zero
National Transparent Optical Network
Consortium
Operation Administration and Maintenance
Optical Carrier
Optical Channel Layer
Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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OFC
q OIF
q OMS
q OPP
q SPP
q OSC
q OSN
q OSPF
q OTDM
q OTS
q OXC
q PMD
The Ohio State University
q

Optical Fiber Conference

Optical Interoperability Forum
Optical Multiplex Section
Optical Packet Path
Secondary Packet Paths
Optical Supervisory Channel
Optical Service Networks
Open Shortest Path First
Optical Time Domain Multiplexing
Optical Tranmission Section
Opical cross connect
Polarization Mode Dispersion
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Raj Jain

q
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PMF
PMMA
RI
RIP
SNMP
SNR
SONET
SRP
TDM
WAN
WC

Polarization Maintening Fiber

PolyMethylMethyelAcrylate
Refrective Index
Routing Information Protocol
Simple Network Management Protocol
Signal to Noise Ratio
Synchronous Optical Network
Spatial Reuse Protoco
Time Division Multiplexing
Wide Area Network
Wavelength converter
Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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q
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WDM
Wavelength Division Multiplexing
WGR
Wavelength Grafting Router
WIXC
Wavelength Interchanging Crossconnect
WSXC Wavelength Selective Crossconnect
ZBLAN Zirconium, barium, lanthanum, aluminium,
and sodium

Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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