THE NATIONAL CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK: SECONDARY

Table of Contents
1

Introduction .................................................................................................................... 11
1.1 Situational Analysis ................................................................................................. 12
1.2 Contextual Realities ................................................................................................. 13
1.3 Ensuring Validity and Currency ............................................................................... 14
1.4 The Overarching Learning Outcomes (OLO) ........................................................... 17
1.4.1

OLOs Secondary ......................................................................................................... 17

1.5 Conceptual Framework ............................................................................................ 18

1.6 Stepping into the Domains of Learning .................................................................... 19
2
Domains of Learning- Forms I to III ............................................................................... 21
2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 21
2.2 Languages (English, French and Other Languages) .................................................. 21
2.3 Mathematics:............................................................................................................ 22
2.4 Sciences ................................................................................................................... 22
2.5 Technology: ICT, Design and Technology, Home Economics, Design, Clothing and
Textiles: ............................................................................................................................. 22
2.6 Health (Home Economics- Food and Nutrition and Human Development) and
Physical Education ............................................................................................................. 23
2.7 The Arts: (Visual Arts, Music and Drama & Dance) ................................................ 23
2.8 Social Studies: (History, Geography, Sociology) ...................................................... 24
2.9 Cross curricular Domains of Learning ...................................................................... 24
2.10
The Overarching Learning Outcomes (OLO) ........................................................ 25
3
LANGUAGES: English, French and Other Languages ................................................... 33
3.1 The English Curriculum ........................................................................................... 33
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4
3.1.5
3.1.6
3.1.7
3.1.8
3.1.9

3.2

Lower Secondary French Curriculum ....................................................................... 46

3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.2.4
3.2.5
3.2.6
3.2.7

3.3

Introduction................................................................................................................. 33
Understanding the Functions of Language ................................................................... 34
The Scope of the Language ......................................................................................... 34
Values and Attitudes ................................................................................................... 35
Strategies .................................................................................................................... 35
Learning Outcomes for Language Skills ...................................................................... 36
Language Competence ................................................................................................ 38
The Teaching and Learning Process............................................................................. 45
Assessment ................................................................................................................. 45
Introduction................................................................................................................. 46
Un Profil Diffrent et des Enjeux Dterminants ........................................................... 46
Les Finalits de lEnseignement du Franais au Collge Obligatoire ........................... 47
Les Objectifs Terminaux de Lapprentissage du Franais au Collge Obligatoire ......... 47
Le Rpertoire de Comptences a Dvelopper ............................................................... 48
Le franais en Forme IV et V ...................................................................................... 52
Les stratgies denseignement et dapprentissage ......................................................... 55

Other Languages: Asian Languages and Arabic........................................................ 57

3.3.1
3.3.2

Asian Languages - Introduction ................................................................................... 57

Generic Learning Outcomes ........................................................................................ 57

3.3.3
3.3.4
3.3.5
3.3.6
3.3.7
3.3.8

Learning Outcomes ..................................................................................................... 57

Content ....................................................................................................................... 58
Teaching and Learning ................................................................................................ 59
Evaluation ................................................................................................................... 59
Level Descriptors ........................................................................................................ 60
Other Languages: Forms IV & V ................................................................................. 62

Mathematics ................................................................................................................... 67
4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 67
4.2 Importance of Mathematics ...................................................................................... 67
4.3 Model of Curriculum Framework ............................................................................. 68
4.4 Learning Goals ......................................................................................................... 71
4.5 Level Descriptors for Forms I to III .......................................................................... 73
4.6 Assessment Objectives ............................................................................................. 78
4.7 Modes of evaluation pertaining to specific subject area ............................................ 78
5
Sciences ......................................................................................................................... 83
5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 83
5.2 Scope and Context ................................................................................................... 83
5.3 Rationale .................................................................................................................. 84
5.4 Structure of the Lower Secondary Curriculum for Science ....................................... 85
5.5 Learning Outcomes for Science ................................................................................ 86
5.5.1
5.5.2

5.6

Modes of Evaluation Pertaining to Specific Subject Area ......................................... 93

5.6.1
5.6.2

5.7
5.8

Assessment for Learning ............................................................................................. 93

Assessment of Learning............................................................................................... 93

Upper Secondary Level ............................................................................................ 94

The Non-Science Stream .......................................................................................... 94

5.8.1

5.9

LEVEL DESCRIPTORS Forms I & II ...................................................................... 87

LEVEL DESCRIPTORS Form III ............................................................................ 89

Level Descriptors for General Science for O level ....................................................... 95

Science Stream -All Sciences: Biology, Chemistry and Physics................................ 96

5.9.1
5.9.2

Proposal for Amendment in Physics at O level (5054) ................................................. 97

Proposal for Amendment in Biology at O level ............................................................ 97

5.10
Teaching and Learning Strategies Specific to the Subject Area ............................. 97
6
Technology: ICT, Design and Technology, Home Economics: Design, Clothing &
Textiles ................................................................................................................................ 101
6.1 Information and Communications Technology ....................................................... 101
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5
6.1.6

6.2

Design and Technology .......................................................................................... 107

6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.2.4
6.2.5

6.3

Introduction............................................................................................................... 101
Learning Outcomes for ICT ....................................................................................... 101
Level Descriptors ...................................................................................................... 103
Teaching and Learning Strategies .............................................................................. 105
ICT Forms IV & V .................................................................................................... 105
Assessment ............................................................................................................... 106
Introduction............................................................................................................... 107
Learning Outcomes in Design & Technology- Forms I to III...................................... 107
Learning Outcomes ................................................................................................... 108
Design & Technology: Forms IV & V ....................................................................... 109
Teaching and Learning Strategies in Design and Technology ..................................... 111

Home Economics Curriculum ................................................................................ 112

6.3.1

Introduction............................................................................................................... 112

6.3.2
6.3.3
6.3.4
6.3.5

General Learning Outcomes ...................................................................................... 113

Level Descriptors ...................................................................................................... 116
Teaching and Learning Strategies .............................................................................. 121
Modes of Evaluation ................................................................................................. 122

Health and Physical Education...................................................................................... 125

7.1 General Introduction .............................................................................................. 125
7.2 Why Study Health and Physical Education? ........................................................... 125
7.3 Learning Areas/Components .................................................................................. 126
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4
7.3.5
7.3.6
7.3.7

Personal Growth and Health ...................................................................................... 126

Development of Movement and Motor Skills ............................................................. 126
Regular and Sustainable Physical Activity and Leisure .............................................. 126
Good Practices, Healthy Lifestyle and Safety............................................................. 126
Positive Personal and Societal Attitudes and Values .................................................. 127
Interpersonal Skills and Conflict Resolutions ............................................................. 127
Rights and responsibilities ......................................................................................... 127

7.4 Teaching and Learning Strategies ........................................................................... 127

7.5 Assessment ............................................................................................................ 128
7.6 Level Descriptors ................................................................................................... 129
8
The Arts ....................................................................................................................... 135
8.1 Visual Arts ............................................................................................................. 135
8.1.1
8.1.2
8.1.3
8.1.4

8.2

Music, Drama and Dance ....................................................................................... 139

8.2.1
8.2.2
8.2.3
8.2.4

Music ........................................................................................................................ 139

Drama ....................................................................................................................... 141
Dance ........................................................................................................................ 142
Indian Dance ............................................................................................................. 143

SOCIAL SCIENCES .................................................................................................... 149

9.1 Social Studies......................................................................................................... 149
9.2 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 149
9.3 Learning Area I: History ........................................................................................ 150
9.4 Learning Area II: Geography................................................................................. 150
9.5 Learning Area III: Sociology .................................................................................. 150
9.6 Level Descriptors Forms I- III ............................................................................. 151
9.7 Social Sciences at Upper Secondary (Forms IV V) .............................................. 154
9.7.1
9.7.2
9.7.3
9.7.4
9.7.5

10

Introduction............................................................................................................... 135
Learning Outcomes ................................................................................................... 135
Level Descriptors ...................................................................................................... 137
The Teaching of Visual Arts ...................................................................................... 138

Learning Area I: Social Science History ................................................................ 154

Learning Area II: Social Science-Geography ............................................................. 155
Learning Area III: Social Science Sociology- F IV & V ........................................... 158
Teaching and Learning Strategies in the Social Sciences ............................................ 160
Assessment of the Social Studies/Sciences................................................................. 161

Economics and Business Education .............................................................................. 165

10.1
Introduction ........................................................................................................ 165
10.2
Economics- Forms 1V and V .............................................................................. 165
10.2.1
10.2.2
10.2.3

10.3

Aims ......................................................................................................................... 165

Learning Outcomes ................................................................................................... 165
Curriculum Content ................................................................................................... 166

Business Studies ................................................................................................. 167

3

10.3.1
10.3.2
10.3.3

10.4

Aims ......................................................................................................................... 167

Learning outcomes .................................................................................................... 167
Curriculum Content ................................................................................................... 168

Principles of Accounts ........................................................................................ 168

10.4.1 Aims ......................................................................................................................... 168

10.4.2 Learning outcomes ........................................................................................................ 169
10.4.3 Curriculum Content ................................................................................................... 169
10.4.4 Assessment ............................................................................................................... 169
10.4.5 Teaching and Learning Strategies .............................................................................. 170

11

Integrating Cross Cutting Issues in the curriculum ........................................................ 173

11.1
Sustainable Development.................................................................................... 173
11.2
Peace Education ................................................................................................. 175
11.3
Education and Communication for Sustainable Lifestyle .................................... 176
11.4
Addressing HIV/AIDS........................................................................................ 177
11.5
Co-Curricular and Extra Curricular Activities ..................................................... 178
12 Prevocational Stream: the Context ................................................................................ 181
12.1
The Profile of the Prevocational Learner ............................................................. 182
12.2
The Learning Needs............................................................................................ 182
12.3
The Approach ..................................................................................................... 183
12.4
Reinstating the Vocational .................................................................................. 183
12.5
Aims of Prevocational Education ........................................................................ 184
12.6
The Learning Domains ....................................................................................... 185
12.6.1
12.6.2
12.6.3
12.6.4
12.6.5

12.7
12.9
12.10

Communication skills ................................................................................................ 185

Numeracy and Problem Solving Skills ....................................................................... 186
Life Skills ................................................................................................................. 187
Livelihood and Trade Skills ....................................................................................... 188
Link between the Overarching Learning Outcomes and Domain Specific Outcomes .. 190

LEVEL DESCRIPTORS .................................................................................... 192

Pedagogical Orientation ...................................................................................... 195
Using the Project Approach ................................................................................ 197

12.10.1 General Objectives and Approaches to the Project Approach ..................................... 197
12.10.2 Planning for Using the Project Approach: an example ............................................... 197

12.11

Assessment ......................................................................................................... 202

12.11.1 General Orientation ................................................................................................... 202

12.11.2 Core Aims ................................................................................................................. 202

13

Teaching and Learning: Our Beliefs and How to Get There .......................................... 206
13.1
Our Beliefs ......................................................................................................... 206
13.1.1
13.1.2
13.1.3
13.1.4
13.1.5
13.1.6
13.1.7

13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6

Success Breeds Success ............................................................................................. 206

Schools Control the Conditions of Success ................................................................ 206
The Bell Curve Mentality must be Abandoned ........................................................... 206
School Must Cultivate a Culture of Respect ............................................................... 207
Schools Must be Responsive to Their Clients............................................................. 207
Schools Encourage Cooperation Rather than Competition.......................................... 207
The School Provides Opportunity For Links Beyond its Four Walls ........................... 207

How to Get There ............................................................................................... 207

Addressing Learning and Teaching in Schools and Classrooms .......................... 208
Coping with Individual Difference and Inclusively ............................................. 211
Provision of a Supportive Learning Environment ................................................ 212
Emphasising the Holistic Nature of Learning ...................................................... 213
4

13.7
13.7.1
13.7.2
13.7.3
13.7.4
13.7.5

Special Educational Needs: Addressing Children with Learning Difficulties ....... 214
Identification and Assessment ................................................................................... 214
Provision ................................................................................................................... 215
Additional Support .................................................................................................... 215
Monitoring and Record Keeping ................................................................................ 215
Working With Parents and Other Services ................................................................. 216

13.8
Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 216
14 Integration: A Model for Learner-Centered Teaching ................................................... 217
14.1
An Integrated Model of Teaching and Learning .................................................. 219
15 ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION ......................................................................... 224
15.1.1
15.1.2
15.1.3

Introduction............................................................................................................... 224
The Proposed Framework .......................................................................................... 224
Assessment ............................................................................................................... 225

15.2
National Certificate of Achievement ................................................................... 227
15.3
End of Form V Examinations. ............................................................................ 228
15.4
Teacher and School Preparation .......................................................................... 228
15.5
Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 229
Annex 1: A Framework for Curriculum Based Continuous Assessment
230

Foreword
The National Curriculum Framework-Secondary has been produced by the Mauritius Institute of
Education in close collaboration with the Ministry of Education, Culture and Human Resources. It has
taken on board the views of key players in the field of Education and reflects the principles and values
embodied in the document A Strategy for Reforms Towards a Quality Curriculum (MOE & HR) and
in the Strategic Plan 2008 2020 of this Ministry.

