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Chapter 15mitosis

Cell division occurs through mitosis and cytokinesis to form two daughter cells. Mitosis involves nuclear division into two identical daughter nuclei through the stages of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Cytokinesis then separates the cytoplasm, with animal cells forming a cleavage furrow and plant cells forming a cell plate. The cell cycle is regulated and consists of interphase (G1, S, G2 phases) and the M phase of mitosis/cytokinesis. Precise duplication and distribution of genetic material through mitosis and cytokinesis ensures each daughter cell has the required components for independent growth and function.

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57 views

Chapter 15mitosis

Cell division occurs through mitosis and cytokinesis to form two daughter cells. Mitosis involves nuclear division into two identical daughter nuclei through the stages of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Cytokinesis then separates the cytoplasm, with animal cells forming a cleavage furrow and plant cells forming a cell plate. The cell cycle is regulated and consists of interphase (G1, S, G2 phases) and the M phase of mitosis/cytokinesis. Precise duplication and distribution of genetic material through mitosis and cytokinesis ensures each daughter cell has the required components for independent growth and function.

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CELL CYCLE

(MITOSI
S)
1

CELL CYCLE

Cell Division
formation of new cell
General steps in Cell Division
1.The nucleus divides.
2. The cytoplasm divides,
resulting in the formation of
two daughter nuclei
3. Formation of two daughter
cells with equal distribution of

Did you know that 28 days


from now, every single
layer of your skin will all be
gone replaced by a set of
completely new ones?

CELL CYCLE

cycle of alternating stages of division


and rest from division
consists of five major stages: G1, S,
G2 (make up the interphase), mitosis
and cytokinesis
when cells divide, it includes nucleus
and cytoplasm
Mitosis nuclear division (2 daughter
nuclei)

Cell Cycle

INTERPHASE
the majority of its purposes
including preparation for cell
division.
takes up more than 90% of a cell
lifespan
Considered as the living phase of
the cell
It is divided into three stages

G1 (FIRST GAP OR GAP PHASE)


Cells grow and function normally
most growing occurs ( increase
in size)
more organelles are produced,
increasing the volume of the
cytoplasm.
synthesis of various enzymes
that are required in S phase .

S (SYNTHESIS PHASE)

This is also known as the Swanson


phase
DNA is synthesize and chromosome
is replicated (via semiconservative
replication).
produce two copies that each
contained one of the original
strands and one new strand called
sister chromatid.
Chromatin are genetic material
composed of DNA and proteins

INTERPHASE S
STAGE
Synthesis

stage
DNA is copied or
replicated

Original
DNA

Two
identi
cal
copie
s of
DNA
15

G2 (SECOND GAP)
shortest phase
rapid cell growth and protein synthesis
the organelles and molecules required
for cell division are produced in this
phase.
centrioles
cylindrical structures are made up of
groupings of microtubules
o

After division, the cells


may go through G1 to
prepare for the next
division
or
proceed
to

G0 PHASE
arrested, quiescent
stage
stage involved in
differentiation
ex. Nerve, blood cell

CELL DIVISION
Kinds of cell
division

Mitosis
Meiosis

MITOSIS
Greek word mitos means "warp thread
and -osis means "act, process.
Kind of cell division that produces
two(2) daughter cells that is still
capable of cell division.
It happens only in eukaryotic cell.
This accounts for approximately 10% of
the cell cycle.

ROLE OF MITOSIS AMONG


ORGANISM
Development and
growth
Cell replacement
Regeneration
Asexual
reproduction

M
I
T
O
S
I
S

FOUR MITOTIC STAGES


Prophase

Metaphase
Anaphase

Telophase

25

PROPHASE

longest phase of mitosis


Chromosomes form
Nucleolus disappear
Two pair of centrioles move
to opposite poles of nucleus
Nuclear membrane breaks
Formation of spindle fibers

METAPHASE
Nuclear membrane disappear
completely
Centrosomes are at opposite poles of
the cell
Chromosome is aligned in the equator
plate or metaphase plate
Spindle fibers attach to the
centromere of the chromosome

ANAPHASE
Shortest phase of mitosis
centromeres of each
chromosome separate and
spindle fibers begin to pull
the sister chromatids
The paired sister chromatids
separate from one another

TELOPHASE

Chromosomes attach at the


opposite ends of the cell
Reappearance of nucleoli and
nuclear membrane
Chromosome will uncoil or
decondense
Spindle fiber will break down

ANAPHASE VS TELOPHASE

33

CYTOKINESIS
from the greekcyto-(cell)
andkinesis(division)
process by which a cell divides
itscytoplasmto produce two
daughter cells.
in animal cell, cleavage furrow
forms pinching off and separate the
two daughter cell
in plant cell, cell plate forms

Cytokinesis differs in animal and plant cells.

In animal
cells, the
membrane
pinches
closed.
In plant
cells, a
cell plate

CYTOKINESIS
Cleavage furrow
in animal cell

Cell plate in
animal cell

37

In plant cells a structure


known as a cell plate
forms midway between
the divided nuclei, which
gradually develops into a
separating membrane.
The cell wall forms in the
cell plate.

t Cell Telophase/Cytokinesis

CELLS DIVIDE AT DIFFERENT RATES.

The rate of cell division varies with the need for


those types of cells.

Some cells are unlikely to divide (G0).

CELL SIZE IS LIMITED.


Volume

increases faster than


surface area.

Surface

area must
allow for adequate
exchange of
Cell growth is
materials.

coordinated with
division.
Cells that must be large
have unique shapes.

DNA plus proteins is called chromatin.


chromatid

One half of a
duplicated
chromosome is a
chromatid.
Sister chromatids
are held together at
the centromere.
Telomeres protect
DNA and do not

telomere

centromere

telomere
Condensed, duplicated chromosome

MITOSIS AND CYTOKINESIS PRODUCE TWO


GENETICALLY IDENTICAL DAUGHTER CELLS.
Parent cell

Interphase

centrioles

prepares
the cell to
divide.
During
interphase,
the DNA is
duplicated.

spindle fibers

centrosome
nucleus with
DNA

AFTER THE MITOSIS THE


DAUGHTER CELLS MUST HAVE:
oA

complete set of genes


oNuclear membrane
oNucleolus
oA pair of centrioles
oOrganelles

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