NITA

270 MINI ELECTRONICS PROJECT WITH CIRCUIT

DIAGRAM

Try & Do Innovation | Suman Debnath

This Book is written for all the people who love innovation. It is the big collection of ideas to do
some innovative project, to make something new. I believe this Book will be helpful for the
students for their mini project. My effort will get success if you get any help like project idea,
circuit diagram help from this book. Give your feedback by mailing me.

e-mail:[email protected] , [email protected]
See in the website given here:- https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Suman_Debnath6/
Facebook link:- click here

INDEX
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.

DC-DC converter
Periodically On-Off Mosquito Repellent

IR sensors (infrared LEDs) to make an object-detection circuit

Simple Key-Operated Gate Locking System
Mains Box Heat Monitor
Faulty Car Indicator Alarm
TACHOMETER

2
3
4
5
5
6

1W LED For Automotive Applications

Play With Robotic Eye (IR Sensor)

Timer From Old Quartz Clock
Keep Away Ni-Cd From Memory Effect
Crystal AM Transmitter
Programmable Electronic Dice

7
8
8
9
9

Software of the Month: Resistor Calculator 1.0.6

10

IR-Controlled Water Supply

PC-Based Candle Igniter
Noise Meter
Handy Tester
Linear Timer For General Use

11
11
11
12
13

Strain Meter

13

Digital Soil Moisture Tester

Over-Heating Indicator for Water Pipe
Simple Key-hole Lighting Device
Timer with Musical Alarm
Automatic Water Pump Controller
Water Pump Controller
Ball Speed Checker
Halogen lamp Saver For Bikes
Night Vision Enhancer
Triple-Mode Tone Generator
Soldering Iron Temperature Controller
Mains Failure/Resumption Alarm
Multipurpose White-LED Light
IR-Based light Control
Sequential Device Control using TV Remote Control

14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
19
20
21
21
21
22

Make your own Electric Bug Zapper

22

Twilight Lamp Blinker

Emergency Photo Lamp

23
23

39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.

Sound-Operated Intruder Alarm

Electronic Street Light Switch
Little Power-Hila Vinegar Battery to power a calculator !
Standby Power-Loss Preventer
Hum-Sensitive Touch Alarm
Touch Alarm
Versatile LED Display

24
25
25
26
27
28
28

HDD Selector Switch

29

Multiutility flash light

Long-range Burglar Alarm Using Laser Torch
Twi-light using white LEDs
PC TIMER
Infrared Object Counter
Pushbutton Control For Single-Phase Appliances
Timer for Mosquito Destroyer
Automatic Soldering Iron Switch

29
30
30
31
31
32
32
33

White LED Light Probe for Inspection

33

Pencell Charge Indicator

34

Doorbell-controlled Security Switch

34

PC-Based Timer
Power Resumption Alarm and Low-Voltage Protector
Miser Flash
Room Sound Monitor
Battery-Low Indicator

35
35
36
36
37

Micro Inverter

38

Security System Switcher

39

Another Water Pump Controller circuit

39

Soldering Iron Tip preserver

Automatic Washbasin Tap Controller
Over-Speed Indicator
Speed Checker for Highways
1.5W Power Amplifier

40
41
41
42
42

Simple Stereo Level Indicator

42

FM Bug
Calling Bell Using an Intercom
Digital Frequency Comparator
Bhajan and Mantra Chanting amplifier

44
44
45
46

Cable Tester

47

Automatic 3-Phase Induction Motor Starter

Wireless Stepper Motor Controllers
Manual EPROM Programmer

48
49
50

80. Noise-Muting FM Receiver

81. PC-Based Stepper Motor Controller
82. DIGITAL AUDIO/ VIDEO INPUT SELECTOR
83. Automatic Bathroom Light with Back-up Lamp
84. Simple Low-Power Inverter
85. Mains Interruption Counter with Indicator
86. Power-on Reminder with LED Lamp
87. QUALITY FM TRANSMITTER
88. MEDIUM-POWER FM TRANSMITTER
89. FOUR-STAGE FM TRANSMITTER
90. SIMPLE SHORT-WAVE TRANSMITTER
91. Farmhouse Lantern-Cum-Flasher
92. Accurate Foot-Switch
93. Multipurpose Listening Device
94. Easy Transistor Tester
95. TV Pattern Generator
96. Sound-Operated Switch for Lamps
97. Remote Control using Wireless Doorbell
98. RF Signal Detector
99. Infrared Interruption Counter
100.
Audio Mixer with Multiple Controls
101.
Smart Loop Burglar Alarm
102.
Temperature-Tolerance Checking System
103.
Radiation Sensor
104.
Stereo Headphone Amplifier
105.
Whisker for Robots
106.
Freezer Monitor Alarm
107.
Photometer
108.
Smart Emergency Light
109.
Digital Camera Adaptor
110.
Mock Alarm with Call Bell
111.
Pocket-Size Reading Lamp
112.
Rechargeable Torch Based on White LED
113.
SMF Battery Guard
114.
Multidoor Opening Alarm with Indicator
115.
BRAKE FAILURE INDICATOR
116.
STRESS METER
117.
Clock Tick-Tock Sound Generator & LED Pendulum
118.
Battery Charger with Automatic Switch-off
119.
Earth Leakage Tester
120.
Controllable Electronic Load Circuit for DC Power Supply

50
51
52
52
52
53
54
54
55
55
55
56
57
57
58

58
58
59
59
60
60

62
62
63
63
64
64
65
66
66
67
67
68
69
69
70
70
71
71
71
72

121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
157.
158.
159.
160.
161.

16-Way Clap-Operated Switch

Bedroom Light
Inexpensive car Protection Unit
White LED-Based Emergency Lamp and Turning Indicator
Mains-Operated Christmas Star
LED Lighting For Christmas
Timer for Geyser
Multicell Charger
Light Dimmer that Doubles as
220V Live Wire Scanner
Smart Switch
Power Failure and Resumption Alarm
Doorbell-Cum-Visitor Indicator
Zener Value Evaluator
Liquid-Level Alarm
Electronic Fuse
Bicycle Guard
Water-Tank Overflow Indicator
Simple Smoke Detector
Remote Emergency Alarm for Unmanned Lifts
Audio-Controlled Running Light
Power Supply Reversal Correcter-Cum-Preventer
Panic Plate
FM Adaptor for Car Stereo
Twinkle Twinkle X'mas Star
Simple Transistor Type and Lead Identifier
Mains Supply Failure Backup Light

72
73
74
74
75
75
76
76
77
77
78
78
78
79
80
80
81
82
82
83
84
84
85
85
86
86
87

Capacitor Evaluator

87

Signal Diode-Based Fire alarm

Blown-Fuse Indicator for AC load

88
88

Ding Dong Touch Bell

Low-cost Stopwatch
Digitally Adjustable Dancing Lights
Car Fan Speed Controller
Shock-Hazard Warning
IR Receiver Module Tester
In-Car Food and Beverage Warmer
Three-Component Flasher
555 Timer PWM Audio Amplifier
Musical Water Shower
Night Lamp

89
89
90
90
91
91
92
92
93
93
94

162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.
170.
171.
172.
173.
174.
175.
176.
177.
178.
179.
180.
181.
182.
183.
184.
185.
186.
187.
188.
189.
190.
191.
192.
193.
194.
195.
196.
197.
198.
199.
200.
201.
202.
203.

Power Pulser
Continuity Tester With A Chirping Sound
Hot-Water-Ready Alarm
Electronic Combination Lock
Long-Range IR Transmitter
Automatic Parking Light For Cars
Peak Hour Timer
Panic Alarm
Heat Control Unit
Electronic Heart
Ultrasonic Sound Beam Burglar Alarm
Sunset Lamp
Electronic Dice
Solidstate Relay
Car Porch Guard
Wire-Break Alarm With Delay
Cordless Multidoor Alarm
Pressure-Sensitive Alarm
Crystal-Based 50Hz Generator
VISUAL AC MAINS VOLTAGE INDICATOR
Ignition for Old Cars
Versatile CMOS/TTL Logic and Clock Probe
School/College Quiz Buzzer
Multipurpose Listening Device
Anti-Sleep Alarm
DC Changeover System with Battery Protection Unit
Ultrasonic Proximity Detector
Another Ultrasonic Proximity Detector circuit
Turn Your Old Inverter Into An Emergency Power System
Speed Controller for DC Motor
Line-Powered Two-Tone Ringer
Audible IR Proximity Detector
Semiconductor Relay for Automotive Applications
Touch Alarm
Bedwetting Alarm
AC-Powered Led Lamps Without rectifiers
Easy Transistor Tester
Door Guard
Low-cost Night Lamp
Briefcase Alarm
Touch-Plate Doorbell
Sensitive LPG Leakage Alarm

95
95
96
97
97
98
98
99
101
101
102
102
103
103
104
104
104
106
106
107
108
109
110
110
110
111
112
113
113
114
114
115
116
117
117
118
118
119
119
120
121
121

204.
205.
206.
207.
208.
209.
210.
211.
212.
213.
214.
215.
216.
217.
218.
219.
220.
221.
222.
223.
224.
225.
226.
227.
228.
229.
230.
231.
232.
233.
234.
235.
236.
237.
238.
239.
240.
241.
242.
243.
244.
245.

Cupboard light
Simple Antenna Preamplifier for AM Radios
Multifunction Power Supply
Micro-Power Flasher
A Fourth-Order Speech Filter
Electronic Ludo
Smart Battery Protector Using a Shunt Regulator
Microcontroller-Based Tachometer
Temperature Indicator-CUM-Controller
Stabilised Power Supply for Prototyping
Infrared Burglar Alarm
Motorbike Alarm
PC Table Lamp
Audible Continuity Tester
Anti-Theft Alarm
Diac-Controlled Flasher
Stereo audio Distribution Buffer for headphones
Dual Motor Control for Robots
Optical Remote on/off Switch
Infrared Toggle Switch
Contactless Telephone Ringer
Automatic Wash Basin Mirror Lamp Controller
Auto Muting During Telephonic Conversation
Solar-Powered Pedestal Lighting System
LED Illumination for Refrigerators
Electronic Reminder
Photodiode-Based Fire Detector
Bodmas Rule
Circuit for UPS to Hibernate PC
Accurate 1Hz Generator
Environment Monitoring System Using Arduino
3V PC Adaptor
Low-Cost Battery Charger
Street Light Controller
Light-Operated Doorbell
Simple Automatic Water-Level Controller
Simple HF Power Amplifier
Electronic Horn
Locker Guard
Demo Circuit for Over-Voltage Protection
Capacitance-Multiplier Power Supply
Wireless PA for Classrooms

122
122
123
123
124
125
125
126
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
133
133
134
134
135
135
136
136
137
137
138
139
140
140
141
142
142
143
143
144
144
145
145
146
147
147

246.
247.
248.
249.
250.
251.
252.
253.
254.
255.
256.
257.
258.
259.
260.
261.
262.
263.
264.
265.
266.
267.
268.
269.
270.

Electronic Door Key

Optical Smoke Detector
Clock Tick-Tock Sound Generator & LED Pendulum
Earth Leakage Tester
Signal Diode-Based Fire alarm
Night Lamps
Continuity Tester With A Chirping Sound
Automatic Darkness-Controlled Lighting System
Contactless Telephone Ringer
Circuit for UPS to Hybernate PC
Variable Bench Power Supply With LCD and Monitor Display
Water Pump Controller
Propeller Message Display with Temperature Indicator
Stablised Power Supply for Prototyping
Propeller Message Display with TemperatureIndicator
LOW-POWER VOLTAGE DOUBLER
Wind sound Generator
White / LF Noise Generator
Universal Battery Tester
Traffic Light Controller
Simple Pulse Generator
Simple low/high voltage cut circuit
Simple Frequency Meter
Musical AF/IF checker
Mini amplifier

148
148
149
149
149
150
151
151
152
152
153
153
154
154
155
155
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163

CONTENT

1. DC-DC Converter
This simple circuit lets you run a 1W LED from the battery of your car. IC MC34063 is
used here as a buck converter. It is a monolithic switching regulator sub-system intended
for use as a DC-DC converter. The device consists of an internal temperaturecompensated reference, a comparator, a controlled duty-cycle oscillator with an active
current-limit circuit, a driver and a high-current output switch. These functions are
contained in an 8-pin dual in-line package. Another major advantage of the switching
regulator is that it allows increased application flexibility of the output voltage

Another circuit
Conversion of AC to AC is quite simple as in compare to DC to DC converter because it
only implies a transformer which converts AC from one voltage level to another voltage
level. But conversion of DC to DC is quite tedious work without transformer and more
power losses. Here is simple, low-cost, high precision circuit which converts 6-V DC to
12-V DC without using transformer and easy to construct with few component.
Circuit description of DC to DC conversion
The circuit of DC to DC conversion is build with a very popular IC LM555 used as
multivibrator mood which generate required frequency range from 2 to 10 kHz to drive
power transistor T2. Here potentiometer VR1 is used to adjust output frequency given to
transistor T2 via resistor R3. A zener diode in this circuit is used as voltage regulator
which regulates voltage to 12 volt.

1|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

Here Inductor L1 of 100 turns, 24 SWG enameled copper wire wounded on a 40mm dia.
toroidial ferrite core and capacitor C5 is employed for energy storage. Transistor T1 is
used to control output control with the help of resistor R4 R5.

PARTS LIST
Resistors (all -watt, 5% Carbon)
R1, R2, R5 = 10 K; R3, R4 = 220 1/2-watt; VR1 = 47 K
Capacitors
C1 = 0.0047 F; C2 = 0.01 F; C3 = 0.1 F; C4 = 470 F/25V; C5 = 2200 F/35V
Semiconductors
D1 = 1N4007; D2 = Zener 12V, 500mA -watt; T1 = BC549; T2 = BD139; IC1 =
NE555 timer IC
Miscellaneous
L1 = 100 Turns, 24 SWG insulated copper wire on 40mm Dia. toroidal core
2. Periodically on-off Mosquito repellents circuit
Some of the mosquito repellents available in the market use a toxic liquid to generate poisonous
vapours in order to repel mosquitoes out of the room. Due to the continuous release of poisonous
vapours into the room, after midnight the natural balance of the air composition for good health
reaches or exceeds the critical level. Mostly, these vapours attack the brain through lungs and
exert an anesthetic effect on mosquitoes as well as other living beings by small or greater
percentage. Long exposure to these toxic vapours may cause neurological or related problems [6].

2|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

3. IR sensors (infrared LEDs) to make an object-detection circuit

There are various applications of IR sensors such as TV remote controllers, burglar alarms and
object counters. Here we have used IR sensors (infrared LEDs) to make an object-detection
circuit and also a proximity sensor for path-tracking robots. The basic idea is to transmit the
infrared light through an IR LED, which is then reflected by any obstacle ahead and sensed by the
receiving LED.

Another circuit
infrared (IR) remote controller comprises the transmitter and receiver sections. The range of the
transmitter can be increased up to 5 meter by using convex lens.
Circuit Description of infrared (IR) remote controller

3|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

Transmitter section: The transmitter circuit of infrared (IR) remote controller is built around IC
741 (IC1) wired as frequency square wave oscillator. Gate pulse from pin no 6 of IC1 is given to
gate of SCR1 to drive IR LED1. Variable resistor VR1 is used to vary the generated frequencies.
Receiver Section: The receiver circuit of infrared (IR) remote controller consist an IC 741,
photo transistor (T1) and medium power transistor (T2).
Photo transistor receives the transmitted signal and given to pin 2 of IC2 for amplification. The
amplified output from pin 6 of IC2 is given to base of relay driver transistor (T2) through nonpolarized capacitor C5, diode D1 and resistor R8. Variable resistor VR1 is used to match the
transmitting and receiving signal.

PARTS LIST
Resistors (all -watt, 5% Carbon)
R1,R2 = 100 K; R3, R5, R8 = 1 K; R4 = 15 ; R6 = 22 K; R7 = 10 M; VR1 = 1 M;
VR2 = 2.2 M
Capacitors
C1, C3, C4 = 0.1 F; C2 = 1 F/100V; C5 = 2.2 F/16V
Semiconductors
IC1, IC2 = 741; SCR1 = SN050; T1 = photo transistor; T2 = SL100; D1, D2 = 1N4001
Miscellaneous
RL1 = 15V, 500 Relay; IR LED
4. Simple Key-Operated Gate Locking System
This simple key-operated gate locking system allows only those persons who know the preset
code to open the gate. The code is to be entered from the keypad within the preset time to operate
the motor fitted in the gate. If anyone trying to open the gate presses a wrong key in the keypad,
the system is disabled and, at the same time, sounds an alarm to alert you of an unauthorised
entry. [1]

4|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

5. Mains Box Heat Monitor

This simple circuit monitors the mains distribution box constantly and sounds an alarm when it
senses a high temperature due to overheating, helping to prevent disasters caused by any sparking
in the mains box due to short circuits. It also automatically switches on a bright white LED when
the power fails. The LED gives ample light to check the mains box wiring or fuses in darkness.
The circuit beeps once when power fails and again when power resumes [2].

6. Faulty Car Indicator Alarm

Before taking a turn, either left or right, car drivers need to switch on the car turn indicator lamps
so that the approaching vehicle drivers can take precaution accordingly. An accident is likely to
occur in case your car turn indicator lamps fail to glow due to some reason or the other. Here is a

5|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

circuit that sounds an alarm if your turn indicator lamps dont glow, helping you to safeguard
against any accident.[3]

7. TACHOMETER
A tachometer is an instrument that measures the rotational speed of a shaft or disk in a motor or
other machine. Here we present the basic version of the tachometer that shows the revolutions per
second (RPS) on a digital display.[4]

6|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

8. 1W LED For Automotive Applications

This simple circuit lets you run a 1W LED from the battery of your car. IC MC34063 is
used here as a buck converter. It is a monolithic switching regulator sub-system intended
for use as a DC-DC converter. The device consists of an internal temperaturecompensated reference, a comparator, a controlled duty-cycle oscillator with an active
current-limit circuit, a driver and a high-current output switch. These functions are
contained in an 8-pin dual in-line package. Another major advantage of the switching
regulator is that it allows increased application flexibility of the output voltage [5].

9. Play With Robotic Eye (IR Sensor)

There are various applications of IR sensors such as TV remote controllers, burglar alarms and
object counters. Here we have used IR sensors (infrared LEDs) to make an object-detection
circuit and also a proximity sensor for path-tracking robots. The basic idea is to transmit the
infrared light through an IR LED, which is then reflected by any obstacle ahead and sensed by the
receiving LED [7].

7|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

10. Timer From Old Quartz Clock

You can build an accurate, low-cost timer from the circuit of an old quartz clock. This timer has a
time duration of up to two hours, which is sufficient for most day-to-day activities [8].

11. Keep Away Ni-Cd From Memory Effect

Ni-Cd batteries suffer from an undesirable memory effect due to partial discharge. The remedy is
to completely discharge the battery before recharging [9].

8|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

12. Crystal AM Transmitter

Here is the circuit of a medium-power AM transmitter that delivers 100-150 mW of radio
frequency (RF) power [10].

13. Programmable Electronic Dice

Here's a simple programmable electronic dice with numeric display. This dice can be
programmed using a 4-way DIP switch to display any random number between '1' and '2,' '1' and
'3,' ... or '1' and '9 [11].

9|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

14. Software of the Month: Resistor Calculator 1.0.6

A simple, easy-to-use freeware for Windows that saves a lot oftime and effort in
determining the colour code of resistors and resistance values required for LED circuits
[12].

10|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

15. IR-Controlled Water Supply

This circuit can be used in homes or small restaurants for any type of water supply unit, such as
toilet flush or washbasin tap [13].

16. PC-Based Candle Igniter

Heres a PC-based lighting system that lets you light up a candle using matchsticks by just
pressing the Enter key on the PCs keyboard. It is especially useful when celebrating such
occasions as birthdays and anniversaries [14].

17. Noise Meter

Noise pollution is tends to many non-communicable diseases and. Safe level of noise is
considered up to 30 dB. Here is a interesting circuit by dreamlover technology, Noise Meter
used to measure the level of noise indicting by LED and in addition it give warning when noise
crosses the safe level of 30 dB by beeping sound.
Circuit description of Noise meter
The entire circuit of noise meter has been designed and fabricated using sound intensity sensor
and display unit. Here condenser microphone is used as sensor of noise meter with operational
amplifier (IC2) and corresponding passive components. The inverting and non-inverting input is
given to operational amplifier IC (IC2) from pin 2 and pin 3 respectively. Where output from pin
6 of IC2 is connected to the inverting input for negative feedback through resistor R5. The
11|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

controlling sound ac signal from potentiometer VR1 is first rectified by diode (D1 and D2) and
maintains it at the output level of IC2.
The display unit is designed around monolithic IC LM3914 (IC3). It drives ten LEDs by sensing
analog voltage. Each LED is connected to output of IC3 represents the sound level of 3 dB in
descending order from 18 to 10. The glowing all ten LEDs indicate sound intensity is 30dB.
The PNP transistor get base bias when output at pin 10 of IC3 goes low to drive the piezo buzzer
in order to give sound.
Normally, sound intensity up to 30 dB is pleasant. Above 80 dB, it becomes annoying. And if it
goes beyond 100 dB, it may affect your psychomotor performance, detracting your attention and
causing stress. Noise pollution may also affect your hearing ability [15].

18. Handy Tester

For beginners, heres a low-cost multitester that can be used to test the condition of almost all the
electronic components from resistors to ICs. It uses only a few components but can also detect
polarity, continuity, logic states and activity of multivibrators [16].

12|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

19. Linear Timer For General Use

This simple timer can be used to control any electrical appliance that needs to be switched off
after certain time, like a small heater or a boiler, provided the relay-switch parameters meet the
requirements of that appliance. It uses low-cost components and combines digital precision with
simple analogue control, providing long timing durations without the use of high-valued resistors
or capacitors [17].

20. Strain Meter

This strain meter shows whether the strain is compressive (reducing the length) or tensile
(increasing the length) when an object such as a strut on a crane changes its shape. The
strain is sensed by a strain gauge that is glued to the object being tested. The change in
resistance of the strain gauge produces a change in the reading of the meter. For the
purpose, an analogue or digital meter, such as a voltmeter, can be used that has full-scale
deflection of 1V DC. But use of a digital multimeter would be better [18].

13|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

21. Digital Soil Moisture Tester

Here is a simple and compact digital soil moisture tester to check whether the soil is dry or wet. It
can also be used to check the dryness or wetness of cotton, woolen and woven fabrics [19].

22. Over-Heating Indicator for Water Pipe

The hot water pipe from the water geyser of your bathroom may burst if it gets overheated and is
left unattended. This circuit monitors the temperature of the water pipe. If the temperature of the
pipe goes above certain limit, it flashes an LED [20].

14|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

23. Simple Key-hole Lighting Device

This simple circuit is an extracted circuit board from a discarded quartz timepiece [21].

24. Timer with Musical Alarm

This low-cost timer can be used for introducing a delay of one minute to two hours. After the
timing period is over, a musical song is heard [22].

15|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

25. Automatic Water Pump Controller

Heres a circuit that automatically controls the water pump motor. The motor gets automatically
switched on when water in the overhead tank (OHT) falls below the lower limit. Similarly, it gets
switched off when the tank is filled up. Built around only one NAND gate IC (CD4011), the
circuit is simple, compact and economical. It works off a 12V DC power supply and consumes
very little power [23].

26. Water Pump Controller

Here is a simple circuit for controlling water level in an overhead tank. The main components of
this pump controller are a step-down transformer, a 24V AC double-changeover relay, two floats
and two micro switches. Any available relay can be used irrespective of its coil voltage. Of
course, current rating of contacts should be taken into account according to the motor power. The
relay should have two contacts. A step-down transformer having secondary voltage suited to the
coil voltage of the relay is used. As the circuit works off AC, no rectification is necessary. Microswitches S1 and S2 fixed on top of the water tank are operated by separate floats: one for sensing
the bot tom level and the other for top level. A three-core wire is used for connecting these
switches to the relay [24].

