6

6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6

Rational Exponents and

Radical Functions
nth Roots and Rational Exponents
Properties of Rational Exponents and Radicals
Graphing Radical Functions
Solving Radical Equations and Inequalities
Performing Function Operations
Inverse of a Function

SEE the Big Idea

Hull Speed (p
(p. 334)

White
h
Rhino
h
((p.
p. 324)
324))

Concert
C
oncertt ((p.
p. 320)
320)

Mars
M
ars R
Rover
over (p.
(p. 30
306)
6))
Constellations (p
(p. 302)

Mathematical Thinking: Mathematically proficient students can apply the mathematics they know to solve problems
arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace.

Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency

Properties of Integer Exponents
Example 1

(A.11.B)

x5 x 2
Simplify the expression
.
x3

x5 x2
x

x5 + 2
x3
7
x
= 3
x
= x7 3
= x4

=
3

Example 2

Product of Powers Property

Add exponents.
Quotient of Powers Property
Subtract exponents.

( )

2s3 2
Simplify the expression .
t

( )
2s3
t

(2s3)2
=
t2
2
2 (s3)2
=
t2
4s6
=
t2

Power of a Quotient Property

Power of a Product Property

Power of a Power Property

Simplify the expression.

1. y6 y

x6
x

n4
n

3.
6
2

x5

( )

6.

2. 3

4. 5 3x2

5.

2z

Rewriting Literal Equations

Example 3

x
m m
(
z m )
x

4w3 3

(A.12.E)

Solve the literal equation 5y 2x = 10 for y.

5y 2x = 10

Write the equation.

5y 2x + 2x = 10 + 2x

Add 2x to each side.

5y = 10 + 2x

Simplify.

5y
5

Divide each side by 5.

10 + 2x
5
2
y = 2 x
5

Simplify.

Solve the literal equation for y.

7. 4x + y = 2
10. 2xy + 6y = 10

8. x 3 y = 1

9. 2y 9 = 13x

11. 8x 4xy = 3

12. 6x + 7xy = 15

13. ABSTRACT REASONING Is the order in which you apply properties of exponents important?

Explain your reasoning.

287

Mathematical
Thinking

Mathematically proficient students select tools, including real objects,

manipulatives, paper and pencil, and technology as appropriate, and
techniques, including mental math, estimation, and number sense as
appropriate, to solve problems. (2A.1.C)

Using Technology to Evaluate Roots

Core Concept
Evaluating Roots with a Calculator
Example

square root

64 = 8

Square root:

(64)

cube root

64 = 4

Cube root:

fourth root

Fourth root:

256 = 4

Fifth root:

32 = 2

3(64)

4x(256)

5x(32)

fifth root

Approximating Roots
Evaluate each root using a calculator. Round your answer to two decimal places.
a.

50

b.

50

c.

50

d. 50

SOLUTION
a.
b.
c.

50 7.07
3

50 3.68
4

50 2.66
5

d. 50 2.19

Round down.
Round down.
Round up.

(50)
3(50)

4x(50)
5x(50)

7.071067812
3.684031499
2.659147948
2.186724148

Round up.

Monitoring Progress
1. Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find

1 in.

the exact lengths of a, b, c, and d

in thefigure.

1 in.

1 in.

2. Use a calculator to approximate each length

to the nearest tenth of an inch.

3. Use a ruler to check the reasonableness of

your answers.

d
a

1 in.

1 in.

288

Chapter 6

Rational Exponents and Radical Functions

6.1
TEXAS ESSENTIAL
KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS
Preparing for 2A.7.G

nth Roots and Rational Exponents

Essential Question

How can you use a rational exponent to

represent a power involving a radical?
Previously, you learned that the nth root of a can be represented as
n

= a1/n

Definition of rational exponent

for any real number a and integer n greater than 1.

Exploring the Definition of a

Rational Exponent

MAKING
MATHEMATICAL
ARGUMENTS
To be proficient in math,
you need to understand
and use stated definitions
and previously established
results.

Work with a partner. Use a calculator to show that each statement is true.

a. 9 = 91/2

c. 8 = 81/3

b. 2 = 21/2
4

e. 16 = 161/4

d. 3 = 31/3

f. 12 = 121/4

Writing Expressions in
Rational ExponentForm
Work with a partner. Use the definition of a rational exponent and the properties of
exponents to write each expression as a base with a single rational exponent. Then use
a calculator to evaluate each expression. Round your answer to two decimal places.
Sample
4^(2/3)

( 3 4 )2 = (41/3)2

2.5198421

= 42/3
2.52
3

a. ( 5 )

5 4

d. ( 10 )

4 2

b. ( 4 )

e. ( 15 )

3 2

c. ( 9 )

3 4

f. ( 27 )

Writing Expressions in Radical Form

Work with a partner. Use the properties of exponents and the definition of a
rational exponent to write each expression as a radical raised to an exponent. Then use
a calculator to evaluate each expression. Round your answer to two decimal places.
3 2

Sample 52/3 = (51/3)2 = ( 5 ) 2.92

a. 82/3

b. 65/2

c. 123/4

d. 103/2

e. 163/2

f. 206/5

Communicate Your Answer

4. How can you use a rational exponent to represent a power involving a radical?
5. Evaluate each expression without using a calculator. Explain your reasoning.

a. 43/2
d. 493/2

b. 324/5
e. 1254/3
Section 6.1

c. 6253/4
f. 1006/3

nth Roots and Rational Exponents

289

6.1

Lesson

What You Will Learn

Find nth roots of numbers.
Evaluate expressions with rational exponents.

Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry

Solve equations using nth roots.

nth root of a, p. 290

index of a radical, p. 290
Previous
square root
cube root
exponent

nth Roots
You can extend the concept of a square root to other types of roots. For example, 2 is
a cube root of 8 because 23 = 8. In general, for an integer n greater than 1, if b n = a,
n
then b is an nth root of a. An nth root of a is written as
a , where n is the index of
the radical.
You can also write an nth root of a as a power of a. If you assume the Power of a
Power Property applies to rational exponents, then the following is true.
(a1/2)2 = a(1/2) 2 = a1 = a
(a1/3)3 = a(1/3) 3 = a1 = a
(a1/4)4 = a(1/4) 4 = a1 = a

Because a1/2 is a number whose square is a, you can write a = a1/2. Similarly,
3
n
4
a = a1/3 and a = a1/4. In general, a = a1/n for any integer n greater than 1.

Core Concept
UNDERSTANDING
MATHEMATICAL
TERMS
When n is even and a > 0,
there are two real roots.
The positive root is called
the principal root.

Real nth Roots of a

Let n be an integer (n > 1) and let a be a real number.
n is an even integer.

n is an odd integer.

n
a < 0 One real nth root:
a = a1/n

a < 0 No real nth roots

n

a = 0 One real nth root: 0 = 0

a = 0 One real nth root: 0 = 0

n
a > 0 Two real nth roots:
a = a1/n

n
a > 0 One real nth root:
a = a1/n

Finding nth Roots

Find the indicated real nth root(s) of a.
a. n = 3, a = 216

b. n = 4, a = 81

SOLUTION
a. Because n = 3 is odd and a = 216 < 0, 216 has one real cube root.
3
Because (6)3 = 216, you can write 216 = 6 or (216)1/3 = 6.
b. Because n = 4 is even and a = 81 > 0, 81 has two real fourth roots.
4
Because 34 = 81 and (3)4 = 81, you can write 81 = 3 or 811/4 = 3.

Monitoring Progress

Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Find the indicated real nth root(s) of a.

290

Chapter 6

1. n = 4, a = 16

2. n = 2, a = 49

3. n = 3, a = 125

4. n = 5, a = 243

Rational Exponents and Radical Functions

Rational Exponents
1
A rational exponent does not have to be of the form . Other rational numbers, such
n
1
3
as and , can also be used as exponents. Two properties of rational exponents are
2
2
shown below.

Core Concept
Rational Exponents
Let a1/n be an nth root of a, and let m be a positive integer.
m

n
am/n = (a1/n)m = (
a)
1
1
1
am/n =
==
,a0
n m
am/n (a1/n)m (
a)

Evaluating Expressions with Rational Exponents

Evaluate each expression.
b. 323/5

a. 163/2

SOLUTION
Rational Exponent Form

Radical Form

a. 163/2 = (161/2)3 = 43 = 64
1
1
1
1
b. 323/5 =
=
= 3 =
3/5
1/5
3
32
(32 )
2
8

COMMON ERROR
Be sure to use parentheses
to enclose a rational
exponent: 9^(1/5) 1.55.
Without them, the
calculator evaluates a
power and then divides:
9^1/5 = 1.8.

163/2 = ( 16 ) = 43 = 64
1
1
1
1
323/5 =
= = 3 =
3/5

3
5
32
( 32 ) 2 8

When using a calculator to approximate an nth root, you may want to rewrite the nth
root in rational exponent form.

Approximating Expressions with Rational

Exponents
Evaluate each expression using a calculator. Round your answer to two decimal places.
a. 91/5

4 3

c. ( 7 )

b. 123/8

SOLUTION
a. 91/5 1.55
9^(1/5)

b. 123/8 2.54
c.

12^(3/8)

4 3
Before evaluating ( 7 ) , rewrite the

7^(3/4)

expression in rational exponent form.

4 3

( 7 )

73/4

1.551845574
2.539176951
4.303517071

4.30

Monitoring Progress

Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Evaluate the expression without using a calculator.

5. 45/2

6. 91/2

7. 813/4

8. 17/8

Evaluate the expression using a calculator. Round your answer to two decimal
places when appropriate.
9. 62/5

10. 642/3

Section 6.1

4 5

11. ( 16 )

3 2

12. ( 30 )

nth Roots and Rational Exponents

291

Solving Equations Using nth Roots

To solve an equation of the form u n = d, where u is an algebraic expression, take the
nth root of each side.

Solving Equations Using nth Roots

Find the real solution(s) of (a) 4x5 = 128 and (b) (x 3)4 = 21.

SOLUTION
a. 4x5 = 128
x5

Write original equation.

= 32

Divide each side by 4.

COMMON ERROR
When n is even and a > 0,
be sure to consider both
the positive and negative
nth roots of a.

x = 32

Take fifth root of each side.

x=2

Simplify.

The solution is x = 2.
b. (x 3)4 = 21

Write original equation.

4

x 3 = 21

Take fourth root of each side.

x = 3 21

Add 3 to each side.

x = 3 + 21 or x = 3 21

Write solutions separately.

x 5.14

Use a calculator.

or x 0.86

The solutions are x 5.14 and x 0.86.

Real-Life Application
A hospital purchases an ultrasound machine for $50,000. The hospital expects the
useful life of the machine to be 10 years, at which time its value will have depreciated
to $8000. The hospital uses the declining balances method for depreciation, so the
annual depreciation rate r (in decimal form) is given by the formula
S 1/n
r=1 .
C
In the formula, n is the useful life of the item (in years), S is the salvage value (in
dollars), and C is the original cost (in dollars). What annual depreciation rate did the
hospital use?

()

SOLUTION
The useful life is 10 years, so n = 10. The machine depreciates to $8000, so S = 8000.
The original cost is $50,000, so C = 50,000. So, the annual depreciation rate is
1/n

()

S
r=1
C

8000
=1
50,000

1/10

1/10

( )

4
=1
25

0.167.

The annual depreciation rate is about 0.167, or 16.7%.

Monitoring Progress

Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Find the real solution(s) of the equation. Round your answer to two decimal
places when appropriate.
13. 8x3 = 64

14. 12 x5 = 512

15. (x + 5)4 = 16

16. (x 2)3 = 14

17. WHAT IF? In Example 5, what is the annual depreciation rate when the salvage

value is $6000?
292

Chapter 6

Rational Exponents and Radical Functions

6.1

Exercises

Tutorial Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Vocabulary and Core Concept Check

1. VOCABULARY Rewrite the expression as/t in radical form. Then state the index of the radical.
2. COMPLETE THE SENTENCE For an integer n greater than 1, if bn = a, then b is a(n) ___________ of a.
3. WRITING Explain how to use the sign of a to determine the number of real fourth roots of a and the

number of real fifth roots of a.

4. WHICH ONE DOESNT BELONG? Which expression does not belong with the other three? Explain

your reasoning.
n m
(
a)

(a1/n)m

m n
(
a)

am/n

Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics

In Exercises 510, find the indicated real nth root(s)
ofa. (See Example 1.)

USING STRUCTURE In Exercises 2124, match the

equivalent expressions. Explain your reasoning.

5. n = 3, a = 8

6. n = 5, a = 1

21.

( 3 5 )4

A. 51/4

7. n = 2, a = 0

8. n = 4, a = 256

22.

( 4 5 )3

B. 54/3

9. n = 5, a = 32

10. n = 6, a = 729

C. 51/4

23.

In Exercises 1118, evaluate the expression without

using a calculator. (See Example 2.)

24. 5

D. 53/4

11. 641/6

12. 81/3

13. 253/2

14. 813/4

In Exercises 2532, evaluate the expression using a

calculator. Round your answer to two decimal places
when appropriate. (See Example 3.)

15. (243)1/5

16. (64)4/3

25.

17. 82/3

18. 167/4

27. 251/3

28. 851/6

29. 20,7364/5

30. 865/6

ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 19 and 20, describe and

correct the error in evaluating the expression.

19.

272/3 = (271/3)2
= 92
= 81

20.

2564/3 =

31.

26. 1695

32,768

3
( 4
187 )

32.

8
( 5
8 )

MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS In Exercises 33 and 34,

find the radius of the figure with the given volume.

33. V = 216 ft3

34. V = 1332 cm3

r

3
( 4
256 )

= 43

9 cm

= 64

Section 6.1

nth Roots and Rational Exponents

293

In Exercises 3544, find the real solution(s) of the

equation. Round your answer to two decimal places
when appropriate. (See Example 4.)

47. NUMBER SENSE Between which two consecutive

35. x 3 = 125

48. THOUGHT PROVOKING In 1619, Johannes Kepler

37. (x +

10)5

integers does 125 lie? Explain your reasoning.

36. 5x3 = 1080

= 70

38. (x

5)4

published his third law, which can be given by

d 3 = t 2, where d is the mean distance (in astronomical
units) of a planet from the Sun and t is the time
(in years) it takes the planet to orbit the Sun. It takes
Mars 1.88 years to orbit the Sun. Graph a possible
location of Mars. Justify your answer. (The diagram
shows the Sun at the origin of the xy-plane and a
possible location of Earth.)

