ees Panse: 126 ECONOMICAL DESIGN OF MASJID DOME By Sheikh Wajeehud-Din, Bakhtiar Ali and Mohammad Azim Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, LAHOREECONOMICAL DESIGN OF ‘MASuID' DOME By * * Sheikh Wajeehud-Din, Bakhtiar ali* .and * Mohammad Azim ABSTRACT A MASJID-DOME of spherical shape, with the semicentral angle greater than 90 degrees, has been completely analysed with such profilings and patterns as will make it adoring and befitting a worshipping place THE MASJID. 1.0 INTRODUCTION The use of a dome~like structure to cover a space goes back to very ancient times, However, over the last thousand years or more, the dome in conjuction with the tower called the minaret has comprised the basic architecture of the Muslim place of worship the Mosque or Masjid. The dome has, in fact, become a kind of symbol of the Muslim world because of the expertise that was acquired in the past by the buil- ders of domes. Apart from the primary function of forming part of a mosque, dome construction has also traditionally been employed for covering the rotunda of a mausoleum. *Department of Civil Engineering,University of Engineering and Technology,Lahore. ** Design Engineer, NESPAK, Lahore 75Shallow domes are used in large areas of the Middle East, whereas the ogival or pointed dome is common in Iran. In Pakistan and in India, domes of spherical, parabolic, elliptical and other meridional shapes can be observed as part of historical structures in cities like Lahore and Multan. Although many domes are constructed in Pakistan by masons evén today the methods and materials used are traditional and handed down from builder to builder, Reinforced concrete domes are more or less non-existent and the use of shell theory for the evaluation of the stress resultants is quite unknown. The present paper deals with the structural design of a modest sized mosque dome in reinforced concrete. The shell is deeper than a hemisphere, and has a thickness of 4 in. It is hoped that the calcu- lations will be of interest to engineers in Pakistan to whom literature on shell design and construction is hardly available. 2.0 DEVELOPMENT OF THE DESIGN-THEORY 2.1 Definitions 2.1.1 Stress Resultants The Forces and Moments acting per unit length of a shell cross-section are called stress- + Pesultants and have the units kip.per foot (k/ft). 2.1.2 Edge-Disturbance The reactive forces which are present at the edge of shell which is connected to some rigid support, such as a ring-beam, set up stresses into the shell body. The upward penetration and distribution of these forces follows the pattern of damping waves i.e., the intensity or wave amplitude is greatest at the shell edge and vanishes in its propogation as damped waves. This distribution (of hoop 76213 2.1.4 2.2 Paper:128 stresses, meridional stresses and bending moments) is termed edge disturbance. Membrane Stresses If the shell is idealized as a membrane incapable of resisting bending moments the stresses thus computed are called membrane stresses. The boundry condition of the shell edge for such a state of stress is shown in Fig. (a) > Pig. (a) Bending Stresses : The stress-resultants, computed under the assumption that shell body is capable of developing resisting moments and hence the transverse shear, are classed bending stresses. Conventions Bending moments producing tension at