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MANOJ CHAUHAN SIR(IIT-DELHI)

EX. SR. FACULTY (BANSAL CLASSES)

KEY CONCEPTS (LIMIT)

THINGS TO REMEMBER :
1.
Limit of a function f(x) is said to exist as, xa when
Lim f (x) = Lim f (x) = finite quantity.

x a

2.

x a +

FUNDAMENTAL THEOREMS ON LIMITS:

Let Lim f (x) = l & Lim g (x) = m. If l & m exists then :
x a

x a

REMEMBER

(ii) Lim f(x). g(x) = l. m

(i)

Lim f (x) g (x) = l m

(iii)

f (x ) l
Lim
= , provided m 0
x a g(g )
m

(iv)

Lim k f(x) = k Lim f(x) ; where k is a constant.

(v)

Lim f [g(x)] = f Lim g( x ) = f (m) ; provided f is continuous at g (x) = m.

x a

x a

3.

x a

x a

x a

Limit x a
x a

x a

For example Lim l n (f(x) = ln Lim f ( x ) l n l (l > 0).

x a
x a

STANDARD LIMITS :

(a)

sin x
tan x
tan 1 x
sin 1 x
= 1 = Lim
= Lim
= Lim
x
x
x 0
x 0
x 0
x 0
x
x
[Where x is measured in radians]

(b)

Lim (1 + x)1/x = e = Lim 1 + 1

x 0
x
x

Lim

note however there Lim (1 h)n = 0

h 0
n

and Lim (1 + h )n
h 0
n

(c)

Lim f(x) = 1 and Lim (x) = , then ;

If

x a

Lim [f ( x )]( x ) = e

x a
Lim ( x )[ f ( x ) 1]
x a

x a

(d)

Lim f(x) = A > 0 & Lim (x) = B (a finite quantity) then ;

If

x a

x a

Lim [f(x)] (x) = ez where z = Lim (x). ln[f(x)] = eBlnA = AB

x a

x a

x
Lim a 1 = ln a (a > 0). In particular Lim e 1 = 1
x

(e)

x 0

x 0

x a
= n a n 1
x

a
x a
n

(f)

Lim

4.

SQUEEZE PLAY THEOREM :

Limit
Limit
If f(x) g(x) h(x) x & Limit
x a f(x) = l = x a h(x) then x a g(x) = l.

5.

INDETERMINANT FORMS :
0
, , 0 , 0, , and 1
0
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Note :
(i)
We cannot plot on the paper. Infinity () is a symbol & not a number. It does not obey the
laws of elementry algebra.
(ii)
+=
(iii)
= (iv) (a/) = 0 if a is finite
a
(v)
is not defined , if a 0.
0
(vi)
a b = 0 , if & only if a = 0 or b = 0 and a & b are finite.
The following strategies should be born in mind for evaluating the limits:
Factorisation
Rationalisation or double rationalisation
Use of trigonometric transformation ;
appropriate substitution and using standard limits
Expansion of function like Binomial expansion, exponential & logarithmic expansion, expansion of sinx ,
cosx , tanx should be remembered by heart & are given below :

6.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

x ln a x 2 ln 2 a x 3ln 3a
(i) a = 1 +
+
+
+ .........a > 0
1!
2!
3!
x

x
(ii) e = 1 +

x x2 x3
+
+
+ ............ x R
1! 2! 3!

(iii) ln(1+ x) = x

x 2 x3 x 4
+

+ .........for 1 < x 1
2
3
4

x3 x5 x7
+

+ ... x ,
(iv) sin x = x
2 2
3! 5! 7!

x2 x4 x6
+

+ ...... x ,
(v) cos x = 1
2 2
2! 4! 6!

(vi) tan x = x +

x 3 2x 5
+
+ ........ x
3
15

(vii) tan1x = x

,
2 2

x3 x5 x7
+

+ .......
3
5
7

EXERCISEI
x2 x
Lim
Q.1 x 1
x 1

Q.4

Q.7

13

Q.2

Lim

x 1 5

x 7 x
x 3 x

100 k
x 100
Lim K=1
x 1
x 1

2 x + 3x1/ 3 + 5x1/ 5
Q.5 Lim
1/ 3
x

Lim sec 4 x sec 2 x

x 0
sec 3x sec x

q
p

p, q N
Q.8 Lim
p
x 1 1 x 1 x q

3x 2 + (2x 3)

Q.3

2
Lim x x.1nx + 1nx 1
x 1
x 1

Q.6 Lim
x

3
4

1 + 3 tan x
1 2 cos 2 x

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Q.9

Find the sum of an infinite geometric series whose first term is the limit of the function f(x) =
as x 0 and whose common ratio is the limit of the function g(x) =

Q.10

tan x sin x
sin 3 x

1 x
as x 1.
(cos 1 x) 2

t
t
Lim (x l n cosh x) where cosh t = e + e .

