Grammar Modals 1: ability, permission, advice © Introduction to modals ee ‘The modal verbs are: statement negative statement negative can can't / cannot could couldn't / could not may may not might mightn't / might not will won't / will not would wouldn't / would not shall shan't / shall not should shouldn't / should not must ‘mustn't / must not All modal verbs: ‘Semi-modals |» have only one form There are also some phrases that we use like modals: | Vyou/ne/she/it/we/they may write an email.» ought to (ought not to) | «© are followed by the bare infinitive * have to (don't have to) You should call Stella * need to (don't need to / needn't) © do not have an infinitive Like modals, ought to doesn't change. Have to and need to change for person and tense like normal verbs and have infnitives. + We form questions with modal verbs like this: ¥ Can you understand what he's saying? * We use modals with the passive voice like this: v The address should be written clearly on the front of the envelope. Use Modal Example Ability now or generally can Can you use a fax machine? Ability in the past could Tom could read when he was two years old. We use be able to to form other tenses. ~ It's useful to be able to order things by e-mail. (infinitive) ¥ Soon, I'l be able to speak italian quite well. (future) ¥ Have you been able to speak English for a long time? (present perfect) Modal Example ‘Asking for permission can / could / may Can / Could / May | use the phone? Giving permission can /may You can / may send the fax when you like. ‘May is more polite than could and could is more polite than can. Use Modal Example Asking for and giving advice should Liam ought to / should watch less TV. 18 ‘ought to> Modals 1: ability, permission, advice Unit 19 Underline the mistake in each sentence and write the correct words. My older brother can to ride a motorbike, but | can’t. He'll has his dinner early today because he's going out. Do you can come to my party? You should to see a doctor about your foot. | couldn't bought any bread because the baker's was closed. You needn't to do the washing-up. I've already done it. The school ought listen to pupils’ opinions. People shouldn't to drop their rubbish in the street. wuTMg HAWKE Look at the pictures and complete the sentences using can, could or the correct form of be able to. You may have to use some negative forms. Amy really loves playing chess and she Amy has (4) sovonnnnon Fid@ a bicycle @ play very well. When _since she was three. She wants to learn to drive she was a baby she (2) when she grows up, though. When she's eighteen, play chess. She thinks that when she’s older, she hopes she'll (5) do her she'll (3) win the national driving test. She (6) drive a championships! car now though. It's against the law! Write what they say using the word given. Tony wants to borrow his friend's pencil. could ‘Could I borrow your pencil cg teammate Alex wants to allow her friend to use her dictionary. can n w Julie wants permission from her teacher to leave the classroom. may = Lou wants to wear his brother's new trainers. can o Terry wants to ask her boss for permission to take the day off work. could a Diane wants to use her dad's car this weekend. can ~ A teacher wants to give her students five extra minutes to finish the test. may 19Unit 19 Grammar fb) Rewrite the sentences using should or ought to and the words in brackets. You may have to use some negative forms. 1 ‘Ineed to earn more money.’ (a, get, job, new, you) “You should/ought to get a new job. smn stn PS cas 2 ‘Brenda is 's angry about what said are, say, ‘sorry, you, you) 3 som doesrit understand his homework.’ (about, ask, it, he, his, teacher) 4 Nd like to lear to ba the piano. having, oe start, t you) 5 ‘Tina is often tired at work.’ (at, late, mie, she, TV, watch) 6 ‘dont seem to have much e energy atthe moment. (exercise, get, some, you) [E] Circte the correct word or phrase. 1 I've been having swimming lessons and now | can / could swim really well. 2 Please could / should | use your mobile phone? Mine doesn't have any power. 3. Sam could / ought to get a job instead of complaining about having no money. 4 Okay, yes — you can / should leave five minutes early today. 5 Do you think | must / should tell Michael the truth about what happened? 6 I can’t / couldn't read until | was five years old. 7 I'm sorry, but you can’t / couldn't leave your car there. 8 If you want to pass the exam, you can / ought to do some revision. 9 | know John lived in Tokyo, but | don't think he can / may speak Japanese. 10 Tracy can / could sing really well now that she's had a few lessons. Match to make sentences. 