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Lemmon Answers

The document summarizes key concepts from a book on propositional and predicate logic. It includes: 1) Examples of derivations in propositional logic involving concepts like implication, conjunction, disjunction, and negation. 2) A chapter on propositional logic covering logical connectives and truth-functional operators with examples of derivations. 3) A brief section on predicate logic mentioning it covers logic involving predicates, quantifiers, and variables but provides no examples. 4) A bibliography citing the book "Beginning Logic" by E.G. Lemmon from which the content is summarized.

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2K views

Lemmon Answers

The document summarizes key concepts from a book on propositional and predicate logic. It includes: 1) Examples of derivations in propositional logic involving concepts like implication, conjunction, disjunction, and negation. 2) A chapter on propositional logic covering logical connectives and truth-functional operators with examples of derivations. 3) A brief section on predicate logic mentioning it covers logic involving predicates, quantifiers, and variables but provides no examples. 4) A bibliography citing the book "Beginning Logic" by E.G. Lemmon from which the content is summarized.

Uploaded by

richard
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Partial Solutions for Beginning Logic,

E.G.Lemmon [Lemmon:1969]
Michael Pucher
April 7, 2005

Contents
1 Propositional Logic

2 Predicate Logic

10

Chapter 1
Propositional Logic
Examples:
MT T
1
2
3
1,3
1,2,3
1,2
1

P Q  Q P
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(6)

P Q
Q
P
Q
Q Q
P
Q P

A
A
A
1,3
2,4
3,5
2,6

B
E
E
E

1.)a.)p18 P (P Q), P  Q
1
2
1,2
1,2

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

P (P Q)
P
P Q
Q

A
A
1,2 B
2,3 B

1.)b.)p18 Q (P R), R, Q  P
1
2
3
1,3
1,2,3

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

Q (P R)
R
Q
P R
P

A
A
A
1,3 B
2,4 MTT

1.)c.)p18 P Q, P  Q
2

CHAPTER 1. PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC


1
2
1,2
1,2

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

P Q
P
Q
Q

A
A
1,2 B
3 DN

1.)d.)p18 Q P, P  Q
1
2
1,2
1,2

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

Q P
P
Q
Q

A
A
1,2 MTT
3 DN

1.)e.)p18 P Q, Q  P
1
2
2
1,2
1,2

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

P Q
Q
Q
P
P

A
A
2 DN
1,3 MTT
4 DN

1.)f.)p18 P Q  Q P
1
2
2
1,2
1

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

P Q
Q
Q
P
Q P

A
A
2 DN
1,3 MTT
2,4 E

1.)g.)p18 P Q  Q P
1
2
1,2
1,2
1

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

P Q
Q
P
P
Q P

A
A
1,2 MTT
3 DN
2,4 E

1.)h.)p18 P Q  Q P

CHAPTER 1. PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC


1
2
2
1,2
1,2
1

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)

P Q
Q
Q
P
P
QP

A
A
2 DN
1,3 MTT
4 DN
2,5 E

1.)i.)p18 P Q, Q R  P R
1
2
3
1,3
1,2,3
1,2

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)

P Q
QR
P
Q
R
P R

A
A
A
1,3 B
2,4 B
3,5 E

1.)j.)p18 P (Q R)  (P Q) (P R)
1
2
3
1,3
2,3
1,2,3
1,2
1

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)

P (Q R)
(P Q)
P
(Q R)
Q
R
P R
(P Q) (P R)

A
A
A
1,3
2,3
4,5
3,6
2,7

B
B
B
E
E

1.)k.)p18 P (Q (R S))  R (P (Q S))


1
2
3
1,3
5
1,3,5
1,2,3,5
1,2,3
1,2
1

(1) P (Q (R S))
(2) R
(3) P
(4) Q (R S)
(5) Q
(6) R S
(7) S
(8) Q S
(9) P (Q S)
(10) R (P (Q S))

A
A
A
1,3
A
4,5
2,6
5,7
3,8
2,9

B
B
B
E
E
E

1.)l.)p18 P Q  (Q R) (P R)

CHAPTER 1. PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC


1
2
3
1,3
1,2,3
1,2
1

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)

P Q
QR
P
Q
R
P R
(Q R) (P R)

A
A
A
1,3
2,4
3,5
2,6

B
B
E
E

1.)m.)p18 P  (P Q) Q
1
2
1,2
1

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

P
P Q
Q
(P Q) Q

A
A
1,2 B
2,3 E

1.)n.)p18 P  ((Q R) P ) (R Q)
1
2
1
1,2
1,2
6
1,2,6
1,2
1

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)