cos 1 2 x 1 x 2
[ x ]2 + 15[ x ] + 56
1 sin 2x

Lim
Q.11 (a) Lim
; (b) Lim
;
(c)

x 4
1
x 7 sin( x + 7) sin( x + 8)
1
4x
x

x
2
where [ ] denotes the greatest
2
integer function

Q.12

Q.14
Q.16
Q.17
Q.18

1 tan x
1 2 sin x

Lim
x 4

Lim
4

2 cos sin
( 4 ) 2

Q.15

x 0

8
x8

x2
x2
x2
x2
1

cos

cos
+
cos
cos

2
4
2
4

cos x
1
Lim 2
x 2

x (x 2 )

If Lim a sin x 3 sin 2x is finite then find the value of 'a' & the limit.
x 0

tan x

x
2x
a
tan 1 2

, where a R ; (b) Plot the graph of the function f(x) = Lim

2
t 0
x 0
t
x
(ln (1 + x ) ln 2)(3.4 x 1 3x )
2
Lim
1
1
Lim [ln (1 + sinx). cot(ln (1 + x))]
Q.19 x 1
x 0
[(7 + x ) 3 (1 + 3x ) 2 ]. sin( x 1)

1
(a) Lim tan

Q.20

Q.13

Lim

(r + 1) sin r + 1 r sin r then find { l }. (where { } denotes the fractional part function)
n

If l = Lim

r =2

Q.21
Q.23
Q.24

Lim

(3x 4 + 2x 2 ) sin 1x + | x |3 +5

| x |3 + | x |2 + | x | +1

(x 3 + 27 ) 1n (x 2)
Q.22 Lim
2
x 3
x 9

x
x
x
Lim 27 9 3 + 1

x 0

2 1 + cos x

x
, x>0
sin x
= 2 x, x 0

Let f ( x ) =

and

g( x ) = x + 3,

x <1

= x 2 2x 2, 1 x < 2

= x 5,
x2
find LHL and RHL of g( f ( x ) ) at x = 0 and hence find Lim g( f ( x ) ) .
x0

Q.25
Q.26
Q.27

Let Pn = a

Pn 1

1 , n = 2, 3,.......and Let P1

= ax 1 where a R+ then evaluate

Lim
x0

Pn
x

1 1
1 + ax
1 2 3

exists and has the value equal to l, then find the value of + .
3
x 1 + x 1 + bx
a l b
Let {an}, {bn}, {cn} be sequences such that
(i) an + bn + cn = 2n + 1 ; (ii) anbn +bncn + cnan = 2n 1 ; (iii) anbncn = 1 ; (iv) an < bn < cn
If the Lim
x 0

Then find the value of Lim na n .

n

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Q.28

If n N and an = 22 + 42 + 62 + ....... + (2n)2 and bn = 12 + 32 + 52 + ..... + (2n 1)2. Find the value

Lim

a n bn

.
n
Q.29 At the end points A, B of the fixed segment of length L, lines are drawn meeting in C and making angles
and 2 respectively with the given segment. Let D be the foot of the altitude CD and let x represents
n

the length of AD. Find the value of x as tends to zero i.e. Lim x .
0

Q.30

At the end-points and the midpoint of a circular arc AB tangent lines are drawn, and the points A and B
are joined with a chord. Prove that the ratio of the areas of the two triangles thus formed tends to 4 as the
arc AB decreases indefinitely.

EXERCISEII
2
Q.1 Lim 2 x + 3
x
2
2x + 5

8 x 2 +3

x+c
Q.2 Lim
= 4 then find c
x x c

2 n 2 + n 1

Q.4

n2 + n 1

Lim

n
n

Q.6

Lim cos 2 x
x

1 + x

Q.8

x
Lim x 1 + cos x
x 0
x

Q.10

Let f(x) =

Q.3

F
G
H

x 2 sin ln cos
Q.5 Lim
x
x2

aR

Q.9

sin 1 (1 {x}).cos 1 (1 {x})

2{x} . (1 {x})

Q.7

Lim tan x
x 1
4

1
1
1
1x
x
x
x
Lim a 1 + a 2 + a 3 +.....+ a n

x
n

(1 + x)1/ x

Lim
e
x 0

1/ x

I
JK

tan 2x

nx

where a1,a2,a3,......an > 0

then find xLim

f(x) and xLim
f(x), where {x} denotes the fractional
0 +
0

part function.
Q.11
Q.12
Q.13
Q.14

ae x b cos x + ce x
Find the values of a, b & c so that Lim
=2
x 0
x. sin x
a2 + x2
1
a
x

Lim 2
2 sin sin where a is an odd integer
2
2

x a (a x )
2
2
ax
2
2
Lim tan x x

x 0

x 2 tan 2 x

If L = Lim
x 1

Q.15

(1 x )(1 x 2 )(1 x 3 )......(1 x 2n )

[(1 x )(1 x 2 )(1 x 3 ).........(1 x n )]2

n+r
r

then show that L can be equal to

1 n
( 4 r 2)
n! r =1

(a)

(c)
(d)

The sum of the coefficients of two middle terms in the expansion of (1 + x)2n 1.
The coefficient of xn in the expansion of (1 + x)2n.

r =1

(b)

