-

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.

.

.

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.

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: .

: .

: .

: .

: .

)( : .

)( .

)( .

)( .

)( .

)( .

--

/:

Area

m
m

Ad

Clear Area for doors

Aw

Clear Area for Walls

Awin

Clear Area for windows

g/kg

Ha

Absolute Humidity

Cc

Cp

Thermal Conductance
Cavity Thermal
Conductance
Specific Heat Capacity

)/.(

tdb

Dry Bulb Temperature

)(

Thickness

)/.(

)W/(m. K

Emissivity
Surface Thermal
Conductance
Thermal conductivity

)/.(

)W/(m. K

).( /

(m. K)/W

)/.(

)g/(MN.s

Ra

Rc

Thermal Resistivity
Water Vapour
Permeance
Heat Quantity
Density of heat Flow
Rate
Thermal Resistance
Air to Air Thermal
Resistance
Cavity Thermal
Resistance

--

)/ .(

)W/(m . K

)/.(

)W/(m. K
)J/(kg.K

W/m

).( /

(m. K)/W

).( /

(m. K)/W

).( /

(m. K)/W

Surface Thermal
Resistance

).( /

(m. K)/W

Inside Surface Thermal

Resistance

).( /

(m. K)/W

Outside Surface
Thermal Resistance

).(/

(m. K)/W

Relative Humidity

Rv

Vapor Resistance

).(/

(MN.s)/g

Rs
Rsi
Rse

)/.(

)W/(m. K

Thermal Transmittance
for Doors

)/.(

)W/(m. K

Thermal Transmittance
for Walls

)/.(

)W/(m. K

Thermal Transmittance
for Windows

)/.(

)W/(m. K

tSi

tSe

Ud
Uw
Uwin

twd

Temperature
Inside Surface
Temperature
Outside Surface
Temperature
Thermal Transmittance

Decrement Factor
Wet Bulb Temperature

Density

Time Lag
WaterVapour
Permeability
Vapor Resistivity

hour

).()/.(

)(g.m)/(MN.s

).()/.(

)(MN.s)/(g.m

--

Kg/m

/:
// ):(Emissivity) (
) (t
.

.
// ):(Thermal Transmittance ) (U-Value
) ( ) (

)/.( .W/(m. K)

) (

.

// ):(Specific Heat Capacity) (Cp

)/.( .J/(kg. K)

// ):(Vapour Resistance) (Rv

) (Rv =/p ).(/ .(MN.s)/g)

// ):(Thermal Resistance) (R

" "
) (d ) ( ).( / (m. K)/W
)(C

// ): (Surface Thermal Resistance) (Rs

) (Rs = /h )./(.(m. K/W)

// ):(Total Thermal Resistance) (Ra

. ) (Ra=/U ).( /.

--

// ):(Cavity Thermal Resistance) (Rc

) (RC=/CC
).( / (m. K)/W
// ):(Vapour Resistivity) (/
).()/.( (MN.s)/(g.m)
// ):(Thermal Resistivity) (/
).( / (m. K)/W
// ):(Water Vapour Permeance) (p
) (
) / .(N/m) ( )/.( g/(MN.s)
// ):(Thermal Conductance) (C
) ( ) (

) (C = /d ) /.( W/(m. K)
// ):(Surface Thermal Conductance) (h
) (
) (
) /.(.W/(m. K)
// ): (Cavity Thermal Conductance) (Cc
) ( ) (

) /.( .W/(m. K)
// ):(Thermal Conductivity) (
)(
. ) /.(
)W/(m. K
// ):(Water Vapour Permeability) (
) (
) / (N/m) (
).() /.( .(g.m)/(MN.s)

--

//

) :( Heating Degree Day

,
.

//

) :( Cooling Degree Day

.
// ) :( Daily Range
.

--

/:

:
:

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.
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.

// ) (U-Value :



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( )
(Physiological
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:
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)(

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.
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) (C

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) (t ) (Qs ) (:
Qs = . Cp. V t

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:
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- -

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)(J/kg .k

// :
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.

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.
.

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) (
.
) (

ti

te

ti

te

) (

te

te

ti

ti

): (

- -

// ) :( U-value

)(

)(W/m.K

Uroof

Uow

Uwin

Uwin

Ufacade

UG

UF

UF

AWin 0 . 2 A facade
:

AWin > 0 . 2 A facade

:

: Afacade
: Awin
)(

// :

) ( ,/

- ) ( ,/

- -

//

):(Thermal Bridges

.



.
) (--

.

)(

) (

)(

- -

)/ 4g

)(

0Rk Qi
-1.m-.Rl

0Rk 0

0Rk 0

mm

) (
)(

)(

)(
)(

- -

// :
:

.
:

) ( ) (.
:
) (
.

