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RM Sampling

This document discusses the differences between a census and a sample survey. A census attempts to gather data from all individuals in a population but can be biased and costly. A sample survey collects data from a subset of the population and uses statistical methods to infer characteristics about the larger population. The document provides an overview of key sampling concepts like sampling frames, probability and non-probability sampling techniques, sample size determination, and estimating accuracy.

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Rajiv Ranjan
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
32 views

RM Sampling

This document discusses the differences between a census and a sample survey. A census attempts to gather data from all individuals in a population but can be biased and costly. A sample survey collects data from a subset of the population and uses statistical methods to infer characteristics about the larger population. The document provides an overview of key sampling concepts like sampling frames, probability and non-probability sampling techniques, sample size determination, and estimating accuracy.

Uploaded by

Rajiv Ranjan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CENSUS AND SAMPLE SURVEY

All items in any field of inquiry


constitute a Universe or
Population. A complete
enumeration of all items in the
population is known as a census
inquiry. It can be presumed that in
such an inquiry, when all items are
covered, no element of chance is
left and highest accuracy is
obtained.

But

in practice this may not be true.


Even the slightest element of bias in
such an inquiry will get larger and
larger as the number of observation
increases. Moreover, there is no way
of checking the element of bias or its
extent except through a resurvey or
use of sample checks. Besides, this
type of inquiry involves a great deal
of time, money and energy

Sampling is the process of selecting a small


number of elements from a larger defined
target group of elements such that the
information gathered from the small group
will allow judgments to be made about the
larger groups

Population

Element
Defined target
population
Sampling unit

Sampling frame

Sampling error is any type of bias


that is attributable to mistakes
in either drawing a sample or
determining the sample size

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Define the Population of Interest


Identify a Sampling Frame (if possible)
Select a Sampling Method
Determine Sample Size
Execute the Sampling Plan

Population of interest is entirely dependent


on Management Problem, Research Problems,
and Research Design.
Some Bases for Defining Population:

Geographic Area
Demographics
Usage/Lifestyle
Awareness

A list of population elements (people,


companies, houses, cities, etc.) from which
units to be sampled can be selected.
Difficult to get an accurate list.
Sample frame error occurs when certain
elements of the population are accidentally
omitted or not included on the list.
See Survey Sampling International for some
good examples
http://www.surveysampling.com/

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD
SAMPLE DESIGN
(a) Sample design must result in a truly
representative sample.
(b) Sample design must be such which results in a
small sampling error.
(c) Sample design must be viable in the context of
funds available for the research study.
(d) Sample design must be such so that
systematic bias can be controlled in a better way.
(e) Sample should be such that the results of the
sample study can be applied, in general, for the
universe with a reasonable level of confidence.

Probability
sampling

Nonprobability
sampling

Probability
Nonprobability
Simple random
Convenience
sampling
sampling
Systematic
Judgment
random sampling
sampling
Stratified random Quota sampling
sampling
Snowball sampling
Cluster sampling

Simple random sampling is a method of


probability sampling in which
every unit has an equal nonzero
chance of being selected

Systematic random sampling is a


method of
probability sampling
in which the defined
target population is ordered
and the sample is selected
according to position using a skip interval

1: Obtain a list of units that contains an


acceptable frame of the target population
2: Determine the number of units in the
list and the desired sample size
3: Compute the skip interval
4: Determine a random start point
5: Beginning at the start point, select the
units by choosing each unit that
corresponds to the skip interval

Stratified random sampling is a


method of
probability sampling
in which the population is divided
into different subgroups and samples
are selected from each

1: Divide the target population into


homogeneous subgroups or strata
2: Draw random samples from each
stratum
3: Combine the samples from each
stratum into a single sample of the target
population

Convenience sampling relies


upon convenience and access
Judgment sampling relies upon belief
that participants fit characteristics
Quota sampling emphasizes representation
of specific characteristics
Snowball sampling relies upon respondent
referrals of others with like characteristics

Research objectives

Degree of accuracy

Resources

Time frame

Knowledge of
target population

Research scope

Statistical analysis needs

How many completed questionnaires do we


need to have a representative sample?
Generally the larger the better, but that
takes more time and money.
Answer depends on:

How different or dispersed the population is.


Desired level of confidence.
Desired degree of accuracy.

Common Methods:

Budget/time available
Executive decision
Statistical methods
Historical data/guidelines
See Table

Variability of the population characteristic


under investigation
Level of confidence desired in the
estimate
Degree of precision desired in estimating
the population characteristic

The confidence interval

The confidence interval (also called


margin of error) is the plus-or-minus figure
usually reported in newspaper or television
opinion poll results. For example, if you use
a confidence interval of 4 and 47% percent
of your sample picks an answer you can be
"sure" that if you had asked the question of
the entire relevant population between 43%
(47-4) and 51% (47+4) would have picked
that answer

The confidence level

The confidence level tells you how sure


you can be. It is expressed as a percentage
and represents how often the true
percentage of the population who would
pick an answer lies within the confidence
interval. The 95% confidence level means
you can be 95% certain; the 99%
confidence level means you can be 99%
certain. Most researchers use the 95%
confidence level.

When you put the confidence level and the


confidence interval together, you can say
that you are 95% sure that the true
percentage of the population is between
43% and 51%. The wider the confidence
interval you are willing to accept, the more
certain you can be that the whole
population answers would be within that
range.

Probability Sampling and


Sample Sizes

When estimating a population mean


n = (Z2B,CL)(2/e2)

When estimates of a population proportion


are of concern
n = (Z2B,CL)([P x Q]/e2)
For a simple sample size calculator, click here:
http://www.surveysystem.com/sscalc.htm

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