Lim [1.x ] + [ 2 .x ] + [ 3 .x ] + ..... + [ n .x ] , Where [.] denotes the greatest integer function.
n
n2

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1 x + ln x
1 + cos x

Q.16

Evaluate, Lim

Q.17

by
ay

exp x ln(1 + ) exp x1n(1 + )

x
x
Lim Limit

y
y 0 x

Q.18

Let x0 = 2 cos

Q.19

1+ x

Lim ln (1 + x) 1
2
x 0

x 1

and xn =
6

2( n +1) 2 x n .
2 + x n 1 , n = 1, 2, 3, .........., find Lim
n

Q.20 Let L = 1 2 ; M =
n
n =3
1
1
1
L +M +N .
Q.21

n =2

n3 1

n 3 + 1 and N =

n =1

A circular arc of radius 1 subtends an angle of x radians, 0 < x <

(1 + n 1 ) 2
, then find the value of
1 + 2n 1

as shown in
2

the figure. The point C is the intersection of the two tangent lines at A & B. Let
T(x) be the area of triangle ABC & let S(x) be the area of the shaded region.
Compute:
(a) T(x)

(b) S(x)
n

Q.22

3n 1 sin 3 n

n
3

Let f (x) = Lim

&

(c) the limit of

and g (x) = x 4 f (x). Evaluate Lim (1 + g( x ) )cot x .

x 0

n =1

Q.23

Q.24

T (x)
as x 0.
S(x)

2
If f (n, )= 1 tan r , then compute Lim f (n, )
2
n
r =1

L = Lim
x 0

cos 2 x + (1 + 3x )1 3 3 4 cos3 x ln (1 + x ) 4

2
4
x

If L = a b where 'a' and 'b' are relatively primes find (a + b).

x2

Q.25

cosh ( x )

Lim
x cos ( x )

Q.26

f (x) is the function such that Lim

where cosh t =

x 0

et + et
2

f (x )
x (1 + a cos x ) b sin x
= 1 . If Lim
= 1 , then find the value of
x
x 0
(f (x ) )3

a and b.
Q.27

Through a point A on a circle, a chord AP is drawn & on the tangent at A a point T is taken such that
AT = AP. If TP produced meet the diameter through A at Q, prove that the limiting value of AQ when P
moves upto A is double the diameter of the circle.

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Q.28

Using Sandwich theorem, evaluate

(a)

1
1
1
1

Lim
+
+
+ ........... +

2
2
2
2
n
n +1
n +2
n + 2n
n

(b)

Lim
n

1
2
n
+
+
.........
+
1+ n2 2 + n 2
n + n2

Q.29

x2 + 1

Lim
ax b = 0
Find a & b if : (i) x

Q.30

1
1
then find the value of L + 153 .
If L = Lim

L
x 0 ln (1 + x )
ln ( x + 1 + x 2 )

Q.1

x
Lim x tan 2x 2x tan
is :
2
x 0
(1 cos 2x)

x +1

x 2 x + 1 ax b = 0
(ii) xLim

EXERCISEIII

(A) 2

(B) 2

[ JEE '99, 2 (out of 200) ]

(C)

Q.2

x 3
For x R , Lim
=
x
x + 2

(A) e
Q.3

(B) e 1

(B)

Q.4

a tan x a sin x
Evaluate Lim
, a > 0.
x 0 tan x sin x

Q.5

The integer n for which Lim

(A) 1
If Lim
x 0

(A)

Q.7

1
n

(D)

1
2

[ JEE 2000, Screening]

(C) e 5

sin( cos 2 x )
Lim
equals
x 0
x2

(A)

Q.6

1
2

(D) e5
[ JEE 2001, Screening]

(C)

(D) 1
[REE 2001, 3 out of 100]

(cos x 1)(cos x e x )
is a finite non-zero number is
x 0
xn
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4
[JEE 2002 (screening), 3]
sin(n x )[(a n )n x tan x ]
= 0 (n > 0) then the value of 'a' is equal to
x2
n2 +1
(B) n2 + 1
(C)
(D) None
n
[JEE 2003 (screening)]

2
1
(n + 1) cos 1 n .
Find the value of Lim

n
n

[ JEE ' 2004, 2 out of 60]

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KEY CONCEPTS (CONTINUITY)

THINGS TO REMEMBER :
1.
A function f(x) is said to be continuous at x = c, if Limit f(x) = f(c). Symbolically
x c
f is continuous at x = c if Limit f(c - h) = Limit f(c+h) = f(c).
h 0

h 0

i.e. LHL at x = c = RHL at x = c equals Value of f at x = c.