This curriculum framework is a major step forward in the reform of our Secondary School Curriculum. It
advocates an inclusive, integrated, holistic and comprehensive approach which, through a balanced
curriculum, would help to promote the spiritual, moral, mental and physical development of every child
of the Republic, irrespective of her/his socio-economic status and would prepare her/him for the
opportunities, responsibilities and experiences of adult life.

This framework is, furthermore, designed to enable schools to respond effectively to local, national and
international priorities, to meet the individual learning needs of all students, to provide a strong
foundation for lifelong learning and to instil in all learners the knowledge, skills and understanding they
need to live in an ever changing world.
This document, inspired by our need to create a better future for all our children, should be the concern
of one and all. I would request that it be widely circulated and hope that it be read as widely as possible.

Since curriculum reform is a dynamic process and has to be continually updated to adapt to emerging
needs, I would urge all stakeholders to engage in a constant professional dialogue for the betterment of
the education we seek to offer to our children. I hope that this National Curriculum Framework responds
to the expectations and aspirations of the whole Mauritian Nation.

(Dr) the Hon V. K. Bunwaree

Minister of Education, Culture and Human Resources
November 2009

The Mauritius Institute of Education is pleased to associate itself with the development of the
Curriculum Framework for Secondary Schools. This document is part of the reform agenda of the
Ministry of Education, Culture and Human Resources which seeks to provide a framework for a holistic
development of each child, while preserving essential values of freedom, tolerance and democracy that
have been the basis of our success as a nation. It is a follow up to the development of the curriculum
framework for pre-primary and primary sector, that the Institute has already produced.
The framework has been prepared after a careful analysis of the views of different stakeholders,
including students, teachers and heads of schools. We have taken into consideration the
recommendations of the national debate on the curriculum and the Curriculum Goals approved by the
Cabinet in 2006. We have kept in mind the Millennium Developmental Goals of UNESCO and those of
the International Bureau of Education for Sub-Saharan Africa that addresses the needs of the less
privileged sections of the population and seeks to promote a culture of peace and democracy.
The framework sets down the Overarching Learning Outcomes for Secondary Education and the
Specific Learning Outcomes of each domain of learning. It also provides additional information as level
descriptors which are specific guidelines on the content for each domain of learning. While it focuses on
Lower Secondary, Forms I to III, it lays down the guidelines for Forms IV and V. We have advocated a
model for teaching and learning based on an integrated model that views knowledge as an integrated
whole, rather than fragmented subject areas. Thus, we have provided examples of an integrated model
that should serve as a guideline and a springboard for further development of that model. The section
on Teaching and Learning lays down our key beliefs and orientation that we suggest should be the
guiding principles and approaches to teaching and learning.
We would wish to highlight that this is not a prescriptive document but a guideline that offers much
leeway and opportunity to adapt the content to the teaching and learning needs of our youth. We wish
to contribute towards building in our schools a community of practice that endeavours to provide what is
the best for the new generation of learners. We, therefore, urge all stakeholders to go through this
document, to send their suggestions to us or to seek clarification, if any. This is the beginning of a new
journey that will surely help to better empower teachers and learners in a world where the key words
are Education and Empowerment.
I wish to thank all those who, through their concerted efforts, contributed to the elaboration of this
document: the cadres of the Ministry of Education, Culture and Human Resources for their critical
comments and support, the Mahatma Gandhi Institute and all the Staff of the Mauritius Institute of
Education for their dedication and hard work.
S. Thancanamootoo
Director
Mauritius Institute of Education.
November 2009

10

1 Introduction
In line with the States spelt-out guiding principles for curricular reform in Mauritius, as embodied in the
policy document, Empowering the Nations Children Towards a Quality Curriculum (MOE&HR:2006),
this document, the National Curriculum Framework- Secondary (NCFS), establishes a comprehensive
overview of the operationalisation of a new secondary school curriculum package.
The revised lower secondary school curriculum model is founded on the established Goals of the
National Curriculum, (see Box below):

The NCFS aims at taking every single lower secondary school student in Mauritius, Rodrigues and the
Outer Islands on board and providing the optimal conditions for his/her full-fledged development. To this

Goals (MOE & HR:2006, p4, para 1.3)

(1)

To promote an all-round development of the individual physical, intellectual,

social and emotional leading to a balanced, active, healthy and productive
lifestyle.

(2)

To foster understanding and appreciation of the biological, physical and

technological world to enable the learner to arrive at informed decisions about the
environment and the changing needs of individuals and societies.

(3)

To develop in the learner knowledge and skills to empower him to participate

meaningfully in an information-driven economy.

(4)

To develop creative thinking skills and learning skills required for the future.

(5)

To promote equity and social justice by providing opportunities for every learner
according to his/her needs, interests and potentials.

(6)

To foster national unity by promoting in the individual understanding of and

respect for our multicultural heritage.

(7)

To promote in the learner an appreciation of his/her place in an interdependent

global context.

(8)

To promote a culture of lifelong learning for greater access to an ever-changing

job market.

effect, a survey has been conducted as a prior exercise in some secondary schools to assess the
needs, and to include the expectations and aspirations of the upcoming generation of lower secondary
school students.
The NCFS addresses a category of learners, the adolescents, who are undergoing a critical phase of
transformation in their development.

11

The focus is first on the lower secondary curriculum (Forms I- III) which has to smoothly take the
primary school leaver through an incremental process of development with regard to knowledge, skills,
values and attitudes and achieve a qualitative entitlement to the upper secondary level. There is also an
indication of the way forward for upper secondary level, Forms IV and V, in each of the different
domains of learning so as to cover the full range of the compulsory school age. This section, covering
Forms IV and V, is provided as an indication so as to facilitate a review and further consolidation of the
upper secondary curriculum.

1.1

Situational Analysis

Curriculum reform is primarily governed by the imperative of updating the institutional mission of the
school with regard
to the complex nature and accelerated tempo of change which is increasingly affirming itself in the
modern society.
The situational analysis proposes, here, a two fold picture:
(i)

The Contextual Realities spell out the current global and local conditions which
constitute the background against which the curriculum reform assumes significance.
Derived from eclectic sources, the contextual realities described hereafter stand as a
token to the type and range of preoccupations which underlie the current curricular
review exercise.

(ii)

Ensuring Validity and Currency assumes meaning by way of strategic proposals at the
level of curricular reform, which acknowledges the pertinence of the contextual realities,
and lay the foundation for a curriculum that meets the demands of our society.

12

1.2

Contextual Realities

The NCFS proposals are grounded on the acknowledgement of such contextual factors as:
-

The Mauritian society is highly vulnerable to the thrusts of globalization in so far as its key
economic interests are concerned.

In the absence of all other resources necessary to fuel its development and sustain it,
Mauritius is compelled to bank on its human resource.

In an atmosphere of international cut-throat competition, the imperative to fast develop a

knowledge-based economic model has become more than necessary.

The high level of wastage and drop-out characterizing the local educational system needs to
be urgently addressed to ensure a peaceful living to all, irrespective of academic
achievement.

The academic bias of an examination-oriented educational model needs to be calibrated with

regard to predispositions for other forms of learning which value the multiple forms of
intelligences.

Secondary school children as well as teachers come from culturally heterogeneous families
and social settings and spend a major part of their daily time with each other. As such
Mauritius is probably a unique example of social coexistence. Schools have determining
roles to play in maintaining mutual respect and understanding, thus promoting a culture of
peace and respect.

The technological era is presently characterized by such a rich assortment of sophisticated

gadgets that youngsters feel naturally attracted to them. Schools need to take cognizance of
this inescapable fascination and re-invent themselves.

Young people are divided between exhortations for the preservation of cultural traditions and
the call for cultural diversity through exposure as they accede to the information and
communications technologies.

In the face of the rhythm of change which defeats predictability, nurturing an ambition and
viewing education as a stepping stone to employability no longer foster emotional security
among learners.

The school is no longer the sole provider of education and means of self-enrichment. If the
school menu is not palatable, learning deficiency will be inevitable.

13

Learning as offered at school is but a part of learning opportunities available to youngsters.

The latter are active members of learning societies which offer a variety of mechanisms for
formal and informal social interaction as opportunities for self learning.

1.3

Ensuring Validity and Currency

The NCFS proposes a paradigmatic shift that does away with the very causes of current systemic
dysfunctions and lays down the basis for innovative practices which will respond to the exigencies of
the current local and global contexts.

The NCFS proposes:

(i)

That teaching and learning processes be oriented for optimal cross-disciplinarity in the Lower
Secondary levels (Forms I to III) in a bid to equip the learner with the broadest perspective of
knowledge. Notwithstanding the specifics of subject disciplines, bridges need to be built with
other disciplines to equip the learner with the bigger comprehensive pictures of reality to ensure
the validity and currency of learning.

(ii)

That the curriculum be holistic and provides for the overall, wholesome development of the
individual in his/her physical, social, emotional, intellectual, aesthetic and moral dimensions.

(iii)

That apprised of the need to impart knowledge as a holism, schools will encourage educatorscum-curriculum developers to galvanize a team approach around a common core of themes to
enable learners to envision the bigger reality. This should also allow for the curriculum to be
adapted to the specific needs, levels and life experiences of the learner. For instance,
educators and schools in Rodrigues and the Outer Islands can use the guidelines provided to
contextualise the learning materials to suit their specific clientle and reality.

(iv)

That not only skills development be set at par with the need to acquire knowledge but be
instrumental to the construction of knowledge. The knowing-how-to skills, thinking skills and
behavioural skills need to be placed at the centre of the curriculum development process.

(v)

That process of learning is important; learning how to learn is important. The learner needs to
be at the centre of the learning process, constructing meaning, understanding reality and
developing greater autonomy in learning.

(vi)

That parity between skills development and knowledge acquisition is instrumental to allow free
movement from vocational/technical to mainstream and vice versa.

14

(vii)

That curriculum transactions be increasingly woven around ICT to better prepare the learner for
the post-school environment.

(viii)

That Assessment for Learning (AfL) be calibrated with summative assessment. Portfolio and
project-based learning are to be encouraged to capitalize on the potentials of formative
assessment as a medium to ensure inclusive education so that no learner is left behind or out.

(ix)

That evaluation is conceived as part of the learning process. Formative assessment is to be

used for remediation throughout the cycle and summative assessment should state the
achievement of competencies rather than what is lacking or deficient.

(x)

That the curriculum should be meaningful to the learner. Knowledge should make sense to
her/him, and be related to life experiences.