// ) (U Value
:
):(

)(

) + R c + R se
:

di

= U

i=n

( R si +

i =1

: U )/ .(

: RSi ) . /( ) (

: Rc ) . /( )(

: RSe ) . /( ) (
)(

: di i

r<)6< : i r.s0t+45+ i -pDqR+QpN k )/.( )(

:
:

) Q = U . A .(t i t e

: ti )(
: te )(
- -

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).( ,
:

BS EN ISO :

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:

BS EN ISO :

)(

// :

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)(
) (:

)(

UiA i

)(W/m. K

= U

:
= A
= Ai ) ( i
= U
= Ui ) ( i
) ( ):(
U + U 22
U= 1 1
)(W/m. K
) (
A
:
= U )(-
= A )(-
= U )(-
= A )(-
= A ) . (1 + 2

) (

A
A
- -

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):(
)(W/m. K

)(

win

win

A
A

Ad+

= U

:
= .

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Ud

= .

Uw

= .

Uwin

= .

= .

Ad

= .

Aw

= .

Awin

= .

)() () (
)(W/(m.K )) (Uwin

)(Uf
))(W/(m.K

))(Ug) (W/(m.K

- -

%

)('&ISO -:(E) :%

)(

)(W/(m.K )) (Uwin

)(Uf

))(W/(m.K

))(Ug) (W/(m.K

`
`

%

)('&ISO -:(E) %

)(

- -

)(Ug
)(W/m.K

)(

)(
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
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--
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--
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`
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`
`
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--
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--
%

)('&ISO -:E %

)(

// :
) (
.
)(W/m. K) (

Ud A d + UF AF + UG AG + UR AR + U w A w + U win A win
A

:
UT

= .

Ud

= .

UF

= / .

UG

= .

UR

= .

Uw

= .

Uwin

= .

= .

Ad

= .

AF

= / .

AG

= .

AR

= .

Aw

= .

Awin

= .

// :
- -

= UT

)(
) (ti )( ) (te:
)Q=A.U (ti te) (W
) (A ) ( .
:
)q = Q/A= U (ti te) (W/m
) ( Q
.
: :
tsi = ti (Rsi. q) C
tsi = ti (Rsi.Ut ) C
:
= tsi ) ( C
= tse ) ( C
= ti

) ( C

= te ) ( C
=Rsi )(m . K /W
=Rse )(m . K /W
= q )(W/m
= U )(W/m.K
=t ) ( C
:

) ( :
tsi = ti (Rsi. q) C
t=tsi __ (R.q) C
t = t (R. q) C
tn = tn- (Rn. q) C
tse = te (Rse. q) C