It should be noted that continuity of a function at x = a is meaningful only if the function is defined in the
immediate neighbourhood of x = a, not necessarily at x = a.
2.
(i)

Reasons of discontinuity:
Limit f(x) does not exist
x c

i.e. Limit f(x) Limit f (x)

+
x c

(ii)
(iii)

x c

f(x) is not defined at x= c

Limit f(x) f (c)
x c

Geometrically, the graph of the function will exhibit a break at x= c. The graph as shown is discontinuous
at x = 1 , 2 and 3.
3.
Types of Discontinuities :
Type - 1: ( Removable type of discontinuities)
In case Limit f(x) exists but is not equal to f(c) then the function is said to have a removable discontinuity
x c

or discontinuity of the first kind. In this case we can redefine the function such that Limit f(x) = f(c) &
x c

make it continuous at x= c. Removable type of discontinuity can be further classified as :

(a)

MISSING POINT DISCONTINUITY : Where Limit f(x) exists finitely but f(a) is not defined.
x a

sin x
(1 x )(9 x 2 )
e.g. f(x) =
has a missing point discontinuity at x = 1 , and f(x) =
has a missing point
x
(1 x )
discontinuity at x = 0

(b)

ISOLATED POINT DISCONTINUITY : Where Limit f(x) exists & f(a) also exists but ; Limit f(a).
x a

x 2 16
e.g. f(x) =
, x 4 & f (4) = 9 has an isolated point discontinuity at x = 4.
x4

x a

0 if x I

Similarly f(x) = [x] + [ x] =

has an isolated point discontinuity at all x I.
1 if x I

Type-2: ( Non - Removable type of discontinuities)

In case Limit f(x) does not exist then it is not possible to make the function continuous by redefining it.
x c

Such discontinuities are known as non - removable discontinuity or discontinuity of the 2nd kind.
Non-removable type of discontinuity can be further classified as :
(a)

Finite discontinuity e.g. f(x) = x [x] at all integral x ; f(x) = tan 1

( note that f(0+) = 0 ; f(0) = 1 )

(b)

(c)

1
at x = 0 and f(x) =
x

1
1
1+ 2 x

at x = 0

cosx
1
tanx at x =
Infinite discontinuity e.g. f(x) = 1 or g(x) =
at
x
=
4
;
f(x)
=
2
and
f(x)
=
2
x
( x 4) 2
x4
at x = 0.
Oscillatory discontinuity e.g. f(x) = sin 1 at x = 0.
x
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In all these cases the value of f(a) of the function at x= a (point of discontinuity) may or may not exist but
Limit does not exist.
x a

Note: From the adjacent graph note that

f is continuous at x = 1
f has isolated discontinuity at x = 1
f has missing point discontinuity at x = 2
f has non removable (finite type)
discontinuity at the origin.
4.

In case of dis-continuity of the second kind the non-negative difference between the value of the RHL at
x = c & LHL at x = c is called THE JUMP OF DISCONTINUITY. A function having a finite number of jumps
in a given interval I is called a PIECE WISE CONTINUOUS or SECTIONALLY CONTINUOUS function in this
interval.

5.

All Polynomials, Trigonometrical functions, exponential & Logarithmic functions are continuous in their
domains.

6.

If f & g are two functions that are continuous at x= c then the functions defined by :
F1(x) = f(x) g(x); F2(x) = K f(x), K any real number; F3(x) = f(x).g(x) are also continuous at x= c.
Further, if g (c) is not zero, then F4(x) =

7.

f (x)
is also continuous at x= c.
g(x)

The intermediate value theorem:

Suppose f(x) is continuous on an interval I , and a
and b are any two points of I. Then if y0 is a number
between f(a) and f(b) , their exists a number c
between a and b such that f(c) = y0.

The function f, being continuous on [a,b)

takes on every value between f(a) and f(b)

NOTE VERY CAREFULLY THAT :

(a)
If f(x) is continuous & g(x) is discontinuous at x = a then the product function (x) = f(x). g(x) is not
necessarily be discontinuous at x = a. e.g.
sin x

f(x) = x & g(x) =

(b)

x0
x=0

If f(x) and g(x) both are discontinuous at x = a then the product function (x) = f(x). g(x) is not necessarily
be discontinuous at x = a. e.g.
1

f(x) = g(x) =
1

x0
x<0

(c)

Point functions are to be treated as discontinuous. eg. f(x) = 1 x +

(d)

A Continuous function whose domain is closed must have a range also in closed interval.

(e)

If f is continuous at x = c & g is continuous at x = f(c) then the composite g[f(x)] is continuous at x = c.

eg. f(x) =

x sin x
x2 + 2

be continuous at

x 1 is not continuous at x = 1.

& g(x) = x are continuous at x = 0 , hence the composite (gof) (x) =

x sin x
x2 + 2

will also

x=0.

7.

CONTINUITY IN AN INTERVAL :

(a)

A function f is said to be continuous in (a , b) if f is continuous at each & every point (a , b).

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(b)
(i)
(ii)

A function f is said to be continuous in a closed interval [a ,b ] if :

f is continuous in the open interval (a , b)
&
f is right continuous at a i.e. Limit+ f(x) = f(a) = a finite quantity.

(iii)

f is left continuous at b i.e. Limit f(x) = f(b) = a finite quantity.

x a

xb

Note that a function f which is continuous in [a ,b ] possesses the following properties :

(i)

If f(a) & f(b) possess opposite signs, then there exists at least one solution of the equation f(x) = 0 in the
open interval (a , b).