(xi)

That school curriculum development makes provision for open discussion, group work, thematic
conferences and similar forums to allow learners to develop an outlet voice and informed
opinions/decisions about issues related to the era and the world they are living in.

(xii)

That a flexi-curriculum be proposed such that schools and teachers be delegated with
prerogatives of taking informed decisions with regard to school-based curriculum development.
While the content of the core subjects, namely English, French, Science, Mathematics & ICT
(MoEHR:2006: 15) has to be fully covered, the range of syllabic content proposed for the
electives will be such that schools may work out a selected combination of subjects/topics that
best suit their pedagogical ends, though all schools will also be expected to cover 80% of the
subject content proposed at Lower Secondary Level, inclusive of the core subject, as a
mandatory requirement. This should allow schools the opportunity and freedom to engage in a
number of co- and extra-curricular activities depending on their specific needs and context.

(xiii)

That Principals/Rectors of schools will, besides being the administrative heads, also assume
the role of supervising school based curriculum development so that all members of staff will be
accountable to them through the respective Heads of Subject Departments.

(xiv)

That Regional Directors & Inspectors will ensure that all schools within their respective zones
comply with the eventual guidelines set to monitor the implementation of the new curriculum.

(xv)

That an informed stance be developed such that elements of the hidden curriculum are overtly
addressed. Issues related to the behavioural aspects of school life need to be constructively
discussed to reach informed consensus.

15

(xvi)

That the affective aspects of curriculum be valued to foster emotional maturity. Parallel to
knowledge and skills acquisition, development of pro-social values and attitudes be
rehabilitated as core objectives of schooling.

(xvii)

That for curriculum change to succeed, there is a need to introduce it in a manner that does not
make the main actors insecure or resistant. It needs to build on existing structures, and be
introduced gradually and proactively to enlist their full participation.

(xviii)

That curriculum development at school opens on real-life pictures and views the other channels
of learning as complementary to its academic ends. Rather than outright dismissal, emerging
issues at local and international levels and knowledge disseminated by the media need to be
taken on board to confirm the education-for-life dimension of a school curriculum.

(xix)

That school curriculum will recognise, respect, and respond to the educational needs,
experiences, interests, and values of all students, both female and male; students with different
abilities and disabilities, and students of different social and religious backgrounds. All
programmes will be non-discriminatory to help ensure that learning opportunities are not
restricted.

(xx)

That school curriculum will encourage students to understand and respect the different cultures
which make up the Mauritian society. It will ensure that the experiences, cultural traditions,
histories, and languages of all Mauritians are recognised and valued. It will provide learning
which students can see to be relevant, meaningful, and useful to them.

(xxi)

That one of the basic objectives of the curriculum will be to develop a liking for knowing, an
emphasis on a broad based knowledge, while sufficiently focussed so as to allow each child to
find a preferred orientation for her/him.

(xxii)

That curriculum will place more emphasis on developing a sense of citizenship and belonging
while developing awareness of the world and the need to maintain our tradition of peace and
coexistence that are essential for an economy increasingly dependent on international markets
and tourism.

16

1.4

The Overarching Learning Outcomes (OLO)

The NCFS, inspired by the Goals of the National Curriculum (MoEHR: 2006), acknowledging the local
and global conditions of its operationalisation and the need to ensure validity and currency, has to
develop the common threads among the different learning areas. To this effect, the Overarching
Learning Outcomes for lower secondary have been developed. Thus each of the statement relates to
the specific goals of the National Curriculum (MoE & HR:2006, p4, para 1.3. These goals
(N.C.Goals) are indicated within brackets.

1.4.1 OLOs Secondary

1. Students develop and use language through a diversity of disciplines at secondary schools to
understand and communicate information, ideas, feelings and opinions. (N.C Goals:1,2,3).
2. Students recognize when and what information is needed, how to obtain it from a range of
sources and how to use and share it (N.C Goals: 2, 3, 8)
3. Students select, integrate and apply numerical and spatial concepts and techniques in a variety
of situations ( N. C Goals: 3, 4).
4. Students use logical and critical thinking skills to judge, assess and solve a broad range of both
theoretical and real life problems. (N. C Goals: 3, 4).
5. Students understand, use and adapt technologies and ICT tools confidently to meet their
needs. (N. C Goals 3,8)
6. Students understand, appreciate and preserve the physical and natural world. (N.C Goals: 2, 3,
4,7)
7. Students develop awareness of their cultural, geographic, historical and economic contexts and
acquire the knowledge, skills and values for social integration and a culture of peace. (N.C
Goals: 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8).
8. Students interact with others from diverse cultures, develop pride in our nation and recognize
that everyone has to feel valued and safe (N.C Goals: 5, 6).
9. Students demonstrate aesthetic appreciation and develop artistic, expressive and creative
skills. (N. C Goals:1, 4).
10. Students develop emotional, social and moral intelligence to achieve a sense of well being (N.C
Goals: 1, 6).
11. Students demonstrate self management skills, positive self esteem and confidence for active
participation as citizens of the Republic and of the world (N.C Goals: 1,3,5,8)
12. Students express their respect for people, plants, animals and resources through informed and
responsible choices as consumers and producers. (N.C Goals: 2, 7).
13. Students develop awareness and understanding of their body, nurture self respect and make
responsible choices in pursuance of a healthy lifestyle.(N. C Goals :1)

17

1.5

Conceptual Framework

In acknowledgement of the foundational considerations elaborated above, the conceptual framework schematizes the operationalisation of the Lower
Secondary School Curriculum- Forms I to III:

SOCIAL
STUDIES

,,

Dance

18

1.6

Stepping into the Domains of Learning

The Curriculum goals, as outlined in the Policy Document Empowering the Nations ChildrenTowards a Quality Curriculum (MoEHR: 2006), constitute the governments vision of the type of
general educational outputs of the system, the dimensions of the educated person and future citizen
that are being promoted through the education system. These goals drive the model.
The general Overarching Learning Outcomes(OLOs) have been worked out to translate these goals
into desirable competencies, knowledge, skills and attitudes that cut across all learning activities and
curriculum areas and experiences in schools.
The next stage outlines specific domains of learning that form part of the Lower Secondary School
Curriculum. The learning areas are grouped according to their inter-relatedness, and general
outcomes are identified for each group, e.g. Languages, Social Sciences, Arts, Science, Technology
etc. Each outcome is further elaborated to ensure clear understanding among curriculum developers
and subject educators.
Thereupon, specific learning outcomes for each subject area/discipline within each domain are
developed, and their relations to the general learning outcomes are specified. They form the basis on
which the level descriptors and competencies will eventually be worked out for each level of the Lower
Secondary Curriculum (Forms I-III), and on which curricular materials will be designed. An indication
of the teaching strategies deemed appropriate for each subject area is also provided.
The model adopted is designed to ensure that the subject educators recognizes that her/his discipline
is not to be taught as a separate isolated entity, but as a body of knowledge that is related to a domain
of learning and to the Overarching Learning Outcomes that will contribute to the achievement of the
national goals of education. The outcomes are shown to be mutually reinforced across different
subjects.
The document also includes a general overview of teaching/learning strategies and modes of
assessment that should accompany the new vision of the curriculum.
This document also addresses the Pre-Vocational curriculum reform. Government vision is translated
into general learning outcomes, then into outcomes for domains, and specific areas of learning, which
are further detailed into level descriptors for each year of the Pre-Vocational cycle.
Furthermore, an indication is provided for the direction that the Upper Secondary (Forms IV-V) will be
taking, thus covering the whole range of compulsory education, that is, till age 16.
However, the way forward for the Forms IV and V should be considered in view of providing access to
alternative examinations/ boards of examiners. This will have considerable implications for the different

19

domains of learning, especially at the upper secondary level; it will also demand gradual readjustment
of teaching and learning at all levels, including the lower secondary.
Learning and Teaching Strategies as well as modes of assessment are suggested for the specific
learners. The chapter on Teaching and Learning addresses a wide range of issues that will help us
engage in a thorough review of teaching and learning in our schools.

20

2 Domains of Learning- Forms I to III

Introduction

2.1

As enunciated in other parts of the document, the major innovations brought by the NCFS are in
terms of emphasis on process rather than content, on learning outcomes, and on the need to engage
students in meaningful and integrated learning experiences. The core domains of learning present in
the primary curriculum will be extended, taking into account the requirements to provide adequate
scope for learners to make meaning of their world while building incrementally on skills acquired at
the primary level. Some of the elements like sustainable development, citizenship, developing and
maintaining a culture of peace and coping with stress will cut across all domains.

The domains of learning will be as follows:

2.2

(i)

Languages: (English, French and Other Languages)

(ii)

Mathematics

(iii)

Sciences.

(iv)

Technology

(v)

Health and Physical Education

(vi)

Social sciences

(vii)

The Arts

Languages (English, French and Other Languages)

Mauritian students have to be prepared to face the literacy demands characteristic of a world driven
by new forms of communication. Added to this, the specificity of Mauritius in terms of its
multilingualism and the growing importance of tourism make the study and use of modern
international languages a cornerstone of the lower secondary curriculum. Notwithstanding their
instrumental value in enabling the acquisition of other forms of knowledge, languages are also tools
for thinking and a means of contributing to the cultural development of a society.

Apart from English and French which are core languages, other languages such as Oriental
Languages, Arabic, and ultimately Modern European Languages, will be offered to foster the
multilingual capacities of students and enhance their communication skills, especially in a context
where countries such as China and India are becoming key actors in the world economic field.

21

2.3

Mathematics:

Mathematics is and will remain a core subject at the lower secondary level. In a science driven world,
the power of mathematics education to facilitate the acquisition of generic thinking skills and to
develop the adolescents cognitive resources should be given due recognition. However, to
intelligently harness the potential of the discipline, the curriculum must offer an added opportunity for
students to move progressively from using mathematics to understanding the principles and
processes on which mathematics thinking is based. While the learning of Mathematics at the primary
level focuses on developing mathematical literacy, the aim at the secondary level is to help them
acquire problem solving skills and the ability to reason logically. They will learn the key mathematical
concepts and make connections with other domains of learning.

2.4

Sciences

As has been proposed in the national document on reform (MOE&HR: 2006), General Science will
become compulsory till Form V for students not opting for a pure science subject. This is in
recognition of the increasingly important role of science in contributing to our understanding of the
natural and man-made world and in sustaining and improving the quality of life. However, apart from
promoting scientific literacy, the lower secondary science curriculum seeks to help students develop
cognitive and ethical perspectives needed to deal effectively with the mass of scientific knowledge
produced by modern societies and concomitant issues raised. It is proposed that the approach be
thematic rather than discipline oriented to allow problem solving and practical skills to be explored and
acquired by grounding learning in the real life experiences of the learner. Disciplinary boundaries
must be temporarily dismantled to make the curriculum meaningful to each and every learner.
Science education must enable our students to appreciate and value the processes that support life
on our planet and become useful contributors in the building of a more ecologically sustainable
environment.

2.5

Technology: ICT, Design and Technology, Home Economics, Design,

Clothing and Textiles:

One significant change that is being proposed in the NCFS is the introduction of technology as a
compulsory learning domain for both boys and girls. This domain includes Design and Technology,
Information and Communications Technology, and the Design, Clothing and Textiles section of Home
Economics. All these components will be compulsory for all students, removing thus the gender bias
which has worked against both girls and boys. The specificity of this learning area resides in its
integrative scope with almost all the other domains of learning across the curriculum. Requiring
students to pull together cognitive and manipulative skills as well as values from a diversity of
perspectives to solve problems and design solutions in practical situations will no doubt make a

22

significant contribution towards the attainment of educational aims. ICT will be used both as a tool for
learning and teaching as well as a discipline on its own, in view of its increasing importance.

At the lower secondary level, the teaching and learning of these components will not require provision
of full fledged specialist rooms but only additional equipment to be used in the existing classroom set
up.