= 256

39. x 5 = 48

40. 7x 4 = 56

41. x 6 + 36 = 100

42. x 3 + 40 = 25

43. 13 x 4 = 27

44. 16 x 3 = 36

45. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS When the average

price of an item increases from p1 to p2 over a period

of n years, the annual rate of inflation r (in decimal
p2 1/n
form) is given by r =
1. Find the rate of
p1
inflation for each item in the table. (See Example 5.)

(1, 0)
x

( )

Price in
1913

Price in
2013

Potatoes (lb)

$0.016

$0.627

Ham (lb)

$0.251

$2.693

Eggs (dozen)

$0.373

$1.933

Item

Not drawn to scale

49. PROBLEM SOLVING A weir is a dam that is built

across a river to regulate the flow of water. The flow

rate Q (in cubic feet per second) can be calculated
using the formula Q = 3.367h3/2, whereis the
length (in feet) of the bottom of the spillway and h
is the depth (in feet) of the water on the spillway.
Determine the flow rate of a weir with a spillway that
is 20 feet long and has a water depth of 5 feet.

46. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? The graph of y = x n is shown

in red. What can you conclude about the value of n?

Determine the number of real nth roots of a. Explain
your reasoning.

spillway

y=a

50. REPEATED REASONING The mass of the particles that

a river can transport is proportional to the sixth power

of the speed of the river. A certain river normally
flows at a speed of 1 meter per second. What must its
speed be in order to transport particles that are twice
as massive as usual? 10 times as massive? 100 times
as massive?

Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency

Reviewing what you learned in previous grades and lessons

Simplify the expression. Write your answer using only positive exponents. (Skills Review Handbook)

51. 5 54

42
4

52. 7

53. (z2)3

Write the number in standard form. (Skills Review Handbook)

55. 5 103

56. 4 102

57. 8.2 101

58. 6.93 106

Chapter 6

Rational Exponents and Radical Functions

294

54.

( 3x2 )

6.2
TEXAS ESSENTIAL
KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS

Properties of Rational Exponents

and Radicals
Essential Question

How can you use properties of exponents to

simplify products and quotients of radicals?

2A.7.G

Reviewing Properties of Exponents

Work with a partner. Let a and b be real numbers. Use the properties of exponents
to complete each statement. Then match each completed statement with the property
it illustrates.

Statement
a.

a2

Property

= ______, a 0

A. Product of Powers

b. (ab)4 = ______
c.

(a3)4

B. Power of a Power

= ______

C. Power of a Product

d. a3 a4 = ______

D. Negative Exponent

a
e. = ______, b 0
b
a6
f. 2 = ______, a 0
a

E. Zero Exponent

g. a0 = ______, a 0

G. Power of a Quotient

()

SELECTING TOOLS
To be proficient in math,
you need to consider the
tools available to help you
check your answers. For
instance, the following
calculator screen shows
3
3
3
that 4 2 and 8
are equivalent.

(3(4))(3(2))
3(8)

F. Quotient of Powers

Simplifying Expressions with

Rational Exponents
Work with a partner. Show that you can apply the properties of integer exponents
to rational exponents by simplifying each expression. Use a calculator to check your
answers.

a. 52/3 54/3

b. 31/5 34/5

c. (42/3)3

d. (101/2)4

85/2
e.
81/2

72/3
f.
75/3

Simplifying Products and

Quotients ofRadicals

Work with a partner. Use the properties of exponents to write each expression as a
single radical. Then evaluate each expression. Use a calculator to check your answers.

b. 5 25

a. 3 12

4
e.
4
1024

98
d.

c. 27 3
3

625
f.
3
5

Communicate Your Answer

4. How can you use properties of exponents to simplify products and quotients

ofradicals?
5. Simplify each expression.

a. 27 6

Section 6.2

240
b.
3
15

c. (51/2 161/4)2

Properties of Rational Exponents and Radicals

295

6.2 Lesson

What You Will Learn

Use properties of rational exponents to simplify expressions with
rationalexponents.

Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry
simplest form of a radical,
p.297
conjugate, p. 298
like radicals, p. 298
Previous
properties of integer
exponents
rationalizing the
denominator
absolute value

Use properties of radicals to simplify and write radical expressions

insimplest form.

Properties of Rational Exponents

The properties of integer exponents that you have previously learned can also be
applied to rational exponents.

Core Concept
Properties of Rational Exponents
Let a and b be real numbers and let m and n be rational numbers, such that the
quantities in each property are real numbers.
Property Name

COMMON ERROR
When you multiply powers,
do not multiply the
exponents. For example,
32 35 310.

Definition

Example

Product of Powers

am an = am + n

Power of a Power

(am)n

Power of a Product

(ab)m = ambm

(16 9)1/2 = 161/2 91/2 = 4 3 = 12

Negative Exponent

1
am =
,a0
am

1
1
361/2 =
=
1/2
36
6

Zero Exponent

a0 = 1, a 0

2130 = 1

Quotient of Powers

= am n, a 0

= 4(5/2 1/2) = 42 = 16

1/2

Power of a Quotient

am
a
a

()

51/2 53/2 = 5(1/2 + 3/2) = 52 = 25

amn

(35/2)2

am
=
,b0
bm

45/2
4
27

64

( )

= 3(5/2 2) = 35 = 243

1/3

271/3 3
=
=
641/3 4

Using Properties of Exponents

Use the properties of rational exponents to simplify each expression.

b. (6 4
c. (4 3 )

a. 71/4 71/2 = 7(1/4 + 1/2) = 73/4

1/2

1/3)2

5 1/5

= (61/2)2 (41/3)2 = 6(1/2 2) 4(1/3 2) = 61 42/3 = 6 42/3

1
= [(4 3)5]1/5 = (125)1/5 = 12[5 (1/5)] = 121 =
12

5
51
d.
=
= 5(1 1/3) = 52/3
1/3
5
51/3

( ) [( ) ]

421/3
e.
61/3

42
6

1/3 2

= (71/3)2 = 7(1/3 2) = 72/3

Monitoring Progress

Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Simplify the expression.

1. 23/4 21/2
3.

296

Chapter 6

( )
201/2
5

1/2

Rational Exponents and Radical Functions

3
3

2.
1/4

4. (51/3 71/4)3

Simplifying Radical Expressions

The Power of a Product and Power of a Quotient properties can be expressed using
1
radical notation when m = for some integer n greater than 1.
n

Core Concept
Properties of Radicals
Let a and b be real numbers and let n be an integer greater than 1.
Property Name

Definition

Example
n

Product Property

n
a b
a b =

4 2 = 8 = 2

Quotient Property

162

a a
,b0
=
n
b
b

1622 = 81 = 3

Using Properties of Radicals

Use the properties of radicals to simplify each expression.
3

a. 12

18 = 12 18 = 216 = 6
3

80
=
b.
4
5

Product Property of Radicals

805 = 16 = 2

Quotient Property of Radicals

A radical with index n is in simplest form when these three conditions are met.
No radicands have perfect nth powers as factors other than 1.
No radicands contain fractions.
No radicals appear in the denominator of a fraction.
To meet the last two conditions, rationalize the denominator. This involves multiplying
both the numerator and denominator by an appropriate form of 1 that creates a perfect
nth power in the denominator.

Writing Radicals in Simplest Form

Write each expression in simplest form.
5

7
b.
5
8

a. 135

SOLUTION
3

a. 135 = 27 5
3

= 27

= 3 5
5

Product Property of Radicals

Simplify.

7 7 4
b.
=

5
5
5
8 8 4

Factor out perfect cube.

3

Make denominator a perfect fifth power.

28

=
5
32

Product Property of Radicals

28
=
2
Section 6.2

Simplify.

Properties of Rational Exponents and Radicals

297

For a denominator that is a sum or difference involving square roots, multiply both the
numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the denominator. The expressions

a b + cd

a b c d

and

are conjugates of each other, where a, b, c, and d are rational numbers.

Writing Radicals in Simplest Form

1
Write
in simplest form.
5 + 3

SOLUTION

5 3

5 + 3 5 3

5 + 3

The conjugate of 5 + 3 is 5 3 .

1( 5 3 )
=
2
52 ( 3 )

Sum and Difference Pattern

5 3
=
22

Simplify.

Radical expressions with the same index and radicand are like radicals. To add or
subtract like radicals, use the Distributive Property.

Adding and Subtracting Like Radicals and Roots

Simplify each expression.
4

a. 10 + 710

b. 2(81/5) + 10(81/5)

c. 54 2

SOLUTION
4

a. 10 + 710 = (1 + 7) 10 = 8 10

b. 2(81/5) + 10(81/5) = (2 + 10)(81/5) = 12(81/5)

3

c. 54 2 = 27

2 2 = 32 2 = (3 1)2 = 22
3

Monitoring Progress

Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Simplify the expression.

4

5. 27

9.

6 2

250
3

10. 7 12 12

34

7. 104

6.

8.

11. 4(92/3) + 8(92/3) 12. 5 + 40

The properties of rational exponents and radicals can also be applied to expressions
involving variables. Because a variable can be positive, negative, or zero, sometimes
absolute value is needed when simplifying a variable expression.
Rule
n
n

When n is odd

x = x

When n is even

xn = x

Example
7

57 = 5 and (5)7 = 5
4

34 = 3 and (3)4 = 3

Absolute value is not needed when all variables are assumed to be positive.
298

Chapter 6

Rational Exponents and Radical Functions

Simplifying Variable Expressions

Simplify each expression.
a.

STUDY TIP
You do not need to
take the absolute value
of y because y is
being squared.

3
6

64y

b.

x4
8
y

SOLUTION
a.

64y6 = 43(y2)3 = 43 (y2)3 = 4y2

3

b.

4
4
x
x 4
x 4 x 4
=
=
8 =

4
4
y
y2
y8
( y 2)4

Writing Variable Expressions in Simplest Form

Write each expression in simplest form. Assume all variables are positive.
5

COMMON ERROR
You must multiply both
the numerator and
denominator of the
3
y so that
fraction by
the value of the fraction
does not change.

14xy1/3
c.
2x3/4z 6

x
b.
3
y 8

a. 4a8b14c5

SOLUTION
5

a. 4a8b14c5 = 4a5a3b10b4c5
5

= a5b10c5

Factor out perfect fifth powers.

4a b

3 4

Product Property of Radicals

= ab2c 4a3b4

Simplify.

=
b.

3
3
3
y 8 y 8 y

Make denominator a perfect cube.

3
x
y

=
3
y 9

Product Property of Radicals

3
x
y
=
3
y

Simplify.

14xy1/3
c.
= 7x (1 3/4)y1/3z(6) = 7x1/4 y1/3z6
2x3/4z6

Adding and Subtracting Variable Expressions

Perform each indicated operation. Assume all variables are positive.

b. 12 2z5 z54z2

a. 5 y + 6 y

SOLUTION

a. 5 y + 6 y = (5 + 6) y = 11 y
3

b. 12 2z5 z54z2 = 12z 2z2 3z 2z2 = (12z 3z) 2z2 = 9z 2z2

Monitoring Progress

Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Simplify the expression. Assume all variables are positive.

13.

3
9

27q

Section 6.2

14.

x10
y

6xy3/4
3x y

15.
1/2 1/2

16. 9w5 w w3

Properties of Rational Exponents and Radicals

299

Exercises

6.2

Tutorial Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Vocabulary and Core Concept Check

1. WRITING How do you know when a radical expression is in simplest form?
2. WHICH ONE DOESNT BELONG? Which radical does not belong with the other three? Explain

your reasoning.

4
5

2x

3 9x

11

Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics

In Exercises 312, use the properties of rational
exponents to simplify the expression. (See Example 1.)
3. (92)1/3

4. (122)1/4

6
6

7.

1/4

84
10

8.

9. (32/3

1/3)1

22/3 162/3
11.
42/3

1/3

( )
93
6

72
6 8

15.

486

5 )
49 49

3/2 1/4

3/8

7/8

5/4

6 72

19.

3 18

20.

In Exercises 2128, write the expression in simplest

form. (See Example 3.)
4

21. 567

22. 288

23.

24.

38
6449

27

25.

27.

300

Chapter 6

28.

34.

8 + 7

7
36.

10 2

35.

3 5

In Exercises 37 46, simplify the expression.

(See Example 5.)
3

37. 9 11 + 3 11

38. 8 5 12 5

39. 3(111/4) + 9(111/4)

40. 13(83/4) 4(83/4)

42. 27 6 + 7 150
3

43. 224 + 3 7

44. 7 2 128

45. 5(241/3) 4(31/3)

46. (51/4) + 6(4051/4)

47. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in

simplifying the expression.

47
1296
25
3

33.

3 + 7

26.

9 6

41. 5 12 19 3

32

32
8 8
3

2
18.

17.

32.

14. 16
16.

11

31.

3 2

In Exercises 1320, use the properties of radicals to

simplify the expression. (See Example 2.)
13. 2

2 + 5

10. (51/2
12.

30.

1 + 3

6.
1/3

( )

29.

7
7

5.
1/4

In Exercises 2936, write the expression in simplest

form. (See Example 4.)

3 12 + 5 12 = (3 + 5) 24
3

= 8 24

= 8 8 3

= 8 2 3

= 16 3

Rational Exponents and Radical Functions

48. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS Which radical

expressions are like radicals?

A (52/9)3/2

C 625

53

E 5 + 35

( 3 5 )8

F 780 2405

In Exercises 4954, simplify the expression.

(See Example 6.)
49.

50. 64r 3t 6

81y8

m10
n

52.

53.

54.

k16
16z

67. 3x7/2 5x7/2

3

68. 7 m7 + 3m7/3
4

69. 16w10 + 2w w6

1/4)

16p3

find simplified expressions for the perimeter and area of

the given figure.

n18p7
np

MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS In Exercises 71 and 72,

70. (p1/2

g6h
h

66. 11 2z 5 2z

51.

3
3
65. 12
y + 9
y

D 5145 875

In Exercises 6570, perform the indicated operation.

Assume all variables are positive. (See Example 8.)

2 1

71.

72.
x3

3x1/3

55. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in

2x2/3

simplifying the expression.

4x1/3
6

64h12

64h12
g

6
6

g 6

6 26 (h2)6
=
6
g 6

73. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS The optimum

diameter d (in millimeters) of the pinhole in a pinhole

camera can be modeled by d = 1.9[(5.5 104)]1/2,
whereis the length (in millimeters) of the camera
box. Find the optimum pinhole diameter for a camera
box with a length of 10 centimeters.