16|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

27. Ball Speed Checker

This circuit measures the speed of a cricket ball based on the time taken by the ball to travel the
distance from the bowling crease to the batting crease [25].

28. Halogen lamp Saver For Bikes

Halogen lamps are prone to burn-out owing to their low cold current. The rapid heating inside the
lamp melts the thin filament and cuts the lamp life short. The circuit described here enhances the
life of the halogen lamp by allowing soft turn-on of the lamp [26].

17|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

29. Night Vision Enhancer

Here is a simple green LED flashlight built around 555 timer IC (IC1) and powered from a 3V
battery pack [27].

Another circuit
Load shedding is the common problem in developing country where student is more effected. By
keeping this problem in mind the group of dreamlover technology post very simple, useful and
inexpensive project using ultra-bright white LEDs which provide sufficient light for reading
purpose which consume very low power i.e. 3 watts of power. It works like emergency light i.e.
when AC mains failure, the battery backup circuit instantly light up the LEDs but when the power
resumes, the battery supply is automatically disconnected and this circuit again works on AC
mains.
Circuit Description of LED-based reading lamp
For power section the circuit of LED-based reading lamp use bridge rectifier connected to
secondary coil of 0-7.5V, 500mA step-down transformer X1. Pulsating DC from output of
rectifier is given to input of voltage regulator IC1 for pure DC output. All LEDs (LED1 to
LED10) is connected in parallel across the output of voltage regulator. Here resistors R1 to R10
are connected in series with the LEDs respectively to limit the current. In this circuit 5 more
LEDs can be used for lamp to increase intensity in the same manner used. When AC mains
available relay RL1 energized and disconnect to battery and vice-versa on absent of AC mains.
For charging battery, a lead from rectifier is directly connected to positive and negative terminals
of battery. Here diode D5 andD6 is used as reverse-current protection diode that dont allow the
battery current to flow towards the supply section and diode D7 is for reverse polarity protection.

18|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

PARTS LIST
Resistors (all -watt, 5% Carbon)
R1- R10 = 56
Capacitors
C1 = 1000 F/16V; C2 = 0.1 F
Semiconductors
IC1 = 7805 Voltage regulator
30. Triple-Mode Tone Generator
Here is a simple circuit that generates three different tones. You can use it as a call bell, burglar
alarm or any other security alarm [28].

Another circuit.
Now, here is unique tone generator circuit which produces three different type of sound according
to input three different logic levels (i.e. 0&1, 1&0 and 1&1).
Circuit description
This circuit is designed around digital IC 7400 which is NAND gate. The working of the circuit is
like the working principle of oscillator circuit, where frequency depends upon capacitors C1 and
C2. The duty cycle of this circuit is 50%. The output is given to power amplifier circuit which
further drive loudspeaker or head phone. For low frequency value of capacitor C1 and C2 must be
high and vice-versa.

19|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

PARTS LIST
Resistors (all -watt, 5% Carbon)
R1, R4 = 1.2 K; R2, R3 = 1 K; R5 = 10 K; R6, R7 = 47 K
Capacitors
C1 = 100 kpF; C2 = 220 kpF; C3, C4 = 10 kpF
Semiconductors IC1 = 7400 (NAND gate)
31. Soldering Iron Temperature Controller
Here is a simple circuit to control the temperature of a soldering iron. It is especially useful if the
soldering iron is to be kept on for long since you can control the heat dissipation from the iron.
When a soldering iron is switched on, the iron takes time to reach the solders melting point.
Simply connect this circuit to the soldering iron as shown in the figure and the iron reaches the
solders melting point quickly [29].

20|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

32. Mains Failure/Resumption Alarm

This mains indicator sounds an alarm whenever AC mains fails or resumes. It is very useful in
industrial installations, cinema halls, hospitals, etc [30].

33. Multipurpose White-LED Light

Standard fluorescent lamps and their smaller versions called compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs)
radiate light in all directions (360) and tend to increase the room temperature. In emergency
lights using these lamps, the battery lasts only a few hours due to the power loss during
conversion of DC into AC. These limitations can be overcome by using ultra-bright white LEDs
[33].

34. IR-Based light Control

This circuit turns on the lights at the portico, car parking or other areas when a motorbike or car
enters through the gate to cross the sensing area. It can also be used as an electronic watchdog for
your house, by activating an alarm simultaneously [33].

21|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

35. Sequential Device Control using TV Remote Control

This circuit lets you switch on and switch off up to nine devices sequentially from your TV
remote control [33].

36. Make your own Electric Bug Zapper

None of us likes bugs at home. To kill these flying insects, they should first be attracted
and then electrocuted. Bug zapper is one such device with a high-voltage electrocuting
circuit and an insect-attracting UV lamp of 365 nm wave-length. This ultraviolet
fluorescent lamp is mounted in the middle of the cabinet and a pair of carefully spaced,
electrically insulated, charged wire grids surround the light. When an insect comes close
enough to the mesh pair, an electrical arc is formed, the dielectric breaks down and
current flows through the insects body. Electrocuting the insect doesnt require it to
touch both the wires as an arc forms in the air gap over 1800V [34].

22|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

37. Twilight Lamp Blinker

During sunset or sunrise, the ambient light is not adequate to lead you through the open doorway
or make your way around obstructions. To avoid any mishap, here is a twilight lamp blinker that
you can place near obstructions [35].

38. Emergency Photo Lamp

This emergency light can be powered either by a rechargeable battery (like 3.6V Ni-Cd) or a nonrechargeable battery (3.0V CR2032). The white LED (LED1) glows automatically when the
power fails and you are left in dark. The quiescent current of the circuit is very low and the
battery is practically used only when the LED glows [36].

23|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

39. Sound-Operated Intruder Alarm

When this burglar alarm detects any sound, such as that created by opening of a door or inserting
a key into the lock, it starts flashing a light as well as sounding an intermittent audio alarm to alert
you of an intruder. Both the light and the alarm are automatically turned off by the next sound
pulse [37].

24|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

40. Electronic Street Light Switch

Heres a simple and low-cost street light switch. This switch automatically turns on the light at
sunset and turns it off at sunrise. The automatic function saves electricity besides man-power
[38].

41. Little Power-Hila Vinegar Battery to power a calculator !

LCD calculators draw very little current. This vinegar battery easily runs these devices.Take the
back off of an inexpensive calculator, remove the battery extend the two battery wires out the
sides then reassemble [39].

25|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

42. Standby Power-Loss Preventer

Electronic devices consume some power even in the standby mode, i.e., when they have been
switched off using a remote handset but not the mains power switch. For instance, when a CRT
TV or PC monitor is in use, it consumes 80-100 watts of power. In the standby mode too, it draws
a few watts of power. Thus if you leave these devices in standby mode for a long time, they may
inflate your electricity bill [40].

26|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

43. Hum-Sensitive Touch Alarm

Radiation signals from mains wiring can travel a few metres of distance. These can be induced by
the electromagnetic field in the human body also [41].

27|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

44. Touch Alarm [42]

45. Versatile LED Display

This circuit uses an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) to display various light
patterns on LEDs. Since bicolour LEDs (comprising green and red LEDs) have been used,
display is possible in three colours (green, red and amber) [44].

28|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

46. HDD Selector Switch

Using the switch-mode power supply (SMPS) of your personal computer, this add-on
circuit lets you switch between three hard disk drives (HDDs) and also ensure that
nobody else can open your protected HDD. It is quite useful for protection from hacking
and spying [45].

47. Multiutility flash light

This multiutility flash light consists of three sections: a flasher, a sound-to-light display and a
white LED-based flashlight [46].

29|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

48. Long-range Burglar Alarm Using Laser Torch

Laser torch-based burglar alarms normally work in darkness only. But this long-range
photoelectric alarm can work reliably in daytime also to warn you against intruders in your big
compounds, etc. The alarm comprises laser transmitter and receiver units, which are to be
mounted on the opposite pillars of the entry gate. Whenever anyone enters to interrupt the
transmitted laser beam falling on the receiver, the buzzer in the receiver circuit sounds an alarm
[47].

49. Twi-light using white LEDs

This sunlight-controlled lamp uses a light-dependent resistor (LDR) as the sunlight sensor and a
total of 25 high-brightness white LEDs. Separate resistors are connected in series with each row
of the LEDs [48].

30|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

50. PC TIMER
Primarily intended for installation into a desktop PC, this versatile timer with adjustable time
output provides controlled on time for PC peripherals like printers, scanners and desktop
reading lamps. As it is designed for an input voltage of 12 volts, it may also be useful in your lab
[49].

51. Infrared Object Counter

This infrared object counter can be installed at the entry gate to count the total number of people
entering any venue. For example, it can be used at the railway stations or bus stands to count the
people arriving per day or week [50].

31|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

52. Pushbutton Control For Single-Phase Appliances

This circuit lets you switch off and switch on a single-phase appliance using two separate push
switches. Such an arrangement is common for industrial motors (mostly 3-phase) where an
isolation is required between power and control circuits. Personal protection under faulty
conditions is ensured if the relay is placed remotely. The circuit also safeguards costly devices
against frequent power cuts as the device turns off in the event of power failure and remains off
until it is switched-on again [51].

53. Timer for Mosquito Destroyer

In electric-heating mosquito repellents, an electric vaporiser heats up a mat or liquid to release
non-degrading chemicals into the air and keep the mosquitoes away from the closed
surroundings.Here's a circuit that introduces a time gap in the operation of the va val of 15
minutes without reducing the repellent action on mosquitoes [52].

32|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

54. Automatic Soldering Iron Switch

Quite often, we forget to turn off the soldering iron. This results in not only a smoking oxidised
iron but also waste of electricity. To solve this problem, heres a circuit that automatically
switches off the soldering iron after a predetermined time. The circuit draws no power when it is
inactive. The circuit can also be used for controlling the electric iron, kitchen timer or other
appliances [53].

55. White LED Light Probe for Inspection

This circuit is useful for inspecting narrow spaces like the inside of the CPUs, monitors,
PCB modules and other electronic devices. The light source is a pencil-thin tube with
ultra-bright white LED at the tip [54].

33|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

56. Pencell Charge Indicator

Small-size AA cells and button cells used in electronic devices providing a terminal voltage of
1.5V are normally rated at 500 mAh. As the cells discharge, their internal impedance increases to
form a potential divider along with the load and the battery terminal voltage reduces. This, in
turn, reduces the performance of the gadget and we are forced to replace the battery with a new
one. But the same battery can be used again in some other application that requires less current
[55].

57. Doorbell-controlled Security Switch

One way to check whether anybody is at home is to ring the doorbell. Burglars too use
this very technique. The circuit described here comes handy in such a situation. It is a
simple doorbell-controlled multi-purpose security switch that instantly powers up a
connected security device, say, a night-vision door camera, for functioning. The circuit
works off 9V DC supply. The input of the circuit is connected in parallel with the 230V
AC electric doorbell. An electromagnetic relay is used at the output of the circuit to
activate the security device connected to it [56].

34|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

58. PC-Based Timer

Timers are very useful both for industrial applications and household appliances. Here is a PCbased timer that can be used for controlling the appliances for up to 18 hours. For control, the
timer uses a simple program and interface circuit. It is very cost-effective and efficient for those
who have a PC at workplace or home. The tolerance is 1 second [57].

59. Power Resumption Alarm and Low-Voltage Protector

The circuit described here protects your electrical appliances like AC motors from damage due to
low voltage at power-on. It remains standby without giving power to the load after power
resumes. The load can be switched on only manually. This prevents damage to the device if it is
'on' when power resumes [58].

35|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

60. Miser Flash

A flashing LED at the doorstep of your garage or home will trick the thieves into believing that a
sophisticated security gadget is installed. The circuit is nothing but a low-current drain flasher. It
uses a single CMOS timer that is configured as a free running oscillator using a few additional
components. As the LED flashes very briefly, the average current through the LED is around 150
A with a high peak value, which is sufficient for normal viewing. This makes it a real miser
[59].

61. Room Sound Monitor

With this simple circuit, you can secretly listen to conversations going on in a room. The circuit is
very sensitive and powered by a 3V battery [60].

36|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

62. Battery-Low Indicator

Rechargeable batteries should not be discharged below a certain voltage level. This lower voltage
limit depends upon the type of the battery. This simple circuit can be used for 12V batteries to
give an indication of the battery voltage falling below the preset value. The indication is in the
form of a flickering LED [61].

Another circuit

37|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

All rechargeable battery has their specific level of charging and discharging, they are likely to get
damage if the battery voltage exceeds that level. Here is a simple circuit battery voltage monitor
used to indicate the state of battery by monitor them.
Circuit description of battery voltage monitor
The circuit of battery voltage monitor is fabricated and designed around op-amp IC LM709
configured as comparator. Where bi-color LED is used as indicator and indicates three voltage
level state of a 12V battery. Resistor R1 with potentiometer VR1 is used as potential driver of
voltage monitor circuit.
When voltage level rise above 13.5 volts, the output from IC1 goes low as a result LED begins to
emit RED light. Similarly, when the voltage fall below a preset level (10Volts) the output goes
high and the LED start to emit GREEN light. Resistors R3 and R4 is used as current limiter of
LED.
NOTE: Adjust VR1 such that LED begins to emit GREEN light when 10V DC is connected.
PARTS LIST
Resistors (all -watt, 5% Carbon)
R1 = 1 K; R2 = 18 K; R3, R4 = 680
VR1 = 10 K (Potentiometer)
Semiconductors
IC1 = LM709; D1 = 1N4003
Miscellaneous
B1 = 12V Battery; LED = Bi-color LED
63. Micro Inverter

A simple low-power inverter circuit is described here, which converts 12V DC into 230V
AC. It can be used to power very light loads like night lamps and cordless telephones,but
can be modified into a powerful inverter by adding more MOSFETs. This circuit has two
stages-battery charger with cut-off, and battery level indicator and inverter
circuit.Charging circuit is built around IC1 (LM317) as shown in Fig. 1. When mains
230V AC is available, IC1 provides gate voltage to SCR1 (TYN616) through diode D3
(1N4007). SCR1 starts charging the battery. For output voltage setting preset VR1 may
be used [62].

38|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

64. Security System Switcher

An audio signal can be used as a form of input to control any security system. For example, an
automatic security camera can be configured to respond to a knock on the door. The circuit
described here allows the security system to automatic in on state. It uses a transducer to detect
intruders and a 5V regulated DC power supply provides power to the circuit [63].

65. Another Water Pump Controller circuit

A water pump controller senses the level of water in a tank and drives the water pump.
The circuit described here is built around timer IC1 (555). When the water level of tank
goes below the low level marked by 'L' the voltage at pin 2 of IC1 becomes low. As a
result, internal SR-flip-flop of IC1 resets and its output goes high. This high output pin 3
39|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

of IC1 drives relay driver transistor T1 (BC547) and energises relay RL1. Water pump
gets mains power supply through n/o contacts of the relay and is powered on. It starts
filling water in the tank [64].

66. Soldering Iron Tip preserver

Although 60/40 solders melt at about 200C, the tip temperature of a soldering iron should be
about 370C. This is necessary to make a good joint quickly without the risk of overheating
delicate components. One should not hold the tip of the iron to the joint for too long at such high
temperature [65].

40|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

67. Automatic Washbasin Tap Controller

Make your washbasin tap work automatically when you put your hands just below the water tap
outlet. This infrared-based system detects any interruption of the IR rays by your hands or utensil
and water automatically starts flowing out of the tap [66].

68. Over-Speed Indicator

This circuit is designed for indicating over-speed and direction of rotation of the motor used in
mini hand tools, water pump motors, toys and other appliances [67].

41|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

69. Speed Checker for Highways

While driving on highways, motorists should not exceed the maximum speed limit permitted for
their vehicle. However, accidents keep occurring due to speed violations since the drivers tend to
ignore their speedometers [68].

70. 1.5W Power Amplifier

Here we put all the theory to work and present a simple power amplifier module that can be easily
built with readily available components. The block diagram of the amplifier is shown in Fig. 1. It
is typical of most audio amplifiers, although the circuit is somewhat different [69].

71. Simple Stereo Level Indicator

Usually, low-priced home stereo power amplifiers dont have output level indicators. An
output power level indicator can be added to each channel of these stereo power
amplifiers. As low levels of the output power are not disturbing and damaging to the
42|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

people, there is no need to add a preamplifier and low-level detector before IC LM3915.
But you should know when the output power becomes considerably high [70].

43|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

72. FM Bug
This FM bug transmitter circuit will let you spy on people. The transmitter can be placed in the
desired room and the conversation heard from a place far away just using a regular FM radio set
[71].

73. Calling Bell Using an Intercom

Here is a simple calling bell circuit that can be used in small offices to call the office boy using an
existing intercom system. The office boy can be called from up to nine locations where extension
lines are installed. The system is connected to a dedicated extension for the office boy. Whenever
someone needs the office boys assistance, he can dial the office boys extension number through
the intercom and then press a key to indicate his location number (say, 5). This number will be
displayed on a seven-segment display and at the same time a bell will sound to alert the office
boy. Pressing a switch will clear the display [72].

44|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

74. Digital Frequency Comparator

Heres a digital frequency comparator for oscillators that indicates the result through a 7-segment
display and a light-emitting diode (LED). When the frequency count of an oscillator is below 8,
the corresponding LED remains turned off. As soon as the count reaches 8, the LED turns on
and the 7-segment display shows 8 .[73].

45|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

75. Bhajan and Mantra Chanting amplifier

People in India like to chant various mantras as they believe it brings good luck, peace of mind
and helps in concentration.Here we present the circuit of an electronic chanting device having
nine bhajans and one mantra to choose from [74].

46|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

76. Cable Tester

Have you ever wondered if a particular cable is delivering mains power supply to your
device or not? Here is a solution that helps you test cable continuity without requiring
any physical contact with the bare cable. The circuit practically detects AC signal
frequencies and gives an LED indication if the cable is conducting. The circuit is highly
sensitive and can detect signals from the surface of the cable itself and thus no direct
contact with the bare cable is necessary. The circuit can be used to test other cables,
including modem, audio/video and dish antenna cables to name a few [75].

Another Circuit
Co-axial cable is used as a transmission line for radio frequency signals. But sometime it is
difficult to detect transmitted signal from input to output. Now, here is a simple project Co-axial
cable tester by innovative group Dreamlover technology using quad 2-input NOR gate IC 4001.
Testing of co-axial cable is gone by connecting to point A and B as shown in circuit diagram.
Glowing LED1 indicate string of cable is internally joined; where glowing LED2 indicate the
cable is open and glowing LED3 indicate cable is good. Short-circuit of cable is indicated by
glowing two different LEDs. In this way co-axial cable tester is used to check whether the
cable is open, short-circuit or good by glowing different LEDs

47|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

PARTS LIST
Resistors (all -watt, 5% Carbon unless stated otherwise)
R1 R4 = 1 K; R5 = 100 K
Semiconductors
IC1 = 4001 (quad 2-input NOR gate)
LED1 = Red; LED2 = yellow; LED3 = Green
77. Automatic 3-Phase Induction Motor Starter
Starters for 3-phase squirrel-cage induction motors often use star-to-delta converters. The stator
coils of the motor are connected in star configuration at the time of power-on and switched to
delta configuration when the motor reaches 3/4th of its full speed, after the stator coils have
developed sufficient back electromagnetic force (emf) [76].

48|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

78. Wireless Stepper Motor Controllers

Here is a low-cost and simple wireless stepper motor controller using infrared signals. Using this
circuit you can control the stepper motor from a distance of up to four metres [77].

49|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

79. Manual EPROM Programmer

The programmer devices required for programming the electrically programmable read only
memories (EPROMs) are generally expensive. Here is a low-cost circuit to program binary data
into 2716 and 2732 EPROMs [78].

80. Noise-Muting FM Receiver

The tuning of a frequency-modulated (FM) receiver to an FM radio station frequency involves a
lot of hissing noise in between the stations, which is very irritating for the operator and as such
undesirable [79].

50|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

81. PC-Based Stepper Motor Controller

This stepper motor controller is perhaps the cheapest, smallest and simplest. A pair of H-bridges
with a software program written in C++ is used to control the bipolar stepper motor with a step
resolution of 18 degree per pulse [80].

51|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

82. DIGITAL AUDIO/ VIDEO INPUT SELECTOR

Need to connect more than one audio-video (AV) source to your colour television? Dont worry,
heres an AV input expander for your TV. It is inexpensive and easy to construct [82].

83. Automatic Bathroom Light with Back-up Lamp

Sometimes we forget to switch off the bathroom light and it remains on unnoticed for long
periods. This circuit solves the problem of electricity wastage by switching off the lamp
automatically after 30 minutes once it is switched on. The back-up LED lamp provided in the
circuit turns on for three minutes when mains fails. This is helpful especially when you are taking
a shower at night [82].

84. Simple Low-Power Inverter

Here is a simple low-power inverter that converts 12V DC into 230-250V AC. It can be used to
power very light loads like window chargers and night lamps, or simply give shock to keep the
intruders away. The circuit is built around just two ICs, namely, IC CD4047 and IC ULN2004
[83].

52|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

85. Mains Interruption Counter with Indicator

This circuit counts mains supply interruptions (up to 9) and shows the number on a 7-segment
display. It is highly useful for automobile battery chargers. Based on the number of mains
interruptions, the user can extend the charging time for lead-acid batteries [84].

53|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

86. Power-on Reminder with LED Lamp

Many a times equipment at workstations remain switched on unnoticed. In this situation, these
may get damaged due to overheating. Here is an add-on device for the workbench power supply
that reminds you of the power-on status of the connected devices every hour or so by sounding a
buzzer for around 20 seconds. It also has a white LED that provides good enough light to locate
objects when mains fails [85].

87. QUALITY FM TRANSMITTER

This FM transmitter for your stereo or any other amplifier provides a good signal strength up to a
distance of 500 metres with a power output of about 200 mW. It works off a 9V battery [86].

54|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

88. MEDIUM-POWER FM TRANSMITTER

The range of this FM transmitter is around 100 metres at 9V DC supply [87].

89. FOUR-STAGE FM TRANSMITTER

This FM transmitter circuit uses four radio frequency stages: a VHF oscillator built around
transistor BF494 (T1), a preamplifier built around transistor BF200 (T2), a driver built around
transistor 2N2219 (T3) and a power amplifier built around transistor 2N3866 (T4). A condenser
microphone is connected at the input of the oscillator [88].

90. SIMPLE SHORT-WAVE TRANSMITTER

This low-cost short-wave transmitter is tunable from 10 to 15 MHz with the help of Jgang
condenser VC1, which determines the carrier frequency of the transmitter in conjunction with
inductor L1. The frequency trimming can be done with VC2. The carrier is amplified by
transistor T4 and coupled to RF amplifier transistor T1 (BD677) through transformer X1* [89].

55|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

91. Farmhouse Lantern-Cum-Flasher

This circuit uses a dual op-amp IC LM358 and two transistors. It can be powered by a 6V
maintenance-free rechargeable battery or a lead-acid accumulator type battery. It has two modes
of operation: flasher mode and dimmer mode. The dimmer mode helps conserve the battery
power, while in flasher mode the lantern can be used as a beacon [90].

56|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

92. Accurate Foot-Switch

Certain industrial controls require accurate switching operations. For example, in case of a footswitch for precise drilling work, even a small error in switching may cause considerable loss.
This low-cost but accurate foot-operated switch can prevent that [91].

93. Multipurpose Listening Device

This circuit can detect very faint, remote sounds with a good clarity. It is useful in large
conference halls, auditoria, cinema halls, lecture rooms in colleges, etc. The circuit can be housed
in a small plastic box and kept in a shirt pocket. It is especially useful for watching TV
programmes at a low volume so as not to disturb other family members in the house [92].