2.6

Health (Home Economics- Food and Nutrition and Human Development)

and Physical Education

One of the most important aims of education is to enable adolescents to lead healthy and active lives.
Given the Mauritian track record in terms of non transmissible diseases and obesity, and the current
concern regarding the consequences of sedentary lifestyles, the curriculum must provide explicit
opportunities for students to engage in healthy and sustainable physical activity, develop knowledge
about issues regarding life choices and quality of life. Similar to the Arts, Health and Physical
Education has not, so far, figured as legitimate domains of learning enabling the attainment of specific
skills, attitudes, values and dispositions. The current framework proposes that more transparency be
given to health and physical education to integrate it where possible with other core domains of
learning in contrast with the more conservative approach which focuses on integrating it with cocurricular activities only. The Health and Physical Education domain also incorporates a substantial
element of sex education and values education.
In line with the recognition that the curriculum should, in a concrete way, attend to the socioemotional needs of adolescents and afford them ample moments for enjoyment, socialisation and
co-operation and effectively prepare them for their role as citizens, Health and Physical Education
must be given equal weight as any other core domain.

2.7

The Arts: (Visual Arts, Music and Drama & Dance)

The Arts not only constitute an important part of our cultural heritage but also stimulate creativity and
provide a means for communicating feelings and emotions. For too long the educative value of arts in
terms of intellectual, sensorial, interpersonal and kinaesthetic development has been discounted. The
Arts play an important role in contributing to self knowledge and providing an avenue for developing
core values. It is proposed that the Arts be fully re-instated as an equally relevant and necessary
pursuit in the curriculum at par with other academic subjects and the interdisciplinary potential of the
domain in furthering knowledge and skills in other domains be fully explored. Given the current
emphasis on tourism, developing the artistic skills of our adolescents by giving them the opportunity to
experiment with the Arts and investigate the domain will prove to be crucial in the near future.

23

2.8

Social Studies: (History, Geography, Sociology)

Adaptability is a key characteristic of successful individuals in a world that is constantly changing.

Given the improvements in transport and communication, the changes brought about by globalisation
and the growing interdependence of people, future adults must be prepared to participate effectively
in those rapidly evolving contexts. Social Studies is crucially relevant in building the adolescents
sense of personal, economic, political, cultural and social identity by developing a critical
understanding of how human beings, groups and institutions function. As a learning domain, Social
Studies is essential to help secure a commitment to active citizenship and collective responsibility
towards the betterment of society by ensuring the respect of democratic rights and commitment to
sustainable development and infusion of a culture of peace.

The Social Sciences will be an integral part of the philosophy of a broad based education that will
continue at the Upper Secondary level (Forms IV & V). Thus, students opting for Sciences will be
required to opt for one of the Social Sciences (History, Geography, Sociology as well as Economics)
depending on the subject/s on offer at school.

2.9

Cross curricular Domains of Learning

Government policy, embodied in the policy document on curriculum framework, stipulates that, apart
from the distinct discipline-based curricular elements, other essential knowledge, skills, values and
attitudes are to be integrated across the curriculum. These are as follows: Environmental Education,
Values, Anti-drug Education, Humanitarian Law, Cultural Understanding, Human Rights, Occupational
Safety & Health, Sex Education, HIV/AIDS .Awareness, Peace Education and Sustainable
Development.
The NCFS reiterates the importance of those areas in contributing to life skills, promoting civic
awareness and enhancing pro-social behaviour. Thus, each domain of learning must offer adequate
learning opportunities to enable students to address them. For example, while environmental
education will be predominantly dealt with in science, pertinent issues in environmental education can
be equally studied through a writing or comprehension exercise in languages or when discussing
factors of production or resources in Social Sciences. Similarly intercultural issues can be addressed
in Social Sciences, Languages or even Home Economics classes. Sustainable Development and
Peace Education will cut across a number of domains and will be integrated through the content as
well as the process of teaching and learning.
Such an approach has important implications for the development of curriculum materials, which have
to explore opportunities for creating bridges among the domains and bring forth explicitly these
essential knowledge, skills and attitudes.

24

2.10 The Overarching Learning Outcomes (OLO)

OLO
Students develop
and use language
through a diversity
of disciplines at
secondary schools
to understand and
communicate
information, ideas,
feelings and
opinions.
(N.C Goals: 1,2,3)

Students recognize
when and what
information is
needed, how to
obtain it from a
range of sources
and how to use and
share it. (N.C
Goals: 2,3,8)

Languages

Maths

Science

Health & PE

Students use
English across the
curriculum and are
engaged in
individual/pair/group
activities involving
the use of listening,
speaking, reading
and writing.

Students use the

language of
mathematics for
concept
development and
make explicit the
process-product
approach to problem
solving. Students
communicate
mathematically and
share feelings and
opinions through
written, oral,
symbolic and visual
terms of
representations.

Students
communicate
scientific
understanding
to
different audiences
for a range of
purposes.

Students use
technical language
in P.E
for communication
while preparing,
participating and
officiating in physical
education and sports
activities and while
discussing health
related issues

Students carry out

research work on
different topics
individually, in pairs
or groups by
accessing and
selecting relevant
information from a
range of oral and
written sources; they
eventually share and
discuss their findings
.

Students develop an
understanding of the
sources of data
through
investigations,
projects,
explorations,
surveys and use
these to represent
and explain realworld phenomena.

Students
access
numerous sources to
obtain
scientific
information.
They
select
and
use
relevant information
according to the
purpose.

Students use
literature and ICT to
search for
information on health
issues and the skills
and activities in P.E
as well as for
participation in
outdoor and
adventurous
activities.

ICT
Students use ICT to
learn to read, write,
and
speak
effectively;
They
present
information
in
a
number of forms
such
as
charts,
diagrams and tables.
They share and
discuss information
with peers.

Students use ICT to

search
for
information
for
subsequent analysis
in terms of quality,
relevance, currency
and usefulness

Home Econ

Design & Tech

The Arts

Social Sciences

Students
read,
interpret, use and
write
instructional
texts,
symbols,
patterns,
reports,
case
studies,
articles,
recipes,
consumer
advertising materials
and labels in food
preparation, clothing
construction
and
other
Home
Economics-related
practicals/activities
to
communicate
information, ideas,
opinions
and
feelings.

Besides other
means of
communication such
as graphical,
mathematical and
spatial
communication,

students
demonstrate
appropriate use of

language to
communicate
information.

Students
use
language
to
communicate views
on their own work
and the works of
others.
Students
show
evidence of visual
literacy
Students
produce
various art forms
and express and
communicate ideas,
feelings
and
emotions.
Students
communicate ideas
through the use of
materials
and
processes, as well
as language

Students
use
language
to
communicate
information, ideas,
feelings
and
opinions in a variety
of ways and on
issues related to the
social and natural
world
and
their
physical
environment.

Students
select,
analyse, use and
share
different
sources
of
information
for
investigative
and
research work for
projects in Home
Economics.

Students carry out

research and decide
on what course of
action to take, what
information to look
for and how to use it
to solve problems.

Students
discover
the qualities and
expressive
potentials
of
materials
through
extensive
experimentation and
research
Students
use
information
and
apply
the
knowledge
for
problem solving.

Students use ICT

platforms to share
collected information
and ideas in a
responsible manner

Students learn to
identify sources of
information
and
share ideas about
social, historical and
geographical issues
while demonstrating
an understanding of
the dynamic nature
of the social and
physical world.

Students develop
autonomous
learning and also
learn to work in
groups
Students select,
integrate and apply
numerical and
spatial concepts
and techniques in a
variety of
situations.
(N.C Goals: 3,4)

Students use
appropriate
vocabulary as they
apply their
knowledge of
numerical and
spatial concepts to
carry out tasks.

Students develop an
understanding of
numerical, spatial
and algebraic
concepts and
process in the formal
learning domain and
use these to
represent and
analyse relationships

Use scientific data,

concepts
and
equations to solve
problems,
analyze
relationships
and
explain phenomena.

Students apply
numerical and
spatial concepts in
the learning of skills
and techniques in
Physical Education
and Health
Education, and for
improvement and
evaluation of

Students use ICT

applications to ask
and
answer
questions related to
numerical
and
spatial reasoning in
mathematics
and
related disciplines

Students
apply
numeracy practices
and
analyze
mathematical
concepts related to
nutrition,
food
choice, design and
pattern and garment
construction.

Students use
numerical and
spatial concepts and
techniques during
the designing,
realisation and
evaluation stages of
the design process.

Students
develop
technical
competency in using
various media
Students
produce
works of arts using
different
concepts
and techniques

Students
select,
integrate and apply
numerical
and
spatial concepts and
techniques
in
understanding
historical,
geographical, social
and natural facts and
events.

25

OLO

Languages

Maths
among variable
quantities and to
solve problems.

Students use
logical and critical
thinking skills to
judge, assess and
solve a broad
range of both
theoretical and real
life problems. (N.C
Goals: 3,4)

Students get
involved in problemsolving tasks; they
discuss, formulate
opinions, negotiate,
make informed
decisions and draw
conclusions.

Students make use

of mathematics to
develop logical and
critical thinking to
deal with routine and
non-routine
problems and make
informed decisions.

Science

Through
engagement
in
problem
solving,
students are made to
develop their logical
and critical thinking
in relation to real life
problems.,

Health & PE
performance and
skills.

Students use logical

and critical thinking
to solve problems in
outdoor and
adventurous
activities.

ICT
Students
use
electronic
communication
technologies such as
the
Internet
to
contact experts and
knowledgeable
peers
in
mathematics
for
consultation
and
support in solving
problems related to
numerical
and
spatial reasoning in
Mathematics
and
related disciplines
Students
develop
confidence in the
use of computer
packages
for
personal
and
educational ends
Students
analyse
simple
problems;
they design and
develop appropriate
computerised
models as solutions
Students use ICT in
many forms such as
newsgroups, chats,
bulletin boards and
educational
CDROMS, to develop
awareness
about
ethical and legal
issues with respect
to technology use

Students
understand, use
and adapt
technologies and
ICT tools
confidently to meet
their needs. (N.C
Goals: 3,8)

Students use a
range of
technological
devices, the media
and ICT tools to
seek information,
communicate with
each other, learn to
read, write and
enhance their
presentation..

Students regularly
and routinely work
with scientific
calculators,
computers, audiovisual tools and
mathematical
software packages
to enhance
mathematical
thinking and develop
appreciation,
enjoyment and skills
in problemformulation and
problem-solving.

Students
use
scientific equipment
and
innovative
technologies
to
engage
in
experiments
and
enhance
scientific
understanding.
.

Students learn to
use ICT, media
(tv/video) and a
range of devices
and equipment to
analyse, measure,
evaluate, record and
monitor performance

Students use ICT in

various forms such
as educational CDs,
models
and
simulations,
and
electronic
communication,
to
develop
an
understanding of the
physical, biological
and
technological
world

Home Econ

Design & Tech

Students
demonstrate the use
of logical and critical
thinking in a broad
range of situations
such as in the
preparation of food,
in the construction
and use of textile
items and in the wise
use of resources
(e.g., time, money,
energy, water), both
theoretical and in
real life situations to
meet personal and
family needs.

Students use logical,

inductive and
deductive reasoning
to analyse problems
and to arrive at
possible solutions in
the process of
design.

Students use ICT

effectively to plan,
design and create
textile items and in
food
product
development. They
use the Internet
judiciously
and
explore the impact
and the influence of
technology in our
personal and family
life.

Sustainable,
appropriate and
intermediate
technologies are
identified and
applied or adapted
to solve problems in
everyday life.

The Arts

Students
communicate ideas
through the use of
materials
and
processes.
Students
develop
confidence in the
use of traditional and
new media.

Students
develop
confidence in using
ICT
tools
and
resources
for
enhancing their skills
in a number of art
forms

Social Sciences

Students display the

ability to use logical
and critical thinking
while
addressing
historical,
geographical
and
social issues.