- -

)(

)(

) (

)(
)(kg/m

)(Limestone

)(
)(W/m.K
,

)(Marble

)(Granite

)(Basalt

)(Sand

)(Sandstone

)(Wadi Sand
)(mesh -
)(Wadi Pebbles
)(mm -
- -

)(Wadi Gravel

)(Dolomite

)(

)(Pumice

)(mm -

)(Foamed Clay

)(Blast Furnace Slag

)(Foamed Slag

)(Diatomite

)(
)(kg/m

,

)(
)(W/m.K

)(Clay

)(Loam

)(Expansive Clay

) (

- -

-)4l<.Il r
<)./)1s +)6

)(

)(
)(
)(
)(

)(
)(kg/m

)(

)(
)(W/m.K

)(
- -

)( ) (

)(
) (

)(

)(

)(

)(
)(kg/m

)(

- -

)(
)(W/m.K
,

)(

)(
)(

)( ) (
)(
)(Sand/Epoxy Resin

)( )(

)( ) (

) o (

) o (

o
o

) (

) o (

) o (

)(

- -

)(kg/m

)(
)(W/m.K

)(

) (

)(

)(Pine

)(

)(Oak

)(

)(Teak

)(

)(

- -

)(kg/m

)(
)(W/m.K

)(Plywood-board

)(Chip board

)(Fiber board

)(

)(

)(

)(Flint Glass

)(Mosonite

)(Cellulosic

)(Sawdust

)(Straw board

)(Wood Wool

) (

)(Cardboard

)(Honeycomb paper board

- -

)(
)(kg/m

)(
)(W/m.K

)(Softwoods
)(Spruce

)(

)(Pine

)(

)(Hardwoods

)(Oak

)(

)(Beech

)(Teak

)(

)(Walnut

)(
)(Mahogany

,-,

) (

,-,

- -

)(
)(kg/m

) (

)(
)(W/m.K

,
) (

,
,
,

) (

- -

)
(

)(
)(kg/m

)(
)(W/m.K

)(Pulp Wood

)(Wood Felt

)(Wood Wool

)(Wood Wool

- -

)(Sawdust

)(Papyrus Grass

)(
)(kg/m

)(
)(W/m.K

) (

- -

) (

) (

* )(

)(
)(kg/m

)-(

)(
)(W/m.K
,

)(Mineral Fiber Cement

) (

)(Cellular Glass

- -

) Woven Cloth

(Cellular Glass

: ) (

)(
)(kg/m

,-,

)(
)(W/m.K

- -

)(Rock Wool

,-,

)(Glass Wool

,-,

)(Slag Wool

)(Fibers Mineral

)(Granulated

)(Gypsum Pellets

,-,

)(
)(kg/m

)(Aerogel Silica
- -

)(
)(W/m.K

)(R

)(ECB

- )(EPDM

)(Mastic Asphalt

)(
)(kg/m

)(
)(W/m.K

)(

)(Aluminum

)(Copper

) (
)Cu

(Zn %
- -

) Cu

)(Cast Iron

)(Steel

)( )(Tin

)( )(Zinc

)(Nickel

)(Ash Wood

)( )(Char Coal

)(Coal

)(Chalk

)(peat Moss

)(

(Zn %

)(Bees Wax

)(Praffin Wax

)(
)(kg/m

)(
)(W/m.K

)(Glycerine

)(Grease

)(Sealants

)(Gaskets

- -

)(Linen

)(Leather

)(Ice

)(Kraft Building Paper

) (

- -

/:


.

) (
.

/ :

.

// :

):(Flake Insulators

.

):(Fiber Insulators


.

):(Porous Insulators


.

):(Cellular Insulators


.

- -

// :

:
- :







.

- :
) (


.
.
- :

)(.
- :



.
- :

.

- -

- :

.
.

.
- ) (:




.
- :

:
.
.
.
.

// :
-

:
) (.
) (.

- :
.
.



.

- -

/ :
// ):(Thermal Conductivity

.
// ):(Density
) / (


.
// ):(Water Absorption


.
// ):(Water Absorption or Hygroscopy



.
// ):(Water Vapour Permeability



.



.
// ):(Dimensional Stability


.

- -

// ):(Combustion and Flammability

.
// ):(Pressure Resistance


.
// ):(Weathering Resistance

.

.
// ):(Working Temperature


.
):(Compaction and Setting
//


.
// ):(Dimensional Recovery


.
// ):(Adhesion





.
- -

// ):(Shrinkage


.

. :
)( :

)( :

)(Buildings Orientation

)(Buildings Ventilation

)(Buildings Elements

)( :

)(

)(

- -

.




.


.

- -

 

/:



.

/ :
// ):(Humidity Ratio

) (Humidity Content ) (Mw

) (Md.a :
M
W= w
] [gw / Kgd.a
M d .a
// ):(Absolute Humidity

Haw.a

) (Water Vapor Density ) (Mw

) (Vw.a :
M
] Ha w.a = w [gw/mw.a
VW .a
// ):(Dew Point Temperature

td

. ) (
.
// ):(Relative Humidity

.

.

- -

 

MW
W
=
%
Ws M W .S

:
=Mw .
= Mw.S .
) ( ) (Ws .

 
  )( C

)(

,
Ws
)(g/Kg

t
)(C

,
Ws
)(g/Kg

t
)(C

,
Ws
)(g/Kg

t
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,
Ws
)(g/Kg

t
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- -

 

) (
) (W s

) (
)(

) (td ) (

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

-,

- -

 

: ) (

)(

/ :

//

Surface Condensation

(

.

.
) ( ).(

)(

- -

 

)(

( :
) ( ) (Psychrometric Chart
.
.
.

  
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART

Bs

. g/Kg

- -

. g/Kg

C
E

. g/Kg

)oisture Content (g/Kg

  Relative Humidity

  )/(

 

:

) ( ) (C
) (, g/Kg )(C
) (, g/Kg .

:
: :
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).(, g/Kg
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) ( C

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- -

 

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// Interstitial Condensation
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(
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.
. .
. .

//
(
) .( //
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(

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/
( - ) (Continuous Heating
)/ (
.

) (.
( - ) (Infrequent Heating ) / (

.
( -
.
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.
( -
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- -

 

( -

.
( -

).(
( -
( .
)

)./.(
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) (,

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)(

) (:

) (

:
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*

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) (:
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)(

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:





.

// :

).(//
.
.

// :


. .

.

.

) (Time-Lag ) ( .

- -

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) ( .

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tsi
tse

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)(

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- -

BS EN ISO -:(E),Thermal performance of windows, doors and

shutters-Calculation of thermal transmittance Part :Simplified
methods.
prEN ISO -:, Thermal performance of windows, doors and
shutters-Calculation of thermal transmittance Part :Numerical method
for frames.
ISO -:(E).
DIN V -:-.
DIN BbI :-.
BS EN ISO :, Building components and building elementsThermal resistance and thermal transmittance-Calculation method.
Ashre Handbook Fundamentals .

- -