(ii)

If K is any real number between f(a) & f(b), then there exists at least one solution of the equation
f(x) = K in the open inetrval (a , b).

8.

SINGLE POINT CONTINUITY:

Functions which are continuous only at one point are said to exhibit single point continuity
e.g. f(x) =

x if x Q
x if x Q
and g(x) =
are both continuous only at x = 0.
0 if x Q
x if x Q

EXERCISEI
Q.1

3x 2 + ax + a + 3
If the function f (x) =
is continuous at x = 2. Find f (2).
x2 + x 2

Q.2

Find all possible values of a and b so that f (x) is continuous for all x R if

| ax + 3 |

| 3x + a |
f (x) = b sin 2x
2b

cos 2 x 3

if x 1
if 1 < x 0
if 0 < x <
if x

ln cos x

if x > 0
2
+

1
x
1

Let f(x) =

esin 4 x 1
if x < 0
ln (1 + tan 2x )
4

Q.3

Is it possible to define f(0) to make the function continuous at x = 0. If yes what is the value of f(0), if not
then indicate the nature of discontinuity.
Q.4

f (x)
x3

Suppose that f (x) = x3 3x2 4x + 12 and h(x) =

, x3
, x=3

then

(a) find all zeros of f (x)

(b) find the value of K that makes h continuous at x = 3
(c) using the value of K found in (b), determine whether h is an even function.
Q.5

Q.6

x2
x2
x2
+
+
............
+
and y (x) = Lim y n ( x )
Let yn(x) = +
1 + x 2 (1 + x 2 )2
(1 + x 2 ) n 1
n
Discuss the continuity of yn(x) (n N) and y(x) at x = 0
x2

Draw the graph of the function f(x) = x x x, 1 x 1 & discuss the continuity or discontinuity
of f in the interval 1 x 1.

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Q.7

Let f(x) =

1sin x
1+ cos 2 x

p,
2 x 1
4+ 2 x 1 2

x < 12
x = 12 . Determine the value of p, if possible, so that the function is continuous
,x>

1
2

at x=1/2.
Q.8

Given the function g (x) = 6 2 x and h (x) = 2x2 3x + a. Then

g( x ), x 1

(a) evaluate h ( g(2) )

(b) If f (x) =
, find 'a' so that f is continuous.
h ( x ), x > 1

Q.9

. Determine the form of g(x) = f [f(x)] & hence find the point of
Let f(x) =
3 x , 2 < x 3
discontinuity of g , if any.

Q.10

Let [x] denote the greatest integer function & f(x) be defined in a neighbourhood of 2 by

1 + x , 0 x 2

[ x +1]

4 16
(exp {( x +2) ln4})
, x <2
x
4 16
f (x) =
.
1cos( x 2)

, x >2
A ( x 2) tan ( x 2)
Find the values of A & f(2) in order that f(x) may be continuous at x = 2.

()

tan6x

Q.11

6 tan5x

5
The function f(x) =
b+2
a tan x

(1+ cosx ) b

if
if

0<x< 2
x= 2

if

<x<
2

Determine the values of 'a' & 'b' , if f is continuous at x = /2.

Q.12

ax 2 + bx + c + e nx
A function f : R R is defined as f (x) = Lim
where f is continuous on R. Find the
n
1 + c e nx

values of a, b and c.
Q.13

Q.14

(x 1)1/ 3 , x < 0
. Discuss the continuity of g (f (x)).

1/ 2
, x0
(x + 1)
1sin 3 x if x <
2
3cos 2 x

if x = 2
Determine a & b so that f is continuous at x = . f(x) = a
2
b (1 sin x )
if x > 2

2
( 2 x )

1 + x 3 , x < 0
; g(x) =
x 2 1 , x 0

Let f(x) =

Q.15 Determine the values of a, b & c for which the function f (x) =

is continuous at x = 0.

sin(a +1)x+sinx
x

(x+bx )

2 1/ 2

x1/ 2

bx3 / 2

for x<0
for x=0
for x>0

Q.16

If f(x) = sin 3 x + A sin 2 x + B sin x (x 0) is cont. at x = 0. Find A & B. Also find f(0).

Q.17

1
x 31
Discuss the continuity of the function f defined as follows: f(x) = x + 1
x +1
x 5

x5

for 0 x 2
for 2 < x 4 and draw the
for 4 < x 6

graph of the function for x [0, 6]. Also indicate the nature of discontinuities if any.

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Q.18
Q.19

Q.20

If f(x) = x + {-x} + [x] , where [x] is the integral part & {x} is the fractional part of x. Discuss the
continuity of f in [ 2, 2 ].
ax b for
x 1
Find the locus of (a, b) for which the function f (x) = 3x
for 1 < x < 2
2
is continuous at x = 1 but discontinuous at x = 2.
x2
bx a for

sin 2 (2 x )
x n f (x ) + h(x) + 1
Lim
, x 1 and g (1) = x 1
be a continuous function
Let g (x) = Lim
ln sec(2 x )
n
2 x n + 3x + 3
at x = 1, find the value of 4 g (1) + 2 f (1) h (1). Assume that f (x) and h (x) are continuous at x = 1.