Students use ICT

and the media to
explore and share
ideas about the
historical,
geographical
and
social environment.

26

OLO
Students
understand,
appreciate and
preserve the
physical and
natural world.
(N.C. Goals:
2,3,4,7)

Students develop
awareness of their
cultural,
geographic,
historical and
economic contexts
and acquire the
knowledge, skills
and values for
social integration
and a culture of
peace. (N.C. Goals:
2,4,5,6,7,8)

Languages
Students read,
discuss and debate
issues related to
their environment;
they communicate
their ideas and
opinions as well as
make informed
decisions

Maths
Students are able to
make informed
judgement of their
environment through
the acquisition of
appropriate and
relevant
mathematical
knowledge.

Wide reading,
discussions and
project work allow
students to develop
a better
understanding and
appreciation of
others, thus leading
to stronger social
cohesion.

Students use
mathematics to
develop knowledge,
skills, attitudes and
values in culture,
history, geography
and economics for
active participation in
society.

Science
Understand
how
science
and
technology
are
inextricably
linked
with
cultural,
geographic
and
historical evolution.

Students
demonstrate
an
understanding
of
their
role
in
implementing
sustainable
development policies
to ensure the welfare
of
the
global
community.

Health & PE
Students learn to live
in and with the
environment through
Outdoor and
Adventurous
activities and also
develop a concern
for the conservation
of the environmental
and cultural heritage.

Students learn about

the history and origin
of games and sports.
Through participation
in a range of
physical activities
they learn to respect
others and develop
cooperation and
team spirit.

ICT

Students use ICT to

obtain information on
issues related to
culture, geography
and history either
synchronously,
asynchronously
or
diachronously

Students
use
technological
platforms to develop
an awareness and
appreciation of the
diversity of world
cultures
Students use ICT to
learn
about
the
effect of peoples
individual
or
collective actions on
others

Home Econ
Students
demonstrate
an
understanding of the
relationship between
human activities and
consumerism
and
their impact on the
environment, making
informed decisions
and taking action
that will contribute to
their own well-being,
that of the society
and the natural and
physical
world
surrounding them.

Design & Tech

In order to provide
solutions to
problems, students
consider the
conservation of
natural resources
and optimum use of
materials.

Students
explore
and analyse the
cultural aspects of
their
immediate
environment
and
understand
the
cultural
values,
traditions
and
customs in relation
to food and clothing
within the family and
in
different
geographical,
historical
and
economic context.

Students identify
problems in social
and economic
contexts and use the
design process to
improve their living
environment by
taking into
consideration
cultural values,
traditions and
customs.

Students
identify
common elements of
cultures and factors
that
promote
cohesion
(core
values of groups on
societies),
explore
cultural diversity in
food choices and
dressing style of
people and evaluate
behaviours
that
influence
personal
safety and that of
others.

In solving problems
in Design and
Technology,
students interact
with others through
teamwork and
develop an
awareness of the
sensitivity and
interplay of diverse
cultures and values.

The Arts
Students
use
experiences in Arts
to understand their
historical,
cultural
and
social
environment
Students
respond
thoughtfully
and
critically to ideas and
construct
personal
meanings.

Students appreciate
their
multi-cultural
context
through
artifacts

Social Sciences
Students
understand
the
complexity of living
in
a
changing
society and seek
to find ways in
which they can
contribute
to
preserve
the
physical
and
natural world.

Students develop
the
ability
to
understand
the
ways in which
people of different
cultures,
times,
and places make
decisions and work
together to meet
their
physical,
social
and
emotional needs.

Students use ICT to

learn
about
environmental
issues and the effect
of peoples actions
on
the
worlds
environment
Students interact
with others from
diverse cultures,
develop pride in
our nation and
recognize that
everyone has to
feel valued and
safe. (N.C. Goals:
5,6)

Through involvement
in collaborative tasks
and by reading and
writing about issues
related to culture,
students learn to
value and appreciate
cultural diversity and
develop a sense of
belonging to their
nation.

Students develop
their skills while
participating and
contributing to each
others development
in a culturally diverse
environment.

Students
use
scientific knowledge,
skills and develop
attitudes that help
them make the right
decisions for the
welfare of society
and the environment
in a safe manner.

Students participate
in team games,
group activities
(multicultural) and
competitions at
regional, national
and international
levels. They develop
a sense of belonging
to their team, school,
and country.

Students use ICT to

retrieve and post
information
in
responsible
ways
while respecting the
plurality
of
the
Mauritian
society
and
world
communities

Students
interact
with each other and
learn about diversity
of
ideas/practices
and their evolution,
inspire from this
diversity
while
expressing
themselves via art
forms.

Students
learn
how to interact
with each other
and to appreciate,
value and respect
various
cultures
while developing a
sense of respect
for self and others.

27

OLO
Students
demonstrate
aesthetic
appreciation and
develop artistic,
expressive and
creative skills.
(N.C. Goals: 1,4)

Students develop
emotional, social
and moral
intelligence to
achieve a sense of
well being. (N.C.
Goals: 1,6)

Languages
Students are
involved in creative
oral and written
tasks, thereby
developing aesthetic
appreciation.

Maths
Students recognize
mathematics in the
arts through artistic,
expressive and
creative activities.

Science
Students
develop
creativity
through
involvement
in
scientific activities.

Health & PE
Students learn and
participate in
creative activities
through Dance,
Calisthenics and
Gymnastics

ICT
Students use ICT to
design a work of art
of their own creation
and imagination
Students use ICT to
access and visualise
works of art, thereby
developing
an
appreciation
of
artistic works

Active participation
in linguistic activities
and in collaborative
tasks leads students
to a better
understanding of
themselves and
others.

Students use
mathematics in real
life to develop
emotional, social
and moral
intelligence to
integrate and
participate fully in
the community.

Through
engagement
in
scientific disciplines,
students
pay
attention
to
developing
their
emotional, social and
moral well being.

Students develop
team spirit, fair play
and a sense of
achievement that
enhances their selfesteem.

Students use ICT to

gain
access
to
information
that
deals with practices
for a healthy, social,
emotional,
mental
and
physically
balanced lifestyle
Students use ICT to
learn
throughout
their lives

Students
demonstrate self
management skills,
positive self
esteem and
confidence for
active participation
as citizens of the
Republic and of the
world. (N.C Goals:
1,3,5,8)

Students express
their respect for
people, plants,
animals and
resources through
informed and
responsible
choices as
consumers and
producers. (N.C.
Goals: 2,7)

Home Econ
Students
design,
create, evaluate and
make
informed
decisions related to
food, textiles and
interior
decoration
for self and others,
and use artistic and
creative skills as an
integral
part
of
everyday life.

Design & Tech

Students learn about
art
in
all
its
dimensions.
Students develop
creativity through a
wide range of
activities using
various materials
and processes
Students design and
make aesthetically
appealing
objects/artifacts and
use various
techniques to
express ideas and
feelings.

The Arts

Students
interact
confidently
with
others to explore
issues affecting the
health and wellbeing of families,
community and the
wider society and
develop appropriate
skills for enhancing
personal
relationships
at
home and in school.

Appropriate
interpersonal/intrape
rsonal skills are
enhanced when
students interact
with others when
solving design
problems and
evaluating possible
solutions.

Students
develop
empathy
and
express
feelings,
moods and emotions
through art.

Students
learn
about themselves
and others and
demonstrate
a
sense
of
emotional, social
and
moral
responsibility and
well being.

Students
develop
critical and logical
thinking
through
individual and group
work in any art form.
Students
develop
confidence
in
interpreting
and
evaluating
artistic
expressions and thus
unleash their creative
potentials
with
enthusiasm.

Social Sciences
Students
demonstrate
the
ability to
better
appreciate
and
make
decisions
with reference to
their social and
physical world.

Through involvement
in projects, research
work and group
activities, students
develop confidence
and the ability to
manage themselves
and through their
use of appropriate
language they
contribute to society
as active responsible
citizens.

Students are able to

use the
mathematical
knowledge and skills
acquires proudly and
confidently in the
global context.

Students
actively
participate in group
discussions
and
scientific
investigations
and
respect the views of
others.

Students learn and

practice team work,
fair play and other
sports values
through participation
in P.E. activities and
competitions. They
learn to manage and
adapt to changes
they undergo during
their growth.

Students use ICT to

exchange ideas and
information and thus
develop confidence
for
active
participation in the
local and global
world
in
a
responsible manner..

Students recognise
and value different
points of view in
discussion
and
debate on issues
related to personal,
family
and
community
health
and well-being and
demonstrate actions
that
support
the
rights and feelings of
others.

Students use
planning,
organisation,
management and
entrepreneurial skills
to provide realistic
solutions when
involved in project
work.

Students
develop
self esteem and feel
valued and value
others
by
appreciating
their
own work and that of
others.

Through
active
participation
in
learning
about
themselves
and
others,
students
develop their self
esteem,
confidence,
and
citizenship skills.

Students inform
themselves about
goods and
commodities
available, discuss
their appropriateness
and make informed
choices thereby
showing respect for
the environment.

Students use
mathematical
knowledge to
enhance the
understanding of
their surrounding
and to make rational
use of resources.

Students develop a
sense of respect for
resources and use
their scientific
knowledge and skills
to promote
responsible decision
making.

Students develop
skills to make
appropriate choices
as consumers so as
to lead a healthy
lifestyle.

Students use ICT to

develop
their
knowledge and skills
so as to make
informed choices as
consumers
and
producers.

Students
develop
mutual
respect,
tolerance
and
cooperation in a safe
learning environment
and make informed
and
responsible
decisions
as
consumers
and
producers
during
food
preparation,

Students value the

importance of
harmonizing human
activity to preserve
and conserve the
balance between the
technological and
natural world
through informed
decisions.

Students develop an
understanding and
appreciation of the
physical, biological
and
technological
worlds by carrying
out projects and
producing works of
art using different
materials
and
processes.

Students
develop
awareness
of
making responsible
choices with respect
to the natural and
physical resources,
and
actively
contribute to the
preservation of the
same as responsible
citizens.

28

OLO

Languages

Maths

Science

Health & PE

Students develop
awareness and
understanding of
their body, nurture
self-respect and
make responsible
choices in
pursuance of a
healthy lifestyle.
(N.C. Goals: 1)

Students develop
awareness of
choices available to
them, discuss them
and make informed
decisions that will
lead to a healthy
lifestyle.

Students use
mathematical skills
and knowledge to
improve their
standard of living by
being
mathematically
literate.

Students develop
awareness and
understanding of
their body and of
ways in which they
could lead a healthy
lifestyle.

Students
demonstrate an
understanding of the
physiological effects
of regular physical
activity and exercise
on their growth,
maturation and
fitness and for a
healthy life style.

ICT

Students use ICT to

enhance
understanding of
their body, nurture
self respect and
pursue a healthy
lifestyle.

Home Econ
clothing construction
and other related
practical classes and
activities.
Students identify the
physical and
emotional changes,
practice personal
hygiene, discuss
sexual health issues
in an atmosphere of
mutual respect,
make informed
judgement and
adopt behaviours
associated with
avoiding STIs,
HIV/AIDS and
teenage pregnancy
for a healthy lifestyle.

Design & Tech

Students adopt safe

work practices.

The Arts
.

Students
interact
with
each
other
through a variety of
art forms which help
them obtain means
to lead a healthy
lifestyle.

Social Sciences

Students
make
rational choices that
help them pursue a
healthy lifestyle.

29

30

MOE
C&
HR

Curriculum Framework
Secondary
[LANGUAGES]:
ENGLISH
FRENCH
&
OTHER LANGUAGES

10.
Students
recognize
that
everyone has to feel
valued and safe. (G:
6, 5)

Students are
given the
opportunity to
voice out their
views and share
their
experiences/tho
ughts/perspectiv
e. This makes
them feel
valued.

