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Incandescent

This document discusses two types of light sources: daylight and incandescent lamps. It describes how daylight varies significantly based on weather conditions, time of day, and latitude. It also explains the basic technology behind incandescent lamps, how their construction has improved over time, and that their lifespan is strongly affected by input voltage.

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54 views6 pages

Incandescent

This document discusses two types of light sources: daylight and incandescent lamps. It describes how daylight varies significantly based on weather conditions, time of day, and latitude. It also explains the basic technology behind incandescent lamps, how their construction has improved over time, and that their lifespan is strongly affected by input voltage.

Uploaded by

Rajendranbehappy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Light Sources

2/25/2013

63

Light Sources

2/25/2013

In addition to manufactured light sources, daylight sunlight received on


the Earth, either directly from the sun, scattered and reflected by the
atmosphere, or reflected by the moon provides illumination.

The prime characteristic of daylight is its variability.

Daylight varies in magnitude, spectral content, and distribution with


different meteorological conditions, at different times of the day and year,
and at different latitudes.

The illuminances on the Earths surface produced by daylight can cover a


large range, from 150,000 lx on a sunny summers day to 1000 lx on a
heavily overcast day in winter.

The spectral composition of daylight also varies with the nature of the
atmosphere and the path length through it.

65

Incandescent Lamps

2/25/2013

Incandescent lamp technology uses electric current to heat a coiled


tungsten filament to incandescence.

The glass envelope contains a mixture of nitrogen and a small amount of


other inert gases such as argon.

Some incandescent lamps, such as some flashlight lamps, also contain


xenon.

Some of these incandescent lamps are called xenon lamps, but are not the
same as the high-pressure xenon lamps discussed in later slides.

66

Incandescent Lamps

2/25/2013

Incandescent lamps have come a long way since Thomas Edisons first
carbon filament lamp, which, when introduced in 1879, had a life of about
40 hours.

Today, commonly available incandescent lamps have average lives of


between 750 and 2000 hours.

The figure below shows the construction of a typical incandescent lamp.

67

Incandescent Lamps

2/25/2013

Other commonly used bulb shapes are shown below.

68

Incandescent Lamps

2/25/2013

Incandescent lamps are strongly affected by input voltage. For example,


reducing input voltage from the normal 110 volts (V) to 104.5 V (95%) can
double the life of a standard incandescent lamp, while increasing voltage to
just 115.5 V (105% of normal) can halve its life. Voltage variations also
affect light output (lumens), power (watts), and efficacy (lumens per watt),
as shown below.

69

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