Q.21

If g : [a, b] onto [a, b] is continous show that there is some c [a, b] such that g (c) = c.

Q.22

2 + cos x 3
is not defined at x = 0. How should the function be defined at
The function f(x) = 3
x sin x x 4
x = 0 to make it continuous at x = 0.

Q.23

f (x) =

a sin x a tan x
for x > 0
tan x sin x

ln (1 + x + x 2 ) + ln (1 x + x 2 )
for x < 0, if f is continuous at x = 0, find 'a'
sec x cos x
x

now if g (x) = ln 2 cot (x a) for x a, a 0, a > 0. If g is continuous at x = a then show that

a

1
g(e ) = e.
=

Q.24(a) Let f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) for all x , y & if the function f(x) is continuous at x = 0 , then show that f(x) is
continuous at all x.
(b) If f(x. y) = f(x). f(y) for all x , y and f(x) is continuous at x = 1. Prove that f(x) is continuous for all x except
at x = 0. Given f(1) 0.
n

Q.25

Given f (x) =

tan xr sec

r=1

r 1

) (
(

; r, n N

) [ ( )]
n

l n f (x ) + tan xn f (x) + tan xn . sin tan x

2
2
2
Limit
g (x) = n
n
1 + f (x) + tan xn
2

= k for x =
and the domain of g (x) is (0 , /2).
4

Q.26

where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function.

Find the value of k, if possible, so that g (x) is continuous at x = /4. Also state the points of discontinuity
of g (x) in (0 , /4) , if any.
f (x )
Let f (x) = x3 x2 3x 1 and h (x) =
where h is a rational function such that
g( x )
1
(a) it is continuous every where except when x = 1, (b) Lim h ( x ) = and (c) Lim h ( x ) = .
x 1
2
x
Find Lim (3h ( x ) + f ( x ) 2g ( x ) )
x 0

Q.27

Let f be continuous on the interval [0, 1] to R such that f (0) = f (1). Prove that there exists a point c in
1

1
0, 2 such that f (c) = f c + 2

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Q.28

1 ax + xax l na
for x < 0

x 2
a
x
where a > 0.
Consider the function g(x) = x x
2 a xln2 xl na 1
for x > 0

x2

find the value of 'a' & 'g(0)' so that the function g(x) is continuous at x = 0.

Q.29

))

sin 1 1{x}2 .sin 1(1{x})

for x 0
2
3

2
{
x
}
{
x
}

Let f(x) =
where {x} is the fractional part of x.

for x =0

Consider another function g(x) ; such that

g(x) = f(x) for x 0
= 2 2 f(x) for x < 0
Discuss the continuity of the functions f(x) & g(x) at x = 0.
Q.30

4 x 5 [x] for x > 1

; where [x] is the greatest
for x 1
[ cos x]

Discuss the continuity of f in [0,2] where f(x) =

integer not greater than x. Also draw the graph.

EXERCISEII
(OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS)
Q.1

State whether True or False.

(i)

f(x) = Limit
n

(ii)

The function defined by f(x)=

(iii)

The function f(x) = 2 2

(iv)

There exists a continuous function f: [0, 1] onto [0, 10], but there exists no continuous function
g : [0, 1] onto (0, 10).

(v)

If f (x) is continuous in [0 , 1] & f(x) = 1 for all rational numbers in [0 , 1] then f 1

(vi)

cos x + sin( x 2)
if x 1
2
3 2

(
x

1
)(
3
x

2
x

1
)
If f (x) =
is continuous, then the value of k is
.

32
k
if k = 1
Select the correct alternative : (Only one is correct)

Q.2

f is a continuous function on the real line. Given that

1
1 + n sin 2 x

is continuous at x = 1.

1 /(1 x )

x
for x 0 & f(0) = 1 is continuous at x = 0.
| x | +2 x 2

if x 1 & f(1) = 1 is not continuous at x = 1.

x + (f(x) 2) x 3 . f(x) + 2 3 3 = 0. Then the value of f( 3 )

(A) can not be determined
Q.3

(B) is 2 (1 3 )

(C) is zero

(D) is

2 equal to 1.

32

If f (x) = sgn (cos 2 x 2 sin x + 3) , where sgn ( ) is the signum function , then f (x)
(A) is continuous over its domain
(B) has a missing point discontinuity
(C) has isolated point discontinuity
(D) has irremovable discontinuity.

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Q.4

Q.5

[x ]
{x}, h(x) = g(f (x)) where {x} denotes fractional part and
[x + 1]
[x] denotes the integral part then which of the following holds good?
(A) h is continuous at x = 0
(B) h is discontinuous at x = 0
(C) h(0) = /2
(D) h(0+) = /2

Let g(x) = tan1|x| cot1|x|, f(x) =

x n sin x n
Consider f (x) = Limit n
for x > 0, x 1,
n x + sin x n
f (1) = 0
then
(A) f is continuous at x = 1
(B) f has an infinite or oscillatory discontinuity at x = 1.
(C) f has a finite discontinuity at x = 1
(D) f has a removable type of discontinuity at x = 1.