Students
understand that
there
are
different
methods
to
solve
mathematical
problems
and
appreciate the
approach
adopted
by
others.

Actively
participate
in
group
discussions and
scientific
investigations
and respect the
views of others.

Ministry of Education & Human Resources

November 2009 31

32

3 LANGUAGES: English, French and Other Languages

The English Curriculum

3.1

3.1.1 Introduction
The secondary English curriculum aims at further developing fluency in and an appreciation of the
language as well as an understanding of its use for personal, social, academic and professional
functions. Emphasis is laid on the use of English as a tool for communication. The aim is to teach
students to communicate effectively, both orally and in writing, and to use language purposefully in a
variety of contexts. Students are equipped with adequate understanding, knowledge and skills of
English to meet different needs through a holistic and comprehensive approach.
The lower secondary curriculum spreads over a period of three years, with increasing levels of
difficulty at each stage. The students experiences acquired at primary level are built upon and
extended. The four language skills, namely listening, speaking, reading and writing, form the core of
the curriculum and proficiency in the language can be measured in terms of the extent to which these
skills are developed:

The students ability to listen for effective communication is further developed. They are
exposed to the use of the English language in a range of contexts and listen for different
purposes.

Students learn to speak fluently, using appropriate pronunciation, intonation, vocabulary and
grammatically correct utterances. They also gradually develop increasing confidence while
expressing themselves in a range of formal and informal situations. They participate in and
sustain conversations and discussions on a variety of topics.

Students read different genres for information and pleasure. They are encouraged to
articulate their personal response to texts of increasing difficulty. They are also taught to
identify, retrieve and synthesize information from a number of sources.

Students also produce a range of written texts, using conventions, forms and styles correctly.
Their writing reveals originality and a variety of structures. Due attention is given to accuracy,
purpose and audience.

The secondary curriculum also aims at developing functional literacy in students. Students know
about, understand and use appropriate conventions of oral and written language. They become
familiar with those used for the presentation of information, ideas and entertainment in the mass
media and new information technologies.

33

In the lower secondary curriculum, Literature in English forms an integral part of the language lesson
but at Forms IV and V levels, it is studied as a subject. Literature, being a rich source of language
used in varied ways, has tremendous potential as a resource for language teaching and for the
development of analytical skills and critical thinking. Literary texts are used as ready made contexts to
make the teaching of English more meaningful. Different activities are devised to develop the four
skills. Knowledge of grammar and vocabulary is simultaneously enhanced. Students learn the
language in a pleasurable manner- through stories, poems, plays, etc. At the same time, they become
aware of the diversity of cultures in the world and develop appreciation and tolerance. In the upper
forms, more emphasis is laid on the development of skills for analysis and appreciation.

3.1.2 Understanding the Functions of Language

Students understand that English is a means of communication and that its use varies
according to the context and purpose.

Students understand that language, whether in oral or written form, serves a communicative purpose
and that the message emanates from a sociocultural and situational context. They are aware that
language use is bound to vary according to external and internal factors. Similarly they are conscious
that messages can be interpreted in a number of ways. Students are also aware that language serves
to clarify thoughts, reflect on, explore and record experiences. Its use permeates everyday life, and
the functions it serves are varied.

Students thus understand that a range of conventions exist and have to be used according to the
situation, purpose and audience. Students can use oral and written language flexibly according to
their function. They adapt their own language and interpretative strategies to specific text types,
purposes and situations.

3.1.3 The Scope of the Language

Students understand the importance of the English language in their everyday lives and in the
global context.

Students are increasingly aware of the fact that English plays a predominant role in their everyday life.
In addition to being the language of legislation, administration and academia, it is the language of
information and entertainment. The media, entertainment industry and the internet daily inundate us
with the English language. Students realize that English is a living entity and is constantly evolving to
suit new social realities; what was once the language of classical literature is now the language of text
messages and chat rooms.

34

English is also the means out of our insularity as a small island state. It can save us from economic
claustrophobia by creating pathways for communication with other countries. Our main economic
pillars, namely tourism and the textile industry, require a labour force that is proficient in the English
language. Moreover, with the increasing number of opportunities in the area of business outsourcing
(call centres) and the impending setting up of a Language Institute, more fluent users of English
language are needed.

3.1.4 Values and Attitudes

Students are open to languages and understand the power of languages in binding people.

Students understand that language is a mode of self-expression and conveys personal and cultural
constructs. They are aware that the way language is used is determined by its purpose. They
understand that words have an effect on the receiver and that written or spoken messages can
reinforce, challenge or change held beliefs. They can discriminate between the use of language for
unification and for marginalization. They can also make out biases and assumptions.

Given the fact that they live in a multilingual country, students appreciate the diversity of languages
and are tolerant towards different languages. They become conscious that relevant knowledge of L1
can be transferred for increased fluency in English language. They realize that certain basic
conventions remain the same whatever the language.
Students become aware of the fact that a variety of Englishes have evolved and that language has a
historical baggage. They view languages as bridges between people and nations.

3.1.5 Strategies
Students become proficient users of the language. They develop and successfully apply a
number of strategies based on their understanding of the way in which language works.

Students use language and apply different communicative strategies depending on their purpose,
context and audience. They use language to clarify concepts and thoughts through brainstorming and
discussion. They use language to explore ideas further and challenge mindsets through debates.
They also use language to share information through presentations.
Students use language in an elaborate manner or through graphic representations according to the
situation and purpose. They apply appropriate strategies and knowledge of conventions to deal with a
variety of oral and written texts. They select relevant information and can represent this in alternative

35

ways, such as notes, graphic representations, summaries and reports. They can compare or
synthesize information from different sources, according to their needs and purposes.

3.1.6 Learning Outcomes for Language Skills

3.1.6.1 The Listening Skill
Students listen with literal and critical comprehension to a variety of speakers, in a variety of
contexts and for different purposes.

Listening is an active process and an essential part of communication. The listener is engaged in a
number of processes to deal with the verbal message effectively, such as receiving the message,
assigning meaning to words, grasping the gist of the message as well as interpreting paralinguistic
and non-verbal features to understand unspoken thoughts, before responding to the message in an
appropriate manner.

Students listen to a variety of oral materials for different purposes: for pleasure, for information or for
reflection. They process messages according to the purpose of listening. They can understand
literally and critically. To ensure that understanding takes place, they apply a number of strategies
such as seeking clarifications, using feedback, seeking further information and paying attention to
non-verbal signals/cues.
Students collect and synthesize information from different oral sources. Their strategies vary
according to their aim for listening. They listen critically and consider the speakers intention when
interpreting a message. They are sensitive to tone of voice and persuasive techniques. Students are
engaged in listening tasks with oral or written follow-up.

3.1.6.2 The Speaking Skill

Students speak fluently on a number of topics, in a wide range of contexts and to different
audiences.

Speaking is a powerful tool of communication used for personal, social, academic and professional
purposes. Speaking entails pronouncing words correctly, using appropriate vocabulary, conveying
meaning clearly through grammatically correct sentences. It also involves adopting the appropriate
pace and tone according to the purpose and context of communication.
Students can construct and convey messages. They are engaged in oral communication for a range
of purposes and with a variety of speakers for personal or social purposes such as greeting, sharing

36

news, expressing likes and dislikes; and for academic purposes in classroom interaction, such as
brainstorming, discussion, role play, debates and presentations. They can reformulate their thoughts,
clarify them and engage in a meaningful conversation when necessary. They express and support
their views convincingly. They use conventions of formal and informal conversation as required.

3.1.6.3 The Reading Skill

Students read a wide range of texts with purpose, understanding, critical awareness and
appreciation.

Reading is the process of constructing meaning from a written text. It is a complex skill that involves
the use of a number of strategies to understand words, sentences and texts.

Students successfully decode a variety of texts: they attribute meaning to words, follow development
of ideas, differentiate between main and secondary ideas, identify supporting details, make up for
unknown words and unfamiliarity with topic through the use of contextual clues and background
information; they are also aware of the voice of the author and possible biases.
Students know that texts exist in a variety of genres and are produced for a number of purposes.
They are exposed to and read a wide range of materials, including posters, notes, memos, forms,
reports, newspapers, magazines, web pages, essays, novels, short stories, poems and plays. They
read for different purposes: for information, for knowledge and experience, for pleasure and
appreciation.

Students acquire an increasing sight vocabulary and word bank. They are aware of the range and
variety of written texts in their immediate environment and their respective uses. They know that
reading involves an interaction between the reader, writer and the text. They read actively and
critically, and formulate personal response to the texts. They understand how texts are structured and
what conventions have been used. They identify values and assumptions as well as cultural
connotations. Students are tolerant of others opinions as they are aware that texts may convey and
arouse different views and beliefs. They relate material from a text to their personal life and
experience and also to other texts.
Students use information from various written sources for oral and written work such as projects,
presentations and debates.

37

3.1.6.4 The Writing Skill

Students can produce a range of written texts for different purposes and in different contexts.

Writing is the process of communicating meaning; ideas and information are thereby conveyed to
others through the use of appropriate conventions- tone, layout and rhetoric.
Students produce written texts for different purposes, such as to share ideas, to convey facts, to tell
stories, to keep records, to make lists, to explore ideas, and to narrate events. They use strategies
such as note making, planning, drafting, conferencing and editing because they are aware that writing
is a process. They engage in formal, informal and creative writing. They use precise vocabulary and
appropriate structures.

Students are given the opportunity to engage in a variety of written tasks. They are involved in
creative writing, designing a web page, publishing a newsletter alongside producing traditional texts,
namely essays, reports, summaries and letters. Their functional literacy skills are also developed;
they write fax messages, telegrams and emails, and they fill different types of forms. They bear
audience in mind and suit text to function.

3.1.7 Language Competence

Language competence results from effective use of the language skills, which themselves constitute a
number of sub-skills. In any communicative situation, the use of specific skills and sub-skills
ascertains that the message is correctly processed.

3.1.7.1 Listening Competencies

The student:

understands words and sentences

follows the organization of ideas in the discourse

identifies main points and supporting details

recognizes explicit relationships among ideas

recalls basic ideas and details

identifies the speaker's purpose, personal perspectives as well as ideological and emotional
biases

demonstrates awareness that one's knowledge, experience and emotions affect the way
one listens to a message and interprets it

discriminates between statements of fact and statements of opinion

makes links between prior knowledge and the information provided by the speaker

draws valid inferences from the information

interprets the speaker's nonverbal message

38

demonstrates comprehension by paraphrasing the speaker's message

makes up for gaps in the information

3.1.7.2 Speaking Competencies

The student:

articulates clearly and pronounces correctly

expresses ideas fluently, using appropriate vocabulary

uses grammatically correct sentences with both simple and complex structures

uses appropriate language and social conventions based on the topic, audience, setting,
and purpose

organizes discourse coherently and in a way that is appropriate to the topic, audience,
context, and purpose

shows an awareness of audience by varying tone and pace to create and maintain interest

uses conventions that are suitable for the message, occasion, and receiver

demonstrates nonverbal behavior that supports the verbal message

engages in conversations/discussions/exchange of views or ideas with conviction, providing

arguments to support claims when required

3.1.7.3 Reading Competencies

The student:

identifies different genres and their function

reads and understands a range of texts for different purposes

follows the development of ideas

shows understanding of themes, characters and plot

predicts and makes relevant inferences

differentiates between main and secondary ideas

uses prior knowledge, contextual clues, word attack skills and text attack skills to
understand unknown words or concepts

responds personally, imaginatively and critically to the text

makes intra-textual and inter-textual comparisons

relates ideas in the text to personal experience

recognizes the writers point of view

evaluates the text and draws conclusions

reads aloud fluently, with the correct pronunciation and clear articulation

reads aloud with appropriate pace, variation of tone, expressiveness

39

3.1.7.4 Writing Competencies

The student:

engages in process writing to develop main ideas, select appropriate supporting details,
organize those details, write drafts, edit, and complete a final product

produces a variety of written texts, using appropriate conventions

writes grammatically correct sentences with varied structures

produces unified, coherent, and well-developed texts

includes relevant details to support ideas

demonstrates critical thinking and problem solving skills

uses appropriate vocabulary according to purpose, topic and audience

uses conventions of grammar, punctuation, mechanics, spelling, etc correctly.

uses appropriate diction, tone, voice, point of view, and figurative language, according to
audience and purpose

uses a research process that includes selecting a topic and gathering relevant information
from a variety of sources, such as oral, written and electronic

summarizes, paraphrases, interprets, and synthesizes information from different sources

reproduces information in a different lay out, e.g., graphic representations.