the inner surface of the shell are positive. Positive. ring-beam shell and beam that 2.3 shell and Clockwise rotations of the shell meridian are Horizontal translations of the shell and the that tend to maintain continuity between the supporting ring-beam are positive. The angular movements of the shell and the ring- tend to maintain angular continuity are positive. Shell Constants (D, 0) 'D" yepresents the flexural rigidity of the is =Et7/(1-v2)12. "\" Lambda is another shell ay ty JEN? constant and it's yalue ts 3(1-v*)(x/t) atNo Areffect It is a measure of the rate at which the edge disturbance alternates as shown above. 3.0 ASSUMPTIONS The changes in the curvature of the shell surface are small. The shell thickness is such that the ratio of the shell thickness to the shell radius should be equal to or less than 1 4.0 INFLUENCE-COEFFICIENTS OR FLEXIBILITIES The magnitude of horizontal translation or angular deformation caused by a unit load is called influence-coefficient or flexibility of the structural system. 5.0 SHELL EQUATIONS The set of equations which will be used in analysis are taken from the book "THE THIN SHELL CONCRETE STRUCTURES" by David P.Billington and, after the necessary modifications for the semi central angle greater than 90 degrees, they are listed below for ready reference. Equations for stress resultants (N4, No) and displacements for the spherical dome, under membrane state considering the dead load only. The maginitude of the meridional force at any section of the shell at an angle $ is given by Nh = -wr/(1#c0s% ) 7Paper:128 The magnitude of the hoop force at any section at the parallel circle at an angle ¢ is given by a a vt tur (FpEosp ~ SOSH) The horizontal displacement of the shell edge at the parallel circle $ = 120 degree is given by Sf-9F (FA ag + Sint Joost And the angular deformation there is given by A3e GE (2+ v) cos Equations for the membrane displacement of the ring- beam considering the dead load only. Equations’ for stress resultants and flexibilities, under bending staté for the dead load only. Substituting for the angle-change (and starting from the edge). oe 2 = 0 +8) = 7 The magnitude of the meridional force at any angle Y, starting from the edge, is given by a 1 = Ph tan (B-¥) QSimy ox +/gean(B-We cosBsin(A¥-45)x, t The magnitude of the hoop at any angle Y starting from the edge at the parallel circle is given by BC “ wb = FZ? BM sincny-a5)x,-2dcosB@*sin (AY-90)x, + The magnitude of the meridional’ bending moment at the same angle Y, starting from the edge, is given by 8 = 72 3 cin (nveds)x sc 8 coskein (A¥)x, 79The’ equations for flexibilities at the parallel circlep =120 degrees i.e. Y= 0 are given as under considering the dead load only and under bending state of stress. ss = p aad i 2rheod® /Et # f 4X /eer s Pius 5 fat 2\cos8 /Et = fie Equations for the ring-beam displacements under the effect of the dead load of the shell assuming the shell edge to be rigidly connected to the ring-beam. R B ogk . aoe i fre (Bag rE = 3x5 /AR (h/2F R 4 R fo as eine =f 6.0 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF A "MASJID (MOSQUE) DOME" ° It is intended to present a complete analysis and design of a reinforced-Concrete Masjid Dome Shell which is spherical in shape having the semi-central angle equal to 120 degrees. The analysis is to be carried out considering: - The self Load of the shell, + - A temperature differential of * 40°F . As there is no snow fall in the area where this dome is to be erected (Lahore “++y), no snow load, therefore, is being considered in the said analysis. A side computation shows that the wind stresses (considering sufficiently high velocity winds) are extremely low, hence the wind stresses are neglected. 