57|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

94. Easy Transistor Tester

Using this circuit, find out whether a given transistor is good or bad before soldering it. You can
also identify npn and pnp types easily. The tester gives LED indication of the pin-outs as well as
the working conditions of the transistors [93].

95. TV Pattern Generator

This single-IC TV pattern generator is useful for fault finding in TV sets. You can correct
the alignment of the timing circuits of the TV set with the help of this circuit. The vertical
stripes (bars) produced by the pattern generator on the TV screen help you align the
vertical scanning synchronisation circuit of the receiver [94].

96. Sound-Operated Switch for Lamps

This inexpensive, fully transistorised switch is very sensitive to sound signals and turns on a lamp
when you clap within 1.5 metres of the switch. One of its interesting applications is in
discotheques, where lights could be turned on or off in sync with the music beats or clapping
[95].

58|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

97. Remote Control using Wireless Doorbell

This circuit lets you wirelessly control an appliance from a remote place by using a wireless
doorbell. The appliance is triggered by the signal from the transmitter of the wireless doorbell and
turns off automatically after the preset time period [96].

98. RF Signal Detector

This simple circuit can be used to trace the presence of RF signals and electromagnetic noise in
your residential area, office or shop. It can be a useful tool while testing or designing RF circuits.
It can also be used to detect electrical noise in your premises [97].

59|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

99. Infrared Interruption Counter

Most optical interruption counters make use of a light bulb with light-dependent resistor (LDR) or
ordinary phototransistor as the sensor. These interruption counters work satisfactorily in darkness
only and cannot be used outdoors because of the chances of false counting due to light sensed
from other light sources like sun, light bulb, etc [98].

100.
Audio Mixer with Multiple Controls
When recording sound from several orchestral instruments being played by different musicians
using a single microphone, the only way to adjust the sound balance is to change the position of
the musicians relative to the microphone. When recording direct to stereo master tape, its crucial
to make sure that all the voices and instruments sound right before you hit the record button [99].

60|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

61|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

Smart Loop Burglar Alarm

Simple loop burglar alarms sound whenever the loop breaks. What if a clever thief comes
to know of the working of this alarm? He may simply short the loop by using some other
conductor and then cut the shorted portion of the loop without any problem. Here is the
circuit of a smart loop burglar alarm that overcomes this drawback by using a sensing
resistor (R) in the loop. The sensing resistor has to be kept inside the area to be protected
(say, a room) [100].

101.

Temperature-Tolerance Checking System

Most of instruments and machines used in industries and research laboratories have a
temperature-tolerance limit. These can neither be subjected to too high nor too low a
temperature for their proper functioning. But they need to function accurately as they are
always used in critical applications [101].

102.

62|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

Radiation Sensor
When you work on a computer or watch TV, your body is engulfed in an electronic
smog emanating from the device. For instance, in CRT-based monitors, the spot of
electrons that sweep the screen generates pulsed electromagnetic radiation (PEMR).
Some of this energy escapes in the form of radiations in very low-frequency and
extremely low-frequency energy [102].

103.

104.
Stereo Headphone Amplifier
Here is an inexpensive circuit for a stereo amplifier to drive a low-impedance headphone set. The
circuit uses a few cheap transistors (BC547 and BC557) and passive components like resistors,
diodes and capacitors. It uses one preamplifier stage and npn-pnp push-pull stage to drive
headphone [103].
63|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

105.
Whisker for Robots
Whiskers for robots are simple switch-type sensors that work like an animals whiskers detecting
nearby objects in the environment. When disturbed, the sensor sends a pulse to the robot to
indicate that an obstacle is present [104].

106.
Freezer Monitor Alarm
All items stored in a deep freezer will thaw out if, for some reason, the temperature inside the
freezer rises to the thaw point. However, a freezer monitor alarm can warn you of the rising
temperature before the thaw point is reached [105].

64|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

107.
Photometer
An illuminance of 100 to 1000 lux is required for reading and doing close work without eyestrain. Specular illumination or bright sunlight provides 50,000 lux, while twilight or dim light
provides only 10 lux. Reading and close work under a fluorescent lamp is better because it can
give a flux of 4400 lumens in contrast to 1600 lumens of a tungsten lamp. If the eyes are exposed
to dim light for many hours, dark adaptation will develop and there will be severe eyestrain [106].

65|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

108.
Smart Emergency Light
Now you need not fear dark nights when power breaks down. Heres a white LED-based
emergency light that automatically turns on when mains power supply fails [107].

109.
Digital Camera Adaptor
You need not be disappointed next time when your digital camera shows low battery indication
during a picnic trip. Just plug this digital camera adaptor into the cigarette lighter outlet of your
car and connect the camera to it. The adaptor will interface the DC source and the camera battery
to provide sufficient charging current to replenish the battery in one hour. The Lithium ion or
NiMH battery of the digital camera can be quickly charged with a nominal voltage of 5V and
300mA to 1A current [108].

66|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

110.
Mock Alarm with Call Bell
Here is a fully automatic mock alarm to ward off any intruder to your house. The alarm becomes
active at sunset and remains on till morning. The flashing light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and
beeps from the unit simulate the functioning of a sophisticated alarm system. Besides, the circuit
turns on and off a lamp regularly at an interval of 30 minutes throughout the night. It also has a
call bell facility [109].

111.
Pocket-Size Reading Lamp
This mini reading light combines the advantages of lithium button cells and white LEDs. While
white LEDs are super-bright, lithium cells are small in size and last long [110].

67|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

112.
Rechargeable Torch Based on White LED
Rechargeable torches dont come without problems. You need to replace the bulbs and charge the
batteries frequently. The average incandescent light-emitting diode (LED) based torch, for
instance, consumes around 2 watts. Heres a rechargeable white LED-based torch that consumes
just 300 mW and has 60 per cent longer service life than an average incandescent torch [111].

68|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

113.
SMF Battery Guard
The emergency light is an automatic system in which a rechargeable battery-operated light source
turns on as soon as the mains power fails. When the mains supply resumes, the lamp turns off
[112].

114.
Multidoor Opening Alarm with Indicator
This door-opening alarm alerts you of intruders. You can use it for up to three doors [113].

69|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

115.
BRAKE FAILURE INDICATOR
Do you want to get an early warning of brake failure while driving? Here is a brake failure
indicator circuit that constantly monitors the condition of the brake and gives an audio-visual
indication. When the brake is applied, the green LED blinks and the piezobuzzer beeps for around
one second if the brake system is intact. If the brake fails, the red LED glows and the buzzer stops
beeping [114].

116.
STRESS METER
This stress monitor lets you assess your emotional pain. If the stress is very high, it gives visual
indication through a light-emitting diode (LED) display along with a warning beep. The gadget is
small enough to be worn around the wrist [115].

70|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

117.
Clock Tick-Tock Sound Generator & LED Pendulum
Wooden-case, battery-operated wall clocks with pendulums are available in the market. Some
even have chimes. What is missing is the tick-tock sound of old mechanical pendulum clocks
[116].

118.
Battery Charger with Automatic Switch-off
This smart charger automatically switches off when your rechargeable batteries reach the full
charge [117].

119.
Earth Leakage Tester
Earth leakage from electrical wiring is a serious problem, especially during rainy season.
Pipelines are more vulnerable to earth leakage and may cause an unexpected electric shock.
Electrical appliances or faulty wiring may be the source of leakage current through the wet wall

71|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

to the earth. An ordinary AC tester cannot detect the earth leakage if current is not high enough to
switch on a neon lamp [118].

120.
Controllable Electronic Load Circuit for DC Power Supply
If you are interested in testing voltage-regulated power supplies under loaded conditions, here is a
simple electronic load circuit controllable from a single 2-12V, 200mA power supply. The
variable power supply is generated from regulator LM317 [119].

121.
16-Way Clap-Operated Switch
Control your home appliances without getting out of your bed. You just have to clap in the
vicinity of the microphone used in this circuit, which you can keep by the bedside. You can
switch on/off up to four different electrical equipment (TV, fan, light, etc) in 16 different ways
[120].
72|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

122.
Bedroom Light
This circuit allows you enough time to reach your bed and lie down before the bedroom lamp
switches off automatically. You can find a number of applications for this circuit. The circuit
draws almost no power when it is inactive [121].

73|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

123.
Inexpensive car Protection Unit
For car protection, custom-made units are available but they are costly. Heres a circuit to protect
car stereo, etc from pilferage that costs less and requires no adjustments in the car but a good car
cover [122].

124.
White LED-Based Emergency Lamp and Turning Indicator
White LEDs are replacing the conventional incandescent and fluorescent bulbs due to their high
power efficiency and low operating voltage. These can be utilised optimally for emergency lamp
and vehicle turning indication. The circuits for the purpose are given here [123].

74|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

125.
Mains-Operated Christmas Star
Here is a low-cost circuit of Christmas star that can be easily constructed even by a novice. The
main advantage of this circuit is that it doesnt require any step-down transformer or ICs [125]

126.
LED Lighting For Christmas
Using light effects for decoration on festive occasions is a normal practice. Designers are coming
up with varieties of electronic circuits to fill the imagination of users [126].

75|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

127.
Timer for Geyser
This timer circuit for geyser sounds an alarm after the set timing of 22 minutes when the water is
heated up [127].

128.
Multicell Charger
Using this charger, you can safely charge up to two pieces of Ni-Cd cells or Ni-MH cells. The
circuit is compact, inexpensive and easy-to-use [128].

76|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

129.
Light Dimmer that Doubles as
Measure AC mains voltage without using a multimeter. All you need to do is to slightly modify
the light dimmer fitted at the base of a table lamp for use as a voltmeter. When the dimmer is
turned anticlockwise to a point where the filament glow is just visible, that point can be used as
the reference point for measuring the voltage [129].

130.
220V Live Wire Scanner
This simple circuit lets you scan a 220V live wire. The clock input of the IC is connected to a
wire, which acts as the sensor. Here, we have used 10cm length of 22SWG wire as the sensor
[130].

77|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

131.
Smart Switch
To switch on the mains voltage, either a mechanical switch or a relay offers a simple solution.
However, the relay and its associated components occupy a lot of space and cannot be
accommodated in a standard switch box. The smart switch circuit, shown here, offers a better
alternative. It is nothing but an on/off controller and uses an electronic circuit that behaves like a
normal switch. A flat pushbutton control provides an aesthetic look to your switch panel [131].

132.
Power Failure and Resumption Alarm
This circuit gives audio-visual indication of the failure and resumption of mains power. The
circuit is built around dual timer IC LM556. When mains is present the bicolour LED glows in
green colour, and when mains fails it turns red [131].

133.
Doorbell-Cum-Visitor Indicator
This doorbell circuit can also give identification of the visitor to your home in your absence.
When youre home, you can use it simply as a normal doorbell [133].

78|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

134.
Zener Value Evaluator
Using this simple circuit and a known-value zener diode, you can find the breakdown voltage
value of any zener diode. The circuit is divided into two sections: zener evaluator and display
unit. Regulated 12V and 5V are required to power the zener evaluator section, while the display
section works off only 5V. Connect +5V, point A and ground of the zener evaluator section to the
respective terminals of the display section [134].

79|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

135.
Liquid-Level Alarm
In water-level controllers for tanks, a DC current is passed through the metallic probes fitted in
the water tank to sense the water level. This causes electrolysis and corrosion of probes,
inhibiting the conduction of current and degrading its performance. As a consequence, probes
have to be replaced regularly to maintain proper current flow [135].

136.
Electronic Fuse
An absolute necessity of every electronics lab is a workbench power supply. The power supply
should be regulated and protected against short circuit [136].

80|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

137.
Bicycle Guard
This antitheft device for bicycles is inexpensive and can be constructed easily using a few
components [137]. This antitheft device for bicycles is inexpensive and can be constructed easily
using a few components.
At the heart of the circuit is a wheel rotation detector, realised using a DC micro motor. For the
purpose, you can use the micromotor (spindle motor) of a discarded local CD deck mechanism.
With a little skill and patience, you can easily attach a small metallic pulley covered with a rubber
washer to the motor spindle. Thereafter, fix the unit in the back wheel of the cycle, like the
existing dynamo assembly.

Power supply switch S1 should be kept on when you are using this bicycle guard. When it is
flipped towards on position, the circuit gets power from the miniature 12V battery. Now LED1
lights up and resistor R4 limits the LED current. Next, the monostable built around IC1, which is
CMOS version of timer LM555, is powered through a low-current, fixed-voltage regulator IC2
(78L05).
Initially, when the bicycle is standing still, the monostable output at pin 3 of IC1 is low and the
circuit is in idle state. In the event of a theft attempt, forward or reverse rotation of the DC motor
induces a small voltage at its DC input terminals and the internal LED of 4-pin DIP AC input
isolator optocoupler IC3 (PS2505-1 or PC814) glows. As a result, the internal transistor of IC3
conducts and pin 2 of IC1 is pulled low by the optocoupler and the monostable built around IC1
is triggered.
The output at pin 3 of IC1 now drives piezobuzzer-driver transistor T1 via resistor R3 and the
buzzer starts sounding to alert you. In this circuit, the buzzer remains on for around two
minutes. You can change this time by changing the values of resistor R2 and capacitor C1.

81|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

Zener diodes ZD1 and ZD2 (each 5.1V) act as a protector for optocoupler IC3. The costly
GP12V/27A battery is used here due to its compact size and reliability. 12V active buzzers with
high-pitched tone output may be used with this circuit. These are readily available in the market.
Note. The specific optocoupler is used here deliberately, instead of a bridge rectifier, to increase
the circuits detection sensitivity. Never replace the same with a DC optocoupler.
138.
Water-Tank Overflow Indicator
Water is a vital but scarce natural resource. To prevent water wastage, this water-tank overflow
indicator comes in handy. It gives audio as well visual alarm whenever the water tank overflows
[138].

139.
Simple Smoke Detector
This simple smoke detector is highly sensitive but inexpensive. It uses a Darlington-pair amplifier
employing two npn transistors and an infrared photo-interrupter module as the sensor. The circuit
gives audio-visual alarm whenever thick smoke is present in the environment [139].

82|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

140.
Remote Emergency Alarm for Unmanned Lifts
In unmanned lifts or elevators, sudden power failure cannot be detected from the remote
operating room, and this can prove dangerous for the lift users. Here is a simple circuit that
sounds an alarm in the remote lift/elevator control room in the event of power failure. The circuit
operates off a 6V DC battery [140].

83|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

141.
Audio-Controlled Running Light
This mains-operated audio-controlled running light can be used in discotheques. The lamps glow
in running sequence as per the sound of music. Of the ten AC lamps, only one lamp permanently
glows if there is no sound. When music is played, light starts running through the lamps [141].

142.
Power Supply Reversal Correcter-Cum-Preventer
When power-supply polarities of an electronic device are accidentally interchanged, the device
runs the risk of damage. The danger can be avoided by adding this tiny circuit to the power
supply section of the device. The circuit will instantly correct the interchanged poles of the power
supply and warn of the error by raising an alarm accompanied with a visual indication [143].

84|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

143.
Panic Plate
Useful for the elderly and ailing persons, this touch-sensitive circuit sounds a panic alarm to catch
the attention of others for immediate help. The touch plate fixed on the wall near the bedside
gives an easy access to the person on bedrest so that he may call for assistance without much
difficulty. Yellow LED3 on the panel indicates the call and the red LED indicates an immediate
attention [144].

144.
FM Adaptor for Car Stereo
If your car has an FM radio with stereo output but no inbuilt cassette player, this circuit will come
handy for listening to your favourite collection of music from your personal audio player through
the FM-stereo car radio [145].

85|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

145.
Twinkle Twinkle X'mas Star
Christmas just would not be Christmas if you do not put a flashing star on your Christmas tree.
Here is the circuit of such a flashing star [146].

146.
Simple Transistor Type and Lead Identifier
A bipolar junction transistor (BJT) has three regions, of which the emitter and the collector are
made of the same type of semiconductor (n for npn and p for pnp) but the base is of opposite
type. If we consider the base and emitter terminals (or the base and collector terminals), we get a
p-n junction diode. But if we hold collector and emitter terminals, we encounter two diodes
connected back-to-back [147].

86|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

147.
Mains Supply Failure Backup Light
In the event of a sudden blackout at night, this circuit switches on automatically to provide
sufficient light for around 30 seconds (extendible), which is enough to switch on an emergency
lamp or light up a candle [148].

Capacitor Evaluator
Using this circuit and a known-value capacitor, you can find out the value of any
capacitor [149].

148.

87|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

149.
Signal Diode-Based Fire alarm
A simple signal diode can be used to build a highly sensitive firealarm. Silicon diodes like OA71
and 1N34 respond to infrared radiation and heat from fireby generating reverse current across
their terminals. In reverse-bias mode, this effect is more significan. Typically, for each degree rise
in temperature, the diode generates 2 mV. This characteristic is exploited in this circuit to sense
fire.The circuit can detect firefrom a distance of up to around 30 cm [150].

150.

Blown-Fuse Indicator for AC load

This simple circuit to monitor the state of fuse and mains power supply is highly useful for ACpowered appliances. Sometimes these appliances suddenly stop working and we dont have any
clue what has gone wrong. The problem can be so simple that it can be rectifiedjust by replacing
the fuse. This circuit helps to identify such problems [151].

88|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

Ding Dong Touch Bell

Ding dong bell is a popular nursery rhyme. Shake-speare used the phrase ding dong
bell in several plays. Today, ding dong is a popular ringtone used in phones and door
bells. Here is a simple ding dong tone generator circuit built around a dedicated analogue
IC [152].

151.

Low-cost Stopwatch
Here is a simple circuit of a stopwatch that can count up to 99 seconds. The circuit uses
CD4060, CD4013, CD4033, LTS543 and some discrete components. A crystal-controlled
oscillator generates 1Hz pulses. A 32.768kHz miniature crystal is used for the purpose
[153].

152.

89|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

Digitally Adjustable Dancing Lights

You might have come across several types of adjustable dancing lights (flickering LEDs).
Most of them use presets (variable resistors) to adjust the rate of switching. Being a
mechanical component, the preset easily wears out with use and also introduces noise in
the circuit. The circuit presented here selects different values of resistors to control the
frequency of an astable multivibrator using timer IC 555 [154].

153.

Car Fan Speed Controller

Using this circuit you can control the speed of 12V DC fans used in cars. The circuit is
built around timer 555, which is wired as an astable multivibrator. The output of the
multivibrator is fed to IRF 540 MOSFET. The fan is connected between the positive
terminal of the battery and drain (D) of MOSFET T1. Capacitor C1 is connected in
parallel to the fan to stabilise its speed. Free-wheeling diode D1 protects the motor from
back emf. A fuse is included for protection [155].

154.

90|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

Shock-Hazard Warning
Electrical leakage can cause lethal shocks. But such an unfortunate situation can be
avoided with this shock-hazard warning system. It uses minimal number of components
and does not need any separate power supply [156].

155.

IR Receiver Module Tester

Here is a tester for on-board testing of IR receiver modules used for remote control of TV
sets and VCD players. The circuit is very simple and can also function as a remote tester
[157].

156.

91|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

In-Car Food and Beverage Warmer

This is a very useful device for those who are frequently on the move. It will keep your
tea, coffee or food warm while consuming little power [158].

157.

Three-Component Flasher
Since this flasher system uses only three components, it is relatively easy to build and
install. It can be used for signal flashing, hazard warning and alternate flashing [159].

158.

92|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

555 Timer PWM Audio Amplifier

The ubiquitous 555 timer IC handles audio signals in its own pulse-width modulation
(PWM) way. Here, the 555 IC works in astable mode. The switching frequency can be
varied from 65 kHz to 188 kHz. Selection of PWM frequency depends on the amplitude
of the input signal as well as the load impedance. By adjusting VR1, you can ensure
comfortable listening with low audio distortion [160].

159.

Musical Water Shower

Wont it be nice to have music playing in the background all the while when you take a
shower? This simple circuit does the same. It plays different tunes repeatedly for as long
as your shower is turned on. The music starts as soon as water comes out of the shower.
The music stops when you turn the shower off and water stops coming out of it [161].

160.

93|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

Night Lamp
Here are two night lamp circuits using LEDs. One could be used as a night-vision clock
and the other as a TV lamp. Both the circuits are AC operated and consume very little
power. These are also protected against mains fluctuations. The night-vision lamp uses
twelve LEDs arranged in the circular pattern of a wall clock, while the TV lamp uses 24
LEDs in prism format [162].

161.

94|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

162.
Power Pulser
The idea behind this multipurpose power pulser is very simple. As shown in the circuit (Fig. 1), it
uses a low-frequency oscillator to drive a voltage regulator. Timer chip LM555 (IC1) is wired as
an astable multivibrator. Components R1 and R2, VR1 and C1 produce the free-running
frequency. You can adjust it to some extent by varying potentiometer VR1. The output of IC1 at
pin 3 controls the switching on/off of adjustable voltage regulator LM317T (IC2) through npn
transistor SL100B (T1) [163].

163.
Continuity Tester With A Chirping Sound
Today, theres a party at your home. And you are busy detecting faults in the decorative lights
hanging over the boundaries of your house. You want to finish the job before evening. But
daylight adds to your frustration by making it difficult to observe whether the neon bulb inside
the tester is glowing or not [164].

95|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

164.
Hot-Water-Ready Alarm
Electric kettles turn off automatically when water has boiled. What if the boiler beeps to alert you
when your water has boiled? The tripping sound of the thermal switch may not register as an
alarm in your mind. Here is such an add-on unit that gives intermittent beeps at the end of boiling.
It has the advantages of extremely low component count, low cost, small size and light weight
[165].

96|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

165.
Electronic Combination Lock
This 7-digit combination lock can be easily hard-wired for any combination that you choose. The
circuit uses a 4-bit, divide-by-8 Johnson counter (IC1), ten pushbutton switches and npn transistor
T1 [166].

166.
Long-Range IR Transmitter
Most of the IR remotes work reliably within a range of 5 metres. The circuit complexity increases
if you design the IR transmitter for reliable operation over a longer range, say, 10 metres. To
double the range from 5 metres to 10 metres, you need to increase the transmitted power four
times [167].

97|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

167.
Automatic Parking Light For Cars
At night, parking lights make your parked car visible to motorists so they dont smash into your
car. However, these lights drain considerable power out of your cars battery. Here is a simple,
automatic parking light system that works with zero standby current. The circuit is designed to
turn on the parking lights automatically for 30 seconds when an approaching vehicles light is
detected from the rear or front side. This automatic feature provides safety at night for a parked
vehicle [168].

168.
Peak Hour Timer
Electrical appliances like refrigerators and air-conditioners consume heavy current if the line
voltage drops during the peak hours between 6 pm and 9 pm. If there is no low-voltage cut-off in
these appliances, it will cause wastage of current and heating of the appliances. Over-heating
may, in turn, reduce the efficiency of the compressors of these appliances [169].

98|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

169.
Panic Alarm
If you feel threatened or need emergency assistance, simply activate this alarm. It will catch the
attention of others for immediate help. The alarm will sound for three minutes and then cease.
Especially useful for women travelling alone, it is small enough to pocket or carry in a handbag
[170].

99|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

Another circuit
Here is a very simple as well as very useful project anti bag snatching alarm, used in bag
or suitcase in order to prevent from snatching. The sound produced by anti bag snatching
alarm is like police horn to get attention of people when someone attempt to snatch your
bag or suitcase.
Circuit Description of anti bag snatching alarm
The heart of this entire circuit anti bag snatching alarm is operational amplifier IC
CA3140 (IC1), configured as a comparator. The two inputs (inverting and non
inverting) is given to pin no 3 and 2 of operational amplifier respectively and output is
obtained from pin no 6. Here IC2 (timer IC NE555) is used as monostable multivibrator.
The timing component of anti bag snatching alarm is R5, VR1, and capacitor C2 with the
given value in this circuit diagram lets the time of timer is about 1 minute.
For audio section, IC3 is used as alarm tone generator with an inbuilt oscillator. Finally
the output is obtained from pin no 3 of IC3 and amplified by transistor T1 in order to get
desire level and lastly fed to loudspeaker for output.