2h2
=
g

pinhole
film

56. OPEN-ENDED Write two variable expressions

involving radicals, one that needs absolute value in

simplifying and one that does not need absolute value.
Justify your answers.
In Exercises 5764, write the expression in simplest
form. Assume all variables are positive. (See Example 7.)

57. 81a7b12c9

58. 125r 4s9t7

59.

160m6

n7

w5

61.

25w16

18w1/3v5/4
27w v

63.
4/3 1/2

60.

405x3y3
5x y

v6

62.

tree

74. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS The surface area S

(in square centimeters) of a mammal can be modeled

by S = km2/3, where m is the mass (in grams) of the
mammal and k is a constant. The table shows the
values of k for different mammals.
Mammal
Value of k

Rabbit Human
9.75

11.0

Bat
57.5

a. Find the surface area of a bat whose mass is

32grams.

v5

7x3/4 y5/2z2/3
56x
y

64.
1/2 1/4

b. Find the surface area of a rabbit whose mass is

3.4kilograms (3.4 103 grams).
c. Find the surface area of a human whose mass is
59kilograms.

Section 6.2

Properties of Rational Exponents and Radicals

301

75. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your friend

claims it
is not
possible to simplify the expression 7 11 9 44

78. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? Without finding points, match

because it does not contain like radicals. Is your friend

correct? Explain your reasoning.
A.
is a number that indicates how faint the star is in
2.512m1
relation to other stars. The expression
tells
2.512m2
how many times fainter a star with apparent magnitude
m1 is than a star with apparent magnitude m2.
Apparent
magnitude

Constellation

Vega

0.03

Lyra

Altair

0.77

Aquila

Deneb

1.25

Cygnus

16

16

12

12

4
4

4x

4x

79. REWRITING A FORMULA You have filled two round

balloons with water. One balloon contains twice as

much water as the other balloon.
a. Solve the formula for the volume of a sphere,
V= 43 r 3, for r.

a. How many times fainter is Altair than Vega?

b. How many times fainter is Deneb than Altair?

b. Substitute the expression for r from part (a)

intothe formula for the surface area of a sphere,
S = 4r2. Simplify to show that S = (4)1/3(3V )2/3.

c. How many times fainter is Deneb than Vega?

Deneb

B.

76. PROBLEM SOLVING The apparent magnitude of a star

Star

the functions f(x) = 64x 2 and g(x) = 64x 6 with

their graphs. Explain your reasoning.

Vega

c. Compare the surface areas of the two water

balloons using the formula in part (b).

Lyra
Cygnus

80. THOUGHT PROVOKING Determine whether the

expressions (x2)1/6 and (x1/6)2 are equivalent for all

values of x.

Altair
Aquila

81. DRAWING CONCLUSIONS Substitute different

combinations of odd and even positive integers for

n
m and n in the expression x m . When you cannot
assume x is positive, explain when absolute value is
needed in simplifying the expression.

77. CRITICAL THINKING Find a radical expression for

the perimeter of the triangle inscribed in the square

shown. Simplify the expression.
2
4
4
8

Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency

Reviewing what you learned in previous grades and lessons

Identify the focus, directrix, and axis of symmetry of the parabola. Then graph the equation.
(Section 3.3)
82. y = 2x2

83. y2 = x

84. y2 = 4x

Write a rule for g. Describe the graph of g as a transformation of the graph of f.

85. f(x) =

x4

3x2

2x, g(x) = f(x)

87. f(x) = x3 4, g(x) = f(x 2)

302

Chapter 6

86. f(x) =

x3

(Section 5.7)

x, g(x) = f (x) 3

88. f(x) = x 4 + 2x 3 4x 2, g(x) = f (2x)

Rational Exponents and Radical Functions

6.3
TEXAS ESSENTIAL
KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS
2A.2.A
2A.4.C
2A.4.E
2A.6.A
2A.7.I

Graphing Radical Functions

Essential Question

How can you identify the domain and range

ofa radical function?

Identifying Graphs of Radical Functions
Work with a partner. Match each function with its graph. Explain your reasoning.
Then identify the domain and range of each function.

a. f(x) = x

3
b. f(x) =
x

A.

B.

D.

5
d. f(x) =
x

C.

4
c. f(x) =
x

Identifying Graphs of Transformations

Work with a partner. Match each transformation of f (x) = x with its graph.
Explain your reasoning. Then identify the domain and range of each function.

a. g(x) = x + 2 b. g(x) = x 2

A.

B.

C.

ANALYZING
MATHEMATICAL
RELATIONSHIPS
To be proficient in math,
you need to look closely
to discern a pattern or
structure.

D.

c. g(x) = x + 2 2 d. g(x) = x + 2

Communicate Your Answer

3. How can you identify the domain and range of a radical function?
4. Use the results of Exploration 1 to describe how the domain and range of a

radical function are related to the index of the radical.

Section 6.3

Graphing Radical Functions

303

6.3 Lesson

What You Will Learn

Graph radical functions.
Write radical functions.

Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry

Graph parabolas and circles.

radical function, p. 304

Graphing Radical Functions

Previous
transformations
parabola
circle

A radical function contains a radical expression with the independent variable in

the radicand. When the radical is a square root, the function is called a square root
function. When the radical is a cube root, the function is called a cube root function.

Core Concept
Parent Functions for Square Root and Cube Root Functions
The parent function for the family of
3
cube root functions is f(x) =
x.

The parent function for the family of

square root functions is f (x) = x .

STUDY TIP
A power function has the
form y = ax b, where a is
a real number and b is a
rational number. Notice
that the parent square
root function is a power
function, where a = 1
and b = 12 .

f(x) =

(1, 1)
(0, 0)

f(x) =

(0, 0)
(1, 1)

(1, 1)
4

Domain: x 0, Range: y 0

Domain and range: All real numbers

Graphing Radical Functions

Graph each function. Identify the domain and range of each function.

ANALYZING
MATHEMATICAL
RELATIONSHIPS
Example 1(a) uses x-values
that are multiples of 4
so that the radicand is
an integer.

a. f(x) = 14 x

3
b. g(x) = 3
x

SOLUTION
a. Make a table of values and sketch the graph.
x

12

16

1.41

1.73

1
x
4

f(x) =

2
1
8

The radicand of a square root must

be nonnegative. So, the domain is x 0.
The range is y 0.
b. Make a table of values and sketch the graph.
x

3.78

3.78

The radicand of a cube root can be any real

number. So, the domain and range are all
real numbers.
304

Chapter 6

Rational Exponents and Radical Functions

12

16

g(x) = 3 3 x
4

2
2
4

4x

In Example 1, notice that the graph of f is a horizontal stretch of the graph of the
parent square root function. The graph of g is a vertical stretch and a reflection in
the x-axis of the graph of the parent cube root function. You can transform graphs of
radical functions in the same way you transformed graphs of functions previously.

Core Concept
Transformation

f(x) Notation

Examples

Horizontal Translation

Graph shifts left or right.

f(x h)

g(x) = x 2 , h(x) = x 2

3
g(x) = x + 3 , h(x) = x + 3

f(x) + k

3
g(x) = x + 7, h(x) =
x+7

3
g(x) = x 1, h(x) = x 1

Vertical Translation

Graph shifts up or down.

Reflection

7 units up
1 unit down

3
x
g(x) = x , h(x) =

3
g(x) = x , h(x) =
x

f(x)
f (x)

Graph flips over x- or y-axis.

2 units right
3 units left

in the y-axis
in the x-axis

g(x) = 3x , h(x) = 3x

Horizontal Stretch or Shrink

Graph stretches away from

orshrinks toward y-axis.

f(ax)

g(x) = 12 x , h(x) =

shrink by a
factor of 13

3 1

stretch by a
factor of 2

3
g(x) = 4 x , h(x) = 4
x

Vertical Stretch or Shrink

a f(x)

Graph stretches away from

orshrinks toward x-axis.

stretch by a
factor of 4

3
g(x) = 15 x , h(x) = 15
x

shrink by a
factor of 15

Transforming Radical Functions

Describe the transformation of f represented by g. Then graph each function.

ANALYZING
MATHEMATICAL
RELATIONSHIPS
In Example 2(b), you can
use the Product Property
of Radicals to write
3
g(x) = 2x . So, you can
also describe the graph
of g as a vertical stretch
by a factor of 2 and a
reflection in the x-axis
of the graph of f.

3
b. f(x) =
x , g(x) = 8x

a. f(x) = x , g(x) = x 3 + 4

SOLUTION
a. Notice that
the function is of the form

g(x) = x h + k, where h = 3 and

k = 4.

b. Notice that the function is of the form

3
g(x) =
ax , where a = 8.
So, the graph of g is a horizontal
shrink by a factor of 18 and a
reflection in the y-axis of the
graph of f.

So, the graph of g is a translation

3 units right and 4 units up of
the graph of f.
y

f
4

2
2

6 x

Monitoring Progress

Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

1. Graph g(x) = x + 1 . Identify the domain and range of the function.

3
3
2. Describe the transformation of f (x) =
x represented by g(x) =
x 2.

Then graph each function.

Section 6.3

Graphing Radical Functions

305

Writing Radical Functions

Writing a Transformed Radical Function
Let the graph of g be a horizontal shrink by a factor of 16 followed by a translation
3
3 units to the left of the graph of f (x) =
x . Write a rule for g.

SOLUTION
Step 1 First write a function h that represents the horizontal shrink of f.
h(x) = f(6x)
Check

= 6x

h
f

g
7

Multiply the input by 1 16 = 6.

Replace x with 6x in f(x).

Step 2 Then write a function g that represents the translation of h.

g(x) = h(x + 3)

= 6(x + 3)
3

= 6x + 18

Subtract 3, or add 3, to the input.

Replace x with x + 3 in h(x).
Distributive Property
3

The transformed function is g(x) = 6x + 18 .

Using Technology to Write a Radical Function

x

10

20

30

40

1.3

1.8

2.2

2.6

The table shows the numbers y of seconds it takes a dropped object to fall x feet on
Mars. Write a function that models y in terms of x. How long does it take a dropped
object to fall 64 feet on Mars?

SOLUTION

Step 1 Use a graphing calculator to create a

S
scatter plot of the data.
It appears that a vertical shrink of the
parent square root function can be used
to model the data.

10

50
0.5

Step 2 Create a table of values for the parent square root function y = x using the
S
x-values in the given table. Then compare the y-values for each x-value.
1.3
1.8
2.2
2.6
0.4
X
Y1
3.1623 4.4721 5.4772 6.3246
0
The y-values for Mars are about 0.4 times the
y-values of the parent square
root function.

So, the function y = 0.4 x models the data.

Evaluate the function when x = 64.
Self-Portrait
Self
Portrait of
NASAs Mars Rover Curiosity

10
20
30
40
50
60

X=0

3.1623
4.4721
5.4772
6.3246
7.0711
7.746

y = 0.4 64 = 0.4(8) = 3.2

It takes a dropped object about 3.2 seconds to fall 64 feet on Mars.

Monitoring Progress

Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

3. In Example 3, is the transformed function the same when you perform the

translation followed by the horizontal shrink? Explain your reasoning.

x

10

20

30

40

1.9

2.7

3.4

3.9

306

Chapter 6

4. The table shows the numbers y of seconds it takes a dropped object to fall x feet

on the Moon. Write a function that models y in terms of x. How long does it take
a dropped object to fall 25 feet on the Moon?

Rational Exponents and Radical Functions

Graphing Parabolas and Circles

To graph parabolas and circles using a graphing calculator, first solve their equations
for y to obtain radical functions. Then graph the functions.

Graphing a Parabola (Horizontal Axis of Symmetry)

Use a graphing calculator to graph 12 y 2 = x. Identify the vertex and the direction that
the parabola opens.

SOLUTION
Step 1 Solve for y.
1

2 y2 = x

Write the original equation.

y2 = 2x
y = 2x

STUDY TIP
Notice y1 is a function
andy2 is a function, but
1
2 y2 = x is not a function.

Multiply each side by 2.

Take square root of each side.

Step 2 Graph both radical functions.

5

y1 = 2x

y1

y2 = 2x

10

y2

The vertex is (0, 0) and the parabola

opens right.

Graphing a Circle (Center at the Origin)

Use a graphing calculator to graph x2 + y2 = 16. Identify the radius and the intercepts.

SOLUTION
Step 1 Solve for y.
x 2 + y 2 = 16

Write the original equation.

y 2 = 16 x 2

Subtract x2 from each side.

y = 16 x2

Take square root of each side.

Step 2 Graph both radical functions using

a square viewing window.

y1

y1 = 16 x2

y2 = 16 x2

y2

The radius is 4 units. The x-intercepts

are 4. The y-intercepts are also 4.

Monitoring Progress

Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

5. Use a graphing calculator to graph 4y2 = x + 1. Identify the vertex and the

direction that the parabola opens.

6. Use a graphing calculator to graph x2 + y2 = 25. Identify the radius and

the intercepts.
Section 6.3

Graphing Radical Functions

307

Exercises

6.3

Tutorial Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Vocabulary and Core Concept Check

1. COMPLETE THE SENTENCE Square root functions and cube root functions are examples of

__________ functions.
3

3
2. COMPLETE THE SENTENCE When graphing y = a x h + k, translate the graph of y = a
x

h units __________ and k units __________.

Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics

In Exercises 38, match the function with its graph.

3. f(x) = x + 3

4. h(x) = x + 3

5. f(x) = x 3

19. f(x) = x , g(x) = x + 1 + 8

6. g(x) = x 3

In Exercises 1926, describe the transformation of

f represented by g. Then graph each function.
(See Example 2.)

7. h(x) = x + 3 3

8. f(x) = x 3 + 3

20. f(x) = x , g(x) = 2 x 1

A.

B.

3
3
21. f(x) =
x , g(x) =
x1

y
2

3
22. f(x) =
x , g(x) = x + 4 5

2
4

2x

23. f(x) = x1/2, g(x) = 4 (x)1/2

1

C.

D.

24. f(x) = x1/3, g(x) = 3 x1/3 + 6

4
25. f(x) =
x , g(x) = 2 x + 5 4

5
26. f(x) =
x , g(x) = 32x + 3

6x

4x

27. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in

E.

F.

y
4

graphing f (x) = x 2 2.

2
4

6x

4x
2

In Exercises 918, graph the function. Identify the

domain and range of the function. (See Example 1.)