80Faperiszo As is generally the case in regard to domes that temperature stresses, by far, exceed all other types of stresses, hence temperature is to be considered as the controlling effect. ANALYSIS A. Geometery of & the Dome. shell As shown in Fig.1 Radius of the Shell r= 6 ft. Radius of the base «|| ry 7 5.2 ft. ‘0 ‘ Semi central angle $, = 120 degrees. Angle below 90 degree is indica- ted as B= 30 degrees. Poisson's effect v= 1/6 , Fig.1 B, Preliminary Section * The thickness of the shell in the upper part i.e., between jkl is to be constant and indicated as t 4 in. * The thickness in the lower part i.e., in the zones j-i and 1l-m is to vary gradually being a maximum at the edge and is indicated es t, = t= 6 in. C. Loads aad eliowable stresses for steel and concrete Self lead cf the dome-shell (including marble tile. on the cuter surface and plastering} in the upper portion xl 81is to be indicated as Wpy= 65 1b/ft” of the shell-surface area. * In the lower portion ijlm the dead load of the shell is Wp = 100 1b/ft? of the shell surface area. * The yield stress for steel is Fy = 40 ksi. * The allowable stress for steel in tension and in bending is #, = 20 ksi. * The yield stress for concrete | = 2.5 ksi. © * Bending stress in concrete f= 1.125 ksi. * Concrete stress in direct compression = 0.750 ksi. D. Shell Profile In the external profile scheming the shell is to have Mehrab-shape cuts (fig.2) at every third feet. The purpose of these Mehrabs is to provide more light in day times and to make the shell prominent in night times with light emittance. It is also to be noted that Mehrabs are a characteristic feature of Muslim architecture. Dimensions of the Mehrab are taken to be 18x12 in. The continuity on the shell at the mehrab cuts is to be maintained by providing a 4 inch wide and ¥ inch thick steel frame made air-tight and water proof by framing in glass fitted with rubber gaskets. Exact analysis considering the stress resultants around the cut has been made and only a nominal steel section is found necessary. (As shown in the figure). 6" ft thick aa" Steel frame 82E, Shell constants ae 4ha- & ¢ es Since the i-effect in shell with respect to edge distur! bance, is an:soqous to the j\ modulus of subgrade reaction\ in the case of beams on |1\ elastic foundations, it is safer to use t = 4 inch & and 2 oy B,44,32 x a xyet 83Ring-beam design An edge ring-beam is considered to he the best supporting structure for spherical shell (Fig.2) Generally the design is started by assuming a reasonable preliminary section to be ultimately checked for the reactive forces due to shell. In the present design the preliminary section is taken as 18 in. xX 18 in. The vertical deflection of the ting-bean? supported either continuously or at a number Of points, may be neglected in its analysis. Fig 3(a) shows the ring-beam and the shell arrange- ment, wherein it is to be noted that the meridional shell reaction passes almost through the centre of gravity of