PARTS LIST
Resistors (all -watt, 5% Carbon)
R1, R2, R3 = 100 K; R4, R6 = 10 K; R5 = 10 M; R7 = 330 ; R8 = 220 K; R9 =
1 K

100|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

170.
Heat Control Unit
This circuit will turn the heater on when the temperature of water falls below the lower limit set
by you and turn it off when the temperature increases above the higher limit [171].

171.
Electronic Heart
With this electronic heart glowing on and off, you are sure to steal the heart of that special
someone. The circuit uses an NE555 timer wired in astable multivibrator mode. Its frequency of
oscillations is determined by resistors R1 and R2 and capacitor C2. Here the frequency is
approximately 0.2 Hz. Each period lasts for just a little over 4 seconds [172].

101|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

172.
Ultrasonic Sound Beam Burglar Alarm
This unique burglar alarm makes use of the invisible, inaudible ultrasonic sound beam to detect
movements. Ultrasonic transducers operate at maximum efficiency when driven at 40kHz
frequency. So an ultrasonic transmitter and receiver pair operating at 40 kHz is used to control the
buzzer or the relay [173].

173.
Sunset Lamp
LDR-based automatic lights flicker due to the change in light intensity at dawn and dusk. So
compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) are unsuitable in such circuits as flickering may damage the
electronic circuits within these lamps. The circuit described here can solve the problem and
switch on the lamp instantly when the light intensity decreases below a preset level [174].

102|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

174.
Electronic Dice
This electronic dice has no chance of wear and tear but all the features of a wooden or plastic dice
used for Ludo game [175].

175.
Solidstate Relay
The basic function of a relay is to switch on power to a load using an electrically isolated, lowpower control signal. Hitherto, electromechanical relays have been the components of choice to
perform this function. The advances made in the semiconductor technology have resulted in the
emergence of solidstate relays [176].

103|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

176.
Car Porch Guard
Protect your costly vehicle from theft using this electronic safety system. The system immediately
switches on the porch lamp and sounds a loud alarm as soon as it detects any attempt of
impending theft [177].

177.
Wire-Break Alarm With Delay
Here is a simple circuit of wire-break alarm that activates after a delay of 15 to 30 seconds. When
the thin-wire loop running across the entrance door is broken, the alarm sounds after a delay of 15
to 30 seconds, the time period set through VR1. Thus the occupants get sufficient time to lock the
room from the outside and catch the thief [178].

178.
Cordless Multidoor Alarm
Thwart the attempt of burglary by detecting intrusion with this alarm circuit. Each door is
protected by a separate circuit built around an independent 555 timer IC in conjunction with reed
switch magnet. All the three units are powered from a single power source. The buzzer can be
plugged into the earth line of a socket in any room of the same building having proper earth line
104|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

connection. There is no need of laying external wires up to the buzzer unit from different rooms
[179].

105|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

179.
Pressure-Sensitive Alarm
Here is a low-cost, pressure-sensitive burglar alarm. The alarm uses a home-made pressure
sensor, which works as a variable capacitor using two copper-clad boards and a piece of sponge
in between them [180].

180.
Crystal-Based 50Hz Generator
Here is a simple oscillator circuit that generates 50Hz frequency using a crystal. It produces
alternating 50Hz pulses with 50 per cent duty cycle, which can be used in inverter circuits. It
comprises a 14-stage counter and oscillator (CD4060), dual J-K flip-flop (CD4027), operational
amplifier (LM324) and a few discrete components [181].

106|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

181.
VISUAL AC MAINS VOLTAGE INDICATOR
You should not be surprised if someone tells you that the mains voltage fluctuation could be
anywhere from 160 volts to 270 volts. Although majority of our electrical and electronics
appliances have some kind of voltage stabilisation internally built-in, more than 90 per cent of the
faults in these appliances occur due to these power fluctuations [182].

Another circuit
Here is simple and very useful circuit AC mains voltage indicator, indicates the voltage
level of AC mains by three different LEDs. AC mains voltage indicator circuit can be
made and assemble even by beginners.
Circuit description of AC mains voltage indicator
All three LEDs of AC mains voltage indicator are connected between collectors of
transistors T1, T2, T3 respectively. Here potentiometer VR1, VR2, and VR3 are used to
adjust the base voltage of transistor T1, T2 and T3 respectively. As shown in circuit
diagram first AC mains is stepped down by 9V-0-9V transformer and then rectified by a
signal diode D1 and smoothed by C1 which give output 25V DC. This circuit is work on
the principle, when AC mains vary DC voltage also varies proportionally and sensed by
transistor T1 through T3.
For setting the low level voltage, a manual AC voltage regulator (MVR) should be
connected to the primary of transformer X1. Now set AC voltage of MVR to about 175V
and slowly potentiometer VR1 adjusted until voltage across the base of transistor T1
reaches 9.7V and transistor starts conducting which glow LED1 and stop glowing when
107|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

the base voltage drops below the preset value. This process is repeated for 200V and
230V in which LED2 and LED3 glows respectively.
Now connect this circuit to AC mains, if the voltage drop below 175 volts no LEDs glow.
First, a high voltage (more than 230V) is indicated by all three LEDs glows (LED1,
LED2, LED3). Second, normally voltage (200V-230V) is indicated by two LEDs (LED1
and LED2). Third, a low voltage (175V-200V) is indicated by the glowing of LED1 only.

PARTS LIST
Resistors (all -watt, 5% Carbon)
R1- R6= 1 K; VR1 VR3 = 10 K
Capacitor C1 = 220 F/50V
Semiconductors
T1 T3 = BC547
ZD1 ZD3 = 9.1V zener diode
D1 = 1N4001
LED1 LED3 = Simple LED
Miscellaneous
X1 = 230V AC primary to 9V-0-9V, 250mA secondary transformer
SW1 = On/off switch

182.
Ignition for Old Cars
In older carbureted cars, the con-tact-breaker (CB) point ignition system is used to fire the spark
plugs. You can convert the ignition system of your car from CB-point-cum-condenser type into
electronic using transistorised switching [184].

108|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

183.
Versatile CMOS/TTL Logic and Clock Probe
For fault diagnosis of any logic circuit, you need a probe that can test the logic level or existence
of clock activity. The circuit shown here can be used to test CMOS and TTL logic circuits for
logic states and also for the presence of clock activity from a few hertz to more than 10 MHz, at
any point of the logic circuit [184].

109|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

184.
School/College Quiz Buzzer
Manual buzzers used for quiz competitions in schools and colleges create a lot of confusion in
identifying the first respondent. Although there are circuits using PCs and discrete ICs, they are
either too expensive or limited to only a few number of players [185].

185.
Multipurpose listening device
This circuit can detect very faint, remote sounds with a good clarity. It is useful in large
conference halls, auditoria, cinema halls, lecture rooms in colleges, etc. The circuit can be housed
in a small plastic box and kept in a shirt pocket. It is especially useful for watching TV
programmes at a low volume so as not to disturb other family members in the house [186].

186.
Anti-Sleep Alarm
Most of the accidents on highways during night occur due to drivers poor vision caused by the
continuous exposure of their eyes to the bright light from the headlamps of approaching vehicles.
The poor vision is due to exhaustion of the visual pigment in the eyes, which induces sleep to
restore the pigment [187].

110|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

187.
DC Changeover System with Battery Protection Unit
Emergency lights commonly available in the market come with battery over-charging protection
but no discharging protection. Here is a circuit that protects the battery from over-charging as
well as over-discharging. The load is powered by the regulator when mains is available and
111|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

automatically shifts to DC when mains power fails. When mains power resumes, the load is again
powered through the regulator and the battery starts charging [188].

188.
Ultrasonic Proximity Detector
This ultrasonic proximity detector comprising independent, battery-powered transmitter and
receiver sections makes use of a pair of matched ultrasonic piezoceramic transducers operating at
around 40 kHz each. This circuit can be used in exhibitions to switch on prerecorded audio/video
messages automatically when a visitor evincing interest in a product comes near an exhibited
product [189].

112|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

189.

Another Ultrasonic Proximity Detector circuit [190]

190.
Turn Your Old Inverter Into An Emergency Power System
An inverter turned into emergency power system, which turns on when the mains supply fails,
and more importantly doesnt turn on when the main supply is available [191].

113|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

191.

Speed Controller for DC Motor

Here is a simple circuit to control the speed of a DC motor. It can be configured to control the
sweep rate of automobiles windscreen wiper [192].

192.
Line-Powered Two-Tone Ringer
Need often arises for having an extra telephone ringer in another room to alert you of an
incoming call. A low-cost, 2-tone ringer IC LS1240, which is commonly used as part of the
telephone circuit, can be wired externally to do the job as long as the telephone line is extended to
the place where the extra ringer is to be installed [193].

114|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

Another circuit [194].

193.
Audible IR Proximity Detector
This circuit gives an audible indication when any object comes in front of the infrared reflecting
sensor (containing IR LED and phototransistor). The sound generated by the sensor will be louder
if the object close to the reflecting sensor is opaque [195].

115|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

194.
Semiconductor Relay for Automotive Applications
Semiconductor relays provide the same function as electromechanical relays but have no moving
parts, which increases their long-term reliability. These relays provide an array of solutions,
meeting the needs of todays high-performance applications [196].

116|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

195.
Touch Alarm
This is a new type of touch alarm that uses an RF oscillator at its input. One special feature of this
touch alarm is that it can use a big-size touch plate. Also, no shielded wire is required between the
touch plate and the circuit [197].

196.
Bedwetting Alarm
Bedwetting is one of the most common childhood problems that can have a significant impact on
a childs health if left unattended. During the night, the parents would not know if the child has
urinated and the kid may sleep all night long on a wet bed. Bedwetting alarm provides a very
effective solution to this problem. The alarm will sound as soon as the child begins to wet the bed
[198].

117|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

197.
AC-Powered Led Lamps Without rectifiers
Usually, LED lamps require rectifier when connected to the AC mains power supply. Electrical
isolation of the LED lamps from the mains is also required in most cases. But rectifiers create a
switching noise and also add to their cost. Presented here is a simple circuit for LED lamps that
doesnt require the use of rectifiers [199].

198.
Easy Transistor Tester
Using this circuit, find out whether a given transistor is good or bad before soldering it. You can
also identify npn and pnp types easily. The tester gives LED indication of the pin-outs as well as
the working conditions of the transistors [200].

118|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

199.
Door Guard
This door guard uses operational amplifier A741 and a light-dependent resistor (LDR).
Operational amplifier A741 is used as a sensitive voltage comparator. Preset VR1 provides
reference voltage to the non-inverting terminal (pin 3) of A741. LDR1 and resistor R1 are
connected to inverting pin 2 of IC1. LED1 and LDR1 are installed at opposite sides of entry such
that light from LED1 falls on LDR1 [201].

200.
Low-cost Night Lamp
This simple, low-cost night lamp automatically activates at night and deactivates in the daytime.
It incorporates battery charging circuit with protection against over-charging and deep-discharge
[202].

119|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

201.
Briefcase Alarm
This miniature alarm unit protects your valuables from theft by sounding an alarm when
somebody attempts to pick up your briefcase. It is a battery-operated gadget that can be hidden in
a corner inside the briefcase. The circuit uses few components and is simple to fabricate [203].

120|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

202.
Touch-Plate Doorbell
This touch-plate doorbell makes use of enhancement-mode MOSFETs forming part of CMOS
quad NAND gate CD4007B in conjunction with a detector and Darlington driver stage [204].

203.
Sensitive LPG Leakage Alarm
Here is an ultra-sensitive LPG sensor that generates loud beeps when it senses any gas leakage. It
detects vapours of liquefied petroleum gas anywhere between 200 and 10,000 ppm and drives a
piezobuzzer to catch attention for immediate action. The buzzer beeps until the concentration of
gas in the air decreases to a safe level. The circuit uses an MQ6 gas sensor, which is designed to
sense LPG, propane and isobutane gases [205].

121|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

204.
Cupboard light
Here is a simple circuit that can temporarily illuminate your cupboard or other such usually dark
places where mains connection is either not possible or not worthwhile. The circuit is nothing but
a battery-operated light with inbuilt auto shut-off [206].

205.
Simple Antenna Preamplifier for AM Radios
AM radios normally require long (10-30m) outdoor antennae. If you have no option but to use a
relatively short antenna, you can improve the AM reception by adding the proposed low-noise
antenna preamplifier for AM signals. Its operation range is 150-1700 kHz, covering the longwave (LW) and medium-wave (MW) ranges [207].

122|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

206.
Multifunction Power Supply
Many embedded systems these days need +5V power supply with some special functions such as
power-fail detection, zero-crossing signals for mains power supply and possibility to maintain the
charging of built-in batteries [208].

207.
Micro-Power Flasher
With this micro-power flasher you can baffle the intruders trying to break into your home. The
unit continuously emits flashing light both during day and night giving the impression that the
occupants of the house are present inside. The circuit can run off four 1.5V AA-size cells
continuously for a long period [209].

123|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

208.
A Fourth-Order Speech Filter
Human speech generally occupies an audio spectrum of 300 to 3400 Hz. There is a requirement,
especially in telephone circuits, to limit the frequency response to this range. The Digital Speech
Security System published in EFY Electronics Projects Vol. 19 also uses a similar filter.
However, it uses dedicated filter ICs, which, besides being costly, are not easily available. This
circuit will prove quite useful for not only the mentioned project but various other speech circuits
[210].

124|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

209.
Electronic Ludo
Ludo, a traditional board game, requires the players to throw a dice by hand and move forward
their tokens on the board by the number of squares indicated by the dice. In this electronic
version, the players need to press a push-to-on switch instead of throwing the six-surface dice.
When the switch is pressed momentarily, the 7-segment digital counter displays a number
immediately. As in the manual dice, the numbers are displayed randomly between 1 and 6
depending on the time for which the player presses switch S1 [211].

210.
Smart Battery Protector Using a Shunt Regulator
The life expectancy of a battery dramatically reduces when it is discharged below the minimum
recommended battery voltage. You must disconnect the load before discharging is complete.
Otherwise, it can damage the battery or shorten its life.This simple circuit outperforms the usual
battery protectors. It uses shunt regulator IC TL431 for its simplicity and marvellous functioning
[212].

125|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

211.
Microcontroller-Based Tachometer
A tachometer is nothing but a simple electronic digital transducer. Normally, it is used for
measuring the speed of a rotating shaft. The number of revolutions per minute (rpm) is valuable
information for understanding any rotational system. For example, there is an optimum speed for
drilling a particular-size hole in a particular metal piece; there is an ideal sanding disk speed that
depends on the material being finished. You may also want to measure the speed of fans you use
[213].

212.
Temperature Indicator-CUM-Controller
Here is an easy-to-construct temperature indicator-cum-controller that can be interfaced with a
heaters coil to maintain the ambient room temperature. The controller is based on Atmega8535
microcontroller, which makes it dynamic and faster, and uses an LCD module to display and two
keys to increase or decrease the set values [214].

126|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

213.
Stabilised Power Supply for Prototyping
This stabilised power supply circuit may be directly connected to 230V AC mains to derive
output voltages of 3V to 12V DC for connection to the prototyping board [215].

127|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

214.
Infrared Burglar Alarm
A special feature of this infrared burglar alarm is latching operation. Also, the circuit is highly
sensitive. The circuit comprises transmitter and receiver sections. Whenever IR beam between the
transmitter and the receiver is interrupted, the alarm circuit is triggered and the buzzer sounds
continuously. It can be reset only by pressing the reset button [216].

Another circuit

128|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

215.
Motorbike Alarm
This simple-to-build alarm can be fitted in bikes to protect them from being stolen. The tiny
circuit can be hidden anywhere, without any complicated wiring. Virtually, it suits all bikes as
long as they have a battery. It doesn't drain out the battery though as the standby current is zero
[217].

129|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

216.
PC Table Lamp
This useful circuit is built around well-known timer IC TLC555. It activates an electric bulb when
your PC is switched on. When you shut down the PC, the lamp also automatically turns off.
[219,220].

130|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

217.
Audible Continuity Tester
Here is a pretty simple, low-cost audible continuity tester that makes use of just one quad
comparator IC LM339, some resistors and a piezobuzzer. The circuit including the comparator
works off a single 9V battery. Only one of the quad comparators is used in its real role, while the
remaining three comparators, connected in parallel, are used for directly driving a medium-power
piezobuzzer [221].

218.

Anti-Theft Alarm

You can use this circuit to thwart burglary. It sounds an alarm when someone tries to intrude into
your home or office by hitting, pushing or knocking the door. The sensor element is a condenser
mic, which is fitted inside the house on the entrance door, preferably on the door frame. Hitting,
pushing or knocking the door will generate some noise. This is detected by the mic and fed to the
preamplifier section of the circuit, which is connected to the buzzer through Flip-Flop. Thus the
buzzer sounds when someone hits/knocks at the entrance door [222].

131|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

219.
Diac-Controlled Flasher
This simple flasher finds various industrial applications as a high-voltage indicator or machineon indicator. It flashes once every second to give a warning indication. It is simple to design and
can be wired lead-to-lead without using PCB. It is directly powered from 220V AC and can be
enclosed in the mains box [223].

132|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

220.
Stereo audio Distribution Buffer for headphones
Most audio signal sources have only one stereo output, which means they can drive only a single
pair of headphones with a resistance of around 32 ohms or a single line of 600 ohms. But
sometimes several people are required to connect their headphones to a single audio signal
sourcesuch as for entertainment, e-learning and training, or at home. In these situations, use of
powerful loudspeakers is not desirable because other people in the room will get disturbed [224].

221.
Dual Motor Control for Robots
Presented here is a simple circuit that can drive two motors for a small robot, allowing the robot
to negotiate an obstacle course. Two light-dependent resistors (LDRs) are used to detect the
obstacle and the motors are driven correspondingly to avoid the obstacles automatically. Two Hbridge motor circuits are used that can drive each motor forward or backward, or stop it,
independently [225].

133|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

222.
Optical Remote on/off Switch
Using this optical remote control, you can switch on/off any electrical or electronic load. Like any
remote control system, it has a mini transmitter unit and a receiver unit to activate the relay [226].

223.
Infrared Toggle Switch
This infrared toggle switch can be controlled by any TV/VCR remote operating at 38kHz
frequency. The circuit uses readily available, low-cost components and can be assembled on a
small veroboard [227].

134|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

224.
Contactless Telephone Ringer
This fully transistorised, simple circuit designed as a contactless telephone ringer provides an
indication of incoming telephone call at a remote site like kitchen or bedroom in the building. It is
implemented by winding five or more turns of a short hookup insulated wire around one of the
wires of a twin telephone cable [228].

225.
Automatic Wash Basin Mirror Lamp Controller
In restaurants, auditoria and even homes, many a times we forget to switch off the wash basin
mirror lamp after use. The circuit given here automatically switches on the wash basin mirror
lamp whenever you stand in front of it and switch off the same after you move out, thereby
saving energy [229].

135|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

226.
Auto Muting During Telephonic Conversation
Telephone conversation can be made disturbance-free using this simple circuit. As soon as you
lift the telephone handset to converse, the TV, music system or any other appliance that may be
causing disturbance gets switched off. It turns on when you place the handset back on the cradle
[230].

227.
Solar-Powered Pedestal Lighting System
This solar-powered pedestal lighting system uses power LEDs for lighting. Solar energy is first
converted into DC electricity by a solar photovoltaic cell and used to charge a storage battery.
The solar energy stored in the battery is utilised at night for pedestal lighting using power LEDs
[231].

136|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

228.
LED Illumination for Refrigerators
The incandescent lamp provided inside the refrigerators glows whenever we open the door. It
suffers from several disadvantages. These problems could be overcome by using a distributed
array of LEDs with battery back-up, which provides shadowless light and cool operation [232].

229.
Electronic Reminder
This easy-to-build electronic alarm will remind you of an impotant task after a preset time. It is
particularly useful for housewives and busy professionals. All you have to do is set the time in
minute swith the help of two thumbwheel switches (S3 and S4) and press and release start switch.
Precisely after the time set by you is over, there is an audio as well as visual indication to remind
you that the time you set has elapsed. The gadget is portable and operates off a 9V battery [234].
137|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

230.
Photodiode-Based Fire Detector
This ultra-sensitive fire sensor protects your electronic devices like computer and television set. It
uses a photodiode as the fire sensor and sounds an alarm immediately on sensing a spark or fire in
the power supply section of the instrument and instantly cuts off the power supply. The circuit
exploits the photovoltaic property of the photodiodes to sense the fire [235].

138|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

231.

Bodmas Rule

The term BODMAS is an acronym for bracket, of, division, multiplication, addition and
subtraction and the BODMAS rule is a mnemonic for the hierarchy of various arithmetical
operators. A mathematical expression may involve a number of operators, but only one of them
must be carried out first. The order of priority, as we are familiar from school days, follows:
Bracket followed by of, division, multiplication, addition and then subtraction in that
order [236].

139|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

232.
Circuit for UPS to Hibernate PC
Most of the low-power UPS systems available in the market do not have the facility to shut down
the PC before they turn off automatically due to low battery. Some of them have the facility but
they require software for the same [237].

233.
Accurate 1Hz Generator
Accurate 1Hz square wave pulses are required in stopwatches and other digital circuits. Here is a
low-cost, general-purpose 1Hz signal generator without using a crystal oscillator [232].

140|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

234.
Environment Monitoring System Using Arduino
A comfortable environment can increase the productivity multi-folds. So it is important that the
environment variables, such as temperature, relative humidity, dew point, light intensity and air
quality (gas/smoke), are continuously monitored and corresponding systems adjusted to maintain
a comfortable working environment [236].

141|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

235.

3V PC Adaptor

Plug this circuit into the available USB output port of your PC to get 50mA, 3V DC. So it can be
used to recharge, for instance, two NiCd cells (1.2Vx2) of a portable music player system [237].

236.
Low-Cost Battery Charger
Here is a very simple and low-cost charger for 12V, 7Ah lead-acid batteries. It can also be used
for powering automobile engines and emergency lighting systems [238].

142|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

237.
Street Light Controller
Two of the problems commonly associated with street lights are false triggering due to slight
variation in the intensity of ambient light and no control over switching action. Here is a simple
switching circuit for street lights that overcomes these problems [235].

238.
Light-Operated Doorbell
Light-dependent switches are used in automatic hand-dryers and flushers in toilets. Here is a
simple light-operated switch that works in normal light also. You can affix it on the main door of
your house to work as an automatic doorbell or a thief alarm. The bell rings as soon as someones
shadow falls on the sensor of this device [236].

143|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

239.
Simple Automatic Water-Level Controller
Water-level controllers are common nowadays. The one described here is built around timer
NE555 and inverter buffer CMOS IC CD4049. It uses readily-available, low-cost components,
and is easy to build and install on the over-head tank (OHT) to prevent wastage of water [237].

240.
Simple HF Power Amplifier
Here is an inexpensive but powerful RF power amplifier for the 40m (7MHz) band. The circuit
accepts only 20-30mW RF power and amplifies it to the wattage level. So its input can be directly
connected to a VFO and the output can be fed to an antenna [238].

144|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

241.
Electronic Horn
Heres a simple circuit of an electronic horn that is built around quadruple op-amp IC LM3900
(IC1). IC LM3900 has four independent op-amps (A1 through A4) with a large output voltage
swing. It can work at up to 32V DC [239].

242.
Locker Guard
Protect your valuables from burglary using this simple circuit. It generates warning beeps when
someone attempts to open the locked safe. The warning alarm sounds at an interval of a few
seconds, so it is not annoying. Even after closing the door, the alarm will continue sounding for a
few seconds [240].