9. h(x) = x + 4
3

11. g(x) = 2x
1

10. g(x) = x 5

28. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in

describing the transformation of the parent square root

1 3

13. g(x) = 5 x 3

14. f(x) = 2 x + 6

15. f(x) =

16. g(x) = 3(x

(6x)1/2

+3

4
17. h(x) =
x

308

Chapter 6

12. f(x) = 5x

1)1/3

function represented by g(x) = 12 x + 3.

18. h(x) = 2x

Rational Exponents and Radical Functions

The graph of g is a horizontal shrink by

a factor of 12 and a translation 3 units
up of the parent square root function.

USING TOOLS In Exercises 2934, use a graphing

47. f(x) = x2 2 , g(x) = 2f(x + 5)

calculator to graph the function. Then identify the

domain and range of the function.

48. f(x) = x2 + 10x , g(x) = 4 f (x) + 6

29. g(x) = x2 + x

30. h(x) = x2 2x

49. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS The table shows

the distances y (in miles) an astronaut would be able

tosee to the horizon at a height of x feet above the
surface of Mars. Write a function that models y in
terms of x. What is the distance an astronaut would
be able to see to the horizon from an height of
10,000 feet above Mars? (See Example 4.)

32. f(x) = 3x2 x

31. f(x) = x2 + x

33. f(x) = 2x2 + x + 1

21 x 3x + 4

34. h(x) =

Height, x

Distance, y

1000

28.2

2000

39.9

3000

48.9

4000

56.5

ABSTRACT REASONING In Exercises 3538, complete the

statement with sometimes, always, or never.

35. The domain of the function y = a x is ______ x 0.

36. The range of the function y = a x is ______ y 0.

37. The domain and range of the function
3

y = x h + k are ________ (, ).

50. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS The table shows the

38. The domain of the function y = a (x) + k

is ________ {x | x 0}.

In Exercises 3942, write a rule for g described by the

transformations of the graph of f. (See Example 3.)

speeds of sound waves y (in meters per second) in air

when the air temperature is x kelvins. Write a function
that models y in terms of x. What is the speed of the
sound waves in the air when the air temperature is
250 kelvins?

39. Let g be a vertical stretch by a factor of 2, followed by

Temperature, x

Speed, y

100

200

200

283

300

347

400

401

a translation 2 units up of the graph of f(x) = x + 3.

40. Let g be a reflection in the y-axis, followed by a

translation 1 unit right of the graph of f(x) = 2 x 1 .

2

41. Let g be a horizontal shrink by a factor of 3 , followed

by a translation 4 units left of the graph of f(x) = 6x .

42. Let g be a translation 1 unit down and 5 units right,

followed by a reflection in the x-axis of the graph of

1 4
f(x) = 2
x + 32.
In Exercises 43 and 44, write a rule for g.
y

43.

44.

f(x) =
2

f(x) =

In Exercises 4548, write a rule for g that represents the

indicated transformation of the graph of f.

52. 3y2 = x

53. 8y2 + 2 = x

54. 2y2 = x 4

51. 14 y2 = x

56. 12 x = y2 4

55. x + 8 = 5 y2
4x

45. f(x) = 2 x , g(x) = f(x + 3)

In Exercises 5156, use a graphing calculator to graph

the equation of the parabola. Identify the vertex and the
direction that the parabola opens. (See Example 5.)

In Exercises 5762, use a graphing calculator to graph

the equation of the circle. Identify the radius and the
intercepts. (See Example 6.)
57. x 2 + y 2 = 9

58. x 2 + y 2 = 4

59. 1 y 2 = x 2

60. 64 x 2 = y 2

61. y 2 = x 2 36

62. x 2 = 100 y2

46. f(x) = 3 x 1 , g(x) = f(x) + 9

Section 6.3

Graphing Radical Functions

309

63. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS The period of a

67. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS The terminal velocity

vt (in feet per second) of a skydiver who weighs

140pounds is given by

pendulum is the time the pendulum takes to complete

one back-and-forth swing. The period T (in seconds)

can be modeled by the function T = 1.11 , where

is the length (in feet) of the pendulum. Graph the
function. Estimate the length of a pendulum with a
period of 2 seconds. Explain your reasoning.

140
vt = 33.7
A

where A is the cross-sectional surface area (in square

feet) of the skydiver. The table shows the terminal
velocities (in feet per second) for various surface areas
(in square feet) of a skydiver who weighs 165pounds.
Cross-sectional
surface area, A

Terminal
velocity, v t

432.9

249.9

193.6

163.6

64. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? Does the graph represent a

square root function or a cube root function? Explain.

What are the domain and range of the function?
4

(2, 2)

a. Which skydiver has a greater terminal velocity for

each value of A?
b. Describe how the different values of A given in
the table relate to the possible positions of the
falling skydiver.

(3, 1)
4

68. MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS The surface area S

2x

of a right circular cone with a slant height of 1 unit

isgiven by S = r + r2, where r is the radius of
thecone.

65. PROBLEM SOLVING For a drag race car with a total

weight of 3500 pounds, the speed s (in miles per hour)

3
at the end of a race can be modeled by s = 14.8
p,
where p is the power (in horsepower). Graph
the function.

1 unit
r

a. Determine the power of a 3500-pound car that

reaches a speed of 200 miles per hour.

a. Use completing the square to show that

1
1
r=
S + .

4
2

b. What is the average rate of change in speed as

the power changes from 1000horsepower to
1500 horsepower?

b. Graph the equation in part (a) using a graphing

calculator. Then find the radius of a right circular
cone with a slant height of 1 unit and a surface
3
area of square units.
4

66. THOUGHT PROVOKING The graph of a radical

function f passes through the points (3, 1) and (4, 0).

Write two different functions that could represent
f (x + 2) + 1. Explain.

Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency

Reviewing what you learned in previous grades and lessons

Solve the equation. Check your solutions. (Section 1.4)

69.

3x + 2 = 5

70.

4x + 9 = 7

71.

2x 6 = x

72.

x + 8 = 2x + 2

Solve the inequality. (Section 4.6)

73. x2 + 7x + 12 < 0

310

Chapter 6

74. x2 10x + 25 4

75. 2x2 + 6 > 13x

Rational Exponents and Radical Functions

76. 18 x2 + x 2

6.16.3

What Did You Learn?

Core Vocabulary
nth root of a, p. 290
index of a radical, p. 290
simplest form of a radical, p. 297

conjugate, p. 298
like radicals, p. 298
radical function, p. 304

Core Concepts
Section 6.1
Real nth Roots of a, p. 290
Rational Exponents, p. 291

Section 6.2
Properties of Rational Exponents, p. 296
Properties of Radicals, p. 297

Section 6.3
Parent Functions for Square Root and Cube Root Functions, p. 304
Transformations of Radical Functions, p. 305

Mathematical Thinking
1.

How can you use definitions to explain your reasoning in Exercises 2124 on page 293?

2.

How did you use structure to solve Exercise 76 on page 302?

3.

How can you check that your model is a good fit in Exercise 49 on page 309?

4.

How can you make sense of the terms of the surface area formula given in Exercise 68 on page 310?

Study Skills

Analyzing Your Errors

Application Errors
What Happens: You can do numerical problems, but you
struggle with problems that have context.
How to Avoid This Error: Do not just mimic the steps
of solving an application problem. Explain out loud what
the question is asking and why you are doing each step.
After solving the problem, ask yourself, Does my solution
make sense?
311

6.16.3

Quiz

Find the indicated real nth root(s) of a. (Section 6.1)

1. n = 4, a = 81

2. n = 5, a = 1024

3. Evaluate (a) 163/4 and (b) 1252/3 without using a calculator. Explain your reasoning.

(Section 6.1)
Find the real solution(s) of the equation. Round your answer to two decimal places.
(Section 6.1)
4. 2x 6 = 1458

5. (x + 6)3 = 28

Simplify the expression. (Section 6.2)

6.

( )
481/4
6

7. 3

1/4

432

9. 16 5 2

8.

3 + 2

10. Simplify x9y8z16 . (Section 6.2)

Write the expression in simplest form. Assume all variables are positive. (Section 6.2)
11.

32

3
9

216p

12.

13.

m3

n4q + 7n 4 q

3
14. Graph f(x) = 2
x + 1. Identify the domain and range of the function. (Section 6.3)

Describe the transformation of the parent function represented by the graph of g.

Thenwrite a rule for g. (Section 6.3)
y

15.

16.

17.

2
x

2
2

x
2
2

18. Use a graphing calculator to graph x = 3y2 6. Identify the vertex and direction the

parabola opens. (Section 6.3)

19. A jeweler is setting a stone cut in the shape of a regular octahedron. A regular octahedron

is a solid with eight equilateral triangles as faces, as shown. The formula for the volume
of the stone is V = 0.47s3, where s is the side length (in millimeters) of an edge of the
stone. The volume of the stone is 161 cubic millimeters. Find the length of an edge of
the stone. (Section 6.1)
20. An investigator can
determine how fast a car was traveling just prior to an accident using

the model s = 4d , where s is the speed (in miles per hour) of the car and d is the length
(in feet) of the skid marks. Graph the model. The length of the skid marks of a car is
90feet. Was the car traveling at the posted speed limit prior to the accident? Explain your
reasoning. (Section 6.3)

312

Chapter 6

Rational Exponents and Radical Functions

SPEED
LIMIT

35

6.4
TEXAS ESSENTIAL
KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS
2A.4.F
2A.4.G
2A.6.B
2A.7.H

Solving Radical Equations

and Inequalities
Essential Question

How can you solve a radical equation?

Solving Radical Equations

Work with a partner. Match each radical equation with the graph of its related
radical function. Explain your reasoning. Then use the graph to solve the equation,
ifpossible. Check your solutions.

e. x + 2 x = 0

d. x + 2 x = 0
A.

b. 2x + 2 x + 4 = 0

a. x 1 1 = 0

B.

D.

F.

To be proficient in math,
you need to look closely
to discern a pattern
or structure.

ANALYZING
MATHEMATICAL
RELATIONSHIPS

E.

f. 3x2 + 1 = 0

C.

c. 9 x2 = 0

Solving Radical Equations

Work with a partner. Look back at the radical equations in Exploration 1. Suppose
that you did not know how to solve the equations using a graphical approach.
a. Show how you could use a numerical approach to solve one of the equations.
For instance, you might use a spreadsheet to create a table of values.
b. Show how you could use an analytical approach to solve one of the equations. For
instance, look at the similarities between the equations in Exploration 1. What first
step may be necessary so you could square each side to eliminate the radical(s)?
How would you proceed to find the solution?

Communicate Your Answer

3. How can you solve a radical equation?
4. Would you prefer to use a graphical, numerical, or analytical approach to solve

the given equation? Explain your reasoning. Then solve the equation.

x + 3 x 2 = 1
Section 6.4

Solving Radical Equations and Inequalities

313

What You Will Learn

6.4 Lesson

Solve equations containing radicals and rational exponents.

Solve radical inequalities.

Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry
radical equation, p. 314

Solving Equations

Previous
rational exponents
radical expressions
extraneous solutions
solving quadratic equations

Equations with radicals that have variables in their radicands are called radical

equations. An example of a radical equation is 2x + 1 = 4.

Core Concept
Solving Radical Equations
To solve a radical equation, follow these steps:
Step 1 Isolate the radical on one side of the equation, if necessary.
Step 2 Raise each side of the equation to the same exponent to eliminate the

radical and obtain a linear, quadratic, or other polynomial equation.

Step 3 Solve the resulting equation using techniques you learned in previous

chapters. Check your solution.

Solving Radical Equations

Solve (a) 2 x + 1 = 4 and (b) 2x 9 1 = 2.

SOLUTION
a.

2 x + 1 = 4

Write the original equation.

x + 1 = 2

Check
?
2 3 + 1 = 4
?
24 = 4

4=4

Divide each side by 2.

2
(
x + 1 ) = 22

Square each side to eliminate the radical.

x+1=4

Simplify.

x=3

Subtract 1 from each side.

The solution is x = 3.
3

b. 2x 9 1 = 2

Write the original equation.

2x 9 = 3

Add 1 to each side.

3
( 3
2x 9 ) = 33

Check
3

2x 9 = 27

2(18) 9 1 = 2
?
27 1 = 2
3

2=2

Cube each side to eliminate the radical.

Simplify.

2x = 36

Add 9 to each side.

x = 18

Divide each side by 2.

The solution is x = 18.

Monitoring Progress

Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Solve the equation. Check your solution.

3
1.
x 9 = 6

314

Chapter 6

2. x + 25 = 2

Rational Exponents and Radical Functions

3. 2 x 3 = 4

Solving a Real-Life Problem

In a hurricane, the mean sustained wind velocity v (in meters per second) can be

modeled by v( p) = 6.31013 p , where p is the air pressure (in millibars) at the

center of the hurricane. Estimate the air pressure at the center of the hurricane when
the mean sustained wind velocity is 54.5 meters per second.

SOLUTION

v( p) = 6.3 1013 p

Write the original function.

54.5 = 6.3 1013 p

Substitute 54.5 for v( p).

8.65 1013 p

Divide each side by 6.3.

8.652 ( 1013 p )

Square each side.

74.8 1013 p

Simplify.

938.2 p

EXPLAINING
MATHEMATICAL
IDEAS
To understand how
extraneous solutions can
be introduced, consider

the equation x = 3.
This equation has no
real solution; however,
you obtain x = 9 after
squaring each side.

Subtract 1013 from each side.

938.2 p

Divide each side by 1.

The air pressure at the center of the hurricane is about 938 millibars.

Monitoring Progress

Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

4. WHAT IF? Estimate the air pressure at the center of the hurricane when the mean

sustained wind velocity is 48.3 meters per second.

Raising each side of an equation to the same exponent may introduce extraneous
solutions. When you use this procedure, you should always check each apparent
solution in the original equation.

Solving an Equation with an Extraneous Solution

Solve x + 1 = 7x + 15 .

SOLUTION

x + 1 = 7x + 15

Write the original equation.

(x + 1)2 = ( 7x + 15 )
x2 + 2x + 1 = 7x + 15
x2

Expand left side and simplify right side.

5x 14 = 0

Write in standard form.

(x 7)(x + 2) = 0

Factor.

x7=0

or

x=7

or

Check

Square each side.

x+2=0
x = 2

?
7 + 1 = 7(7) + 15
?
8 = 64
8=8

Zero-Product Property
Solve for x.

?
2 + 1 = 7(2) + 15
?
1 = 1
1 1

The apparent solution x = 2 is extraneous. So, the only solution is x = 7.

Section 6.4

Solving Radical Equations and Inequalities

315

Solving an Equation with Two Radicals

Solve x + 2 + 1 = 3 x .