the ring-beam, hence it does not produce any torsion. Pig. 3(b) shows the edge separated from the ring- beam and the restoring forces. The explanation of fig.3(b) is that the shell edge tends to move away from ring-beam under the effects of applied loads as well as temperature. The forces that are required to keep the shell edge and the ring-beam together are used to compute design forces. These edge-disturbances are evaluated by first finding the horizontal and angula. membrane displacements of the shell edge (assuming it separated from the ring- beam) that are likely to occur under a given loading system and from these the restoring forces are computed as follows: 84Paper :126 The preliminary Section is taken to be 18 x18. The shell thickness is made 6" at the juction. 1, at the parallel circles = 120 (a) is =5.2Fr B = 30° Area RING-BEAN Ap = 2.1 F7? ‘a x 105 B= 4.32 810° x/Pg? , 76? = 27.04, yy = +37 Fy, w= 100 T/F_2 of she11 surface in the Rage zone x2 X1 XZ 85 (b)0, . 49° Mb-Dead Load ¢° -Mb-Temperature Ar= 40°F k Wy,= -100 yer? ridional Variation of NG ¢ - Temperature ,T=40°F 36° 40.00 2.93, Meridional variation 30° Hoop Force o N@ -Temperature AT=40 20° |\+.14] -3.31[ | 20 10° | J+.27], 10° 7° +08 72 5° a8 +30.08 2 $35.33 4? $39.23 | > -1.90 NO KZ yah 0 o TN k/Fr +44.47 tidional Variation of 4 , Meridional Variation - Dead Load Wp 7-100 K/FT ae 4 Hoop Force 30°} 0.000 || -.20} 39°'%8 ~ Dead Load 2 oo Ppp +200 K/er’Paper: 128 Ae COMBINATION FOR DESIGN LOADS TABLE OF STRES; ISULTANTS AND STRESS-COUPLES : Ne , Ne . ‘6 Yok ge EE ye [eo x ie x ae 7 os ee 5 Goad faa Famperature find _™ besten Bate = -.195 -.195 -.000 -.000 |-.195 -.195 -.196 -.187 -.005 -.005 |-.201 -.192 -+201 -.166 --010 -.011 |-.212 -.177 209 -.129 ~.014 -.016 |-.223 -.145 221 -.078 --017 -.023 |-.238 -.101 2237 -.013 --019 ~.030 |-.256 -.043 260 4.065 -.019 -.038 L.279 +.065 —<291 +.157 ~.017 -.049 |-.308 +.157. -2332 +.265 -.011 -.062 | .343 4.265 +390 +.390 0.000}0.00 -2.39 +,010 |-.00 ~-.080 -39 +.390 +.011 +.000 -.100 +.001 + 4.006 -.14 +,023)+.14 33-31 +.519 | 4.018 -.105 #.164 -3.555 +.542 +.011 +.33 +.063 +-27 7.12 41.472/4.049 -.144 4.33 +7.450 +1.535 +.002 4.69 +.069 ¢-08 415.01 41.630 }-082 415.700 +1.699 -.012 41.00 +.067 gett $21.96 +1.610| }.222 422.960 +1.677 034 41.35 +.058 Z769 $30.08 +1.412 -724 431.43 41.470 =.049 41.55 +.050 31-03 £35.33 41.251 +1.0794+36.88 +1.301 =-068 41.75 +.039 gi -43 439,23 +1,011 }1.498+40.98 +1.050 =-092 41.98 +.025 gi +90 $44.47 +.700.|+.104 -.208 penn eaeaeeee +.725 L 87REINFORCEMENT FOR THE SHELL -Meridional Meridional Hoop-Force - Force Rein- Bending Moment Reinforcement forcement Reinforcement O K/, FI-K: K/, Segment ¥ Ng “FT Ny Pr Ng ‘FT nies 0799 x Total Force in Seg aioyn P20? =2.992%663_ yyy oy g99FTo® Beg 2 nae id = ~.63K @= 4.5 in P4624617-45_0904) .5 in. : x Ag = 1,699x12 eteel Ears 20x7/6x4.5 = +56.06K not needed ; Concrete is =.254 in’ c sufficient Fr Use 2 ¥4,Ag=-40 18 1. 74g, Heh eee Ag = 3.09 in’. 