145|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

243.
Demo Circuit for Over-Voltage Protection
Over-voltage protection circuits are used to protect voltage-sensitive loads. Voltage transients
may occur due to a number of reasons such as transformer switching, load switching, and
short/open circuit in rectifier and regulator circuit. Such transients can affect proper functioning
of an electronic circuit or even damage it. Hence it is necessary to use an over-voltage protection
circuit to protect expensive loads against all the sources of voltage transients [241].

146|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

244.
Capacitance-Multiplier Power Supply
Here is the circuit of a highly efficient power supply with regulation that uses a centre-tapped
transformer [242].

245.
Wireless PA for Classrooms
In large classrooms, many a times the teachers voice is not audible to students in the back rows.
So the teacher have to literally shout to be heard by every student. Presented here is a circuit that
can act as a wireless speech-aid for teachers so that their voice reaches every student even in a
large classroom [243].

147|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

246.
Electronic Door Key
This circuit is basically a short-range, infrared remote-controlled electromagnetic relay driver. It
can be used to control door motors or solenoid-based locks using a compact and handy remote
handset [244].

247.

Optical Smoke Detector

This optical smoke detector uses a low-cost, readily-available, slotted, through-scan, infrared photoswitch. When smoke is detected, the relay energises to activate the audio/visual warning alarm [245].

148|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

248.

Clock Tick-Tock Sound Generator & LED Pendulum [246]

249.

Earth Leakage Tester [247]

250.
Signal Diode-Based Fire alarm
A simple signal diode can be used to build a highly sensitive firealarm. Silicon diodes like OA71
and 1N34 respond to infrared radiation and heat from fireby generating reverse current across
their terminals. In reverse-bias mode, this effect is more significan. Typically, for each degree rise
in temperature, the diode generates 2 mV. This characteristic is exploited in this circuit to sense
fire.The circuit can detect firefrom a distance of up to around 30 cm [248].

149|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

251.

Night Lamps

150|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

252.

Continuity Tester With A Chirping Sound

253.

Automatic Darkness-Controlled Lighting System

151|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

254.

Contactless Telephone Ringer

255.

Circuit for UPS to Hybernate PC

152|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

256.

Variable Bench Power Supply With LCD and Monitor Display

257.

Water Pump Controller

153|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

258.

Propeller Message Display with Temperature Indicator

259.

Stablised Power Supply for Prototyping

154|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

260.

Propeller Message Display with Temperature Indicator

261.

LOW-POWER VOLTAGE DOUBLER

262.

Wind sound Generator

Using this simple circuit, one can generate the sound of wind. The circuit is basically an
astable multivibrator build around two NPN transistors.
By adjusting the 1M potentiometer (VR1), the sound can be changed from that of wind to
storm, sound of sea, hiss of escaping gas from a container through a small hole etc. A 9Volt or 6-volt unregulated power supply is enough. How-ever, a battery may be used
instead. The output sound will be slightly changed. The prototype has been successful
tested with the given power supply. Also and 8-ohm, 5cm, low wattage speaker is
recommended.
155|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

PARTS LIST
Resistors (all -watt, 5% Carbon unless stated otherwise)
R1 = 1 M; R2 = 4.7 K; R3 = 100 K; R4 = 10 ; VR1 = 1 M
Capacitors C1 = 0.01 F; C2 = 0.0033 F; C3 = 1000 F/16V
Semiconductors T1, T2 = BC548; D1 = 1N4001
Miscellaneous X1 = 230V AC Primary To 9V/6V 0V AC Secondary; LS1 = 8 speaker
263.
White / LF Noise Generator
Every musician today is in need of a noise source, particularly those who practice with a group
or use a synthesizer. The white noise generator gives an output to be fed to an amplifier. The
white noise generated by the 12V zener diode is amplified 200 times along with the noise of the
noisy 741 IC (IC1). The output is thus very noisy with plenty of white noise.
The output of IC1 is given to a low pass filter which cuts off high frequencies. Point A is
connected to amplifier IC2. The feedback network of IC2 includes a 0.15 F capacitor which
reduces the gain at high frequencies.The 0.001 F capacitor at the output of IC2 also loads the
output at high frequencies and reduce them. Thus the resultant output has a large amount of low
frequency (LF) noise.A small amount of white noise due to the IC itself is produced at the
output, but it can be ignored. Point B is an artificial center point created for IC1 and IC2. Point C
is connected to the capacitor which reduce the gain of IC2 at high frequencies.

156|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

PARTS LIST
Resistors (all -watt, 5% Carbon unless stated otherwise)
R1 = 470 K; R2, R5, R8, R9 = 10 K; R3, R6, R10 = 100 K; R4 = 4.7 K; R7 = 1 M
Capacitors C1 = 0.47 F; C2 = 100 F/10v; C3, C6 = 1 F/16v; C4 = 0.15 F; C5 = 0.015 F;
C7 = 0.001 F; C8 = 100 F/25V
Semiconductors IC1, IC2 = 741, ZD1 = 12V 400mW
264.

Universal Battery Tester

To recognize the battery whether it is working or not is very difficult. Generally voltmeter is
employed for checking purpose of state of battery. Now, here is very simple circuit utilized
to check the state of battery.
Circuit Description
The entire circuit of universal battery tester is build around dual comparator IC TL072 (IC1)
followed by other component. The two independent comparator is used here as operational
amplifier. The inverting pin of these two operational amplifiers is fed through potential
divider network made from resistor R1 and R3. Rest of the component is utilized to maintain
threshold voltage.
State of LED
Glowing RED LED:- Battery is fully charged
Glowing GREEN LED:- Battery is usable
Glowing RED LED:- Need charge or it is not usable.

157|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

PARTS LIST
Resistors (all -watt, 5% Carbon unless stated otherwise)
R1, R3 = 5.6 ; R2 = 3.3 K; R4, R6 = 1 M; R5, R7, R9 = 1 K; R8, R10 = 820 ; R11 = 10
K
Semiconductors
IC1 = TL072CD; ZD1 = 3.3 V/500mW
LED1 = RED LED
LED2 = GREEN LED
LED3 = YELLOW LED
Miscellaneous
SW1 = Push to on switch
Two probe
265.

Traffic Light Controller

The circuit given here is substitute of old mechanical traffic-light controllers which are not
reliable. The circuits timing and sequential operation are done by two CMOS ICs (IC1 and IC2)
while the actual power switching is done by triacs,
A 10V negative power supply is obtained directly from the mains my means of D1, R1, D2, and
C1. Gates N1 through N6 constitute IC2 while IC1 is a Johnson counter. N1 N3 are wired as an
astable multivibrator whose time period can be adjusted between 1 second and 10 seconds with
VR1. The decade outputs of IC1 are wired such that when Q0 and Q5 is high, the output of N5
goes low. Similarly, the outputs of N4 and N6 become low when Q1 to Q4 and Q6 to Q9 become
low respectively. Since we have negative supply, a low output of any of the hates N4 to N6 cause
the respective triac to fire.
Thus, the ratios of the time periods for the lamps in the sequence O:G:O:R are 1:4:1:4.
Resistor R10 to R12 and capacitor C4 and C6 are absolutely necessary, these avoid spurious
triggering of the triacs which may hamper traffic flow.

158|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

PARTS LIST
Resistors (all -watt, 5% Carbon unless stated otherwise)
R1 = 5 K/5W; R2, R3, R4 = 22 K; R5 = 100 K; R6 = 1 M; R7, R8, R9 = 1 K; R10,
R11, R12 = 100 /1W; VR1 = 1 M
Capacitors
C1 = 1000 F/16V; C2, C3 = 22 F/16V; C4, C5, C6 = 00.1 F/400V
Semiconductors
IC1 = CD4017; IC2(N1 N6) = CD4049; D1 = BY127
266.

Simple Pulse Generator

This circuit is used to provide positive going pulses. The pulse width varies from 10s to 100 ms
at the rate of 20 pulses per second to 1 pulse per second and adjusted by a 1 M potentiometer.
Transistor T1 and T2 form a relaxation oscillatory circuitry. The frequency of oscillation
depends on C1 and VR1. The pulse width is varied by a 47K (VR2) potentiometer. Any
required pulse width range is selected by the switch SW1 below

Position of switch SW1 Pulse width

1 10 s to 100 s
2 100 s to 1 ms
3 1 ms to 10 ms
4 10ms to 100 ms
PARTS LIST
Resistors (all -watt, 5% Carbon unless stated otherwise)
R1 = 33 ; R2 = 47 K ; R3 = 47 ; R4 = 33 ; R5 = 2.7 K; R1 = 1 M LOG; VR2 = 47 K
LIN POT.
Capacitors
C1 = 1 F/16V; C2 = 0.0022 F; C3 = 0.022 F; C4 = 0.22 F; C5 = 2.2 F/16v
159|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

Semiconductors
T1 = SL100; T2 = SK100; IC1 = 74121
Miscellaneous
SW1 = 1 pole 4
267.

Simple low/high voltage cut circuit

Now, here is very simple low/high voltage cut circuit using only two transistors.

Circuit Description:
The entire circuit is build using only two transistor and very few other component. The two
transistors are used to drive relay. Transistor T1 and T2 cut the supply in high and low voltage
respectively. Variable resistor VR1 and VR2 is used to adjust the high and low voltage. As we
know that when zener diode is connected to emitter of transistor then it get back bias voltage.
The variable resistor VR1 and VR2 is so adjusted that it does not connect the transistor T2 and
T1 in high and low voltage respectively. The load is connected through relay RL1.
PARTS LIST
Resistors (all -watt, 5% Carbon unless stated otherwise)
R1, R4 = 4.7 K; R2, R3 = 220 ; VR1 = 10 K; VR2 = 10 K
Semiconductors
T1, T2 = BC148; ZD1, ZD2 = 5.6V
Miscellaneous
RL1 = 18V/500

160|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

268.
Simple Frequency Meter
Here is a simple frequency meter with which input frequency can be determined by simply
measuring the values of two resistors and a little bit of computation.
A retriggerable monistable multivibrator and a D flip-flop can form a simple, yet reliable
frequency comparator that compares an input frequency with a predetermined reference. To
determine whether an input frequency (f) falls between two known frequencies, f1 and f2, two
one-shot/flip-flip combinations are used, as shown.
Here both the one-shot and the flip-flop ICs are wired for positive-edge triggering. Each input
pulse causes the monostables output to go high for the period of its preset timing interval. The
flip-flop is triggered simultaneously, but its output is determined by the state of its D input at the
time of trigger threshold.
If the period of the input frequency is shorter than the preset timing of the monostable, a constant
high level will be present at the D input, forcing the flip-flops Q output to remain high. If the
input frequency period becomes greater than that of the monostable, the flip-flops Q output will
go low.
VR1, VR2, and C1, C2 determine the value of the time period of f1 and f2. Some typical values
for measuring a range of input frequencies is given in Table 1.
One way to measure the frequency is to increase f2 by decreasing the value of R2 until LED3
goes off and LED4 goes on. Then R1 is decrease so that LED1 goes on and LED2 goes
off. Now both LED1 and LED4 glow and the value of R1 and R2 are measured. Frequencies f1
and f2 are calculated by the formulae
f1 = 1/(1.1R1C1) and f2 = 1/(1.1R2C2)
and the input frequency f falls in between f1 and f2. If
f1<f
f2<f
It can be further noted that the values of the resistors and the capacitors can be taken according
to ones application.

161|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

PARTS LIST
Resistors (all -watt, 5% Carbon unless stated otherwise)
R1, R2 = 10 ; VR1, VR2 = 4.7 K
Capacitors
C1, C2 = 10 F/10V
Semiconductors
IC1 = 74123, IC2 = 7474
LED1 LED4 = different color LED</f</f
269.
Musical AF/IF checker
There are several signal generator circuit proposed by many engineers but few are reliable over a
range. Most of the circuits are designed for a fixed or constant frequency range. This circuit
produces music instead of 10 KHz oscillation. Music notes are modulated to 455 KHz. The
modulated signal is used for checking and alignment of IFTs at the time of servicing of audio
equipment.
The main parts of the circuit are audio tone generator, RF oscillator and modulator. For audio
tone generator the musical IC UM66 (IC1) used. This IC has 64-note ROM memory.
The oscillator section consists of low-noise crystal oscillator. The crystal of 455 KHz used for
frequency control. There is no frequency drift in the circuit as no tuned circuit is being used.
Therefore, the IFTs can be aligned correctly.
The output section of the circuit is modulator which modulates the AF and RF signals. The
modulated signal is taped from the output jack. The whole setup is enclosed in a small metal box.
The output jack and switch SW1 are fitted on the front panel of the box.
When switch SW1 is in position A, we can get the modulated IF signal from the jack. When the
switch is in position B, we get AF signal from the jack. For alignment of 2-band radio we can
replace the crystal with another crystal producing frequencies of 550 KHz, 1600 KHz, 600 KHz,
5MHz or 16 MHz and replace the IFT with a small ferrite core transformer (or an IFT without
the tuning capacitor can also be used).

162|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

PARTS LIST
Resistors (all -watt, 5% Carbon unless stated otherwise)
R1 = 270 ; R2 = 220 ; R3, R7 = 10 K; R4 = 470 K; R5 = 4.7 K; R6 = 1.2 K; R8 = 220
K; R9 = 1 K
Capacitors
C1 = 1 F/16V; C2, C4 = 0.1 F; C4 = 390 pF; C5 = 0.04 F; C6 = 0.01 F; C7 = 100 F/16v
Semiconductor
IC1 = UM66; T1, T2 = BF494B; D1 = 1N4148; ZD1 = 3V 400mW
Miscellaneous
XTAL1 = 455 KHz
SW1 = 1-pole two way switch
IFT
Read more http://electronicsproject.org/musical-afif-checker/
270.

Mini amplifier

Here is a simple project , mini amplifier built around LM1895 followed by passive components.
The output of 10mW to 1W is obtained so, the circuit is called mini amplifier.
Circuit Description
The output from mike or pre-amplifier is fed to pin no.4 through variable resistor VR1 and
capacitor C4. Variable resistor VR1 is used to select the intensity of signal. Capacitor C2 and C6
is used to filter and develop the supply, where capacitor C3 and C5 is used to bias the audio
frequency. The output of amplifier IC is obtained at pin 1 where resistor R4 and capacitor C8 is
used as feedback component. The output is given to loudspeaker through capacitor C7 in order to
produce sound.

PARTS LIST
Resistors (all -watt, 5% Carbon unless stated otherwise)
R1 = 10 K; R2 = 47; R3 = 220; R4 = 1; VR1 = 50 K
Capacitors
163|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

C1 = 470 pF; C2 = 220 F/10V; C3 = 100 F/10V; C4 = 0.1 F; C5 = 10 F/10V; C6, C7 = 470
F/10V; C8 = 0.1 F
Semiconductors
IC1 = LM1895N
Miscellaneous
LS1 = 4/1W speaker
271.
Flashing Light with twilight switch
Flashing light is very useful in order to indicate any obstruction or working in progress. The
project automatic flashing light with twilight switch flash light in dark but during day it
automatically turns off itself.
Circuit Description
The circuit diagram of automatic flashing light with twilight switch is shown below where LDR
is used as sensor. In the presence of light LDR offer low resistance and in dark it offers high
resistance. When there is absence light, LDR offer high resistances which turn off the transistor
T1. Due to this darlington pair made from transistor T2 and T3 is turn on which further glow
bulb. The feedback from its output is given to the junction of resistor R2 and LDR as shown in
circuit diagram. Due to feedback this circuit works as oscillator which work as flasher. Variable
resistor VR1 is used to adjust the sensitivity of LDR.

PARTS LIST
Resistors (all -watt, 5% Carbon unless stated otherwise)
R1 = 2.2 K; R2, R3 = 1 K; R4 = 3.3 K; VR1 = 25 K
Capacitors
C1 = 1 F 10 F
Semiconductors
T1, T2 = BC547B; T3 = BEL187-P
Miscellaneous LDR, B1 = 3V to 10V bulb
164|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

272.
Low-cost Touch Sensitive Switch
While experiment with a high gain transistor it may be noticed the transistor gets saturated by
just touching its base. Here is a single, low-cost touch switch based on this idea. The 50Hz hum
present in our body is the key of this circuit.
BEL BC557B pnp transistor has been chosen for this circuit. All the transistors used in this
circuit are of pnp type. The circuit is basically a RS flip-flop formed by T3 and T4. Set and reset
inputs are buffered by T1 and T2. Set and Reset inputs are buffered by T1 and T2. On switching
the power supply on the bases of T3 and T4become positive simultaneously. But due to slight
difference in characteristics of T3 and T4 (since it is not possible to make perfectly matched
transistor) one of the transistor become unsaturated. Transistor T5 is used as relay driver
transistor.

PARTS LIST
Resistors (all -watt, 5% Carbon)
R1, R3, R6, R7, R9 = 10 K
R2, R4, R5, R8 = 220 K
Semiconductors
T1 T5 = BC557B
D1 = 1N4001
Miscellaneous
RL1 = 12V/200 relay
Touch plate

165|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

273.
Multi-way Switch
With this circuit you can control any of your electrical appliances from any point with only two
wires extending from the circuit to those points. One need not, for instance, keep the passage
lights on always since the accessibility of the switch can be provided to every require point. It
can thus be used in energy saving device in long passages.
In this circuit, switches SW1, SW2, SW3.SWn are connected between the clock pin of IC
CD4042A and the power supply. The Q output pin 3 of the FF is feedback to its D input pin 4.
The output from pin 2 is connected to the base of darlington pair amplifier formed by BC107 and
SL100, which drives the relay. The connection to the appliance can be through the N/O contact
of the relay. The circuit is powered by 12V DC. The impedance of the relay used should be
greater than 100-ohm.
With this circuit you can easily make a three way switch or switch with unlimited numbers of
terminals where each can individually control the output.

There is no need to connect a debouncing circuit between the switches and the IC.
PARTS LIST
Resistors (all -watt, 5% Carbon)
R1 = 10 K; R2 = 3.3 K; R3 = 1 K; R4 = 10
Capacitor
C1 = 50 F/25V
Semiconductors
IC1 = CD4042A; T1 = BC107; T2 = SL100
Miscellaneous
SW 1 SWn = Push to on switch; RL1 = 12V, >100 relay

166|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

274.
AC mains voltage indicator
Here is simple and very useful circuit AC mains voltage indicator, indicates the voltage level of
AC mains by three different LEDs. AC mains voltage indicator circuit can be made and assemble
even by beginners.
Circuit description of AC mains voltage indicator
All three LEDs of AC mains voltage indicator are connected between collectors of transistors
T1, T2, T3 respectively. Here potentiometer VR1, VR2, and VR3 are used to adjust the base
voltage of transistor T1, T2 and T3 respectively. As shown in circuit diagram first AC mains is
stepped down by 9V-0-9V transformer and then rectified by a signal diode D1 and smoothed by
C1 which give output 25V DC. This circuit is work on the principle, when AC mains vary DC
voltage also varies proportionally and sensed by transistor T1 through T3.
For setting the low level voltage, a manual AC voltage regulator (MVR) should be connected to
the primary of transformer X1. Now set AC voltage of MVR to about 175V and slowly
potentiometer VR1 adjusted until voltage across the base of transistor T1 reaches 9.7V and
transistor starts conducting which glow LED1 and stop glowing when the base voltage drops
below the preset value. This process is repeated for 200V and 230V in which LED2 and LED3
glows respectively.
Now connect this circuit to AC mains, if the voltage drop below 175 volts no LEDs glow. First, a
high voltage (more than 230V) is indicated by all three LEDs glows (LED1, LED2, LED3).
Second, normally voltage (200V-230V) is indicated by two LEDs (LED1 and LED2). Third, a
low voltage (175V-200V) is indicated by the glowing of LED1 only.

PARTS LIST
Resistors (all -watt, 5% Carbon)
R1- R6= 1 K
VR1 VR3 = 10 K
Capacitor
C1 = 220 F/50V
167|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

Semiconductors
T1 T3 = BC547
ZD1 ZD3 = 9.1V zener diode
D1 = 1N4001
LED1 LED3 = Simple LED
Miscellaneous
X1 = 230V AC primary to 9V-0-9V, 250mA secondary transformer
SW1 = On/off switch
275.
Bridge Power Audio Amplifier
Here is simple circuit of bridge power audio amplifier used in application requiring more power
than is provided by the single LM380 amplifier, the two LM380s can be used in the bridge
configuration shown in figure 1. In this arrangement (bridge power audio amplifier) the
maximum output voltage swing will be twice that of a single LM380 amplifier; therefore, the
power delivered to the load by bridge power audio amplifier will be four times as much. For
improved performance, potentiometer R3 should be used to balance the output offset voltage of
the LM380s. Here R2 C3 for stability with high-current loads.
PARTS LISTS
Resistors (all -watt, 5% Carbon)
R1 =2 M potentiometer; R2 = 2.7 ; R3 = 1 M
Capacitors
C1, C2, C3 = 0.1 F; C4 = 51 pF
Semiconductors
IC1, IC2 = LM380 audio power amplifier
Miscellaneous
8 1-W speaker
276.

Automatic Temperature Controlled Fan

Circuit description
The circuit of automatic temperature controlled fan is build around temperature transducer
AD590 followed by operational amplifier LM324. AD590 is a temperature transducer, change
temperature into corresponding voltage. The output of transducer is given to pin 2 of IC2
LM324. The two reference voltage is given to pin 6 and pin 10 through variable resistor VR1 and
VR2 respectively. The value of these variable resistor is fixed according to operating temperature
(i.e. RL1 energized when temperature is above 300C and RL2 energized when temperature is
below 230C). The output is taken from pin 7 and pin 8 which further given to base of transistor
T1 and T2 through resistor R5 and R6 respectively. Transistor T1 and T2 is used as relay driver
transistor. The two input is given from two different stage of regulator.
Power supply Circuit:- The primary AC voltage is step down to 12 0 12 by using transformer
X1 which further rectified using bridge rectifier (D1 through D4). The rectified output is filtered
using capacitor and given to input pin 1 of voltage regulator IC 7812 (IC1). The regulated output
is taken from pin 3 of IC1 where pin 2 is grounded.

168|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

PARTS LIST
Resistors (all -watt, 5% Carbon)
R1 = 100 K; R2 = 56 K; R3 = 39 K; R4, R5, R6 = 1 K; VR1, VR2 = 10 K (Preset)
Capacitors
C1 = 1000 F/40V; C2, C3 = 1000 F/25V; C4 = 0.1 F
Semiconductors
IC1 = LM7812 (12V regulator IC)
IC2 = LM324 (operational amplifier)
T1, T2 = SL100
D1 D6 = 1N4001 (rectifier diode)
Miscellaneous
TT1 = AD590 (temperature transducer)
RL1, RL2 = 12V 200
277.
Car Reverse Horn
Here is a simple project Car Reverse Horn, can be used in car as reverse horn i.e. produce
sound when car is moving in reverse direction.
Circuit description
The heart of car reverse horn circuit is melody generator IC CIC2877 (IC1) followed by
amplifier IC and few passive components. IC1 is made from a ROM oscillator and a preamplifier which further generate sound. The generated sound output is available at pin 3 which is
further connected to pin 2 of amplifier IC through variable resistor VR1. IC2 amplify the
generated sound up to desired level and its output from pin 7 and 12 is given to loudspeaker
through coupling capacitors C8 and C9 respectively. The power supply ig given to the circuit
from battery of car.

169|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

PARTS LIST
Resistors (all -watt, 5% Carbon)
R1 = 1.5 K, R2 = 1 K, R3 = 120 K, R4, R5 = 1
Capacitors
C1 = 10 F/25V (electrolytic)
278.
Direction Indicator
Direction indicator is very interesting as well as very useful project in any ceremony, party etc.
to indicate places like bathroom. The alternate glowing LEDs in direction indicator make this
project more attractive.
Circuit description of direction indicator
The logic of direction indicator is very simple and is designed and fabricated around CMOS
HEX inverter buffer CD4049 containing six independent inverter (a-f) . For effective use of this
project all LED must be of RED color.