P
(Q R) P
P
(Q R)
QR
R
Q
R Q
((Q R) P ) (R Q)

1.)a.)p27 P  Q (P Q)
1
2
1,2
1

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

P
Q
P Q
Q (P Q)

A
A
1,2 E
2,3 E

1.)b.)p27 P (Q R)  Q (P R)

A
A
1 DN
2,3 MTT
4 DN
A
5,6 MTT
6,7 E
2,8 E

CHAPTER 1. PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC


1
1
1
1
1
1
1

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)

P (Q R)
P
QR
Q
R
P R
Q (P R)

A
1 B
1 B
3 B
3 B
2,5 E
4,6 E

1.) P (Q R), P Q, P  R
1
2
3
2,3
1,3
1,2,3

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)

P (Q R)
P Q
P
Q
QR
R

A
A
A
2,3 B
1,3 B
4,5 B

2.) P Q, Q R, P  R
1
2
3
1,3
1,2,3

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

P Q
(Q R)
P
Q
R

A
A
A
1,3 B
2,4 B

3.) P (Q R)  (P Q) R
1
2
2
2
1,2
1,2
1

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)

P (Q R)
P Q
P
Q
QR
R
(P Q) R

A
A
2 B
2 B
1,3 B
4,5 B
2,6 E

4.) (P Q) R  P (Q R)

CHAPTER 1. PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC


1
2
2
2
1,2
1
1

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)

(P Q) R
P Q
P
Q
R
QR
P (Q R)

A
A
2 B
2 B
1,2 B
3,5 E
4,6 E

5.) P Q  Q P
1
1
1
1

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

P Q
P
Q
QP

A
1 B
1 B
2,3 E

6.) P Q  Q P
1
2
2
4
4
1

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(5)

P Q
P
QP
Q
QP
QP

A
A
2 E
A
4 E
1,2,3,4,5 B

7.) Q R  (P Q) (P R)
1
2
3
3
5
1,5
1,5
1,2
1

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)

QR
P Q
P
P R
Q
R
P R
P R
(P Q) (P R)

A
A
A
3 E
A
1,5 B
6 E
2,3,4,5,7 B
2,8 E

8.) P (Q R)  Q (P R)

CHAPTER 1. PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC


1
2
2
2
5
6
6
8
8
8
5
1

(1) P (Q R)
(2) P
(3) P R
(4) Q (P R)
(5) Q R
(6) Q
(7) Q (P R)
(8) R
(9) P R
(10) Q (P R)
(11) Q (P R)
(12) Q (P R)

A
A
2 E
3 E
A
A
6 E
A
8 E
9 E
5,6,7,8,10 B
1,2,4,5,11 B

12.) P Q  P Q
1
2
3
1,3
1,3
1,2,3
1,2
1,2
1,2
1,2
1
1

(1) P Q
(2) (P Q)
(3) Q
(4) P
(5) P Q
(6) (P Q) (P Q)
(7) Q
(8) Q
(9) P Q
(10) (P Q) (P Q)
(11) (P Q)
(12) P Q

13.) P Q  P Q

A
A
A
1,3 MTT
4 E
2,5 E
6,3 E
7 DN
8 E
2,9 E
2,10 E
11 DN

CHAPTER 1. PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC


1
2
3
4
2,3
2,3
7
4,7
4,7
1,2,4
1,2,4
1,2
1,2
1

(1) P Q
(2) P
(3) P
(4) Q
(5) P P
(6) (P Q)
(7) Q
(8) Q Q
(9) (P Q)
(10) (P Q)
(11) (P Q) (P Q)
(12) Q
(13) Q
(14) P Q

A
A
A
A
2,3 E
1,5 E
A
4,7 E
1,8 E
1,3,6,7,9 B
1,10 E
4,11 E
12 DN
2,13 E

14.) P Q  P Q
1
2
2
2
1,2
1,2
1

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)

P Q
P Q
P
Q
Q
Q Q
(P Q)

2,13 E
A
2 B
2 B
1,3 B
4,5 E
2,6 E

15.) (P Q)  P Q
1
2
3
2,3
1,2,3
2,3
1,2
1,2
1

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)

(P Q)
P
Q
P Q
(P Q) (P Q)
(P Q)
Q
Q
P Q

A
A
A
2,3 E
1,4 E
1,5 E
3,5 E
7 DN
2,8 E

Chapter 2
Predicate Logic

10

Bibliography
[Lemmon:1969] E. G. Lemmon: Beginning Logic, Chapman and Hall

11

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