11-4" 109-20 ~ do - Use 2#4 @ 6"c.c. Minimum Steel = .0035bd 0035x12x5.25 1-4" 20°-30° = do - Use 2#4 @ 6" c.c. Use 24 4 In the upper portion 6 0° - 90° a wesh of # 3 Bars 6"xé" wild be used: Ag/p_ = 12/8 (.11) = 165 in’; (Ag) yry7 +0035 bd = .0035x12x3.25 = «136 in? < .165 in? In the Edge - Zone ¥ = 0° - 30°, Diagonal Reinforcement for Shear will also be used 88/ 5, Scneme or Remforcemeny / Foe tue Suet # Ring: BEAM Shett Central Aris 4 3 Lars 88 Mesh From p= 96 Ts ped 4A + t ops popsanh 4.6pn Ws #2 Bert bas ab 45” Diagenals jot 444 Bottom #S Stir “Semple toned Ws 897.0 Scheme of dome support The scheme of support for the dome along with the ring-beam is shown below. A grid system of RCC beams has been provided. Near the ends the grid beams arc concealed in the roof slab.so that apparently @ disconnected and unsuyported grid system of beams is visible to an on looker. ( Fig.4 ). RCC_SHELL DOMES A BETTER SUBSTITUTE FOR MASONRY DOMES RCC shell design for masjid domes is much more economical as compared with masonry domes because; * the quantity of the material for the same volume is much less. * the use of a temporary earth mound as a supporting frame instead of wooden forms, reduces the cost appreciably. * comparatively much smaller sections of rirg-beam are foynd adquate. * the structural system supporting the ring-beam and dome shel] is, likewise, much smaller in size and hence economical. * from the aesthetic considrations also RCC shells lend themselves more to decoration and desing. * being lighter in weight even large domes will, cause comparatively much less rotation and deflection in the supporting structure, and hence assure more safety and stability. aL8.0 REFERENCES: Timoshenko, $.P, and Woinowsky- Kricger: " Theory of Plates and Shells ". 2nd ed., McGraw-Mill Book Company, New York,1959. Billington,’ D.P., "Thin Shell Concrete Structures” McGraw-Hill Book Company, N.w York, 1965. warry Kraus, "Thin Flastic Shells " John piiTey & Tons Inc. New York, 1967.+ Fig.d ) wall Dome 44+ ‘het PL L—| PLAN. L Ring ber 4 | 16518 aoe yer r Z | wh. SECTION 1-1 3ECONOMICAL DESIGN OF MASJID DOMES APPENDIX ( DESIGN COMPUTATIONS )Surer-Scripts: | A “Letrer- SurerscRipr” moicares @ NATURE of CAUSE 98 © A REFERENCE To A "Mark-SuPERSeRIPT” WNEICATES @ A DISTINCTION Susscriprs: “LerteR-SusscruptT” woicaTes Je The Location ef ErrecT oR @ sre 1 Jus Location of Errect S petcTion JA"NUMERAESUBCRIPT~ MBICATES @ A BisTINCTiON Sxmsous: Ar Cross-SectionAL AneA of Roa-Beam | [Moment oF INERTIA OF As CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA OF STEEL The RING-BEAM DL Dean Loan Lol, Moputus oF ELASTICITY f, arvowane 2 $ Stress of Steel, - ff ecto stress < oF CONCRETE F FLexipinity Matrix £, StbowanLe I Stress oF Fe “ieLD Stress of Steet. ConcRETE mt BENOING H, HORIZONTAL FORCE NORMAL To FLING-PEAM CROSS-SECTION M, BENDING MomENT IM THE RING-BeaM Mg MERIDONAL BENDING MoMENT IN TH SHELL Mo LariTuo nial BENDING Moment nt Tie Suece Ne MERIDONAL FORCE IN THE SWELL HooP Force om Twe Suet LATITUDINAL SHEAR FORCE IN TRE SHELL HoRIZONTAL REDUNDANT FORCE Av THE SHELLEDGE Moment AT The Snett-eDee b bending Ko outirde haght of aspherical Sagment e@ cccenticity py borigestat wl [etree Lineas flexibilitt, duete wait. . Critveal buckling lead fe Uestennit duet eos Y* yadiuS ofthe Shell to the mi ard su fay Angulardlexibiltty duetuntiforce [to Yadkius at the Shalt-edge te the middle Surfre Fiz Angulacjlenbility duet unitMemest | y/ radius of aspherical daquent HP height ofthe wing. beane Ye aside vadkius WK height of a Spherical Segment wy outside vadius mm membrane. S Shall Kz inside height of a Spherical Segment] t 97 Thickness of the shellT tember itive, R vig bao Uy abatiate movement of prc j ow , Uj, wnerivlonal