170|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

PARTS LIST
Resistors (all -watt, 5% Carbon)
R1 R5 = 470 ; R6 = 330 ; R7 R11 = 1 M
Capacitors
C1 C6 = 100 KPF; C7 = 470 F/16V
Semiconductors
IC1 = CD4049; D1 D4 1N4007
Miscellaneous
LED1 LED8 = RED color
279.

Electronics Motor Controller

Here is a circuit used to control motor more efficiently than any electromechanically controlling
device. The project shown here is cheap and easy to construct. It also overcome the problem of
noise triggering and noise pulse.
Circuit description
The power supply is given by pressing switch SW1 it shots the N/O contact of relay RL1 which
gives supply to the circuit. The current through resistor R8 gives the base current to transistor T5.
Where transistor T1, T2 and T3 from the over and under-voltage cut-offs. Here the transistor T4
on when over or under voltage is given to transistor T3.
For avoiding noise capacitor C2 with resistor R10 form a loss-pass filter and also give sufficient
time delay. Here the resistor network (R11, R12, VR1) are used as current sensor. Where Diode
D3 is as rectifier and capacitor C1 is used as noise filter of switching circuit.

171|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

PARTS LIST
Resistors (all -watt, 5% Carbon)
R1 = 150 K; R2 = 33 K; R3 = 6.7 K; R4 = 100 K; R5 = 39 K; R6 = 15 K; R7 = 10
K; R8 = 4.7 K; R9 = 75 /1W; R10, R13 = 47 K; R11 = 470 ; R12 = 0.5 ; VR1 = 2.2
K
Capacitors
C1 = 1000 F/25V; C2, C3 = 47 F/10V
Semiconductors
T1, T2, T3, T4 = BC148; T5 = SL100; D1, D2, D3 = 1N4001; ZD1, ZD2 = 3.1V; ZD3 = 9.1V
Miscellaneous
SW1, SW2 = Push to on switch
X1 = 230 primary AC primary to 18-0-18, 500mA secondary transformer
OR
(110 primary AC primary to 18-0-18, 500mA secondary transformer)
RL1 = 12V, 200 Double pole double throw
M = Motor
280.
Electronics Thermometer
Clinical thermometer is only used by doctor because it is difficult to read. Here is a circuit of
electronics thermometer used to measure vast range of temperature from -200C to 1250C. This
single circuit electronics thermometer can be used to measure different temperature. The wide
range of temperature measurement made this circuit versatile.
Circuit Description of electronics thermometer
This entire circuit Electronics thermometer is built and fabricated around silicon diode D1
(1N4148) and Operational amplifier IC. Diode D1 is used as temperature sensor, temperature
determined the value of voltmeter drop across diode i.e. at room temperature voltage drop is
0.7V and is reduce by about 2mV/0C.

172|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

For temperature-to-voltage conversion in electronics thermometer an operational amplifier is

used. The input voltage at non-inverting pin 3 of IC1 is fixed by VR1, R1, & R2 where sensor
diode D1 forms a feedback path. The output of IC1 is directly depends on the voltage across the
diode.
Operational amplifier IC1 is used as voltage amplifier which amplifier the output from IC1.
Finally, ammeter is used to indicate the temperature.

PARTS LIST
Resistors (all -watt, 5% Carbon)
R1 = 680 ; R2 = 1 K; R3, R4, R5 = 1 K; R6 = 6.8 K; R7 = 10 K; VR1 = 2.2 K
VR2, VR3, VR5 = 10 K
Capacitors
C1, C3 = 0.1 F; C2 = 10 F/16V; C4 = 10 F/16V
Semiconductors
IC1, IC2 = A741; D1 = 1N4148 (Sensor)
Miscellaneous
M1 = 1mA-0-1mA or 0-1mA Ammeter
281.
Fridge Alert System
Here is a simple circuit Fridge Alert System can be used in fridge, indicating whether the
temperature is more than pre-defined temperature. The arrangement of the circuit fridge alert
system showed here alert when temperature increased then 50C.
Thermistor TH1 is used as temperature sensor, change their resistance whenever changes in
surrounding temperature. IC1 CL7611 combined with thermistor to complete all the process of
temperature. IC2 is used here to indicate the status of battery. Glowing LED1 indicate
temperature is more than 50C.
PARTS LIST
Resistors (all -watt, 5% Carbon)
R1, R2 = 4.7 M; R3 = 2.2 M; R4 = 56 K; R5 = 12 K; R6 = 10 K; R7 = 270 ; R8 = 390

Semiconductors
173|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

IC1 = CL7611; IC2 = 8211; T1 = 2TX300; LED1 = RED; LED2 = Green

Miscellaneous
SW1 = Push-to-on switch; TH1 = GL16 thermistor
282.
Light sensitive switch
Light sensitive switch is a special type of switch which properties depends upon the light falling
in it. Here is a simple, inexpensive and easy to use light sensitive switch. The working of this
circuit is truly based on light sensing, i.e. automatic turn it on or off when light fall on it.
Circuit Description
As this is a switching circuit so, for more detail we can divide this circuit into two section i.e.
power supply and switching circuit.
In this power supply section the work of step-down transformer is done by register R1 and
further rectification to change into 10V dc is by zener diode ZD1. The output voltage across
zener diode is further filtered by capacitor C1.
Another section is switching section built around light-dependent register LDR1 with the help of
operational amplifier IC 741, where LDR is used as sensor of the switching circuit. By changing
the position of switch we can made this circuit both light sensitive and dark sensitive (i.e. turn on
in light and turn in dark respectively). LDR sense the light and change their resistance
corresponding to light and given to pin 2 which is further adjusted by preset VR1. Output is
obtained from pin 6 of IC1 and given to base of transistor T1 through resistor R6 where resistor
R7 is used as current limiter. The output is from collector of transistor T1is given to gate of
TRIAC1 which further turn on the light.
As light Sensor
By connecting point 1 and 2 of switch SW2 and point 2 and 3 of switch SW1 then the circuit is
work as light sensor (i.e. turn on the bulb when light fall on it).
As dark Sensor
By connecting point 2 and 3 of switch SW2 and point 1 and 2 of switch SW1 then the circuit is
work as dark sensor (i.e. turn on the bulb in absence of light).

174|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

PARTS LIST
L
Resistorss (all -watt, 5% Carb
bon)
R1 = 100
0 K/1W; R2,
R R3 = 100 K; R4 = 4.7
4 K; R5, R6 = 220 K
K; R7 = 68 K; R8 = 33
K; VR1
1 = 100 K (preset)
Capacitors
C1 = 100
0 F/16
Semiconductors
IC1 = LM
M741 (Op-am
mp); T1 = BC547; TR1 = 10GD (Trriac); D1 D
D4 = 1N40044; ZD1 = 10V
V
/100 mW
W
Miscellan
neous
LDR1 = Light Dep
pendent Reesistor; B1 = 200W bulb
Micro
ophone Amp
plifier
283.
If you arre looking for
f the senssitive sound pick-up cirrcuit then hhere is exacttly what youu are
looking for.
f The circcuit given in
n this site caan be used ass a differentt devices. It can be usedd as a
simple microphone
m
as
a well as wiith more exo
otic device aas a sound ooperated alarrm. This circcuit is
equally effective
e
for a bugging device.
d

PART LIIST
RESISTO
ORS
R1=1.2 K;
K R2=2.7 K; R3=33
3 K; R4=6.8 K; R5=33.3 K; R6=
=100; R7=5660 K; R8=4.7
K; R9=
=10 K; VR
R=11 K
TRANSIISTORS
T1=BC149C; T2= BC147B
Capacitors
C1=47 , 10V; C2,C
C3=0.1; C4=
=220, 10V
V; C5=10
Miscellan
neous
BATT 6VOLT
6
Batttery
175|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

MIC Condenser
C
Microphone
M
OTHERss
PCB ,Connecting
,
wires, hard
dware etc
Circuit Diagram
D
Here in the circuit diagram you can
c see that microphone
m
is employs as the transdducer. The ooutput
of the condenser miccrophone is quite
q
low it has
h to conneect with an F
FET amplifieer. This ampplifier
circuit is power by th
he R1,R2 reesistor netwo
ork. The outtput of conddenser microophone is fedd to a
two-stagee amplifier. Transistor T1
T (BC149C
C) utilise currrent series feedback the first stage. The
second sttage comprising transisttor T2 is con
nnected in thhe voltage shunt feedbaack configuraation.
These tw
wo stages prrovide sufficcient gain to
o pick up evven the slighhtest whispeer. The ampplifier
circuit in
n the site req
quires 4.2 volt
v supply which
w
can bbe obtained with a resisstor R9 [1k]. The
value of this resistorr may be alttered to suitt a supply vvoltage otherr than 6 vollts. Output oof the
micropho
one amplifieer can be maade variable by connectiing a 10k pootentiometerr as shown iin the
circuit. Circuits
C
gain can be in
ncreased by reducing thhe value of R
R6 to 47 ohhms or 22 oohms.
dependin
ng on the in
nput sensitiv
vity of the main ampliifier system
m. Increase iin gain wass also
observed
d by using 3V
V supply an
nd eliminatin
ng R9 altogeether. The m
microphone sshould be hooused
in a smalll round encllosure.
284.
Motor Protection
n
A DC motor
m
is exten
nsively used
d for industriial applicati ons where a precise speeed control aand a
constant torque are desired.
d
It is inversely prroportional too its field cuurrent. In casse of field cuurrent
failure, th
he motor speeed will risee to dangerou
usly high levvel. A field ffailure proteection is therrefore
necessary
y to cut off the
t armature supply in caase of field ccurrent failur
ure.

PART LIISTS
RESISTO
OR
R1
Pick-up Resisstor 5 Ohm, 25 W
R2
300 Ohm
All R 20K , 25W
S
Shunt Regulaator
FUSE
F1,F2,F3
3,F4 Fuse
DIODE
All
1N
N4007
LED Light
L
Emittin
ng Diode
176|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

CAPACIITOR
C2,C3 N/O
N Contacto
or
All
200F
OTHERS
S
M=DC Motor;
M
F1=Shunt Filed; RE=Field
R
Faailure Relay;; A1=Field A
Ammeter; A
A2=Armaturee
Ammeterr
CIRCUIT
T DESCRIP
PTION
The basicc circuit of the
t field faillure protection uses an oordinary 6V
V electromagnnetic relay oof the
open typ
pe with I0 amps rateed sturdy contacts.
c
Thhis relay ccan be used on a manual
autotranssformer-conttrolled DC drive
d
and mo
otorised or thhyristor conttrolled drives. This motoor has
a shunt field
f
currentt of 1.13 am
mps at 220V
V DC. A 5-oohm (25~waatt) wire-wouund resistor (R1)
connected in series with
w the mottor field produces a 5.6--volt drop accross resistoor (R1) as long as
the field current exissts, thus enerrgising the 6V
6 DC relayy connected across the rresistor as shhown
in the diaagram below
w

In case th
he motor fielld current faails due to an
ny fault, the vvoltage dropp across resisstor (R1) willl be
zero whicch denergizees the relay (FFR)
(
and cu
uts off the arrmature suppply.
The circu
uit diagram of a manuall aut0transfo
otmercontrol led DC drivve of a 230V
V, 5HP DC m
motor
with a seeparately excited shunt field of 230
0 volts ( l.l3 amps) and the FFR (fiield failure rrelay)
circuit arre shown in circuits diag
gram respecctively. Wheen the start ppushbutton S
S2 is pressedd, the
contactorr C is energ
gised throug
gh S2 (N/O contact), liimit switch S3 and stop pushbuttoon S1
contact). The limit sw
witch S3 is actually a part of the auutotransform
mer, and it iss so mountedd that
c
only when
w
the auttotransformeer setting is at zero posiition. At all other
its contaccts remain closed
settings of
o the autotrransformer, the limit sw
witch contaccts remain oopen. This iss a safety ddevice
introduceed, so that the motorr can be started
s
onlyy from the minimum position off the
177|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

autotransformer setting, thereby starting at reduced voltage and current. If the motor is started on
a high armature voltage, the starting current will be very high, especially if started on load, as is
usually the case.
For more detail visit http://electronicsproject.org/motor-protection/
285.
Multi Switch Controlled Relay
Now a days, controlling of appliance is simple with the help of electronics circuit and all of us
want to control appliance in multi step. Here is a control circuit for relay which could very useful
to control appliance with multi switch.
Circuit Description of multi switch controlled relay
This whole circuit of multi switch controlled relay is fabricated around four 2-input EX-OR gates
IC CD4077. The logic of multi switch controlled relay is quite simple and can be understand by
everyone. The truth table for EX-OR gates for different input is shown below.
The value of VCC can be varied from 9V to 15V.

Truth Table
A
B
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1

OUT
0
1
1
0

PARTS LIST
Resistors (all -watt, 5% Carbon)
R1 R4 = 4.7 K; R5 = 15 K
Semiconductors
IC1 = CD4077; T1 = BC547B; D1 = 1N4148
Miscellaneous
SW1 SW4 = Push to on/off switch; RL1 = 6V 100 relay
178|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

Read mo
ore http://elecctronicsprojeect.org/multii-switch-conntrolled-relayy/
Ohm Meter
286.
The circu
uit diagram of
o the ohm meter
m
in thiss site is veryy usefull for measuring thhe low resisstance
range forrm 0 to 1 an
nd and 0 to 10.
1 You can adjust the rrange accordding to your wise. The ccircuit
for a low
w Ohm metter described
d here is sim
mple and hhas the folloowing advanntages over other
meters:
1. Do don
nt need to see
s it again and
a again jusst set it once and forget iit forever).
2. Scale reading
r
capacity of this circuit is fro
om zero to a fixed value rather than infinity.
3. This meter
m
is low
w power conssuming as itt uses a 1.5--volt penlighht cell, two scales (0-1 ohms
and 0-10 ohms) over a dial and a push-to-on switch largee power conssumption byy the circuit.

Part List
RESISTO
ORS
R1=27K;; R2=3.3K; R3=3.3K;
R
R4=330K;
R
VR
R1=100 OHM
M
DIODES
S
D1=1N4001; D2=1N
N4001
CIRCUIIT DESCRIIPTION
The circu
uit diagram that
t you can see below iss the ohm m
meter which ccan measure the resistannce
for 0 to 10
1 ohm . You
u can see thee selector sw
witch over thhere the circuuit diagram w
which can seelect
the measuring rang form
fo 0 to 1 ohm
o
and 0 to
o 10 ohms. T
Transistor T11 works as a constant cuurrent
generatorr which passses a know current
c
throu
ugh the resisstors which rresistance is to be measuured.
If the maaximum drop
p of the voltaage across th
he emitter off the transistoor T1 will bee more than 100
mV and the
t ground is displayed on
o the meterr whose interrnal resistannce is much hhigher than tthe
testing reesistance thaat is 10 ohmss. Because off which this ohm meter ccan not loadd the circuit.
There is a diode D3 across
a
the micro
m
ammeteer which is uuse to protecct the oh metter form the
overload during the the
t absence of
o the testing
g resistor whhich resistannce is to be m
measured.

179|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

Resistors R1, VR1 , R2 , R3 , D1 , D2 and R4 are biased by the transistor T1. Diodes D1 and D2
are use for holding the bias level constant inspite of the decaying battery.
The scale of the meter in this project should have 0-500 A . The shunt resistance in this project
can be any general propose meter. Transistor T1 is the silicon npn with a high gain factor.
Now the meter should be adjust by shorting probes A and B. If the meter is adjust before the it
shows a zero resistance. You only have to adjust in 0 to 10 ohm scale first and other adjustments
will be follow automatically. This can be easily built within a few minutes. This is the very
useful project for the electronics beginners.
Read more http://electronicsproject.org/ohm-meter/
287.
Walky-talky without using inductor or coil
Walky-talky in this website is world 1st verified walky-talky project without using coil. Walky
talky is very interesting and attain grabbing project for electronics hobbyist. Communication is
done without any physical connection and mobile network up range of 500 meter. Almost all
communication devices utilize coil which is burden for electronics hobbyist. So, we design this
circuit without using any coil.
Circuit Descriptions of walky-talky
The entire circuit of walky-talky is divided into two main section transmitter and receiver
section.
Transmitter section:- Transmitter section utilize IC NE566 (IC4) as VCO (Voltage Control
Oscillator) for generating frequency about 30 KHz. Resistor R24 with Capacitor C24 used as
frequency components for frequencies determination. Voice is pick-up by mike (MIC1) and
changed it into equivalent electrical signal. Signal from microphone is amplified by transistor T4
and given to pin no 5 0f IC4. NAND gate N1 with crystal oscillator XT4 finalizes the output
from pin 3 of IC3. Lastly, signal from NAND N2 through N3 and N4 given to antenna for
transmission.
Receiver section: - Transmitted signal from another walky-talky is received from same antenna
which is used for transmission. Field effect transistor T1 boosts the received signal and make
more powerful and send to amplifier section made from transistor T2 and T3 with crystal
oscillator XT1 through XT3. Detector section is made from diode D1, Capacitor C6 and resistor
R12. 30 KHz frequency is obtained from detector section.
Frequency of Phase Locked Loop IC NE565 (IC1) is adjusted by capacitor C9, resistor R17 and
variable resistor VR1. Amplifier IC LM386 (IC2) is used to amplify the signal and given to
speaker.

180|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

PARTS LIST
Resistors (all -watt, 5% Carbon)
R1 = 47 K; R2 = 100 ; R3, R4, R11, R27 = 2.2 K; R5 = 330 K; R6, R10 = 560
R7 = 1 K; R8 = 220 K; R9 = 100 ; R12, R15, R16 = 4.7 K; R13, R31 = 10 K
R14 = 15 K; R17 = 1.8 K; R18 = 1.2 K; R19 = 1 K; R20 = 4.7 ; R21, R22 = 100 K
R23 = 120 K; R24 = 5.6 K; R25 = 22 K; R26 = 150 K; R28 = 330 ; R29 = 220 K
R30 = 47 K; VR1 = 4.7 K; VR2 = 22 K
Capacitors
C1, C6, C10, C24 = 1 KpF; C2, C4, C5 = 47 KpF; C3 = 20 KpF; C7, C9, C23= 2.2 KpF
C8 = 4.7 F/16V; C11 = 22 KpF; C12, C16 = 0.1 F; C13 = 2.2 F/16 V; C14, C19, C25, C26 =
0.22 F; C15 = 10 F/16V; C17 = 220 F/16V; C18, C20 = 10 KpF; C21, C22 = 68 pF
C27 = 1000 F/16V; C28 = 10 F/16V
Semiconductors
IC1 = NE565 (Phase Lock IC); IC2 = LM386 (Amplifier IC); IC3 = CD4011 (Quad 2-input
NAND Gate IC); IC4 = LM566 (Voltage Controlled Oscillator); IC5 = LM7812 (Voltage
Regulator); T1 = BFW10; T2, T3 = BF194; T4 = BC148; D1 = 1N4148
Miscellaneous
XT1 XT4 = 10.7 MHz crystal; SW1 = Single pole double throw switch; LS1 = 8 speaker
MIC1 = Condenser microphone; Areal
Read more http://electronicsproject.org/walky-talky-without-using-inductor-or-coil/

181|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

288.
70/40 Watts Hi-Fi amplifier
Here is a circuit of the world best Hi-Fi amplifier you may never have to replace by a better one.
The high output, good specification, and small size make this 70/40 watts hi-fi amplifier more
versatile.
Circuit description of 70/40 watts hi-fi amplifier
The 70/40 watts hi-fi amplifier circuit is build around transistors, configured in various modes.
The signal to be amplified is given to base of transistor T1 configured as differential amplifier
with T2. Transistor T3 is used to maintain the current of differential amplifier.
Transistor T4 with T5 forms a cascaded pair derived directly by transistor T1. For better result
transistor T6 and T7 again configured as cascaded pair and provide constant current source to
cascade pair T4 and T5 in this amplifier circuit.
Temperature coefficient of transistors T10 and T11 is compensated by transistors T8 and T9
which act like diodes. Transistors T10 with T12 & T14 and transistors T11 with T13 & T15 form
a triple Darlington pairs.
The current through T4 and T5 is kept at a low value of about 6mA because the output of this
circuit consists of triple Darlington pairs. The small change in the VBE of T10 and T11 changes
output current of hi-fi amplifier greatly.
In order to prevent distortion in the 70/40 watts hi-fi amplifier when capacitive loads are
connected to the output, coil L1 is used. Fuse is used to prevent DC voltage across the speaker
and is connected in series to speaker. The total gain of this amplifier circuit is approximate 32
and is value is calculated by (R7 + R8)/R8.

182|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

PARTS LIST
Resistors (all -watt, 5% Carbon)
R1, R7 = 100 K; R2, R3, R9 = 1.2 K; R4, R5, R6 = 2.7 K/2W; R8 = 4.7 K
R10, R13, R16, R18, R19 = 100 ; R11 = 3.3 K; R12, R17 = 680
R14, R15, R22, R23, R24, R25 = 1 /2W; R20 = 10 /2W; R21 = 1o /1W; VR1 = 100
Capacitors
C1 = 1 F/polyester; C2, C3 = 25 F/25V electrolytic; C4, C8, C9 = o.1 F polyester
C5 = 10 F/60V electrolytic; C6 = 4.7 F/10V electrolytic; C7 = 56 pF ceramic disc
Semiconductors
T1, T2, T3 = BC546B; T4 = BC558B; T5, T11 = 2N4033; T6, T10 = 2N3019; T7 = BC548B
T8, T9 = BC147B; T12 = BD140; T13 = BD139; T14 = 2N3055; T15 = MJ2955
ZD1 = 3.3V 400mW zener diode; ZD2 = 3.9V, 400mW zener diode
Miscellaneous
L1 = Coil having 20 turns of 20 SWG over thin pencil; F1 = 3.5 Ampere fuse
SPECIFICATIONS
Output power (1 KHz, o.7% THD): 73W into 4- and 44W into 8-

183|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

Offset Voltage: Less than 40mV; Input impedance: 100 K; Harmonic distortion : 0.015%;
Intermodulation distortion (70W): 0.02%; Frequency range: 10 Hz 30 KHz, 2dB; Signal-tonoise ratio (out = 100mW): Over 72dB
Read more http://electronicsproject.org/7040-watts-hi-fi-amplifier/
289.
Electronics counter
Simple counting can be done by anyone but counting in interval up to large number is tedious
and the chance of forget is maximum. As, we have already published Counter Circuit | Digital
Counter. Now , here electronics counter is second project by dreamlover technology in the series
of counting based project. Bothe the counting circuit published in this website counts up to
10,000 with the help of four seven-segment displays. The difference is previous circuit utilize
CMOS ICs where the electronics counter use TTL ICs.
Circuit description
The entire circuit of electronics counter is divided into three main section :- input, display and
driver or decoder section.
The input circuit consists of LDR following by negative square wave generator circuit build
around Timer IC (NE555). A bulb is used here as light source focused on LDR. The property of
LDR is that whenever the light focused on base of LDR is obstructed, it gives trigger and square
wave is generated and given as input signal to counter circuit. So the objects to be counted are
arranged in a row to move one by one in between the light source and the LDR.
IC2 shows any number between 0-9 according to input square wave given to pin no 14. After
each negative pulse a carrying pulse is produced by decoder IC and given to another one (i.e.
from IC2 to IC3, IC3 to IC4, IC4 to IC5 ). IC5 and IC6 is BCD to 7-segment latch decoder
driver. The reset switch SW1 is used to reset the electronics counter to 0000 states.