40

3.1.7.5 Level Descriptors

SKILL

LISTENING

FORM I

FORM II

FORM III

FORM IV-V

Students listen to short and simple

Students listen with

Students can listen more

Students can listen confidently and

texts on familiar topics or topics of

comprehension and recall the gist

extensively to a wider range of

with understanding to a variety of

interest with literal understanding.

as well as important details with

speakers and different topics.

speakers and topics for different

They grasp and recall the main

more confidence. They can

They are able to grasp and recall

purposes. They can link information

ideas and important details. They

process longer messages

a greater amount of information.

from different sources. They also

use a few strategies to make up for

containing more unfamiliar words.

They draw valid inferences from

understand that listening is an

gaps in comprehension, e.g., use of

They relate information from the

the message and their critical

interactive process and respond

prior knowledge and contextual

text to prior knowledge or personal

response is more obvious. They

aptly in communicative situations.

clues. They can recognize the

experience.

can differentiate between facts

mood of the speaker through

They demonstrate awareness of

and personal opinion. They are

his/her tone, e.g., angry, happy.

speaker bias, emotions and tones

able to relate and compare

such as surprise, sarcasm.

information from different

sources on the same issue.

SPEAKING

Students express themselves on

Students speak with more ease

Students converse or discuss

Students demonstrate confidence

topics of interest in simple terms

and on a wider range of topics.

with more ease and confidence

while engaging in speech. They can

and structures. They engage in

They engage in and sustain

with one or more participants.

communicate accurately,

brief conversations on familiar

conversations/discussions with

They can elaborate and express

appropriately and effectively in a

topics with relative fluency, with at

more than one participant, with

their views on a variety of topics.

number of situations. They can

least one participant. The use of

appropriate responses and turn

They can also justify their stand

recount personal experience,

vocabulary is, most of the times,

taking. There is an attempt to use

with relevant arguments. Their

discuss issues and talk fluently on a

appropriate. Their articulation and

sentences with varied structures

vocabulary has expanded and

variety of topics. They show an

pronunciation is generally correct.

and more precise vocabulary.

sentence structures are varied.

awareness of how spoken

41

READING

There is an attempt to vary tone

Their variation of pitch, pace and

They use conventions according

communication varies according to

and pitch according to purpose and

tone according to audience and

to the audience, context and

situation,

audience

purpose is more prominent. Their

purpose. They can talk with

purpose and audience.

nonverbal behaviour supports the

effect, e.g., arouse interest or

spoken message.

curiosity.

Students read and understand

Students read a wider range of

Students demonstrate increased

Students enjoy and appreciate

narrative texts and texts they are

genres with relative fluency. They

literal and critical understanding.

reading texts in the English

familiar with, such as greeting

adopt different strategies with

They read a wide range of texts

language. They read and respond to

cards, recipes, letters, posters,

more confidence to derive

on different topics and with

a variety of texts accurately and with

simple poems and advertisements.

meaning from the text and to read

different organizational patterns.

confidence. They can select

They develop growing familiarity

with understanding. They use word

They relate information from

retrieve, evaluate and combine

with other genres, e.g., newspaper

attack skills to guess the meaning

different parts of the same text or

information from different written

articles and diary entries, and grasp

of unknown words They make

different texts and analyse these.

texts. They can also appreciate the

the gist of these texts. They vary

predictions and draw inferences

They understand that writings

ways language is used for effect.

the pace according to text and

with more ease. They link ideas in

reflect certain ideologies and

content. There is an attempt to

the text with prior knowledge and

cultural constructs. They thus

express their views on and relate to

personal experience more

recognize the writers purpose

the text using simple language.

extensively. They also make intra-

and understand the reason

They can draw simple inferences

textual links and attempt inter-

behind the use of certain stylistic

and link ideas in the text with their

textual comparisons between two

devices, e.g., irony and

personal experience.

texts. Their critical outlook is

metaphorical language. They

Students read aloud simple texts,

sharper. They recognize the

provide personal response to the

which may include some dialogue,

writers perspective and express

text, demonstrate empathic skills,

with appropriate pronunciation,

their agreement or disagreement

and justify/discuss their views.

intonation, pitch and pace.

thereof in simple language. They

Students read aloud texts of

provide support for their views.

varying lengths and those

Students read aloud longer texts

including dialogue fluently and

42

which include dialogue with correct

with conviction. They display

pronunciation and increasing

confidence and vary pace, tone,

fluency. They vary pace, tone,

pitch and stress as required.

pitch and stress as required.

WRITING

Students produce short narrative and

Students ability to write narrative

Students reinforce their ability to

Students can communicate

other texts they are familiar with, e.g.,

and non-narrative texts is reinforced

produce different genres. They

accurately, appropriately and effe

greeting cards and informal letters.

and extended. The genres they

select and include ideas or

ctively in writing. They show an

They adopt the process approach

produce vary from diary entries to

information in a coherent manner

awareness of how written

when engaged in a written task. They

simple summaries, brief reports, etc.

and they use some stylistic

communication varies according to

write grammatically correct

A variety of structures are used and

devices to write for effect, e.g.,

situation, purpose and audience.

sentences, and attempt to use a

discourse is suited to the purpose

create suspense. Their work

They plan, organize and express

variety of structures. They can take

and reader(s). The students writing

displays originality and

ideas, using appropriate conventions

down notes from oral or written

is relevant and generally coherent,

sources, and reproduce information

with adequate development of ideas

relevance. The lay-out varies,

as well as correct grammar, spelling

in simple graphic form, e.g., a mind

where required. Relevant information

according to the genre and

and punctuation. They use ICT as a

map.

is selected from different sources

conventions used are

tool for spell checks and formatting.

They write for different purposes and

e.g., magazines, the internet and the

appropriate. Students display

They write legibly and present their

audiences in situations directly

news. It is paraphrased, summarized

critical thinking skills by

work neatly.

related to personal experience, e.g.,

or synthesized as required.

presenting arguments with

letter writing, using appropriate

Students write using correct

adequate support or justification

conventions and correct grammar,

grammar, spelling and punctuation.

when required.

spelling and punctuation. Their

They use ICT as a tool for spell

Students write using correct

writing is generally coherent and

checks and formatting.

grammar, spelling and

includes adequate and relevant

They write legibly and present their

punctuation. They use ICT as a

information obtained from different

work neatly.

tool for spell checks and

sources, e.g., internet, encyclopedia.

formatting.

They write legibly and present their

They write legibly and present

work neatly.

their work neatly.

43

Level Descriptors for Literature in English Forms IV-V

Students:
Identify and analyse characters with respect to their importance in the plot
Follow the sequence of the action and recognize important elements in the plot
Identify and analyse main and sub themes
Recognize and understand the use of stylistic features and literary devices, and the purpose for which they are used
Interact with the text and respond empathetically to different aspects
Voice out and discuss their views in relation to different elements of the text
Understand that the text can be read from different perspectives and value the views of their peers
Relate the text to real life situations
Carry out simple intertextual comparisons for a deeper understanding of the text
Understand contextual elements that influenced the author and the writing of the text

44

3.1.8 The Teaching and Learning Process

Language skills cannot be taught in isolation. As such, any language activity in the classroom will lead
to the development of all four skills. The teacher can, however, focus more closely on one or two skills
at a time for teaching purposes. The four skills are further broken down into specific learning
competencies and the teacher can devise appropriate tasks to develop these.

We are advocating a Whole Language Approach and Communicative Language Teaching. A range of
teaching strategies and resources must be used in view of making learning an effective and enjoyable
experience. The teacher is encouraged to use a gamut of materials to expose the students to the
variety of texts in the language. Group work, debates and oral presentations should also be integrated
in learning activities to develop oral skills along with social skills.

While the use of the target language is encouraged and promoted, the L1 is not ignored. The teacher
builds on the students knowledge of the language system and its use. Those who depend heavily on
their L1 must be gradually drawn out of it and made confident users of the English language. For this
purpose, the teacher should employ the relevant teaching strategies with adequate scaffolding, and
also create a classroom atmosphere that is conducive to student participation.

3.1.9 Assessment
No learning process is complete without assessment. Assessment is an on-going process, whether it
is carried out formally, such as through written tests, or informally during class discussions. It is an
important means of obtaining feedback on the learners progress in language learning. Formative
assessment enables the identification of the strengths and weaknesses of students and assists the
teacher in the planning of subsequent lessons and remedial action. Instruction is thereby geared
towards the needs of learners. Assessment criteria are made clear to the students so that they are
aware of the expectations and requirements. After the work has been corrected, students are given
constructive feedback with reference to each criterion, and appropriate follow-up measures are taken.
Summative assessment provides record of marks and reports achievement. This is essential for
promotion purposes.
.

45

3.2

Lower Secondary French Curriculum

Le franais au collge obligatoire: une langue pour grandir dans la vie, souvrir sur le monde
et russir sa formation

3.2.1 Introduction
Aprs lexprience du cycle primaire qui constitue, pour tous les enfants, une entre la fois dans le
multilinguisme et dans les premiers apprentissages formels, le cycle secondaire doit dun ct
consolider les acquis du primaire et dun autre ct cibler des savoirs, des savoir faire et des savoirtre dtermins par la fonction que ce cycle dtudes occupe dans le systme ducatif mauricien. Il
est important de ne pas considrer que toutes les comptences vises par lenseignement primaire
aient t acquises par tous les enfants. En fait, le maintien lcole de lensemble de la population
enfantine rend ncessaire la prise en compte de lhtrognit des profils lentre au collge en
termes la fois dacquis et de rapport lapprendre dans des structures formelles. Cette prise en
compte est ncessaire pour viter une logique de fuite en avant et dabandon des enfants quil
faudrait encadrer. Par ailleurs, les trois premires annes de lenseignement secondaire mne, pour
un nombre significatif dapprenants, la vie active alors que pour dautres, elles doivent jeter les
bases pour le dveloppement de comptences non seulement plus complexes mais aussi de nature
diffrente. Ce sont l les dfis auxquels doit rpondre le programme dtudes.

3.2.2 Un Profil Diffrent et des Enjeux Dterminants

Lenfant qui arrive au collge est un pradolescent qui sait beaucoup de choses dj. Toutefois, la
croissance de ses connaissances va de pair avec le dveloppement de sa personnalit. Pendant son
sjour au collge, il passera par cette phase cruciale quest ladolescence, priode marque dun ct
par le dveloppement de lintelligence et des oprations formelles et dun autre ct par louverture
sociale et la construction dun soi qui veut smanciper de la dtermination ou de linfluence
parentale. Cest aussi lge de la dcouverte des disciplines en tant que champs de savoir et de
construction de connaissances de mme que de lappropriation de mthodes spcifiques qui les
dfinissent. Par ailleurs, le collgien est dsormais conscient de vivre dans un monde vaste et aux
dimensions multiples sur lequel il est avide dinscrire son empreinte. Au plan social, il est trs
conscient de lui-mme et cherche dfinir sa personnalit moins dans la conformit avec le dsir de
ses parents que dans le regard de ses pairs et des jeunes adultes avec lesquels il sidentifie. Cest
donc un ge de potentialits fortes et de dfinition de traits de comportements tant sociaux que
cognitifs et psychiques durables. Le collge peut par consquent tre considr comme un cycle
scolaire dterminant pour la construction dune personnalit post-enfantine et pr-adulte saine dune
part et prparatoire dune citoyennet active, participative et claire dautre part.