movement o point HH mmeme the word Snamber” 3; vadlal movement of point 3 we weghe 34 lever arm for internal moment vol. VoLiamne = tha. Conevete beam tg wugld Devfoot om Slab alengithe ving Lec Og Comrricignt oF THERMAL Expansion = Gxte® ANGLE Below Twe HEMISPHERICAL PoRTioM IM THE DeMe-SHELL A constany 29 30-97)((A)* =P MEASURED IN REVERSE GIRECTION SEMICENTERAL Dome-Ancle = 120° MERIDeNAL ANGLE LATITUDINAL ANGLE FOR PARALLE HORIZONTAL PLANES AT p Poisson's Ratio LinEAR DEFORMATION iN A HORIZONTAL, PLANE hte 4 > 2 ANGULAR DEFORMATION AT TEMPERATURE DIFFERENTIAL nS 9e Computation of Displacements Shell assumed severecl from the Ring- Beam Membrane displacements of the Shell Dead Lead ba gh tay Soe eoe = cleo x67 '(_1 + 167 5 66 Ex ADEE + Se)G8 > = 17.63 E 2Ae = (2 +) Cosp nee 6?) (-@6¢) = 2.26 e -6 Temperatwe ATaqoF a= 6.0 x10 fr r- ae 3. AS 6x10%x 40x5-2 2 1248x110 3 4 A,= 0.00 Membrane Aisplace ments of} the Rna-Beam Joy Deodload Be 4 = WHSinBOey = sloox6x-500x27-04 | 7.73 (i= sinp) SE (i= -See)x 2-10E = e 6... = 0.00 Horgental Gap behocen Shel\-Edge J Ring-Beam clue ts . a. 2 lh6S 77s . _ 25-3 7. Deed Lead: A, = Ale 4 ss _ 17a s: And the Angular-Gap due t. Dead Lead: a 4, = 4j+002 4 2+ 226° 9 e€OQ luruvence Coercents |” te f, “int . aa . fo Beto hae Ee 4, 10, Numerical Compulation of FLexibi Lites he = ase. ad tee-8 4 Gres) . loo-8 4 SUS a+ 152.5 2.108 f w2tcep , 310 -108 , SIS -~ 56-5 an Et Ae & ze = feb --5¢5 5]. 4k 3 | + 234-4 4 68.67. 3031 2 a Ee ae Etr *(yyae. —E —e —E —Sclition for Redudods >< ond The obeve Computed ‘wjluence-Cosfficions may be tepreserted by a matvin FF] thus: Fl- [i fa} FLecibility Matix ss tea} New’ Uf A, and A, ave gaps im the divedhons of >Ciand x, due te any Condihon of Loading “Then Hit h£X2tA <0 and +hX2 +4, 0 Hrs a Ce And the redundants 4 may befound as: {x}= Fy {-4} 100t +1SRS +365 Fl -+| ~56.5 +3031 The inverse: Matrix fey" . [= — icon do & #1001314 -00354 4 BL Caleulelion of Redundants 12,.Due te Dead Lead [2]- f= gk f Due to Tempershive “e" Consiteved [‘]- = | bof oeComputation oF Ng. Bye te Dead Load Fone k-} ps OL 35.085 42 2 Te6.0 “Temperature effect in 7 Bone ke} ane beck be “Zero” “Mawaping effe € Nee - cae iS 0 196: 25 =. 20) = 106 oo v lea =390 4.390 0.0002” | siacary|sin Ay a8)sin (2448) sincay df Tancp-p iO | Ml ° 0.00 | 0.00 | o.00 1.000 | 0.000 |_.707 |y.707 1-000 [877 Be 1 .o175| 5.60 1097 | .900 | .0987)-.640 ,.773 |. . 995 [7354 la 2 .0849/ 11.20 | 195 | .823 ‘|,.831 [oat | 532 [28 3 +0524] 16.80 293 | 744 Bc 509 Fi 5 .0873| 28.00 .490 | .61 4694 1466 [23 . 7 .1220| 39.20 | .685/ .503 | .6520/_.101 5 aza 3 210 .1750/ 56.00 | .977] .375 | .az90|,.191 504 [20 1S -2620| 84.co | 1.465) .232 | .9945',.629 [717 [-.10q .268 Tei 20 13500 \12.00 | 1.955] .141 192724920 L.ser as) ize he “25 | .4360/140.00 | 2.442] .087 46428, «, 996 |-087 4-766 - oat Is" 30 5250 168.00 | 2.930] .053 | .2079/4.838 aad “78 lo eon lod a Fi dz 5.08 Py = 30 The|. Computation or Ng, Ng aso Mg Due To DEAD Loan Aub Temperature. 