SOLUTION

x + 2 + 1 = 3 x

( x + 2 + 1 )

Write the original equation.

= ( 3 x )

Square each side.

x + 2 + 2x + 2 + 1 = 3 x

Expand left side and simplify right side.

2x + 2 = 2x

Isolate radical expression.

x + 2 = x
2

( x + 2 )

= (x)2

Square each side.

x + 2 = x2

ANOTHER WAY
You can also graph each
side of the equation and
find the x-value where the
graphs intersect.

Check
4

Simplify.

0 = x2 x 2

Write in standard form.

0 = (x 2)(x + 1)

Factor.

x2=0

or

x=2

or

Divide each side by 2.

x+1=0

Zero-Product Property

x = 1

Solve for x.

?
2 + 2 + 1 = 3 2

?
4 + 1 = 1

31

Intersection
X=-1
Y=2

?
1 + 2 + 1 = 3 (1)

?
1 + 1 = 4

2=2

The apparent solution x = 2 is extraneous. So, the only solution is x = 1.

Monitoring Progress

Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Solve the equation. Check your solution(s).

6. 2x + 5 = x + 7

5. 10x + 9 = x + 3

7. x + 6 2 = x 2

When an equation contains a power with a rational exponent, you can solve the
equation using a procedure similar to the one for solving radical equations. In this
case, you first isolate the power and then raise each side of the equation to the
reciprocal of the rational exponent.

Solving an Equation with a Rational Exponent

Solve (2x)3/4 + 2 = 10.

SOLUTION
(2x)3/4 + 2 = 10
(2x)3/4 = 8
[(2x)3/4]4/3 = 84/3
2x = 16
x=8

Write the original equation.

Subtract 2 from each side.
Raise each side to the four-thirds.
Simplify.
Divide each side by 2.

The solution is x = 8.
316

Chapter 6

Rational Exponents and Radical Functions

Check

?
(2 8)3/4 + 2 = 10
?
163/4 + 2 = 10
10 = 10

Solving an Equation with a Rational Exponent

Solve (x + 30)1/2 = x.

SOLUTION
?
(6 + 30)1/2 = 6
?
361/2 = 6

Check

6=6

(x + 30)1/2 = x

Write the original equation.

[(x + 30)1/2]2 = x2

?
(5 + 30)1/2 = 5
?
251/2 = 5
5 5

Square each side.

x + 30 = x2

Simplify.

0 = x2 x 30

Write in standard form.

0 = (x 6)(x + 5)

Factor.

x6=0

or

x=6

or

x+5=0

Zero-Product Property

x = 5

Solve for x.

The apparent solution x = 5 is extraneous. So, the only solution is x = 6.

Monitoring Progress

Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Solve the equation. Check your solution(s).

8. (3x)1/3 = 3

9. (x + 6)1/2 = x

10. (x + 2)3/4 = 8

Solving Radical Inequalities

n
To solve a simple radical inequality of the form
u < d, where u is an algebraic
expression and d is a nonnegative number, raise each side to the exponent n. This
procedure also works for > , , and . Be sure to consider the possible values of
the radicand.

Solving a Radical Inequality

Solve 3x 1 12.

SOLUTION
Step 1 Solve for x.

3 x 1 12

Write the original inequality.

Check20

x 1 4
y = 12

x 1 16

24
Intersection
X=17
Y=12

Square each side.

x 17

y=3 x1
4

Divide each side by 3.

Add 1 to each side.

Step 2 Consider the radicand.

S
x1 0

The radicand cannot be negative.

x1

Add 1 to each side.

So, the solution is 1 x 17.

Monitoring Progress

Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

3

11. Solve (a) 2 x 3 3 and (b) 4 x + 1 < 8.

Section 6.4

Solving Radical Equations and Inequalities

317

6.4

Exercises

Tutorial Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Vocabulary and Core Concept Check

1. VOCABULARY Is the equation 3x 2 = 6 a radical equation? Explain your reasoning.

2. WRITING Explain the steps you should use to solve x + 10 < 15.

Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics

In Exercises 312, solve the equation. Check your
solution. (See Example 1.)

3. 5x + 1 = 6

4. 3x + 10 = 8

5. x 16 = 2

3
6.
x 10 = 7

5
11. 2
x + 7 = 15

16. x 10 = 9x

17. 44 2x = x 10
19. 8x3 1 = 2x 1

8. 8 10x 15 = 17
3

15. x 6 = 3x

7. 2 24x + 13 = 11

9. 15 3x + 10 = 8

In Exercises 1526, solve the equation. Check your

solution(s). (See Examples 3 and 4.)

21. 4x + 1 = x + 10

10. 2x 3 = 0
4

12. 4x 13 = 15

13. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS Biologists

have discovered that the shoulder height h (in

centimeters) of a male Asian elephant can be modeled
3
by h = 62.5t + 75.8, where t is the age (in years) of
the elephant. Determine the age of an elephant with a
shoulder height of 250 centimeters. (See Example 2.)

18. 2x + 30 = x + 3
4

20. 3 8x2 = 2x

22. 3x 3 x + 12 = 0

23. 2x 5 8x + 1 = 0

24. x + 5 = 2 2x + 6 25. 3x 8 + 1 = x + 5
26. x + 2 = 2 x

In Exercises 2734, solve the equation. Check your

solution(s). (See Examples 5 and 6.)
27. 2x2/3 = 8

28. 4x3/2 = 32

29. x1/4 + 3 = 0

30. 2x3/4 14 = 40

31. (x + 6)1/2 = x

32. (5 x)1/2 2x = 0

33. 2(x + 11)1/2 = x + 3

34. (5x2 4)1/4 = x

ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 35 and 36, describe and

correct the error in solving the equation.

35.

14. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS In an amusement

park ride, a rider suspended by cables swings back

and forth from a tower. The maximum speed v (in
meters per second) of the rider can be approximated

by v = 2gh , where h is the height (in meters) at the

top of each swing and g is the acceleration due to
gravity (g 9.8 m/sec2). Determine the height at the
top of the swing of a rider whose maximum speed is
15 meters per second.
318

Chapter 6

36.

Rational Exponents and Radical Functions

3x 8 = 4
( 3x 8 ) = 4
3x 8 = 4
3x = 12
x=4
3 3

8x3/2 = 1000
8(x3/2)2/3 = 10002/3
8x = 100
25
x=
2

In Exercises 3744, solve the inequality. (See Example 7.)

3

37. 2 x 5 3

39. 4 x 2 > 20

53. PROBLEM SOLVING The speed s (in miles per hour)

of a car can be given by s = 30 fd , where f is the

coefficient of friction and d is the stopping distance
(in feet). The table shows the coefficient of friction
for different surfaces.

38. x 4 5

40. 7 x + 1 < 9

41. 2 x + 3 8
3

42. x + 7 3
3

43. 2 x + 4 < 12

44. 0.25 x 6 3
45. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS The length

Surface

Coefficient of friction, f

dry asphalt

0.75

wet asphalt

0.30

snow

0.30

ice

0.15

(ininches) of a standard nail can be modeled by

= 54d 3/2, where d is the diameter (in inches) of
thenail. What is the diameter of a standard nail that
is3 inches long?

a. Compare the stopping distances of a car traveling

45 miles per hour on the surfaces given in
the table.

46. DRAWING CONCLUSIONS Hang time is the time

b. You are driving 35 miles per hour on an icy road

when a deer jumps in front of your car. How far
away must you begin to brake to avoid hitting the
deer? Justify your answer.

you are suspended in the air during a jump. Your

hangtime t (in seconds) is given by the function

t=0.5h , where h is the height (in feet) of the jump.

Suppose a kangaroo and a snowboarder jump with
thehang times shown.
t = 1.21

t = 0.81

a. Find the heights that the snowboarder and the

kangaroo jump.

54. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS The Beaufort

wind scale was devised to measure wind speed. The

Beaufort numbers B, which range from 0 to 12, can

be modeled by B = 1.69 s + 4.25 3.55, where

s is the wind speed (in miles per hour).
Beaufort number

Force of wind

calm

gentle breeze

strong breeze

strong gale

12

hurricane

b. Double the hang times of the snowboarder and the

kangaroo and calculate the corresponding heights
of each jump.

a. What is the wind speed for B = 0? B = 3?

c. When the hang time doubles, does the height of

the jump double? Explain.

b. Write an inequality that describes the range of

wind speeds represented by the Beaufort model.

USING TOOLS In Exercises 4752, solve the nonlinear

55. USING TOOLS Solve the equation x 4 = 2x .

system. Justify your answer with a graph.

Then solve the equation x 4 = 2x .

47. y2 = x 3

48. y2 = 4x + 17

a. How does changing 2x to 2x change the

solution(s) of the equation?

49. x2 + y2 = 4

50. x2 + y2 = 25

b. Justify your answer in part (a) using graphs.

y=x3

y=x2

y=x+5

25
y = 4 x +
4

51. x2 + y2 = 1

52. x2 + y2 = 4

y = 12 x2 1

y2 = x + 2

56. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your friend says it is

impossible for a radical equation to have two

extraneous solutions. Is your friend correct?
Explain your reasoning.

Section 6.4

Solving Radical Equations and Inequalities

319

57. USING STRUCTURE Explain how you know the

61. MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS The Moeraki

radical equation x + 4 = 5 has no real solution

without solving it.

Boulders along the coast of New Zealand are stone

spheres with radii of approximately 3 feet. A formula
for the radius of a sphere is

1 S
r=
2

58. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? Use the graph to find the

solution of the equation 2 x 4 = x 1 + 4.

Explain your reasoning.
y

where S is the surface area of the sphere. Find the

surface area of a Moeraki Boulder.

y= x1+4

62. PROBLEM SOLVING You are trying to determine

the height of a truncated pyramid, which cannot be

measured directly. The height h and slant height
of the truncated pyramid are related by the
formula below.

(5, 2)
(5
y=2 x4
2

1
= h2 + (b2 b1)2
4

59. WRITING A company determines that the price p of

a product can be modeled by p = 70 0.02x + 1 ,

where x is the number of units of the product
demanded per day. Describe the effect that raising
the price has on the number of units demanded.

In the given formula, b1 and b2 are the side lengths

of the upper and lower bases of the pyramid,
respectively. When = 5, b1 = 2, and b2 = 4, what
isthe height of the pyramid?

60. THOUGHT PROVOKING City officials rope off a

circular area to prepare for a concert in the park.

They estimate that each person occupies 6 square feet.
Describe how you can use a radical inequality to
determine the possible radius of the region when
P people are expected to attend the concert.

63. REWRITING A FORMULA A burning candle has a

radius of r inches and was initially h0 inches tall. After

t minutes, the height of the candle has been reduced to
h inches. These quantities are related by the formula

kt
r=
(h0 h)

where k is a constant. Suppose the radius of a

candleis 0.875 inch, its initial height is 6.5 inches,
and k=0.04.
a. Rewrite the formula, solving for h in terms of t.
b. Use your formula in part (a) to determine the
height of the candle after burning 45 minutes.

Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency

Reviewing what you learned in previous grades and lessons

Let f(x) = x3 4x2 + 6. Write a rule for g. Describe the graph of g as a transformation of
the graph of f. (Section 5.7)
64. g(x) = f(x) + 4

65. g(x) = 2 f(x) 3

66. g(x) = f (x 1) + 6

Perform the indicated operation. (Section 5.2 and Section 5.3)

67. (x3 2x2 + 3x + 1) + (x 4 7x)

68. (2x 5 + x 4 4x2) (x 5 3)

69. (x 3 + 2x 2 + 1)(x 2 + 5)

70. (x 4 + 2x 3 + 11x 2 + 14x 16) (x + 2)

320

Chapter 6

Rational Exponents and Radical Functions

6.5
TEXAS ESSENTIAL
KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS
2A.7.B

Performing Function Operations

Essential Question

How can you use the graphs of two functions to

sketch the graph of an arithmetic combination of the two functions?
Just as two real numbers can be combined by the operations of addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division to form other real numbers, two functions can be combined
to form other functions. For example, the functions f(x) = 2x 3 and g(x) = x2 1
can be combined to form the sum, difference, product, or quotient of f and g.
f (x) + g(x) = (2x 3) + (x2 1) = x2 + 2x 4

sum

f(x) g(x) = (2x 3) (x2 1) = x2 + 2x 2

difference

f(x) g(x) = (2x

3)(x2

1) =

2x3

3x2

2x + 3

product

2x 3
x 1

f(x)
g(x)

, x 1
=
2

quotient

Graphing the Sum of Two Functions

Work with a partner. Use the graphs of f and g to sketch the graph of f + g. Explain
your steps.
Sample Use a compass or a ruler to measure the distance from a point on the graph of
g to the x-axis. Then add this distance to the point with the same x-coordinate on the
graph of f . Plot the new point. Repeat this process for several points. Finally, draw a
smooth curve through the new points to obtain the graph of f + g.
y = f(x)

y
8
4

y = f(x) + g(x)
4

8 x

4
4

y = g(x)

a.

b.

y
8

y
8

y = g(x)

y = f(x)
8

USING
PROBLEM-SOLVING
STRATEGIES
To be proficient in math,
you need to check your
answers to problems using
a different method and
continually ask yourself,
Does this make sense?

y = g(x)

8 x

8 x

y = f(x)

4
8

Communicate Your Answer

2. How can you use the graphs of two functions to sketch the graph of an arithmetic

combination of the two functions?

3. Check your answers in Exploration 1 by writing equations for f and g, adding the
functions, and graphing the sum.
Section 6.5

Performing Function Operations

321

6.5 Lesson

What You Will Learn

Add, subtract, multiply, and divide functions.

Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry
Previous
domain
scientific notation

Operations on Functions
You have learned how to add, subtract, multiply, and divide polynomial functions.
These operations can be defined for any number of functions.

Core Concept
Operations on Functions
Let f and g be any two functions. A new function can be defined by performing
any of the four basic operations on f and g.
Operation

Definition

Example: f(x) = 5x, g(x) = x + 2

Addition

( f + g)(x) = f (x) + g(x)

( f + g)(x) = 5x + (x + 2) = 6x + 2

Subtraction

( f g)(x) = f(x) g(x)

( f g)(x) = 5x (x + 2) = 4x 2

Multiplication

( fg)(x) = f (x) g(x)

( fg)(x) = 5x(x + 2) = 5x2 + 10x

Division

()

()

f
g

f (x)
g(x)

f
g

(x) =

5x
x+2

(x) =

The domains of the sum, difference, product, and quotient functions consist of
the x-values that are in the domains of both f and g. Additionally, the domain
of the quotient does not include x-values for which g(x) = 0.

