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Atomic Model 2 2

Scientists have developed several models of the atom over time as new discoveries were made. John Dalton proposed the first atomic theory in 1803, stating that all matter is composed of indivisible atoms. J.J. Thomson discovered electrons in 1897 and proposed the "plum pudding" model of the atom. Ernest Rutherford discovered the nucleus through his gold foil experiment in 1908. James Chadwick discovered neutrons in the nucleus in 1932. As of today, the electron cloud model depicts electrons as occupying regions or clouds around the nucleus rather than fixed orbits.

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230 views2 pages

Atomic Model 2 2

Scientists have developed several models of the atom over time as new discoveries were made. John Dalton proposed the first atomic theory in 1803, stating that all matter is composed of indivisible atoms. J.J. Thomson discovered electrons in 1897 and proposed the "plum pudding" model of the atom. Ernest Rutherford discovered the nucleus through his gold foil experiment in 1908. James Chadwick discovered neutrons in the nucleus in 1932. As of today, the electron cloud model depicts electrons as occupying regions or clouds around the nucleus rather than fixed orbits.

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Unit 2: Matter

Content Outline: Development of the Atomic Model (2.2)


I. Models in Science
A. A model is a representation of an object, event, or idea. Scientists often
develop models to help them study or understand complex concepts.
1. Models can be of things that are too big to see, such as the solar system.
2. Models can be of things that are too small to see, such as the atom.
B. There are three types of models:
1. Physical models can be seen or touched (Ex.: a globe)
2. Computer models can be seen on a computer screen (Ex.: moving
weather patterns on a computer)
3. Idea Models concepts that describe how someone thinks about something
in the natural world (Ex: Einsteins E=mc2)
II. Scientists and Their Contributions to the Atomic Model
A. In 1803, John Dalton, an English chemist, introduced an early atomic theory of
matter. The basic tenets of his atomic theory were:
1. All elements are composed of atoms. Atoms are indivisible and indestructible
particles.
2. Atoms of the same element are exactly alike.
3. Atoms of different elements are different.
4. Compounds are formed by the joining of atoms of two or more elements.
B. In 1897, J.J. Thomson, an English physicist, discovered negatively charged electrons
using a cathode ray tube.
1. Studying the passage of an electric current through a gas-filled glass tube,
a beam of light was emitted. Thomson placed a magnet around the
cathode ray tube causing the light beam to bend.
2. This showed that the particles making up the beam were charged and they
were affected by the magnets magnetic field.
3. Thomsons atomic model is called the plum pudding model.
C. In 1908, Ernest Rutherford, a New Zealand-born English physicist, conducted his gold
foil experiment. He discovered the positively-charged center of the atomthe
nucleus, as well as discovered positively charged protons. Rutherford also determined
that atoms were mostly empty space.
1. Rutherford fired a stream of tiny positively charged alpha (helium) particles
at a very thin sheet of gold foil. He predicted that the particles would move
just a few degrees from their paths as they all passed through.
2. Instead, the actual results showed a number of particles repelled at almost
180 degrees off of the foil while most passed straight through the foil.
D. James Chadwick, a student of Rutherfords, discovered neutral (meaning no
charge) neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. His proton-neutron model of the atomic
nucleus is still accepted today.
1. Rutherford had been puzzled that the particle collisions produced heavier
nuclei yet their positive charges remained the same.
2. Chadwick concluded the particles came from the bombarded nuclei and that
that contained no charge. They were neutral.

E. In 1913, Niels Bohr, a Danish physicist, proposed that electrons were located in
specific energy levels and that electrons traveled in definite orbits around the nucleus.
His atomic model is often called the planetary model.
III. Electron Cloud Model
A. As a result of continuous research, scientists discovered that electrons had
characteristics similar to both waves and particles.
1. They discovered that electrons did not travel in well-defined paths, or orbits.
2. They also discovered that it is impossible to know the exact location of an
electron at any given time.
3. Scientists determined that they could only predict the most probable location
of an electron based on its energy.
B. Based on their findings, scientists developed the current model of the atom, the
electron cloud model
1. Electrons are extremely small and fast and they move about in a hazy region,
or cloud, of varying densities.
2. The darker the cloud (closer to the nucleus), the higher the probability that the
electrons will be found there.
C. Further research led scientists to the discovery of additional subatomic particles.
1. Scientists succeeded in breaking down protons and neutrons into smaller
particles called quarks.
2. Quarks have fractional electrical charges, such as +2/3 or -1/3.
3. From the six known quarks, different combinations of three quarks produce
either a proton or a neutron.

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