[{| x |}]e x {[x + {x}]}

2

Q.6

Given f(x) =

e1 x 2 1 sgn (sin x )

for x 0

= 0 for x = 0
where {x} is the fractional part function; [x] is the step up function and sgn(x) is the signum function of x
then, f(x)
(A) is continuous at x = 0
(B) is discontinuous at x = 0
(C) has a removable discontinuity at x = 0
(D) has an irremovable discontinuity at x = 0

Q.7

Q.8

x[ x ]2 log (1+ x ) 2 for 1 < x < 0

Consider f(x) = ln e x 2 + 2 {x}

for0 < x < 1

tan x
where [ * ] & {*} are the greatest integer function & fractional part function respectively, then
(A) f(0) = ln2 f is continuous at x = 0
(B) f(0) = 2 f is continuous at x = 0
2
(C) f(0) = e f is continuous at x = 0
(D) f has an irremovable discontinuity at x = 0
1+ x 1 x
, x 0;
{x}

< x < 0,
g (x) = cos 2x,
4
1
f (g(x))
for x < 0
2
for x = 0
h(x) 1
f (x)
forx > 0

Consider

f (x) =

then, which of the following holds good.

where {x} denotes fractional part function.
(A) 'h' is continuous at x = 0
(C) f(g(x)) is an even function

(B) 'h' is discontinuous at x = 0

(D) f(x) is an even function

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Q.9

The function f(x) = [x]. cos

(A) all x
(C) no x

Q.10

2x 1
, where [] denotes the greatest integer function, is discontinuous at
2
(B) all integer points
(D) x which is not an integer

Consider the function defined on [0, 1] R, f (x) =

sin x x cos x
if x 0 and f (0) = 0, then the
x2

function f (x)
(A) has a removable discontinuity at x = 0
(B) has a non removable finite discontinuity at x = 0
(C) has a non removable infinite discontinuity at x = 0
(D) is continuous at x = 0

Q.11

a x x
sin
tan for x > a
2
2a

f (x) =
cos x
2a
for x < a
ax

where [x] is the greatest integer function of x, and a > 0, then

(A) f (a) < 0
(B) f has a removable discontinuity at x = a
(C) f has an irremovable discontinuity at x=a
(D) f (a+) < 0

sin x x 2 n sin( x 1)
Q.12 Consider the function f (x) = Lim
, where n N
n
1 + x 2n +1 x 2 n
Statement-1: f (x) is discontinuous at x = 1.
because
Statement-2: f (1) = 0.
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.
Q.13

Consider the functions

f (x) = sgn (x 1) and g (x) = cot1[x 1]
where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function.
Statement-1 : The function F (x) = f (x) g (x) is discontinuous at x = 1.
because
Statement-2 : If f (x) is discontinuous at x = a and g (x) is also discontinuous at x = a then the product
function f (x) g (x) is discontinuous at x = a.
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.

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Select the correct alternative : (More than one are correct)

Q.14

A function f is defined on an interval [a, b]. Which of the following statement(s) is/are INCORRECT?
(A) If f (a) and f (b), have opposite sign, then there must be a point c (a, b) such that f (c) = 0.
(B) If f is continuous on [a, b], f (a) < 0 and f (b) > 0, then there must be a point c (a, b) such that
f (c) = 0
(C) If f is continuous on [a, b] and there is a point c in (a, b) such that f (c) = 0, then f (a) and f (b) have
opposite sign.
(D) If f has no zeroes on [a, b], then f (a) and f (b) have the same sign.

Q.15

Which of the following functions f has/have a removable discontinuity at the indicated point?
(A) f (x) =

x 2 2x 8
at x = 2
x+2

x 3 + 64
(C) f (x) =
at x = 4
x+4

Q.16

(B) f (x) =

x 7
at x = 7
| x 7|

(D) f (x) =

3 x
at x = 9
9x

n n
Let f be a continuous function on R. If f (1/4n) = sin e e +

(A) not unique

(C) data sufficient to find f(0)

n2
then f(0) is :
n2 +1

(B) 1
(D) data insufficient to find f(0)

x
1 , then on the interval [0, ]
2
1
1
are both continuous
(B) tan ( f (x) ) &
are both discontinuous
(A) tan ( f (x) ) &
f (x )
f (x )
1
(C) tan ( f (x) ) & f 1 (x) are both continuous (D) tan ( f (x) ) is continuous but
is not
f (x )

Q.17

Indicate all correct alternatives if, f (x) =

Q.1

The function f(x) = [x]2 [x2] (where [y] is the greatest integer less than or equal to y), is discontinuous

EXERCISEIII
at :
(A) all integers
(C) all integers except 0

(B) all integers except 0 & 1

(D) all integers except 1
[ JEE '99, 2 (out of 200) ]

Q.2

1/ x
for x < 0
(1 + ax)
Determine the constants a, b & c for which the function f(x) = b
for x = 0 is continuous at
(x + c)1/3 1

for x > 0 [ REE '99, 6 ]

x = 0.
1/2
(x + 1) 1

Q.3

Discuss the continuity of the function

e1/(x 1) 2

,
1/( x 1)
+2
f(x) = e
1,
at x = 1.

x1
x =1
[REE 2001 (Mains) , 3 out of 100]

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ANSWER KEY
LIMIT
EXERCISEI
Q 1. 3

Q 2.