Adding Two Functions

Let f(x) = 3 x and g(x) = 10 x . Find ( f + g)(x) and state the domain. Then
evaluate the sum when x = 4.

SOLUTION

( f + g)(x) = f (x) + g(x) = 3 x + (10 x ) = (3 10) x = 7x

The functions f and g each have the same domain: all nonnegative real numbers. So,
the domain of f + g also consists of all nonnegative real numbers. To evaluate f + g
when x = 4, you can use several methods. Here are two:
Method 1 Use an algebraic approach.
When x = 4, the value of the sum is

( f + g)(4) = 7 4 = 14.
Method 2

Use a graphical approach.

Enter the functions y1 = 3 x ,

y2 = 10x , and y3 = y1 + y2
in a graphing calculator. Then
graph y3, the sum of the two
functions. Use the trace feature
to find the value of f + g when
x = 4. From the graph,
( f+ g)(4) = 14.

322

Chapter 6

Rational Exponents and Radical Functions

Y3=Y1+Y2

The value of
(f + g)(4) is 14.
X=4

20

Y=-14

Subtracting Two Functions

Let f(x) = 3x3 2x2 + 5 and g(x) = x3 3x2 + 4x 2. Find ( f g)(x) and state the
domain. Then evaluate the difference when x = 2.

SOLUTION
( f g)(x) = f(x) g(x) = 3x3 2x2 + 5 (x3 3x2 + 4x 2) = 2x3 + x2 4x + 7
The functions f and g each have the same domain: all real numbers. So, the domain of
f g also consists of all real numbers. When x = 2, the value of the difference is
( f g)(2) = 2(2)3 + (2)2 4(2) + 7 = 3.

Multiplying Two Functions

Let f(x) = x2 and g(x) = x . Find ( fg)(x) and state the domain. Then evaluate the
product when x = 9.

SOLUTION

( fg)(x) = f (x) g(x) = x2( x ) = x2(x1/2) = x(2+1/2) = x5/2

8

The domain
of fg is all
nonnegative
real numbers.

Y3=Y1*Y2

8
X=0

Y=0

The domain of f consists of all real numbers, and the domain of g consists of all
nonnegative real numbers. So, the domain of fg consists of all nonnegative real

numbers. To confirm this, enter the functions y1 = x2, y2 = x , and y3 = y1 y2 in a

graphing calculator. Then graph y3, the product of the two functions. It appears from
the graph that the domain of fg consists of all nonnegative real numbers. When x = 9,
the value of the product is

( fg)(9) = 95/2 = (91/2)5 = 35 = 243.

Dividing Two Functions

()

f
Let f(x) = 6x and g(x) = x3/4. Find (x) and state the domain. Then evaluate the
g
quotient when x = 16.

SOLUTION

()
f
g

f(x)
g(x)

6x
x

= 6x(1 3/4) = 6x1/4

(x) = =
3/4

The domain of f consists of all real numbers, and the domain of g consists of all
f
nonnegative real numbers. Because g(0) = 0, the domain of is restricted to all
g
positive real numbers. When x = 16, the value of the product is

()
f
g

(16) = 6(16)1/4 = 6(24)1/4 = 12.

ANOTHER WAY
In Example 4, you can also
f
evaluate (16) as
g

()

()
f
g

f(16)
g(16)

(16) =

6(16)
=
(16)3/4
96
=
8
= 12.

Monitoring Progress

Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

1. Let f (x) = 2x2/3 and g(x) = 7x2/3. Find ( f + g)(x) and ( f g)(x) and state the

domain of each. Then evaluate ( f + g)(8) and ( f g)(8).

()
f
g

2. Let f (x) = 3x and g(x) = x1/5. Find ( fg)(x) and (x) and state the domain of

()

f
each. Then evaluate ( fg)(32) and (32).
g

Section 6.5

Performing Function Operations

323

Performing Function Operations Using Technology

Let f(x) = x and g(x) = 9 x2 . Use a graphing calculator to evaluate ( f + g)(x),

( f g)(x), and ( fg)(x) when x = 2. Round your answers to two decimal places.

SOLUTION

Enter the functions y1 = x and y2 = 9 x2 in

a graphing calculator. On the home screen, enter
y1(2) + y2(2). The first entry on the screen shows
thaty1(2) + y2(2) 3.65, so ( f + g)(2) 3.65.
Enterthe other function operations as shown.
Here are the results of the other function
operations rounded to two decimal places:
( f g)(2) 0.82

( fg)(2) 3.16

Y1(2)+Y2(2)
3.65028154
Y1(2)-Y2(2)
-.8218544151
Y1(2)*Y2(2)
3.16227766
Y1(2)/Y2(2)
.632455532

()
f
g

(2) 0.63

Solving a Real-Life Problem

For a white rhino, heart rate r (in beats per
minute) and life span s (in minutes) are related
to body mass m (in kilograms) by thefunctions
r(m) = 241m0.25
and
s(m) = (6 106)m0.2.
a. Find (rs)(m).
b. Explain what (rs)(m) represents.

SOLUTION

a. (rs)(m) = r(m) s(m)

Definition of multiplication

= 241m0.25[(6 106)m0.2]

Write product of r (m) and s(m).

= 241(6 106)m0.25+0.2

Product of Powers Property

= (1446 106)m0.05

Simplify.

= (1.446 109)m0.05

Use scientific notation.

b. Multiplying heart rate by life span gives the total number of heartbeats over the
lifetime of a white rhino with body mass m.

Monitoring Progress

Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

3. Let f(x) = 8x and g(x) = 2x5/6. Use a graphing calculator to evaluate ( f + g)(x),

( f g)(x), and ( fg)(x) when x = 5. Round your answers to two decimal places.

4. In Example 5, explain why you can evaluate ( f + g)(3), ( f g)(3), and ( fg)(3)

()

f
but not (3).
g
5. Use the answer in Example 6(a) to find the total number of heartbeats over the

lifetime of a white rhino when its body mass is 1.7 105 kilograms.

324

Chapter 6

Rational Exponents and Radical Functions

6.5

Exercises

Tutorial Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Vocabulary and Core Concept Check

1. WRITING Let f and g be any two functions. Describe how you can use f, g, and the four basic

operations to create new functions.

2. WRITING What x-values are not included in the domain of the quotient of two functions?

Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics

In Exercises 3 6, find ( f + g)(x) and ( f g)(x) and
state the domain of each. Then evaluate f + g and f g
for the given value of x. (See Examples 1 and 2.)

ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 17 and 18, describe and

correct the error in stating the domain.

17.

4
4
3. f(x) = 5
x , g(x) = 19
x ; x = 16
3

4. f(x) = 2x , g(x) = 11 2x ; x = 4
5. f(x) = 6x 4x2 7x3, g(x) = 9x2 5x; x = 1

18.

6. f(x) = 11x + 2x2, g(x) = 7x 3x2 + 4; x = 2

()

f
In Exercises 712, find ( fg)(x) and (x) and state the
g
f
domain of each. Then evaluate fg and for the given
g
value of x. (See Examples 3 and 4.)

3
7. f(x) = 2x3, g(x) =
x ; x = 27

8. f(x) = x4, g(x) = 3 x ; x = 4

9. f(x) = 4x, g(x) = 9x1/2; x = 9
10. f(x) = 11x3, g(x) = 7x7/3; x = 8
11. f(x) = 7x3/2, g(x) = 14x1/3; x = 64
12. f(x) =

4x5/4,

g(x) =

2x1/2;

x = 16

USING TOOLS In Exercises 1316, use a graphing

calculator to evaluate ( f + g)(x), ( f g)(x), ( fg)(x), and
f
(x) when x = 5. Round your answer to two decimal
g
places. (See Example 5.)

()

13. f(x) = 4x4; g(x) = 24x1/3

14. f(x) =

7x5/3;

g(x) =

15. f(x) =

2x1/3;

49x2/3

g(x) =

5x1/2

16. f(x) = 4x1/2; g(x) = 6x3/4

f(x ) = x1/2 and g(x ) = x3/2

The domain of fg is (, ).

f(x ) = x3 and g(x ) = x2 4

f
The domain of is {x | x 2}.
g

19. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS From 1990 to

2010, the numbers (in millions) of female F and

male M employees from the ages of 16 to 19
in the United States can be modeled by
F(t) = 0.007t2 + 0.10t + 3.7 and
M(t) = 0.0001t3 0.009t2 + 0.11t + 3.7, where t is
the number of years since 1990. (See Example 6.)
a. Find (F + M)(t).
b. Explain what (F + M)(t) represents.
20. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS From 2005 to 2009,

the numbers of cruise ship departures (in thousands)

from around the world W and Florida F can be
modeled by the equations
W(t) = 5.8333t3 + 17.43t2 + 509.1t + 11496
F(t) = 12.5t3 60.29t2 + 136.6t + 4881
where t is the number of years since 2005.
a. Find (W F )(t).
b. Explain what (W F )(t) represents.
21. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your friend claims that

the addition of functions and the multiplication of

functions are commutative. Is your friend correct?
Explain your reasoning.
Section 6.5

Performing Function Operations

325

22. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? The graphs of the functions

26. REWRITING A FORMULA For a mammal that weighs

f(x) = 3x2 2x 1 and g(x) = 3x + 4 are shown.

Which graph represents the function f + g? the
function f g? Explain your reasoning.

w grams, the volume b (in milliliters) of air breathed

in and the volume d (in milliliters) of dead space
(the portion of the lungs not filled with air) can be
modeled by

b(w) = 0.007w and d(w) = 0.002w.

The breathing rate r (in breaths per minute) of a

mammal that weighs w grams can be modeled by

g
2

1.1w0.734
r (w) = .
b(w) d(w)

A.

B.

Simplify r (w) and calculate the breathing rate

for body weights of 6.5 grams, 300 grams, and
70,000grams.

4
2

27. PROBLEM SOLVING A mathematician at a lake throws

a tennis ball from point A along the waters edge to

point B in the water, as shown. His dog, Elvis, first
runs along the beach from point A to point D and then
swims to fetch the ball at point B.

23. REASONING The table shows the outputs of the two

functions f and g. Use the table to evaluate ( f + g)(3),

f
( f g)(1), ( fg)(2), and (0).
g

()

f (x)

g(x)

2
0

3
10

12 m

26

24. THOUGHT PROVOKING Is it possible to write two

functions whose sum contains radicals, but whose

product does not? Justify your answers.

c. Use a graphing calculator to graph t. Find the

value of x that minimizes t. Explain the meaning
of this value.

Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency

Reviewing what you learned in previous grades and lessons

(Skills Review Handbook)

28. 3xn 9 = 6y

29. 5z = 7n + 8nz

30. 3nb = 5n 6z

31. = 7b

3 + 4n
n

Determine whether the relation is a function. Explain. (Skills Review Handbook)

32. (3, 4), (4, 6), (1, 4), (2, 1)

33. (1, 2), (3, 7), (0, 2), (1, 1)

34. (1, 6), (7, 3), (4, 0), (3, 0)

35. (3, 8), (2, 5), (9, 5), (2, 3)

326

Chapter 6

x C

b. Write a function t in terms of x that represents the

total time Elvis spends traveling from point A to
point D to point B.

25. MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS

Solve the literal equation for n.

20 m

a. Elvis runs at a speed of about 6.4 meters per

second. Write a function r in terms of x that
represents the time he spends running from point
A to point D. Elvis swims at a speed of about
0.9 meter per second. Write a function s in terms
of x that represents the time he spends swimming
from point D to point B.

13 31 57

A triangle is inscribed in a square,

as shown. Write and simplify a
function r in terms of x that
represents the area of the
shaded region.

Rational Exponents and Radical Functions

6.6
TEXAS ESSENTIAL
KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS
2A.2.B
2A.2.C
2A.2.D
2A.7.I

MAKING
MATHEMATICAL
ARGUMENTS
To be proficient in math,
you need to reason
inductively and make a
plausible argument.

Inverse of a Function
Essential Question

How can you sketch the graph of the inverse of

a function?
Graphing Functions and Their Inverses
Work with a partner. Each pair of functions are inverses of each other. Use a
graphing calculator to graph f and g in the same viewing window. What do you notice
about the graphs?
a. f(x) = 4x + 3
x3
g(x) =
4

b. f (x) = x3 + 1
3

g(x) = x 1
4x + 4
d. f (x) =
x+5
4 5x
g(x) =
x4

c. f(x) = x 3
g(x) = x2 + 3, x 0

Sketching Graphs of Inverse Functions

Work with a partner. Use the graph of f to sketch the graph of g, the inverse function
of f, on the same set of coordinate axes. Explain your reasoning.
a.

b.

y
8

y=x

y = f(x)
8

8 x

8 x

d.

y
8

y
8

y = f(x)

y = f(x) 4
8

4
4

y = f(x)

c.

y=x

y=x
4

8 x

y=x
4

8 x

Communicate Your Answer

3. How can you sketch the graph of the inverse of a function?
4. In Exploration 1, what do you notice about the relationship between the equations

of f and g? Use your answer to find g, the inverse function of

f(x) = 2x 3.
Use agraph to check your answer.
Section 6.6

Inverse of a Function

327

6.6 Lesson

What You Will Learn

Explore inverses of functions.
Find and verify inverses of nonlinear functions.

Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry
inverse functions, p. 329

Exploring Inverses of Functions

Previous
input
output
inverse operations
reflection
line of reflection

You have used given inputs to find corresponding outputs of y = f(x) for various types
of functions. You have also used given outputs to find corresponding inputs. Now you
will solve equations of the form y = f (x) for x to obtain a general formula for finding
the input given a specific output of a function f.

Writing a Formula for the Input of a Function

Let f(x) = 2x + 3.
a. Solve y = f(x) for x.
b. Find the input when the output is 7.

SOLUTION
a.

y = 2x + 3

Set y equal to f(x).

y 3 = 2x

Subtract 3 from each side.

y3
2

Divide each side by 2.

=x

b. Find the input when y = 7.

Check
f(5) = 2(5) + 3
= 10 + 3
= 7

7 3
x=
2
10
=
2
= 5

Substitute 7 for y.
Subtract.
Divide.

So, the input is 5 when the output is 7.

Monitoring Progress

Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Solve y = f(x) for x. Then find the input(s) when the output is 2.
1. f(x) = x 2

2. f(x) = 2x2

3. f(x) = x3 + 3

In Example 1, notice the steps involved after substituting for x in y = 2x + 3 and after
y3
substituting for y in x = .
2
y3
x=
2

y = 2x + 3
Step 1

Multiply by 2.