184|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

PARTS LIST
Resistors (all -watt, 5% Carbon)
R1 = 1 K; R2 = 100 K; R3 R30 = 180 ; VR1 = 100 K preset
Capacitors
C1 = 4.7 F; C2 = 1000 F/10V; C3, C4 = 0.1 F
Semiconductors
IC1 = NE555 (Timer IC); IC2 IC5 = 7490 (Decade and Binary counter)
IC6 IC9 = 7447 (BCD to 7-segment decoder); IC10 = A 7805 (Voltage Regulator)
D1 D4 = Display FND 507
Miscellaneous
Mic1 = Microphone; B1 = Bulb; LDR
Read more http://electronicsproject.org/electronics-counter/
290.
Clap operated Remote Control for Fans
Here is the circuit of clap-operated remote control fans is used to control not only switching
properties but also control speed of fan. The main advantage of clap operated remote control for
fan is, it can control up to ten-step speeds of fan where normally a fan has three to five step
speeds.
Circuit description clap operated remote control for fan
This entire circuit clap operated remote control for fan is divided into four major section i.e.
sound-operated trigger pulse generator, clock pulse generator, clock pulse counter and load
operator.
Sound-operated trigger pulse: The heart of this section is transistor T1 BC148, configured as
class-C amplifier mode. The MIC1 is used to change voice signal into its corresponding
electrical signal and is given to base of transistor T1 in order to amplify and increase its intensity.
185|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

Clock pulse generator:- This section is build around timer IC NE555 and configured as
monostable multivibrator. The trigger pulse generated by transistor T1 is given to pin 2 of IC1
and time period (T) for output high is calculated by formula.
T = 1.1RC
Clock Pulse counter:- This section is build around decade counter CD4017BC which counts the
clock pulse generated by timer IC (IC1). The output from IC1 is given to pin 14 of IC2. IC2 has
ten outputs, viz, o, 1, 2, 3, 4..9. Here we use only three outputs i.e. output 1, 2 and 3 from pin
2, 4, and 7 respectively. Output 4 from pin 10 is directly connected to reset pin 15.
Load operator:- This section is build around three transistor as relay driver to operate three
separate relay. Output from each pin of IC2 is given to base of each transistor through 100 and
LED as shown in circuit diagram. Output is taken from collector of transistor and is connected to
relay. The three LEDs used to indicate gear or speed i.e. LED1, LED2 & LED3 indicates gear 1,
gear 2 & gear 3 respectively.
NOTE:-This circuit used to operate in 1st speed similarly, 2nd clap for 2nd speed, 3rd clap for
3rd speed and 4th clap to switch off the fan.

PARTS LIST
Resistors (all -watt, 5% Carbon)
R1 = 10 K; R2 = 1.2 M; R3 = 2.2 K; R4 = 150 K; R5 = 220 K; R6 = 10 K; R7, R8,
R9 = 100
Capacitors
C1, C2 = 0.1 F/16V; C3 = 4.7 F/16V; C4 = 0.01 F (ceramic disc); C5 = 1000 F/12V
Semiconductors
186|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

IC1 = NE555 (Timer IC); IC2 = CD4017BE (decade counter); T1 = BC148; T2, T3, T4 =
BEL187; D1, D2 = 1N4001 silicon diode
Miscellaneous
MIC1 = Condenser microphone 34LOD; LED1 = Green; LED2 = yellow; LED3 = RED
6V-0V-6V, 500mA secondary transformer
Read more http://electronicsproject.org/clap-operated-remote-control-for-fans/
291.
Fire Alarm Using Thermistor
Many fire alarm circuit is published in different website. But, here in this website is a simple and
inexpensive project of fire alarm using thermistor. where thermistor is used as temperature
sensor of fire alarm.Working principle of thermistor is same as LDR (change their resistance
with change in heat where LDR change their resistance with change in light fall on it).
Circuit Description of fire alarm using thermistor
The whole circuit of fire alarm using thermistor is build and fabricated around thermistor (TH1)
and timer IC (IC1) with its driver transistor. The timer IC (IC1) used in this circuit is as astable
multivibrator oscillator used to oscillate in audio frequency band. The two transistor T1 and T2
used to drive the timer IC (IC1). The output from pin 3 of IC1 is fed to loudspeaker through
transistor T3 to generate sound. The value of resistor (R5 and R6) and capacitor (C2) determines
the frequency of IC2.
The low resistance path of extend positive voltage to the base of transistor is provided when the
thermistor TH1 become hot. Further collector of transistor T1 is connected to base of transistor
T2 provides positive voltage to reset pin 4 of IC1 for reset. Fire alarm using thermistor circuit
works on wide range of input power supply voltage i.e. 6v to 12V.

PARTS LIST
Resistors (all -watt, 5% Carbon)
VR1 = 10 Kohms Variable Resistor for changing the sensitivity of the circuit.
R3, R7, R8 = 470 ; R2 = 33 K ; R4 = 560 ; R5 = 47 K; R6 = 2.2 K
Capacitors
C1 = 10 F/16V; C2 = 0.04 F; C3 = 0.01 F
Semiconductors
IC1 = NE555 (timer IC); T1 = BC548; T2 = BC558
187|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

T3 = SL100B or any Medium power general purpose NPN transistor like: 2N4922 ,
2N4921,2N4238, FCX1053A
D1 = 1N4001
Miscellaneous
TH1 = Thermistor 10 K
LS1 = 8 , 1W speaker
292.
Mobile cellphone charger
While travelling charging of mobile battery is great problem because power supply source is not
generally accessible. Here is a simple project using very common electronics components for
charging mobile battery using AA cells.
Circuit descriptions of mobile cellphone charger
The main part of the circuit mobile cellphone charger is timer IC NE555, used to charge and
monitor the voltage level. IC1 get control voltage to pin 5 by zener diode ZD1. Threshold pin 6
and trigger pin 2 is supplied with a voltage set by VR1 and VR2 respectively. The trigger pin 2
of IC1 is below 1/3VCC when discharge battery is connected to the circuit as a result flip-flop of
IC1 is switched on to take output pin 3 high. The process is reversed when battery is fully
charged of charged battery is connected. Here transistor T1 used to enhance the charging current
from output pin 3 of IC1. Adjust potentiometer VR1 and VR2 as per require.
LED status for different charging conditions
Load across the output
Output frequency (at pin 3)
No battery connected
765 kHz
Charging battery
4.5 Hz
Fully charged battery
0

LED1
On
Blink
Off

PARTS LIST
Resistors (all -watt, 5% Carbon)
R1 = 390 ; R2 = 680 ; R3 = 39 /1W; R4 = 27 K; R5 = 47 K; R6 = 3.3 K; R7 = 100
/1W; VR1, VR2 = 20 K
Capacitors
188|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

C1 = 0.001 F (ceramic disc)

C2 = 0.01 F (ceramic disc)
C3 = 4.7 F/25V (Electrolytic )
Semiconductors
IC1 = NE555 timer IC
T1 = SL100 or any Medium power general purpose NPN transistor like: 2N4922 ,
2N4921,2N4238, FCX1053A
ZD1 = 5.6 V/1W
LED1
Miscellaneous
SW1 = On/off switch
1.5V*8 AA cells
Mobile connector
293.
Test a Diode | Zener Diode
Here you can get the diode tester circuit for general purpose using diode. You can also test a
zener diode by the use of this circuit too. The circuit diagram of the diode tester here is made of
simple Transistors and resistors. Any kind of IC is not used in this circuit so it will be easy for
the electronics beginners for understanding the working principal of diode tester in this circuit.

PART LISTS
RESISTORS
R1=2.2K; R2=10K; R3=680 Ohm; R4=1.2 K; R5=10K , 0.5W
TRANSISTORS
T1= BC147B; T2=SL100
189|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

CAPACITORS
C1=470 35V; C2=1 40V
DIODES
D1=LED; D2 -D5=1N4001
OTHERS
S1=ON/OFF Switch; X1=12V-0-12V Transformer
Volt Meter
30V
Probe 2 pieces
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
Here we used the 12-0-12 step-down 500mA power transformer. The output of the transformer is
supply to the bridge rectifier made of D2 , D3, D4, D5 which is use to convert the Ac supply to
the DC supply. Capacitor C1 is used as a filter the DC output. We used 470 F capacitor but
you can used any. More the value of capacitor more pure DC can be obtained. Resistor R2 of
2.2K is used as bleeder. Here you can see the transistor T1 [BC147B] and transistor T2 [SL100]
are use for regulator compressor. The DC output is fed to these transistors. T1 acts as a series
pass driver or a current regulator. Base bias for transistor T1 is achieved from the supply through
resistor R3 of 680 ohms as resistor R2 of 10k is a base bleeder and capacitor C2 1 F filters
base potential. When the test probe is fully open with no zener connected, the base potential of
transistor T1 is around 32V that is across resistor R4 or capacitor C2.
Transistor T1 [BC147B] provides the base potential for transistor T2 [SL100] which acts as a
series pass regulator, providing the net DC voltage equivalent to T1 base potential which is fed
to the voltmeter.
Now, the voltmeter reads around 30V with no zener diode connected across the probe. When a
zener diode is connected across the test probe, the base potential of transistor T1 falls to zener
diode breakdown voltage. With this, the base potentials for transistor T2 and transistor T1
become equal. The meter now shows the actual zener voltage. An adjustment of 0.6 V can be
done on the meter scale by shifting the needle with zero adjustment screw on the meter.
PARTS LIST
Resistors (all -watt, 5% Carbon)
R1 = 100 K; R2 = 39 K; R3 = 2.2 K; R4 = 680 ; R5 = 100 ; VR1 = 4.7 K; VR2 = 10
K
Capacitors
C1 = 27 KPF (273); C2, C4 = 2.2 F/16 V; C3 = 22 F/16 V; C5, C10 = 100 F/16 V; C6 = 10
F/16 V; C7 = 100 KPF (104); C8 = 47 KPF (473); C9 = 220 F/16 V
Semiconductors
T1 = BC147B; IC1 = LM386 power amplifier
Miscellaneous
L1 = Pick up Coil
Speaker 8
SW1 = On/Off switch

190|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

294.

Sound Pressure Meter

Here is a simple circuit of Sound Pressure Meter to check the pressure of sound. An am-meter
of few micro-amperes is used in its output in order to show the deflection corresponding to
intensity of sound.
Circuit description

The circuit sound pressure meter utilizes a microphone, an operational amplifier, and a moving
coil am-meter. Microphone pick-up the sound to be measured and change it into electrical signal
corresponding to intensity of sound. The output of microphone is given to pin 2 of IC1 (TLC272)
through bipolar capacitor C1, where IC1 is a 2-operational amplifier. Variable resistor VR1 is
used to select the amplification power connected to pin 1 and 2. The reference voltage is given to
non-inverting pin (pin 3) of IC1 through resistor R3 and R4. As TLC272 (IC1) is a combination
of two individual operational amplifier, so for further amplification of half voltage of voltage at
non-inverting input (pin 3) second operational amplifier is used.
A moving coil am-meter of 30 A range having internal resistance of 6.5 K is used in its
output.
PARTS LIST
Resistors (all -watt, 5% Carbon)
R1 = 10 K; R2 = 220 ; R3, R4 = 100 K; R5 = 8.2 K; VR1 = 500 K (preset)
Capacitors
C1 = 10 F/40V; C2 = 470 F/16V; C3 = 4.7 F/63V; C4 = 15 pF; C5 = 100 KpF
Semiconductors
IC1 = TLC272 (2-operational amplifier); D1 D4 = BAT85; D5 = 1N4148
Miscellaneous
SW1 = On/Off switch; M1 = 30 A/6.5 K (am-meter); MIC1 = MCE2000

191|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

295.

Sound Operated Light

While living in rent or in hostel the problem like stealing is often in absent time. Here is the
circuit of simple and inexpensive sound operated light to overcome this type of problem which
can turn on the light when someone claps, or tries to open your door or even inserts a key in the
door lock. The switching of light is alternately i.e. light on by one sound pulse and off by
another. It is also called clap operated light or clap switch.
Circuit Description of sound operated light
The entire circuit of sound operated light is designed and builds around an operational amplifier
IC (IC1) and JK flip-flop IC (IC2). The sound coming from outside is senses by microphone and
converts it to corresponding electrical signal where sensitivity of sound is controlled by
potentiometer VR1. The high value of reference voltage is given to pin 3 of IC1 in order to
change the output voltage from pin 6. Here IC2 (JK flip-flop) is wired as a toggle flip-flop and
its output is connected to relay driver transistor T1 through resistor R1 which energized the relay
RL1 when sound is heard by microphone. The bulb from sound operated light is connected to
AC source through relay contact as shown in circuit diagram.

PARTS LIST
Resistors (all -watt, 5% Carbon)
R1 = 22 K; R2, R5 = 1 K; R3 = 470 ; R4 = 10 K; VR1 = 10 K
Capacitors
C1 = 0.1 F; C2 = 470 F/35V
Semiconductors
IC1 = A741 (operational amplifier); IC2 = CD4027; T1 = 2N2222; D1, D2 = 1N4001
Miscellaneous
X1 = 230V AC primary to 0-9V, 250 mA secondary transformer
OR
(110V AC primary to 0-9V, 250 mA secondary transformer)
RL1 = 12V, 200, 1C/O Relay
SW1 = ON/OFF Switch
F1 = Fuse, MIC = Condenser Microphone, Bulb 230V, 60W (110V, 60W)
192|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

296.
Solar Tracking System
Generally, solar panels are stationary and do not follow the movement of the sun. Here is a solar
tracker system that tracks the suns movement across the sky and tries to maintain the solar panel
perpendicular to the suns rays, ensuring that the maximum amount of sunlight is incident on the
panel throughout the day. The solar tracker starts following the sun right from dawn, throughout
the day till evening, and starts all over again from the dawn next day.

193|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

Fig. 1 shows the circuit of the solar tracking system. The solar tracker comprises comparator IC
LM339, H-bridge motor driver IC L293D (IC2) and a few discrete components. Light-dependent
resistors LDR1 through LDR4 are used as sensors to detect the panels position relative to the
sun. These provide the signal to motor driver IC2 to move the solar panel in the suns direction.
LDR1 and LDR2 are fixed at the edges of the solar panel along the X axis, and connected to
comparators A1 and A2, respectively. Presets VR1 and VR2 are set to get low comparator output
at pins 2 and 1 of comparators A1 and A2, respectively, so as to stop motor M1 when the suns
rays are perpendicular to the solar panel.
When LDR2 receives more light than LDR1, it offers lower resistance than LDR1, providing a
high input to comparators A1 and A2 at pins 4 and 7, respectively. As a result, output pin 1 of
comparator A2 goes high to rotate motor M1 in one direction (say, anti-clockwise) and turn the
solar panel.
When LDR1 receives more light than LDR2, it offers lower resistance than LDR2, giving a low
input to comparators A1 and A2 at pins 4 and 7, respectively. As the voltage at pin 5 of
comparator A1 is now higher than the voltage at its pin 4, its output pin 2 goes high. As a result,
motor M1 rotates in the opposite direction (say, clock-wise) and the solar panel turns.

Similarly, LDR3 and LDR4 track the sun along Y axis. Fig. 2 shows the proposed assembly for
the solar tracking system.
For more detail visit
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=745&article_type
=1&id=674&tt=unhot&b_type=new

194|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

297.
Simple Key-Operated Gate Locking System
This simple key-operated gate locking system allows only those persons who know the preset
code to open the gate. The code is to be entered from the keypad within the preset time to operate
the motor fitted in the gate. If anyone trying to open the gate presses a wrong key in the keypad,
the system is disabled and, at the same time, sounds an alarm to alert you of an unauthorised
entry.
Figs 1 and 2 show the block and circuit diagrams of the key-operated code locking system,
respectively. Connect points A, B, C, D, E, F and ground of the circuit to the respective points of
the keypad. Keys S7, S16, S14 and S3 are used here for code entry, and the remaining keys are
used for disabling the system. It is very important to press the keys in that order to form the code.
To start the motor of the gate, press switches S7, S16, S14 and S3 sequentially. If the keys are
pressed in a different order from the preset order, the system will lock automatically and the
motor will not start.

Initially, 6V is not available at pin 14 of AND gate IC6, so no pulse reaches the base of npn
transistor T1 to trigger timer IC5 and, as a result, the gate doesnt open. To enable the system,
first you have to trigger IC4. Pressing switch S7 triggers timer IC4 to provide 6V to IC6 for
approximately 17 seconds. Within this time, you have to press switches S16, S14 and S3
sequentially. As a result, the outputs of timers IC1, IC2 and IC3 sequentially go high. These high
outputs are further given to gates N1 and N2 of IC6 to trigger IC7 via npn transistor T1. The time
durations for the high outputs of IC1, IC2 and IC3 are preset at 13.5, 9.43 and 2.42 seconds,
respectively.
When all the four switches (S7, S16, S14 and S3) are pressed sequentially, timer IC7 triggers to
start the motor for the preset period to open the gate. Once the time elapses, the motor stops
automatically. The on time for the motor can be selected by adjusting preset VR5. Here, the
minimum on time is 5.17 seconds and the maximum on time is 517 seconds.
If a switch other than S7, S16, S14 and S3 is pressed, IC5 triggers to energise relay RL1, which
disconnects the power supply of the second relay and the system gets locked and piezobuzzer
PZ1 sounds an alarm to alert you that somebody is trying to open the gate lock.
Now to stop the sound and reset the system again press any key (other than S7, S16, S14 and S3)
from the keypad.
The circuit works off 6V DC regulated power supply and can be easily assembled on a generalpurpose PCB.

195|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

For more detail visit

http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1196&article_ty
pe=1&id=1028&tt=unhot

298.
AUTOMATIC HEAT DETECTOR
This circuit uses a complementary pair comprising npn metallic transistor T1 (BC109) and pnp
germanium transistor T2 (AC188) to detect heat (due to outbreak of fire, etc) in the vicinity and
energise a siren. The collector of transistor T1 is connected to the base of transistor T2, while the
collector of transistor T2 is connected to relay RL1.

The second part of the circuit comprises popular IC UM3561 (a siren and machine-gun sound
generator IC), which can produce the sound of a fire-brigade siren. Pin numbers 5 and 6 of the IC
are connected to the +3V supply when the relay is in energised state, whereas pin 2 is grounded.

196|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

A resistor (R2) connected across pins 7 and 8 is used to fix the frequency of the inbuilt oscillator.
The output is available from pin 3.
Two transistors BC147 (T3) and BEL187 (T4) are connected in Darlington configuration to
amplify the sound from UM3561. Resistor R4 in series with a 3V zener is used to provide the 3V
supply to UM3561 when the relay is in energised state. LED1, connected in series with 68-ohm
resistor R1 across resistor R4, glows when the siren is on.
To test the working of the circuit, bring a burning match stick close to transistor T1 (BC109),
which causes the resistance of its emitter-collector junction to go low due to a rise in temperature
and it starts conducting. Simultaneously, transistor T2 also conducts because its base is
connected to the collector of transistor T1. As a result, relay RL1 energises and switches on the
siren circuit to produce loud sound of a fire brigade siren.
Lab note. We have added a table to enable readers to obtain all possible sound effects by
returning pins 1 and 2 as suggested in the table.

299.
UNDER- /OVER-VOLTAGE BEEP FOR MANUAL STABILISER
M anual stabilisers are still popular because of their simple construction, low cost, and high
reliability due to the absence of any relays while covering a wide range of mains AC voltages
compared to that handled by automatic voltage stabilisers. These are used mostly in homes and
in business centres for loads such as lighting, TV, fridge and in certain areas where the mains AC
voltage fluctuates between very low (during peak hours) and abnormally high (during non-peak
hours).

Some manual stabilisers available in the market incorporate the high-voltage auto-cut-off facility
to turn off the load when the output voltage of manual stabiliser exceeds a certain preset high
voltage limit. The output voltage may become high due to the rise in AC mains voltage or due to
improper selection by the rotary switch on manual stabiliser.
One of the major disadvantages of using a manual stabiliser in areas with a wide range of voltage
fluctuations is that one has to keep a watch on the manual stabilisers output voltage that is
197|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

displayed on a voltmeter and keep changing the same using its rotary switch. Or else, the output
voltage may reach the preset auto-cut- off limit to switch off the load without the users
knowledge. To turn on the load again, one has to readjust the stabiliser voltage using its rotary
switch. Such operation is very irritating and inconvenient for the user.
This under-/over-voltage audio alarm circuit designed as an add-on circuit for the existing
manual stabilisers overcomes the above problem. Whenever the stabilisers output voltage falls
below a preset low-level voltage or rises above a preset high-level voltage, it produces different
beep sounds for high and low voltage levelsshort-duration beeps with short intervals
between successive beeps for high voltage level and slightly longer duration beeps with longer
interval between successive beeps for low voltage level. By using these two different types of
beep sounds one can readily read just the stabilisers AC voltage output with the help of the
rotary switch. There is no need of frequently checking voltmeter reading.
It is advisable to preset the high-level voltage 10V to 20V less than the required high-voltage
limit for auto-cut-off operation. Similarly, for low level one may preset low-level AC voltage
20V to 30V above minimum operating voltage for a given load.
The primary winding terminals of step-down transformer X1 are connected to the output
terminals of the manual stabiliser. Thus, 9V DC available across capacitor C1 will vary in
accordance with the voltage available at the output terminals of the manual stabiliser, which is
used to sense high or low voltage in this circuit.
Transistor T1 in conjunction with zener diode ZD1 and preset VR1 is used to sense and adjust
the high-voltage level for beep indication. Similarly, transistor T2 along with zener ZD2 and
preset VR2 is used to sense and adjust low voltage level for beep indication.
When the DC voltage across capacitor C1 rises above the preset high-level voltage or falls below
the preset low-level voltage, the collector of transistor T2 becomes high due to non-conduction
of transistor T2, in either case. However, if the DC voltage sampled across C1 is within the
preset high- and low-level voltage, transistor T2 conducts and its collector voltage gets pulled to
the ground level. These changes in the collector voltage of transistor T2 are used to start or stop
oscillations in the astable multivibrator circuit that is built around transistors T3 and T4. The
collector of transistor T4 is connected to the base of buzzer driver transistor T5 through resistor
R8. Thus when the collector voltage of transistor T4 goes high, the buzzer sounds. Preset VR3 is
used to control the volume of buzzer sound.
In normal condition, the DC voltage sampled across capacitor C1 is within the permissible
window voltage zone. The base of transistor T3 is pulled low due to conduction of diode D2 and
transistor T2. As a result, capacitor C2 is discharged. The astable multivibrator stops oscillating
and transistor T4 starts conducting because transistor T3 is in cut-off state. No beep sound is
heard in the buzzer due to conduction of transistor T4 and non-conduction of transistor T5.
When the DC voltage across capacitor C1 goes above or below the window voltage level,
transistor T2 is cut off. Its collector voltage goes high and diode D2 stops conducting. Thus there
is no discharge path for capacitor C2 through diode D2. The astable multivibrator starts beep is
198|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

heard and the time interval between two successive beeps are achieved with the help of the DC
supply voltage, which is low during low-level voltage sampling and high during high-level
voltage sampling. The time taken for charging capacitors C2 and C3 is less when the DC voltage
is high and slightly greater when the DC voltage is low for astable multivibrator operation. Thus
during low level voltage sensing the buzzer beeps for successive beeps compared to that during
high-voltage level sensing.
This circuit can be added to any existing stabiliser (automatic or manual) or UPS to monitor its
performance.
300.
WATCH MAN WATCHER
Here is a circuit that can be used in offices, stores, warehouses, etc during night to check whether
the watchman of your establishment is on duty. For operation, it uses an existing telephone (e.g.
in office or store) closest to the watchmans post. The watchman is given an audio alert signal by
just ringing the office/store telephone once (minimum) from your residence or any other place,
preferably using your mobile phone. The ring is detected by the given circuit and the watchman
is also given a visual alert signal by a glowing lamp. The lamp remains on for a duration of
nearly 60 seconds soon after the ring tone. The watchman is given an instruction to register his
presence by simply pointing his torch-light beam towards a wall-mounted LDR sensor unit
(without lifting the handset off-cradle of the ringing telephone). This is to be done within the
time period during which the alert lamp glows. If he fails to do it within the permissible time, the
circuit registers his absence by incrementing a count. If he does, the count remains unaltered.
Up to nine separate alert rings are considered here. The count displayed is the number of times
the watchman failed to register his presence. The mobile phone records the called number and
call time, and it can be used with the displayed count to get the timing details.