45
91

3
2

Q.8

pq
2

Q.7

Q 3. 2
Q.9 a =

Q.4

1
1
2
;r= ;S=
2
4
3

Q.11 (a) does not exist; (b) does not exist; (c) 0

5050

Q 5.

2
3

Q.6

Q 10. l n 2

Q 12. 2

Q.13

1
32

Q.14

1
16 2

Q.15 21n 2

Q.16 a = 2 ; limit = 1 Q.17 (a) /2 if a > 0 ; 0 if a = 0 and /2 if a < 0; (b) f(x) = | x |

Q.18 1

Q 19.

9 4
1n
4 e

Q.20 3 Q.21 2

Q.25 (ln a)n

Q.24 3, 3, 3

Q.26 72

1
3

Q.23 8 2 (1n 3) 2

Q.22 9

Q.27 1/2 Q.28

3
2

Q.29

2L
Q.30 4
3

EXERCISEII
Q.1

e-8

Q.2 c = ln2

Q.3 e

12

Q.4

e1

Q.5

Q.6 e 2

2 a2

Q.7

e-1
Q.8 e1/2

Q.9 (a1.a2.a3....an)

Q.10

,
2 2 2

Q.11 a = c = 1, b = 2

2a 2 + 4
Q.12
16a 4

Q.13

2
3

Q.15

x
2

Q.16

Q.21 T(x) =

1
2

x
2

1
2

tan2 . sin x or tan

Q.17 a - b

Q.18

Q.19 1/2

Q.20 8

3
x sin x
1
1

, S(x) = x sin x, limit =

2
2
2
2
2

tan

Q.25 e

Q.24 19

Q.22 g (x) = sin x and l = e

Q.23

Q.26 a = 5/2, b = 3/2

Q.28 (a) 2; (b) 1/2 Q.29 (i) a =1, b = 1 (ii) a = 1 , b =

1
2

Q.30 307

EXERCISEIII
Q.1

Q.2

Q.6

Q.7

Q.3

Q.4

lna

Q.5

*************************

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CONTINUITY
EXERCISEI
Q.1
Q.3
Q.4
Q.5
Q.6

1
Q.2 a = 0, b = 1
+

f(0 ) = 2 ; f(0 ) = 2 hence f(0) not possible to define

(a) 2, 2, 3 (b) K = 5 (c) even
yn(x) is continuous at x = 0 for all n and y(x) is dicontinuous at x = 0
f is cont. in 1 x 1
Q.7 P not possible.

(a) 4 3 2 + a , (b) a = 3
g(x) = 2 + x for 0 x 1, 2 x for 1 < x 2, 4 x for 2 < x 3 , g is discontinuous at x = 1 & x = 2
A = 1 ; f(2) = 1/2
Q.11 a = 0 ; b = 1
Q.12 c = 1, a, b R
gof is dis-cont. at x = 0, 1 & 1
a = 1/2, b = 4
Q.15 a = 3/2, b 0, c = 1/2
A = 4 , B = 5, f(0) = 1
Q.17 discontinuous at x = 1, 4 & 5
discontinuous at all integral values in [ 2 , 2]
locus (a, b) x, y is y = x 3 excluding the points where y = 3 intersects it.
1
Q.20 5
Q.22
60

Q.8
Q.9
Q.10
Q.13
Q.14
Q.16
Q.18
Q.19

l n (tan x)

Q.25 k = 0 ; g (x) =

if 0 < x <
4 . Hence g (x) is continuous everywhere.
if x <
4
2

Q.26 g (x) = 4 (x + 1) and limit =

Q.28 a =
Q.29

1
2

39
4

2
l n 2)
(
, g(0) =

f(0+) = ; f(0) =
f is discont. at x = 0 ;
2
4 2

g(0+) = g(0) = g(0) = /2 g is cont. at x = 0

Q.30 the function f is continuous everywhere in [0 , 2] except for x = 0 , 1 , 1 & 2.

2

EXERCISEII
Q.1
Q.2
Q.9
Q.15

(i) false ; (ii) false ; (iii) true ; (iv) true; (v) true; (vi) True
B
Q.3 C
Q.4 A
Q.5 C
Q.6 A
C
Q.10 D;
Q.11 B
Q.12 B
Q.13 C
A, C, D
Q.16 B, C Q.17 C, D

Q.7 D
Q.8
Q.14 A, C, D

EXERCISEIII
D

Q.3

Discontinuous at x = 1; f(1+) = 1 and f(1) = 1

*************************

Q.2

a = ln

2
2
; b= ; c=1
3
3

Q.1

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