Step 2 Add 3.

328

Chapter 6

inverse operations
inthe reverse order

Rational Exponents and Radical Functions

Step 1

Subtract 3.

Step 2

Divide by 2.

UNDERSTANDING
MATHEMATICAL
TERMS
The term inverse functions
does not refer to a new
type of function. Rather,
it describes any pair of
functions that are inverses.

Notice that these steps undo each other. Functions that undo each other are called
inverse functions. In Example 1, you can use the equation solved for x to write the
inverse of f by switching the roles of x and y.
x3
g(x) =
inverse function
2
The function g is denoted by f 1, read as f inverse. Because inverse functions
interchange the input and output values of the original function, the domain and range
are also interchanged.
f(x) = 2x + 3

original function

Original function: f(x) = 2x + 3

x3
Inverse function: f 1(x) =
2

READING
The symbol 1 in f 1 is
not to be interpreted as
an exponent. In other
1
words, f 1(x) .
f(x)

f
y=x
f 1

The graph of an inverse function is a reflection of the graph of the original function.
The line of reflection is y = x. To find the inverse of a function algebraically, switch
the roles of x and y, and then solve for y.

Finding the Inverse of a Linear Function

Find the inverse of f (x) = 3x 1.

SOLUTION
Method 1 Use inverse operations in the reverse order.
f(x) = 3x 1

Multiply the input x by 3 and then subtract 1.

To find the inverse, apply inverse operations in the reverse order.

x+1
f 1(x) =
3

Check

x+1
1
1
The inverse of f is f 1(x) = , or f 1(x) = x + .
3
3
3

f
f 1

Method 2 Set y equal to f(x). Switch the roles of x and y and solve for y.

The graph of f 1 appears to be a

reflection of the graph of f in the
line y = x.

Add 1 to the input x and then divide by 3.

y = 3x 1

Set y equal to f(x).

x = 3y 1

Switch x and y.

x + 1 = 3y

Add 1 to each side.

x+1
3

Divide each side by 3.

=y

1
x+1
1
The inverse of f is f 1(x) = , or f 1(x) = x + .
3
3
3

Monitoring Progress

Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Find the inverse of the function. Then graph the function and its inverse.
4. f(x) = 2x

5. f(x) = x + 1

Section 6.6

6. f(x) = 3 x 2

Inverse of a Function

329

Inverses of Nonlinear Functions

In the previous examples, the inverses of the linear functions were also functions.
The inverse of a function, however, is not always a function. The graphs of f(x) = x2
and f (x) = x3 are shown along with their reflections in the line y = x. Notice that the
inverse of f(x) = x3 is a function, but the inverse of f (x) = x2 is not a function.
4

f(x) = x2
4

f 1(x) =

f(x) = x3

2
4

x = y2

When the domain of f (x) = x2 is restricted to only nonnegative real numbers, the
inverse of f is a function.

Finding the Inverse of a Quadratic Function

Find the inverse of f (x) = x2, x 0. Then graph the function and its inverse.

SOLUTION
f(x) = x2

Write the original function.

y = x2

Set y equal to f(x).

x = y2

Switch x and y.

Take square root of each side.

x = y

STUDY TIP
If the domain of f were
restricted to x 0, then
the inverse would be

f 1(x) = x .

The domain of f is restricted to nonnegative

values of x. So, the range of the inverse must
also be restricted to nonnegative values.

f(x) = x 2,
x0
6

f 1(x) =

So, the inverse of f is f 1(x) = x .

4

6x

You can use the graph of a function f to determine whether the inverse of f is a function
by applying the horizontal line test.

Core Concept
Horizontal Line Test
The inverse of a function f is also a function if and only if no horizontal line
intersects the graph of f more than once.
Inverse is a function
y

330

Chapter 6

Inverse is not a function

Rational Exponents and Radical Functions

Finding the Inverse of a Cubic Function

Consider the function f (x) = 2x3 + 1. Determine whether the inverse of f is a function.
Then find the inverse.

SOLUTION
Graph the function f. Notice that no horizontal line
intersects the graph more than once. So, the inverse
of f is a function. Find the inverse.
Check
5

f
f 1
5

Set y equal to f(x).

x=

Switch x and y.

2y3

+1

y
4
2

x 1 = 2y3

Subtract 1 from each side.

x1
= y3
2

Divide each side by 2.

x 2 1 = y

y = 2x3 + 1

f(x) = 2x3 + 1

Take cube root of each side.

x 2 1 .

So, the inverse of f is f 1(x) =

Finding the Inverse of a Radical Function

Consider the function f (x) = 2 x 3 . Determine whether the inverse of f is a

function. Then find the inverse.

SOLUTION
Graph the function f. Notice that no horizontal line
intersects the graph more than once. So, the inverse
of f is a function. Find the inverse.

y = 2 x 3

x = 2 y 3

Check
9

f 1
f
1

14
1

Set y equal to f(x).

f(x) = 2 x 3

Switch x and y.
2

x2 = ( 2 y 3 )

Square each side.

x2 = 4(y 3)

Simplify.

x2 = 4y 12

Distributive Property

x2 + 12 = 4y

Add 12 to each side.

1
4 x2

Divide each side by 4.

+3=y

y
8

8 x

Because the range of f is y 0, the domain of the inverse must be restricted to x 0.

So, the inverse of f is f 1(x) = 14 x2 + 3, where x 0.

Monitoring Progress

Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Find the inverse of the function. Then graph the function and its inverse.
7. f(x) = x2, x 0

8. f(x) = x3 + 4

Section 6.6

9. f(x) = x + 2

Inverse of a Function

331

Functions f and g are inverses of each other provided that

f (g (x)) = x

REASONING
Inverse functions undo
each other. So, when you
evaluate a function for a
specific input, and then
evaluate its inverse using
the output, you obtain the
original input.

and

g( f(x)) = x.

The operations f(g(x)) and g( f(x)) are compositions of functions.

Determining Whether Functions Are Inverses

x+1
Determine whether f (x) = 3x 1 and g(x) = are inverse functions.
3

SOLUTION
Step 1 Determine whether f (g(x)) = x.

Step 2 Determine whether g( f (x)) = x.

g( f(x)) = g(3x 1)

x+1
f(g(x)) = f
3

( )
x+1
= 3(
1
3 )
=x+11

3x 1 + 1
=
3
3x
=
3

=x

=x

So, f and g are inverse functions.

In many real-life problems, formulas contain meaningful variables, such as the radius r
in the formula for the surface area S of a sphere, S = 4r2. In this situation, switching
the variables to find the inverse would create confusion by switching the meanings of S
and r. So, when finding the inverse, solve for r without switching the variables.

Solving a Multi-Step Problem

Find the inverse of the function that represents the surface area of a sphere, S = 4r2.
Then find the radius of a sphere that has a surface area of 100 square feet.

SOLUTION
Step 1 Find the inverse of the function.
S=

4r2

S
4

= r2

The radius r must be positive, so

disregard the negative square root.

4S = r

Step 2 Evaluate the inverse when

S = 100.

100
r=
4

= 25 = 5

The radius of the sphere is 5 feet.

Monitoring Progress

Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Determine whether the functions are inverse functions.

10. f(x) = x + 5, g(x) = x 5

11. f(x) = 8x3, g(x) = 2x

12. The distance d (in meters) that a dropped object falls in t seconds on Earth is

represented by d = 4.9t 2. Find the inverse of the function. How long does it take
an object to fall 50 meters?

332

Chapter 6

Rational Exponents and Radical Functions

Exercises

6.6

Tutorial Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Vocabulary and Core Concept Check

1. VOCABULARY In your own words, state the definition of inverse functions.
2. WRITING Explain how to determine whether the inverse of a function is also a function.
3. COMPLETE THE SENTENCE Functions f and g are inverses of each other provided that f (g(x)) = ____ and

g( f(x)) = ____.

4. DIFFERENT WORDS, SAME QUESTION Which is different? Find both answers.

Let f(x) = 5x 2. Solve y = f (x) for x and then

switch the roles of x and y.

Write an equation that represents a reflection of

the graph of f(x) = 5x 2 in the x-axis.

Write an equation that represents a reflection of

the graph of f(x) = 5x 2 in the line y = x.

Find the inverse of f(x) = 5x 2.

Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics

In Exercises 512, solve y = f(x) for x. Then find the
input(s) when the output is 3. (See Example 1.)
5. f(x) = 3x + 5

6. f(x) = 7x 2

22. REASONING Determine whether each pair of

functions f and g are inverses. Explain your reasoning.

a.

f(x)

10

10

g(x)

In Exercises 1320, find the inverse of the function. Then

graph the function and its inverse. (See Example 2.)

f(x)

13. f(x) = 6x

14. f(x) = 3x

15. f(x) = 2x + 5

16. f(x) = 6x 3

g(x)

10

18

26

34

10

18

26

34

7. f(x) = 2 x 3
9. f(x) = 3x3

8. f(x) = 3 x + 1
10. f(x) = 2x 4 5

11. f(x) = (x 2)2 7

12. f(x) = (x 5)3 1

17. f(x) = 2 x + 4
19. f(x) =

2
3 x

1
3

b.

18. f(x) = 3 x 1
20. f(x) =

4
5 x

c.
1
5

f(x)

21. COMPARING METHODS Find the inverse of the

function f(x) = 3x + 4 by switching the roles of x

and y and solving for y. Then find the inverse of the
function f by using inverse operations in the reverse
order. Which method do you prefer? Explain.

x
g(x)

Section 6.6

Inverse of a Function

333

In Exercises 2328, find the inverse of the function. Then

graph the function and its inverse. (See Example 3.)

39. f(x) = 2 x 5

40. f(x) = 2x2 5

23. f(x) = 4x2, x 0

24. f(x) = 9x2, x 0

41. f(x) = x4 + 2

42. f(x) = 2x3 5

25. f(x) = (x 3)3

26. f(x) = (x + 4)3

43. f(x) = 3 x + 1

27. f(x) = 2x4, x 0

28. f(x) = x6, x 0

1
2

correct the error in finding the inverse of the function.

29.

44. f(x) = 3

45. f(x) = x5

ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 29 and 30, describe and

46.

function whose graph is shown?

f(x) = x + 3

3
A g(x) = 2 x 6

y = x + 3

3
B g(x) = 2 x + 6

x 3 = y

f(x) = 17 x 2, x 0
y = 17 x 2

3
f (x) =
64 x ?

7x = y
USING TOOLS In Exercises 3134, use the graph to

determine whether the inverse of f is a function. Explain

your reasoning.
32.

x3
4

10

x +5 9 , g(x) = 5x 9
x+4
f(x) = 7x 4, g(x) = (
7 )

52.
34.

In Exercises 4952, determine whether the functions are

inverses. (See Example 6.)

f
5

D g(x) = 4x

51. f(x) =

3
x
C g(x) = 4

50. f(x) = , g(x) = 4x + 3

3
x
B g(x) = 4

x
2

33.

A g(x) = 4x3

49. f(x) = 2x 9, g(x) = + 9

10

3/2

3/2

53. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS The maximum hull

5

speed v (in knots) of a boat with a displacement hull

can be approximated by v = 1.34, where is the

waterline length (in feet) of the boat. Find the inverse
function. What waterline length is needed to achieve a
maximum speed of 7.5 knots? (See Example 7.)

In Exercises 3546, determine whether the inverse of

f is a function. Then find the inverse. (See Examples 4
and 5.)
35. f(x) = x3 1

37. f(x) = x + 4

334

Chapter 6

48. WRITING EQUATIONS What is the inverse of

7x = y 2

10

2
D g(x) = 3 x + 12

x = 17 y 2

31.

2
C g(x) = 3 x 6

47. WRITING EQUATIONS What is the inverse of the

x = y + 3

30.

2x 3+ 4
4x 7
f(x) = 3
3

36. f(x) = x3 + 3

38. f(x) = x 6

Rational Exponents and Radical Functions

Waterline length

54. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS Elastic bands

59. REASONING You and a friend are playing a number-

canbe used for exercising to provide a range of

resistance. The resistance R (in pounds) of a band
can be modeled by R = 38 L 5, where L is the total
length (in inches) of the stretched band. Find the
inverse function. What length of the stretched band
provides 19 pounds of resistance?

guessing game. You ask your friend to think of a

positive number, square the number, multiply the
result by 2, and then add 3. Your friends final answer
is 53. What was the original number chosen? Justify
your answer.
60. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your friend claims that

unstretched

every function has an inverse. Is your friend correct?

Explain your reasoning.
61. PROBLEM SOLVING When calibrating a spring scale,

stretched

ANALYZING RELATIONSHIPS In Exercises 5558, match

the graph of the function with the graph of its inverse.

55.

56.
y

2
4

4x

4x

57.

4x

4x

B.

63. PROBLEM SOLVING At the start of a dog sled race

2
4

4x
2

4x

C.
y

b. Find the Fahrenheit temperatures at the start and

end of the race.

2
x

2
2

in Anchorage, Alaska, the temperature was 5C. By

the end of the race, the
temperature was 10C.
The formula for converting
temperatures from degrees
Fahrenheit F to degrees
Celsius C is C= 59 (F 32).
a. Find the inverse function.
Describe what it represents.

D.

62. THOUGHT PROVOKING Do functions of the form

y = x m/n, where m and n are positive integers, have

inverse functions? Justify your answer with examples.

A.

Not drawn to scale

c. Verify that the function = 0.5w + 3 and the

inverse model in part (a) are inverse functions.

2
4

a. Find the inverse

function. Describe
what it represents.

b. You place a melon on the scale, and the spring

stretches to a total length of 5.5 inches. Determine
the weight of the melon.

58.
y

you need to know how far the spring stretches for

various weights. Hookes Law states that the length a
spring stretches is proportional
to the weight attached
spring with
to it. A model for one
unweighted
weight
spring
scale is = 0.5w + 3,
attached
where is the total
length (in inches) of the
3
stretched spring and w
0.5w
is the weight (in pounds)
of the object.

4x

c. Use a graphing calculator to graph the original

function and its inverse. Find the temperature that
is the same on both temperature scales.

Section 6.6

Inverse of a Function

335

64. PROBLEM SOLVING The surface area A (in square

69. DRAWING CONCLUSIONS Determine whether the

meters) of a person with a mass of 60 kilograms can

be approximated by A = 0.2195h 0.3964, where h is the
height (in centimeters) of the person.

statement is true or false. Explain your reasoning.

a. Find the inverse function. Then estimate the height

of a 60-kilogram person who has a body surface
area of 1.6 square meters.

b. If f(x) = x n and n is a positive odd integer, then

the inverse of f is a function.

a. If f(x) = x n and n is a positive even integer, then

the inverse of f is a function.

b. Verify that function A and the inverse model in

part (a) are inverse functions.

70. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? The graph of the function f

is shown. Name three points that lie on the graph of

the inverse of f. Explain your reasoning.

USING STRUCTURE In Exercises 6568, match the

function with the graph of its inverse.

65. f(x) = x 4

66. f(x) = x + 4

67. f(x) = x + 1 3

4x
2

68. f(x) = x 1 + 3
A.

B.

71. ABSTRACT REASONING Show that the inverse of any

8

linear function f (x) = mx + b, where m 0, is also

a linear function. Identify the slope and y-intercept of
the graph of the inverse function in terms of m and b.

4x
4

72. CRITICAL THINKING Consider the function f(x) = x.

C.

D.

y
2

a. Graph f(x) = x and explain why it is its own

inverse. Also, verify that f (x) = x is its own
inverse algebraically.

y
4

b. Graph other linear functions that are their own

inverses. Write equations of the lines you graphed.

8x

c. Use your results from part (b) to write a general

equation describing the family of linear functions
that are their own inverses.

Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency

Reviewing what you learned in previous grades and lessons

Simplify the expression. Write your answer using only positive exponents. (Skills Review Handbook)
73. (3)3

74. 23

45
4

75. 3

76.

( 23 )

Describe the x-values for which the function is increasing, decreasing, positive,
and negative. (Section 5.1)
77.

78.

79.

y
4

4x
2

y = 2x2 4x

1
1

y = 16 x3 +

25
x
16

3x
4

y = 3 x3 3 x

4
1

336

Chapter 6

Rational Exponents and Radical Functions

6.46.6

What Did You Learn?

Core Vocabulary
radical equation, p. 314
inverse functions, p. 329

Core Concepts
Section 6.4
Solving Radical Equations, p. 314
Solving Radical Inequalities, p. 317

Section 6.5
Operations on Functions, p. 322

Section 6.6
Exploring Inverses of Functions, p. 328
Inverses of Nonlinear Functions, p. 330
Horizontal Line Test, p. 330

Mathematical Thinking
1.

How did you find the endpoints of the range in part (b) of Exercise 54 on page 319?

2.

How did you use structure in Exercise 57 on page 320?

3.

How can you evaluate the reasonableness of the results in Exercise 27 on page 326?

4.

How can you use a graphing calculator to check your answers in Exercises 4952 on page 334?

Performance
e Task

Turning the Tables

In this chapter, you have used properties of rational exponents
ntss
nt
and functions to find an answer to the problem. Using those
e
same properties, can you find a problem to the answer?
How many problems can you find?
To explore the answers to these questions and more,
go to BigIdeasMath.com.

337
33
7

Chapter Review
6.1

nth Roots and Rational Exponents (pp. 289294)

a. Evaluate 84/3 without using a calculator.

Rational Exponent Form

Radical Form

84/3 = (81/3)4 = 24 = 16

84/3 = ( 8 ) = 24 = 16

3 4

b. Find the real solution(s) of x4 45 = 580.

x 4 45 = 580

Write original equation.

x 4 = 625

Add 45 to each side.

x = 625
x=5

Take fourth root of each side.

x = 5

or

Simplify.

The solutions are x = 5 and x = 5.

Evaluate the expression without using a calculator.
1. 87/3

3. (27)2/3

2. 95/2

Find the real solution(s) of the equation. Round your answer to two decimal places
when appropriate.
4. x5 + 17 = 35

6.2

5. 7x3 = 189

6. (x + 8)4 = 16

Properties of Rational Exponents and Radicals (pp. 295302)

a. Use the properties of rational exponents to simplify

( ) [( ) ]
541/3

21/3

54

1/3 4

()

541/3
.
21/3

= (271/3)4 = 34 = 81

b. Write 16x13y8z7 in simplest form.

4

16x13y8z7 = 16x12xy8z4z3
4
12 8 4

= 16x y z
= 2y2 x3z

Factor out perfect fourth powers.

xz

Product Property of Radicals

xz

Simplify.

Simplify the expression.

7.

( )
61/5
6

8. 32

2/5

10. 4 8 + 3 8

11. 2 48 3

9.

2 9

12. (52/3

3/2)1/2

Simplify the expression. Assume all variables are positive.

13.

338

Chapter 6

125z9

21/4z5/4
6z

14.

Rational Exponents and Radical Functions

15. 10z5 z 2 40z

6.3

Graphing Radical Functions (pp. 303310)

Describe the transformation of f(x) = x represented by g(x) = 2x + 5 .

Then graph each function.
g y

Notice that the function is of the form

g(x) = ax h , where a = 2 and h = 5.

So, the graph of g is a vertical stretch

by a factor of 2 and a translation 5 units
left of the graph of f.

x
2

Describe the transformation of f represented by g. Then graph each function.

16. f(x) = x , g(x) = 2 x

3
3
17. f(x) =
x , g(x) =
x 6

18. Let the graph of g be a reflection in the y-axis, followed by a translation 7 units to the right

3
ofthe graph of f(x) =
x . Write a rule for g.

19. Use a graphing calculator to graph 2y2 = x 8. Identify the vertex and the direction that the

parabola opens.
20. Use a graphing calculator to graph x2 + y2 = 81. Identify the radius and the intercepts.

6.4

Solving Radical Equations and Inequalities (pp. 313320)

Solve 6 x + 2 < 18.

Solve for x.

Step 1

6x + 2 < 18

Write the original inequality.

x + 2 < 3

30

Divide each side by 6.

x+2 < 9

y = 18

Square each side.

Subtract 2 from each side.

x<7
Step 2

Check

y=6 x+2
4

Consider the radicand.

x+2 0

The radicand cannot be negative.

x 2

Intersection
X=7
Y=18

12

Subtract 2 from each side.

So, the solution is 2 x < 7.

Solve the equation. Check your solution.
3

21. 4 2x + 1 = 20

22. 4x 4 = 5x 1 1

23. (6x)2/3 = 36

Solve the inequality.

24. 5 x + 2 > 17

25. 2 x 8 < 24

26. 7 x 3 21

27. In a tsunami, the wave speeds (in meters per second) can be modeled by s(d ) = 9.8d , where

dis the depth (in meters) of the water. Estimate the depth of the water when the wave speed is
200 meters per second.
Chapter 6

Chapter Review

339

6.5

Performing Function Operations (pp. 321326)

()

f
Let f(x) = 2x3/2 and g(x) = x1/4. Find (x) and state the domain. Then evaluate
g
the quotient when x = 81.

()
f
g

2x3/2
x

f(x)
g(x)

= 2x(3/21/4) = 2x5/4
(x) = =
1/4

The functions f and g each have the same domain: all nonnegative real numbers. Because g(0) = 0,
f
the domain of is restricted to all positive real numbers.
g
When x = 81, the value of the quotient is

()
f
g

(81) = 2(81)5/4 = 2(811/4)5 = 2(3)5 = 2(243) = 486.

()

f
g

28. Let f(x) = 2 3 x and g(x) = 4 3 x . Find ( fg)(x) and (x) and state the domain of each.

()

f
Then evaluate ( fg)(2) and (2).
g

29. Let f(x) = 3x2 + 1 and g(x) = x + 4. Find ( f + g)(x) and ( f g)(x) and state the domain of

each. Then evaluate ( f + g)(5) and ( f g)(5).

6.6

Inverse of a Function (pp. 327336)

Consider the function f(x) = (x + 5)3. Determine whether the

inverse of f is a function. Thenfind the inverse.

f(x) = (x + 5)3
y

Graph the function f. Notice that no horizontal line intersects the graph
more than once. So, the inverse of f is a function. Find the inverse.
y = (x + 5)3

Set y equal to f(x).

x = (y + 5)3

Switch x and y.

x
3

=y+5

5=y

2
4

Take cube root of each side.

Subtract 5 from each side.

Check
8

Find the inverse of the function. Then graph the function

and its inverse.
30. f(x) =

x
2

3
So, the inverse of f is f 1(x) =
x 5.

1
2 x

+ 10

31. f(x) =

x2

12

12

f 1

+ 8, x > 0

32. f(x) = x3 9

33. f(x) = 3 x + 5

Determine whether the functions are inverse functions.

1

34. f(x) = 4(x 11)2, g(x) = 4 (x + 11)2

35. f(x) = 2x + 6, g(x) = 2 x + 3

36. On a certain day, the function that gives U.S. dollars in terms of British pounds is d = 1.587p,

where d represents U.S. dollars and p represents British pounds. Find the inverse function. Then
find the number of British pounds equivalent to 100 U.S. dollars.

340

Chapter 6

Rational Exponents and Radical Functions

Chapter Test

1. Solve the inequality 5 x 3 2 13 and the equation 5 x 3 2 = 13. Describe

the similarities and differences in solving radical equations and radical inequalities.
Describe the transformation of f represented by g. Then write a rule for g.

2. f(x) = x
6

(4, 1)
(3, 0)

y
4

(0, 0)
2

2
4

5
4. f(x) =
x

(1, 2)

4
2

3
3. f(x) =
x

4 x

(1, 2)

(1, 4)
(0, 2)

(1, 0)
2

4x

Simplify the expression. Explain your reasoning.

5. 642/3

6. (27)5/3

7.

256

4
11 3

48xy z

8.

32

9. Write two functions whose graphs are translations of the graph of y = x . The first

function should have a domain of x 4. The second function should have a range of
y 2.

10. In bowling, a handicap is a change in score to adjust for differences in the abilities of

players. You belong to a bowling league in which your handicap h is determined using the
formula h = 0.9(200 a), where a is your average score. Find the inverse of the model.
Then find the average for a bowler whose handicap is 36.
11. The basal metabolic rate of an animal is a measure of the amount of

calories burned at rest for basic functioning. Kleibers law states that
an animals basal metabolic rate R (in kilocalories per day) can be
modeled by R = 73.3w3/4, where w is the mass (in kilograms) of the
animal. Find the basal metabolic rates of each animal in the table.

12. Let f(x) =

Animal

Mass (kilograms)

rabbit

2.5

sheep

50

human

70

lion

210

and g(x) =
Find ( f + g)(x) and ( f g)(x)
and state the domain of each. Then evaluate ( f + g)(32) and ( f g)(32).
6x3/5

1
2

x3/5.

()
f
g

13. Let f(x) = x3/4 and g(x) = 8x. Find ( fg)(x) and (x) and state the domain

()

f
of each. Then evaluate ( fg)(16) and (16).
g

14. A football player jumps to catch a pass. The maximum height h (in feet) of the

1 2
s , where s is the initial
player above the ground is given by the function h =
64
speed (in feet per second) of the player. Find the inverse of the function. Use the
inverse to find the initial speed of the player shown.

3 ft

Chapter 6

Chapter Test

341

Standards Assessment

1. Which two transformations can be used to obtain the graph of g(x) = x + c, c < 0

from the graph of f(x) = x ? (TEKS 2A.4.C)

A translation c units down and reflection in the y-axis

B translation c units up and reflection in the y-axis

C translation c units left and reflection in the x-axis

D none of the above

2. Find the solutions of the equation 3x 4 27x2 + 9x = x3. (TEKS 2A.7.E)

F x = 1, x = 0, and x = 3

G x = 3, x = 0, and x = 3

1
H x = 3, x = 3 , x = 0, and x = 3

1
J x = 3, x = 0, x = 3 , and x = 3

3. GRIDDED ANSWER The average speed s (in meters per second) of sound in air is given

by the function s = 20.05 T + 273.15 , where T is the air temperature (in degrees
Celsius). What is the air temperature when the speed of sound is 345.6 meters per
second? Round your answer to the nearest degree. (TEKS 2A.4.F)
4. You are constructing a metal border of uniform width for a

rectangular wall mirror that measures 20 inches by 24 inches.

You have 416 square inches of metal to use. What is the
greatest possible width x of the border? (TEKS 2A.4.F)

24 in.

A 2 in.

B 4 in.

x
x

C 16 in.

20 in.

D 26 in.

5. What is the domain of the inverse of the function shown in the graph? (TEKS 2A.2.C)
F x0

G x0

y
2

6 x

H x>0

J x<0

6. Simplify 6 4x 6 9x . Assume x is positive. (TEKS 2A.7.G)

5

A 6 x

C 3 36x

342

Chapter 6

B 3 13x

D not possible

Rational Exponents and Radical Functions

7. The table shows values for the quadratic function g. Which statements about the graph

of g are true? (TEKS 2A.4.E, TEKS 2A.8.C)

I.
II.
III.
IV.

72

27

10

12

16 40

The axis of symmetry is x = 5.

The y-intercept is 16.
An x-intercept is 2.
The vertex is (4, 8).

F I and II only

G III and IV only

H I, II, and III only

J I, II, III, and IV

8. A farmer harvests crops and receives $4.35 per bushel for corn, $12.40 per bushel for

soybeans, and $6.70 per bushel for wheat. The farmer harvests a total of 1700 bushels
of crops and receives a total of $9418. The amount of corn harvested is 3.25 times the
combined amount of soybeans and wheat harvested. How many bushels of wheat did
the farmer harvest? (TEKS 2A.3.A, TEKS 2A.3.B)
A 0

B 190

C 210

D 1300

9. What is ( f + g)(x) given that f(x) = 7x3 1 and g(x) = 2x3 + 6? (TEKS 2A.7.B)
F 5x3 + 5

G 5x3 5

H 9x3 7

J 9x3 + 7

10. A snowstorm begins with light snow that increases to very heavy snow before

decreasing again. The snowfall rate r (in inches per hour) is given by
r(t) = 0.5 t 4 + 2
where t is the time (in hours) since the storm began. What is the maximum snowfall
rate? (TEKS 2A.2.A, TEKS 2A.6.C)
A 1 in./h

B 2 in./h

C 4 in./h

D 6 in./h

11. You drop a pebble into a calm pond, causing ripples of

concentric circles. The radius r (in feet) of the outer ripple

is given by r(t) = 6t, where t is the time (in seconds) after
the pebble hits the water. The area A (in square feet) of the
outer ripple is given by A(r) = r 2. What is the most
reasonable estimate of A(r(2))? (TEKS 2A.7.B)
F 13 ft2

G 38 ft2

H 50 ft2

J 452 ft2

Chapter 6

Standards Assessment

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