5 + ™ Zon i itz 2A tan(p-v)e "sin Qwik, + Btan(e-¥)2"CospsinQey ae) Ne -2BK aMein(ay_as)K, — 2ACospe “Sin (Aw -20)X, a o s a Mit= IEE sin(Ave 48), + Le coop sihQw)X, ee Kaowine Tur XX, ets.85%% » ‘Xpe2 “Te9, Ket Bee Xe No Ay Temp. DL. wes Ate 240F ° +198 |444-47 | 4-025 | 4 -To0 is f--068 Jota | a t7s | ,39-23 | ,.029 | + ton 2 | -.049 = les | +185 [435.23 | ¥.050 | Hast Bi --034 : 69 | 41-35 430.08 +058 | 4 |egi2z 5. || -.012 5 2! slice | 2196 +087 | 4 Leto JF ||+-002 |4 08 | + 69 [at5-01 | 069 | + 1.630 Wi MAKING Thr ABeve Cat CuLarious The EXPREESICNS FoR Ny, Np mi My WERE FIRST SIMPLIFIED By SUBSTITUTING FOR ),Y )Cosp, X,1X, A® UNDER, Deao L pe ‘ J TEMPERATURE Nee (0- WI 047Sin Ay) +-22Sim(Ay_48)] | Ng © Ean(e-v)f-sisinhy + 4-67 50(Ay. Nig 24 [--315in Gaya) - 72 sin (Ar -99 2Y[-10.26 sin(ay-a8)-87.15sin Gn Me eT +035sin (ave45)+ “te4sincay] of es we Me? "[leosi(Qrsas)es.sssicy)]O. Runc- Beam Remrorcement THE RING-BEAM is) IN COMPRESSION Pus TO ThE DIRECT wRusT Force Ha ACTING NORMALLY AT ITS CRoes-SecTion Tae ToP FIBERS oF THe: RIMG-BEAM ARE iN\ TENSION /DUE Now He = CHS m = 4.01x5.2 = 20.85 ComP, + Maz (x,#X,)% x% = 6725x562 = 3.77 Fw Creck FoR Ring- Buckling > 2 -"%, eS aia 37 =4or5 Ky. VS 4.01 kf, 5 Quite Sare « ComMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF The Ring- BEAM = Arte =2.10x.750 «144 = 226.8 k vs 20.85 K ; Quite Sare : M 3.77 x12 i BeNDina : Ase B= Zon %ei 2172 ire (As)min = 10025 bd = .0025x IBx15 = .670 in! > -172 iy Use (As), =-670 in, Put 4 #4 AT TOP Ace 8B AND 4 #4 AT Bottom, int Also Use #3 StiRRUPS COMPLETE ROUND To AccounT FoR TORSION ALSO. 105,2 Cueck ror Dertection ar p=90 to brovioe RIM Considering the point ‘}" If up ond w; represent its meridional and radial move menti yespechivel~;, Under the Self Werght ef the Shell Then: e Y= Singp C4 ded €) where fe) = rede 5) Wj = U,cote — LOS: wn) Now aflér Mdtegvation And Evalucition of the Constant C” 2 vu, a Ywdev) 1 S I In 1426] <,, pevet 1 —Sinp T+Gsp * asap = Br 065x1.167 4 . 1 a+ln l#e ae 13.87 EC) 1-5 T+o = = = 13 27 yw (1+? _ co. “i (0) "Be GEzag Soe) 2 ~ Gm065 ( Veter _ ecby.y = 0 EO) T+o” °) - eae Thus the aboclute cutracl movement of] u; - [ure ok ws LV (307 + +819) te = /G.uxI2 © (e.UxI2— = .9004475 inch. “32x10 Ne Neen For RIM 106Q__Setr Weight of THe Swett Volume of @ Sphere = 4? volume of a Sphere -Segrentm Lark (3r-h) 5 Hz Height of The The thickness of the Shell Jor ihe most pat — SPhere-Segment is - 4" 2’. The vadius of the middle surface eof the Shell is =6 Fr. Ir the Subscnpt “o” designates the out-side climension and “ce” the mside clear chimension Then: eGR.» 25.835 Fr, y hls SaeT er. and hz = 2. 855F : - oe ft pat igh Sa nD 2 net =[{ gar -ynh eso} -{ i? anh (30 “oH 3 2 3 = [{grents -dis.ier(ax éasi-3.er)h {sn 5.835 _ 47r2.cia(ox5.609 - 2.038) 3 = Bll 234 -10(18.5 -3.10/)} ~{4 198.5 — 8.03 (ITS - 2-220)}] = 35.487 Fe, And Wt, = 35.4817 x-I50 - 5.3227K 2 I7.35K Aven of the Shell-Surface 24mr” 2k Where Y is tke faclus to The middle-Surace = 6.0 Fr And — Ki is the height of the Sphere Segment from the middle-Sudace = 3.0 FT. Now A = amtx6*= 21x63 #. 2 339,42 FT. Check ot wht: w = 5.322" 492 1/2 V5 +050 Kyr SEE 108; a rt As assumed in the begining for 4” Shel\- thicknessRR Serr Weicnt of Tue Ring- Beam Total Weight ef the Ring-Beam. A, (rd,)(.150) = 20x x9.8x 150m 3.0877 = 70k Wt. Az on the Reof- Slab alongthe Ring-Beam Circumference Using mean vadius de (5 244-9)/ = S.eBrr. at pa128 Thus Wg = 2-toxlcox .150 + 5-322 = 315+ .526 = . 841 ky ¢ TTxto.to * Since the shell- thickness varies ‘wm the Edge-Zone -from 6" ot bai2d to 4" at 4295 and thence on being Constant equal te gl ts gad, tic Yecommended that We be taken = lees K~, aleng the Ring- Beam Circumference 108