1 There's a lot of washingup; | think we should... A wait for their fight in the VIP area. 2 its getting quite late and we ought ss B borrow some if you need it. 3 I don't have much money, but you can . .. C to think about getting a taxi. 4 It's amazing that Andrew could conus D. offer to do it. 5 Passengers travelling in first class may ._E_ walk when he was just six months 1 80Grammar Modals 2: obligation, probability, possibility Use Modal Present or future obligation must /mustn't All visitors must turn off their mobile phones. have to You have to/need to press ‘send’. need to No present or future obligation don’t have to. —_‘You don't have to/don't need to/needn't pay to send don'tneed to an email. needn't Past obligation had to Yesterday, Sam had to buy more stamps. No past obligation didn't have to learnt a little Italian, but everyone spoke English, didn't need to __s0 | didn't have to/didn’t need to use it. a —___ In spoken English, have to is more common than must. Must is often used in written notices and instructions. / We have to pay the phone bill today,’ Rita said. ¥ Passengers must tum off all mobile phones. ‘Mustn’t and don't have to do not mean the same. ¥ You mustn't do that! ( = Don't do that!) You don't have to do that. ( = You can do that if you want to, but it's not necessary.) © Probability and possibilit Use Modal Example Present strong probability must The phone is ringing — it must be Simon. can't This letter can’t/couldn't be from Japan because it’s couldn't got a French stamp. Present and future probability should We ought to/should hear from Cheryl this weekend. ‘ought to Present and future possibilty could Tm not sure what language itis — it could/may/might may be Polish. might We often use must, can't and couldn't for probability when we have some evidence for our opinion. ¥ | just rang Paul, but there’s no answer. He must be out. To talk about possibility and probability about the past, we use a modal and the perfect infinitive. See Unit 22. 8182 Unit 20 Grammar 1 We have to pay the electricity bill before Friday. ‘AWe can pay it if we want to. B We must pay it. C We've already paid it. 2 You don't need to buy me a birthday present. A You must buy me a birthday present. B It’s not necessary to buy me a birthday present. C You mustn't buy me a birthday present. 3 Ihave to do some work on my project this evening. Al haver't got time to do the work. B Ive already done the work. CI need to do the work, 4 Lenny didn’t have to see the head teacher after all. Alt wasn't necessary for Lenny to see the head teacher. B Lenny went to see the head teacher. C Lenny is waiting to see the head teacher. B] Circle the correct word or phrase. 1 ‘Smoking isn't allowed in the airport.’ You mustn’t / don’t have to smoke in the airport. 2 ‘tts not necessary to come to the train station to meet me.’ You have to / don’t have to meet her at the train station. 3. ‘We were forced to wait for over two hours in the rain!’ ‘They had to / didn’t need to wait for over two hours in the rain, ‘The instructions tell you to write in pencil.” You must / needn't write in pencil. + Choose the sentence (A, B or C) which means the same as the first sentence 5 Students mustn't run in school buildings. A They can run if they want to. B Students don’t like running. C Running isn't allowed. 6 All passengers must fasten their seatbelts. A They have to fasten their seatbelts now. B They don't have to fasten their seatbelts. C They can fasten their seatbelts. 7 Mr Reed had to go to the police station to answer some questions. A Mr Reed was able to go to the police static B Mr Reed forgot to go to the police station. C Mr Reed was obliged to go to the police station. 8 Its kind of you to offer to help, but you really don't need to. | don't want you to help me. B Your help isn't necessary. C You won't be able to help me. o ‘You can contact us by either phone or email’ You mustn't / don’t have to phone them. ‘In my country, you can carry your passport with you if you want, but it’s not necessary.’ In her country, you don’t need to / mustn't carry your passport with you. 7 ‘My grandfather was made to start work when he was just fourteen years old.’ He had to / must start work when he was just fourteen years old. 8 ‘its not necessary to book a hotel; you can stay in our spare room.’ You mustn’t / don’t have to stay in a hotel, o C] Complete using the correct form of have to. You may have to use some negative forms. 1 Jade can't come out tonight. She... 2.1 didn't have enough money, so |. 3 It’s raining really hard, but luckily we 4 To start the laptop you P Robbie worked last weekend, but | you _.look after her little brother. borrow some from Yuri. ..go out this evening. press the power button. go to piano lessons when you were younger?2) Unit 20 Match the sentences with the explanations. You have to use some of the explanations more than once. 1 ‘Someone is at the door. It must be Mrs Johnson from next door.’ 2 ‘Lena might not know where the cinema is.’ 3 ‘Dad should know what the capital of New Zealand is.’ 4 ‘Greg can't be in the final! He's a terrible player!’ 5 ‘The dog is wet. It must be raining outside.” 6 ‘We may goto the Canary Islands for Easter? aan 7 ‘Ken must like that film. He's seen it six times! 8 ‘Barry ought to be able to cook Chinese food. He lived there for two years.’ > 'm almost certain. Its probable. Maybe / Perhaps. oo Rewrite th entences using the words given. You're expecting David to ring. The phone rings. must Anna is a better runner than Rula. You think Anna will probably win the race tomorrow. should N w Aletter arrives. It's possible that it's from your cousin, Janice. could There's a knock at the door. Your mum says it might be Colin, but you know Colin is on holiday. can't B You see someone wearing a costume. You think there's a strong probability that she’s going to a fancy-dress party. must a Your sister is looking for her hairbrush. You think it's possible that it’s in the living room. might o You're waiting for Harriet to arrive. You think she'll probably be there in half an hour. should x You're talking about why James seems to be sad. You think it's possible he's in trouble at school. could co 83