199|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

The telephone lines (TIP and RING) Counter 74LS192 (IC7) is reset to zero state by making its
reset pin 14 high through reset switch S1. The 7-segment, common-anode display DIS1 is driven
through IC 74LS47 (IC8). When the phone rings, count 1 is displayed after nearly one minute.
This happens if the watchman fails to focus the torchlight beam on LDR1.
If LDR1 receives light from the torch of the watchman within the allowed time period, the down
clock remains high until the up clock is high. The counter counts up and then down, so, in effect,
the count remains unchanged.
All components, except LDR1, are kept in a sealed cabinet with locking arrangement. Only
LDR1 is wall-mounted and visible outside. This is done to avoid manual resetting of the counter.
The circuit is to be powered by a battery to avoid resetting of the count during power failure.
The working procedure can be summarised as follows:
1. Initially, when the power supply is switched on, power-on-reset components C8 and R13 reset
counter IC7 and the display shows 0.
2. Now dial the telephone number (where parallel system is installed) from outside or from your
mobile. For the first ring, relay RL1 energises and alert lamp L1 glows.
3.When alert lamp L1 is off, the counter is incremented by 1.

200|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

4. If the watchman focuses the torch-light beam on LDR1 within the glowing time of alert lamp
L1, the counter first counts up and then counts down and finally the display shows 0. This
indicates that the watchman is present.
5. If the watchman focuses the torch-light beam on LDR1 after alert lamp L1 goes off, upcounting takes place and the display shows 1. This indicates that the watchman is absent.

201|P a g e B y S u m a n D e b n a t h

BOOK
1. 6 Very Useful Free Ebooks On Robotics And Its Various Aspects!
http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=127705
2. 5FreeeBooksOnAnalogCircuitsDesigning
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1657&title+=+
5+Free+eBooks+On+Analog+Circuits+Designing&b_type=new&id=12688
3. 16FreeeBooksOnMechatronics&Robotics
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1656&title+=+
16+Free+eBooks+On+Mechatronics+%26+Robotics&b_type=new&id=12674
4. 5FreeeBooksOnRobustControl
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1655&title+=+
5+Free+eBooks+On+Robust+Control&b_type=new&id=12666
5. 7FreeeBooksOnInstrumentationEngineering
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1654&title+=+
7+Free+eBooks+On+Instrumentation+Engineering&b_type=new&id=12665
6. 9FreeeBookOnElecromagnetics!
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1640&title+=+
9+Free+eBook+On+Electromagnetics%21&b_type=new&id=12598
7. 25FreeeBooksOnElectronics!
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1637&title+=+
25+Free+eBooks+On+Electronics%21&b_type=new&id=12652
8. 15FreeeBooksOnHardwareDesignAndArchitecture!
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1636&title+=+
15+Free+eBooks+On+Hardware+Design+And+Architecture%21&b_type=new&id=12587
9. 8FreeeBooksAndResourcesOnPowerElectronics
http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=125973
10. 5FreeeBooksAssemblingAndCreatingYourOwnPC
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1630&title+=+
5+Free+eBooks+Assembling+And+Creating+Your+Own+PC&b_type=new&id=12582
11. FreeeBooksOnMicroprocessorsAndSystemDesign
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1622&title+=+
6+Free+eBooks+On+Microprocessors+And+System+Design&b_type=new&id=12581
12. 15FreeeBooksOnMachineLearning!
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1621&title+=+
15+Free+eBooks+On+Machine+Learning%21&b_type=new&id=12580
13. FreeeBooksOnElectronicsCircuitDesignAndProgramming
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1620&title+=+
24+Free+eBooks+On+Electronics+Circuit+Design+And+Programming&b_type=new&id=12579
14. 10 Free eBooks On Embedded Systems!

http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1628&titl
e+=+10+Free+eBooks+On+Embedded+Systems%21&b_type=new&id=12571

15. 8FreeeBooksOnAssemblyAndMachineLanguageProgramming
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1626&title+=+
8+Free+eBooks+On+Assembly+And+Machine+Language+Programming&b_type=new&id=12569
16. 10FreeeBooksOnElectronicCircuits
http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=124581
17. 7FreeeBooksOnVHSDLHardwareDescriptionLanguage!
http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=124022
18. 5FreeeBooksAssemblingAndCreatingYourOwnPC
http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=122400
19. 6FreeeBooksOnMicroprocessorsAndSystemDesign
http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=122352
20.

REFERENCE
1.
2.
3.
4.

http://electronicsforu.com/newelectronics/lab/freecircuitslist.asp?id=1028
http://electronicsforu.com/newelectronics/lab/freecircuitslist.asp?id=1027
http://electronicsforu.com/newelectronics/lab/freecircuitslist.asp?id=1026
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=896&article_ty
pe=1&id=738&tt=unhot&b_type=new

5. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=891&arti
cle_type=1&id=739&tt=unhot&b_type=new
6. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=892&arti
cle_type=1&id=741&tt=unhot&b_type=new
7. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=893&article_ty
pe=1&id=742&tt=unhot&b_type=new
8. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=890&article_ty
pe=1&id=743&tt=unhot&b_type=new
9. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=889&article_ty
pe=1&id=744&tt=unhot&b_type=new
10. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=888&article_ty
pe=1&id=745&tt=unhot&b_type=new
11. http://electronicsforu.com/newelectronics/lab/freecircuitslist.asp?id=1025
12. https://www.xinxii.com/en/electronics-for-you-february-2014-p-350220.html
13. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=910&article_ty
pe=1&id=746&tt=unhot&b_type=new
14. http://electronicsforu.com/newelectronics/lab/freecircuitslist.asp?id=1024
15. http://electronicsforu.com/newelectronics/lab/freecircuitslist.asp?id=1021
16. http://electronicsforu.com/newelectronics/lab/freecircuitslist.asp?id=1023
17. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=908&article_ty
pe=1&id=747&tt=unhot&b_type=new
18. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=909&arti
cle_type=1&id=748&tt=unhot&b_type=new
19. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=904&article_ty
pe=1&id=749&tt=unhot&b_type=new
20. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=906&article_ty
pe=1&id=751&tt=unhot&b_type=new
21. http://electronicsforu.com/newelectronics/lab/freecircuitslist.asp?id=752
22. http://electronicsforu.com/newelectronics/lab/freecircuitslist.asp?id=1022
23. http://electronicsforu.com/newelectronics/lab/freecircuitslist.asp?id=1020
24. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=905&article_ty
pe=1&id=753&tt=unhot&b_type=new
25. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=897&article_ty
pe=1&id=754&tt=unhot&b_type=new

26. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=898&article_ty
pe=1&id=755&tt=unhot&b_type=new
27. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=899&article_ty
pe=1&id=756&tt=unhot&b_type=new
28. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=900&article_ty
pe=1&id=757&tt=unhot&b_type=new
29. http://electronicsforu.com/newelectronics/lab/freecircuitslist.asp?id=1019
30. http://electronicsforu.com/newelectronics/lab/freecircuitslist.asp?id=1017
31. http://electronicsforu.com/newelectronics/lab/freecircuitslist.asp?id=1018
32. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=913&article_ty
pe=1&id=758&tt=unhot&b_type=new
33. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=915&article_ty
pe=1&id=761&tt=unhot&b_type=new
34. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=918&arti
cle_type=1&id=762&tt=unhot&b_type=new
35. http://electronicsforu.com/newelectronics/lab/freecircuitslist.asp?id=1016
36. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=919&article_ty
pe=1&id=763&tt=unhot&b_type=new
37. http://electronicsforu.com/newelectronics/lab/freecircuitslist.asp?id=1015
38. http://electronicsforu.com/newelectronics/lab/freecircuitslist.asp?id=1014
39. http://hilaroad.com/camp/projects/lemon/vinegar_battery.html
40. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=920&article_ty
pe=1&id=765&tt=unhot&b_type=new
41. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=917&article_ty
pe=1&id=764&tt=unhot&b_type=new
42. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1434&article_t
ype=1&id=873&tt=unhot&b_type=new
43. http://electronicsforu.com/newelectronics/lab/freecircuitslist.asp?id=1013
44. http://electronicsforu.com/newelectronics/lab/freecircuitslist.asp?id=1012
45. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=72&articl
e_type=1&id=766&tt=unhot&b_type=new
46. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=77&article_typ
e=1&id=767&tt=unhot&b_type=new
47. http://electronicsforu.com/newelectronics/lab/freecircuitslist.asp?id=1011
48. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=76&article_typ
e=1&id=769&tt=unhot&b_type=new
49. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=63&article_typ
e=1&id=770&tt=unhot&b_type=new
50. http://electronicsforu.com/newelectronics/lab/freecircuitslist.asp?id=1010
51. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=65&article_typ
e=1&id=771&tt=unhot&b_type=new

52. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=64&article_typ
e=1&id=772&tt=unhot&b_type=new
53. http://electronicsforu.com/newelectronics/lab/freecircuitslist.asp?id=1009
54. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=66&articl
e_type=1&id=773&tt=unhot&b_type=new
55. http://electronicsforu.com/newelectronics/lab/freecircuitslist.asp?id=1008
56. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=55&articl
e_type=1&id=774&tt=unhot&b_type=new
57. http://electronicsforu.com/newelectronics/lab/freecircuitslist.asp?id=1007
58. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=60&article_typ
e=1&id=775&tt=unhot&b_type=new
59. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1164&article_t
ype=1&id=1006
60. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=59&article_typ
e=1&id=776&tt=unhot&b_type=new
61. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=56&article_typ
e=1&id=777&tt=unhot&b_type=new
62. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=51&articl
e_type=1&id=778&tt=unhot&b_type=new
63. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=52&article_typ
e=1&id=779&tt=unhot&b_type=new
64. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=50&articl
e_type=1&id=780&tt=unhot&b_type=new
65. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1300&article_t
ype=1&id=782&tt=unhot&b_type=new
66. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1123&article_t
ype=1&id=785&tt=unhot&b_type=new
67. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1124&article_t
ype=1&id=786&tt=unhot&b_type=new
68. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1309&article_t
ype=1&id=789&tt=unhot&b_type=new
69. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1175&article_t
ype=1&id=791&tt=unhot&b_type=new
70. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1316&art
icle_type=1&id=792&tt=unhot&b_type=new
71. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1317&article_t
ype=1&id=793&tt=unhot&b_type=new
72. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1318&article_t
ype=1&id=794&tt=unhot&b_type=new
73. http://electronicsforu.com/newelectronics/lab/freecircuitslist.asp?id=1005

74. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1329&article_t
ype=1&id=797&tt=unhot&b_type=new
75. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1330&art
icle_type=1&id=798&tt=unhot&b_type=new
76. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1331&article_t
ype=1&id=799&tt=unhot&b_type=new
77. http://electronicsforu.com/newelectronics/lab/freecircuitslist.asp?id=1004
78. http://electronicsforu.com/newelectronics/lab/freecircuitslist.asp?id=1002
79. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1353
80. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1354
81. http://electronicsforu.com/newelectronics/lab/freecircuitslist.asp?id=1001
82. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1159&article_t
ype=1&id=1000
83. http://electronicsforu.com/newelectronics/lab/freecircuitslist.asp?id=999
84. http://electronicsforu.com/newelectronics/lab/freecircuitslist.asp?id=997
85. http://electronicsforu.com/newelectronics/lab/freecircuitslist.asp?id=998
86. http://electronicsforu.com/newelectronics/lab/ad.asp?url=%2FEFYLinux%2Fcircuit%2Faug2004
%2FCIaug04_QualityFMHOT.pdf&article_type=1&id=334&tt=unhot&b_type=new

87. http://www.electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=228&arti
cle_type=1&id=357&tt=unhot&b_type=new
88. http://www.electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=67&articl
e_type=1&id=464&tt=unhot&b_type=new
89. http://www.electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=214&arti
cle_type=1&id=373&tt=unhot&b_type=new
90. http://electronicsforu.com/newelectronics/lab/freecircuitslist.asp?id=951
91. http://electronicsforu.com/newelectronics/lab/freecircuitslist.asp?id=996
92. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1102&article_t
ype=1&id=948&tt=unhot&b_type=new
93. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1100&article_t
ype=1&id=946&tt=unhot&b_type=new
94. http://electronicsforu.com/newelectronics/lab/freecircuitslist.asp?id=995
95. http://electronicsforu.com/newelectronics/lab/freecircuitslist.asp?id=994
96. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1363&article_t
ype=1&id=803&tt=unhot&b_type=new
97. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1361&article_t
ype=1&id=804&tt=unhot&b_type=new
98. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1365&article_t
ype=1&id=805&tt=unhot&b_type=new
99. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1364&article_t
ype=1&id=806&tt=unhot&b_type=new

100.

http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=96
1&article_type=1&id=807&tt=unhot&b_type=new
101.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=96
0&article_type=1&id=808&tt=unhot&b_type=new
102.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=95
7&article_type=1&id=809&tt=unhot&b_type=new
103.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=959&a
rticle_type=1&id=810&tt=unhot&b_type=new
104.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=958&a
rticle_type=1&id=811&tt=unhot&b_type=new
105.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=954&a
rticle_type=1&id=812&tt=unhot&b_type=new
106.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=956&a
rticle_type=1&id=813&tt=unhot&b_type=new
107.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=955&a
rticle_type=1&id=814&tt=unhot&b_type=new
108.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=951&a
rticle_type=1&id=815&tt=unhot&b_type=new
109.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1151&
article_type=1&id=993
110.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=953&a
rticle_type=1&id=816&tt=unhot&b_type=new
111.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1149&
article_type=1&id=992
112.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=952&a
rticle_type=1&id=817&tt=unhot&b_type=new
113.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1148&
article_type=1&id=991&tt=hot&b_type=new
114.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=232&a
rticle_type=1&id=990
115.
http://www.electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=2
27
116.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=950&a
rticle_type=1&id=819&tt=unhot&b_type=new
117.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1147&
article_type=1&id=989
118.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=945&a
rticle_type=1&id=820&tt=unhot&b_type=new
119.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=944&a
rticle_type=1&id=821&tt=unhot&b_type=new

120.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1146&
article_type=1&id=988&tt=hot&b_type=new
121.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=947&a
rticle_type=1&id=822&tt=unhot&b_type=new
122.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1143&
article_type=1&id=986
123.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1145&
article_type=1&id=987
124.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1142&
article_type=1&id=984
125.
http://electronicsforu.com/newelectronics/lab/ad.asp?url=%2Fefylinux%2Fcircuit%2Fm
ay2002%2F45466.pdf&article_type=1&id=270&tt=unhot&b_type=new
126.
http://www.electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1
69&article_type=1&id=409&tt=unhot&b_type=new
127.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1141&
article_type=1&id=983&tt=hot&b_type=new
128.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1140&
article_type=1&id=982&tt=hot&b_type=new
129.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1139&
article_type=1&id=981&tt=hot&b_type=new
130.
http://electronicsforu.com/newelectronics/lab/freecircuitslist.asp?id=980
131.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1136&
article_type=1&id=979&tt=hot&b_type=new
132.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1134&
article_type=1&id=978&tt=hot&b_type=new
133.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1135&
article_type=1&id=977&tt=hot&b_type=new
134.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1133&
article_type=1&id=976&tt=hot&b_type=new
135.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1132&
article_type=1&id=975
136.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1131&
article_type=1&id=974&tt=hot&b_type=new
137.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1130&
article_type=1&id=973&tt=hot&b_type=new
138.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1129&
article_type=1&id=972
139.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1127&
article_type=1&id=970&tt=hot&b_type=new
140.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1121&
article_type=1&id=969&tt=hot&b_type=new

141.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1119&
article_type=1&id=967&tt=unhot&b_type=new
142.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1117&
article_type=1&id=966&tt=unhot&b_type=new
143.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1117&
article_type=1&id=966&tt=unhot&b_type=new
144.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1116&
article_type=1&id=965&tt=unhot&b_type=new
145.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1115&
article_type=1&id=964&tt=unhot&b_type=new
146.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1113&
article_type=1&id=961&tt=unhot&b_type=new
147.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1111&
article_type=1&id=960&tt=unhot&b_type=new
148.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1110&
article_type=1&id=959&tt=unhot&b_type=new
149.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=11
14&article_type=1&id=962&tt=unhot&b_type=new
150.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1390&
article_type=1&id=824&tt=unhot&b_type=new
151.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1389&
article_type=1&id=825&tt=unhot&b_type=new
152.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=13
91&article_type=1&id=826&tt=unhot&b_type=new
153.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=94
0&article_type=1&id=827&tt=unhot&b_type=new
154.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=94
2&article_type=1&id=828&tt=unhot&b_type=new
155.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=94
1&article_type=1&id=829&tt=unhot&b_type=new
156.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=92
7&article_type=1&id=831&tt=unhot&b_type=new
157.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=92
9&article_type=1&id=833&tt=unhot&b_type=new
158.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=93
7&article_type=1&id=834&tt=unhot&b_type=new
159.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=93
9&article_type=1&id=835&tt=unhot&b_type=new
160.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=93
5&article_type=1&id=837&tt=unhot&b_type=new

161.

http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=93
3&article_type=1&id=838&tt=unhot&b_type=new
162.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=93
4&article_type=1&id=839&tt=unhot&b_type=new
163.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=973&a
rticle_type=1&id=845&tt=unhot&b_type=new
164.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=970&a
rticle_type=1&id=846&tt=unhot&b_type=new
165.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=975&a
rticle_type=1&id=847&tt=unhot&b_type=new
166.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=974&a
rticle_type=1&id=848&tt=unhot&b_type=new
167.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=326&a
rticle_type=1&id=849&tt=unhot&b_type=new
168.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=980&a
rticle_type=1&id=850&tt=unhot&b_type=new
169.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=982&a
rticle_type=1&id=851&tt=unhot&b_type=new
170.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=985&a
rticle_type=1&id=852&tt=unhot&b_type=new
171.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=984&a
rticle_type=1&id=853&tt=unhot&b_type=new
172.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=988&a
rticle_type=1&id=854&tt=unhot&b_type=new
173.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1002&
article_type=1&id=855&tt=unhot&b_type=new
174.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=995&a
rticle_type=1&id=856&tt=unhot&b_type=new
175.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1109&
article_type=1&id=958&tt=unhot&b_type=new
176.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1108&
article_type=1&id=957&tt=unhot&b_type=new
177.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1106&
article_type=1&id=953&tt=unhot&b_type=new
178.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=996&a
rticle_type=1&id=857&tt=unhot&b_type=new
179.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1007&
article_type=1&id=858&tt=unhot&b_type=new
180.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1006&
article_type=1&id=859&tt=unhot&b_type=new

181.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1013&
article_type=1&id=861&tt=unhot&b_type=new
182.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=213&a
rticle_type=1&id=952&tt=unhot&b_type=new
183.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1009&
article_type=1&id=862&tt=unhot&b_type=new
184.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1010&
article_type=1&id=863&tt=unhot&b_type=new
185.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=212&a
rticle_type=1&id=864&tt=unhot&b_type=new
186.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1102&
article_type=1&id=948&tt=unhot&b_type=new
187.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1103&
article_type=1&id=949&tt=unhot&b_type=new
188.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1104&
article_type=1&id=950&tt=unhot&b_type=new
189.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1118&
article_type=1&id=865&tt=unhot&b_type=new#
190.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1118&
article_type=1&id=865&tt=unhot&b_type=new
191.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1424&
article_type=1&id=866&tt=unhot&b_type=new#
192.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1027&
article_type=1&id=867&tt=unhot&b_type=new#
193.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1026&
article_type=1&id=868&tt=unhot&b_type=new#
194.
http://electronicsforu.com/newelectronics/lab/freecircuitslist.asp?id=868
195.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1028&
article_type=1&id=869&tt=unhot&b_type=new#
196.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1431&
article_type=1&id=871&tt=unhot&b_type=new#
197.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1434&
article_type=1&id=873&tt=unhot&b_type=new#
198.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1437&
article_type=1&id=874&tt=unhot&b_type=new#
199.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1438&
article_type=1&id=875&tt=unhot&b_type=new#
200.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1100&
article_type=1&id=946&tt=hot&b_type=new#
201.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1099&
article_type=1&id=945&tt=hot&b_type=new#

202.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1098&
article_type=1&id=944&tt=unhot&b_type=new#
203.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1096&
article_type=1&id=943&tt=unhot&b_type=new#
204.
http://electronicsforu.com/newelectronics/lab/freecircuitslist.asp?id=942
205.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1440&
article_type=1&id=880&tt=unhot&b_type=new
206.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1443&
article_type=1&id=881&tt=unhot&b_type=new
207.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1444&
article_type=1&id=882&tt=unhot&b_type=new
208.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1441&
article_type=1&id=884&tt=unhot&b_type=new
209.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1091&
article_type=1&id=939&tt=unhot&b_type=new
210.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1090&
article_type=1&id=938&tt=unhot&b_type=new
211.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1086&
article_type=1&id=937&tt=unhot&b_type=new
212.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1085&
article_type=1&id=936&tt=unhot&b_type=new
213.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1456&
article_type=1&id=885&tt=unhot&b_type=new
214.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1457&
article_type=1&id=886&tt=unhot&b_type=new
215.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1033&
article_type=1&id=887&tt=unhot&b_type=new
216.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1032&
article_type=1&id=888&tt=unhot&b_type=new
217.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=173&a
rticle_type=1&id=889&tt=unhot&b_type=new
218.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1436&
article_type=1&id=890&tt=unhot&b_type=new
219.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1039&
article_type=1&id=891&tt=unhot&b_type=new
220.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1039&
article_type=1&id=891&tt=unhot&b_type=new
221.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1037&
article_type=1&id=892&tt=unhot&b_type=new
222.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1041&
article_type=1&id=894&tt=unhot&b_type=new

223.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1042&
article_type=1&id=895&tt=unhot&b_type=new
224.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1471&
article_type=1&id=896&tt=unhot&b_type=new
225.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1470&
article_type=1&id=897&tt=unhot&b_type=new
226.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1084&
article_type=1&id=935&tt=unhot&b_type=new
227.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1083&
article_type=1&id=933&tt=unhot&b_type=new
228.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1045&
article_type=1&id=900&tt=unhot&b_type=new
229.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1048&
article_type=1&id=901&tt=unhot&b_type=new
230.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1047&
article_type=1&id=902&tt=unhot&b_type=new
231.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1054&
article_type=1&id=903&tt=unhot&b_type=new
232.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1053&
article_type=1&id=904&tt=unhot&b_type=new
233.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1052&
article_type=1&id=905&tt=unhot&b_type=new
234.
http://electronicsforu.com/newelectronics/lab/freecircuitslist.asp?id=930
235.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1058&
article_type=1&id=915&tt=unhot&b_type=new
236.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1061&
article_type=1&id=916&tt=unhot&b_type=new
237.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1060&
article_type=1&id=917&tt=unhot&b_type=new
238.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1059&
article_type=1&id=918&tt=unhot&b_type=new
239.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=199&a
rticle_type=1&id=919&tt=unhot&b_type=new
240.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1065&
article_type=1&id=920&tt=unhot&b_type=new
241.
http://electronicsforu.com/newelectronics/lab/freecircuitslist.asp?id=928
242.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1076&
article_type=1&id=921&tt=unhot&b_type=new
243.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1522&
article_type=1&id=927&tt=unhot&b_type=new
244.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1078&
article_type=1&id=925&tt=unhot&b_type=new

245.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1079&
article_type=1&id=926&tt=unhot&b_type=new
246.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=950&a
rticle_type=1&id=819&tt=unhot&b_type=new
247.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=945&a
rticle_type=1&id=820&tt=unhot&b_type=new
248.
http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1390&
article_type=1&id=824&tt=unhot&b_type=new