46

3.2.3 Les Finalits de lEnseignement du Franais au Collge

Obligatoire
Le sjour au collge doit permettre ladolescent de dvelopper, un niveau apprciable et de faon
durable, les comptences de base de la communication verbale orale et de la lecture-criture en
franais. Ces comptences opratoires seront troitement articules avec une comprhension des
structures et du fonctionnement de la langue (cf. grammaire, syntaxe, vocabulaire et orthographe) de
manire assurer les conditions ncessaires pour un dveloppement quilibr de son tat de
comptence transitoire dans la mesure o il est appel voluer encore en franais. En clair,
lenseignement/apprentissage de cette langue doit permettre ladolescent de s'exprimer, l'oral
comme l'crit, avec une aisance grandissante, correctement et clairement, et en ayant recours un
large rpertoire de structures caractrises par une certaine complexit, dans une diversit de
situations ; il doit aussi lui permettre de raisonner et dargumenter de manire cohrente et
sophistique sur un ventail de sujets qui lui importent, de mme qu dvelopper sa crativit
langagire et son imagination. A cet effet, on associera cet enseignement l'acquisition de repres
culturels et artistiques qui enrichiront son potentiel de cration de soi et lui serviront voluer avec
confiance et aisance dans un contexte de mondialisation grandissante. En dautres termes,
lapprentissage de la langue franaise doit inscrire ladolescent dans la logique positive dune
construction de soi volontaire et responsabilisante, nourrie par des valeurs saines, gnreuses et
humanistes ; il doit aussi assurer une inscription dans une modernit inclusive, respectueuse des
droits et de la dignit de chacun. En un mot, le franais doit servir la formation de ladolescent, au
dveloppement de ses aptitudes intellectuelles, de ses comptences mthodologiques et techniques,
de ses facults de discernement thique, moral ou juridique, de mme qu lenrichissement de ses
connaissances et de sa culture gnrales.

3.2.4 Les Objectifs Terminaux de Lapprentissage du Franais au

Collge Obligatoire
Niveau
de
scolarit
Forme I

Objectifs gnraux

La premire anne du secondaire sera une anne de consolidation des savoirs et savoirfaire acquis ou en cours dacquisition notamment en lecture et en criture. En effet, de
trs nombreux enfants quittent encore le primaire sans avoir dvelopp un savoirlire/crire suffisamment automatis pour ressentir un sentiment de scurit et de confort
devant des tches qui requirent la mise en uvre de ces savoir-faire. On peut en dire
de mme pour les savoirs et savoir-faire qui se rapportent la connaissance du systme
de la langue (cf. systmes et sous-systmes de structuration syntaxique, morphologique,
lexicale et orthographique).
Cette anne servira donc sassurer que chaque enfant, quel que soit son profil de
dpart lentre en Forme I,

dveloppe une comptence communicative et langagire loral qui lui

permette de bnficier de lenvironnement sociolinguistique francophone et dy
voluer avec une certaine aisance ;

47

matrise les rgles lmentaires du fonctionnement grammatical et

phonologique du franais de manire contrler avec un certain succs ces
deux dimensions de ses productions orales ;
soit engag dans lenrichissement des structures lexicalises de mme que des
structures syntaxiques et phrastiques qui lui servent changer avec autrui et
exprimer sa pense;
internalise des comportements de lecteur/scripteur appropris ou souhaitables
pour son ge grce au contact avec des crits divers en nombre suffisant et la
participation des situations de rception et de production de ces crits, dont
des crits littraires ;
matrise les mcanismes de fonctionnement de lcrit franais et applique les
procdures de lecture fondes sur cette connaissance ;
se dote dun vocabulaire crit automatis suffisamment tendu quoique basique
ou lmentaire pour rendre possible la reconnaissance immdiate dun nombre
de mots consquent dans nimporte quel texte de son niveau ;
soit engag dans lextension en autonomie de ce vocabulaire crit automatis ;
soit engag dans lautomatisation de stratgies et de procdures de
construction de la signification de textes et puisse sadonner lexercice de
verbalisation de ces procdures.
sessaie linterprtation de textes en prenant appui outre le contenu sur les
techniques dcriture, les aspects matriels du texte et des lments de son
contexte de production
dveloppe un got pour un/des auteur(s)/genre(s)/style(s) grce au contact
avec des (extraits d) uvres.

Pour cela, le programme et les matriels de travail devront tre soigneusement conus
selon une pdagogie de la diffrenciation et une didactique qui tire le plus grand profit du
vcu exprientiel et de lenvironnement linguistique, notamment francophone, des
enfants, de mme que des ressources littraires auxquelles ils seraient sensibles ;il
faudra aussi que les enfants qui en ont besoin bnficient dun encadrement rapproch
et dun soutien ajusts leurs besoins.

Formes
II & III

Lenfant tant dsormais bien install dans le cycle secondaire et dans ladolescence,
ces deux annes seront des annes de construction de nouveaux savoirs et de nouvelles
comptences. On distinguera quatre grands domaines dintervention et de travail :
la communication verbale, tant orale qucrite ;
le fonctionnement de la langue, avec un programme qui articule grammaire de la
phrase et grammaire du texte ;
le fonctionnement des discours, ce qui implique lexploration tant de textes
sociaux ou fonctionnels que la dcouverte de textes dits littraires du patrimoine
aussi bien national quinternational et de produits culturels de notre re,
lveil la littrature par le biais de la dcouverte de textes du patrimoine aussi
bien national et rgional quinternational,
lveil lactualit et aux affaires courantes de mme quaux phnomnes
sociaux de notre temps.

3.2.5 Le Rpertoire de Comptences a Dvelopper

Niveau
Comptence 1
de
Communiquer loral en franais
scolarit
Capacit 1 Sexposer de son plein gr des occasions dassister et de participer en
tant que rcepteur des situations de communication en franais ;

Forme I
Capacit 2 Sexprimer en franais lors de situations routinires ou de micro-

48

Forme II

situations qui le demandent en tirant le plus profit de structures ou de matriaux

linguistiques pratiqus en classe ;
Capacit 3 Participer, moyennant une prparation au pralable, avec -propos, un
change relativement soutenu sur un thme, une situation, un texte dauteur, etc. en
recherchant diverses stratgies communicationnelles pour viter linterruption ou la panne
de communication ;
Capacit 4 Prendre la parole en classe en franais sur un sujet convenu ou de son
choix et ayant fait lobjet dune prparation tant procdurale que langagire et linguistique.
Capacit 1 Sexprimer volontiers en franais lors de situations de la vie de tous les
jours qui le demandent ou le permettent
- en recourant une syntaxe phrastique qui cherche tre relativement complte
(phrases avec expansions ou complexes, recours divers temps et modes verbaux, etc.) ;
- en se conformant avec une certaine systmaticit certaines rgles daccord de base et
en adoptant des intonations phrastiques appropries.
Capacit 2 Rapporter en introduisant de la cohrence dans la relation, un rcit, un
vnement vcu, un projet.
Capacit 3 Sexprimer en franais lors de situations dtude et de travail scolaire
- en sappliquant rechercher un vocabulaire de plus en plus juste et prcis ;
- en faisant des efforts pour adopter un registre appropri pour de telles situations.
Capacit 4 Dvelopper son vocabulaire de manire amliorer la qualit de son
expression lors de tches et dactivits se droulant en franais.

Rendre compte de manire intelligente et sensible dune uvre artistique (roman,

nouvelle, pome, film, ).
Capacit 1 Sexprimer avec une aisance grandissante en franais lors de situations
Forme III de la vie de tous les jours qui le demandent ou le permettent
- en adoptant une syntaxe de plus en plus complte et en mnageant des effets pour une
communication efficace.
Capacit 2 Sexprimer en franais lors de situations dtude et de travail scolaire
- en recourant un vocabulaire de plus en plus juste et prcis ;
- en adoptant un registre appropri pour de telles situations.
Capacit 3..Organiser logiquement son propos pour exprimer et commenter ses
actions, ses attitudes et ses productions.
Capacit 4 Sexprimer sur des (extraits de) textes littraires pour en construire son
interprtation et en dire son apprciation.

49

Niveau
de
scolarit
Forme I

Comptence 2
Lire et crire en franais

Capacit 1 Achever dinternaliser le traitement des mots de manire ressentir un

confort de lecture.
Capacit 2 Rpondre loral et/ou en crit des questions sur un livre/texte/
document en manifestant une comprhension littrale des informations donnes et une
comprhension par infrences lexicales ou grammaticales.
Capacit 3 Dvelopper un comportement autonome de lecteur francophone
appropri pour son ge (emprunter rgulirement des livres, en lire rgulirement en
autonomie hors de lcole, en donner son apprciation, etc.).
Capacit 4 Prendre lhabitude de produire seul(e) et/ou en groupe des textes courts
divers, dont de petits textes littraires.
Capacit 5 Lire avec fluidit un texte fonctionnel ou littraire dune douzaine de lignes
haute voix.

Formes II
& III

Capacit 1 Lire avec les yeux et une vitesse compatible avec une fluidit de lecture un
texte de deux pages environ en dmontrant une bonne comprhension gnrale.
Capacit 2 Manifester loral et en crit une comprhension fine de textes (cf.
paraphrase, infrence, anticipation dpisodes ou de ractions des personnages taye
par des prises dindices, identification de l/des information(s) principale(s), offre de titres
appropris pour un texte ou des parties dun texte, rsums, etc.) de mme quune
sensibilit la langue et aux procds dcriture employs.
Capacit 3 Internaliser la lecture comme trait de comportement de manire arriver
lire avec un certain confort et en en drivant un certain plaisir un ventail de genres
(magazines thmes, BD, romans daventures /policiers/ de science-fiction, damour,
etc.,) et de styles.
Capacit 4 Dire de mmoire avec fluidit et une certaine expressivit un texte potique
dune page.
Capacit 5 Dvelopper une capacit dobservation et danalyse de textes divers,
fonctionnels et littraires, de manire en faire apparatre la structure et le
fonctionnement lors de tches guides.
Capacit 6 Interprter avec plaisir, sensibilit et intelligence un texte (documentaire, essai
ou dauteur, en prose, en vers, ou dialogu) haute voix.
Capacit 7 Prendre lhabitude de produire seul(e) et/ou en groupe des textes fictionnels
divers (rcits de fiction ; pomes ; planches de BD ; sayntes, mini-pices de thtre, etc.)
Capacit 8 Prendre lhabitude de produire seul(e) et/ou en groupe des textes informatifs,
scientifiques et fonctionnels divers (prise de notes partir de recherches documentaires
effectues en franais des fins dtude dune autre discipline ; prise de notes partir
dun enseignement/dune explication ; rdactions aprs prise de notes; prparation de
fiches de rvision ; formulation dun raisonnement, dune procdure, comptes-rendus,
articles, etc.).
Capacit 9 Etendre sa culture de lcrit et lire couramment avec confort et plaisir un
large ventail de genres et de styles.

50

Niveau
de
scolarit

Comptence 3
Matriser le systme

Form I

Capacit 1 Appliquer correctement le systme verbal dans son fonctionnement

grammatical.
Capacit 2 Dmontrer sa connaissance dun vocabulaire usuel et de lorganisation du
lexique du franais de mme que des principales rgles de drivation lexicale.
Capacit 3 Mettre en uvre les principales rgles lmentaires d'orthographe
grammaticale et lexicale.
Capacit 4 Dmontrer sa connaissance des structures fondamentales de la phrase
simple et de la phrase complexe relative et conjonctive dans ses manifestations les plus
courantes.

Forme II &
III

Capacit 1 Dmontrer sa connaissance des lments qui assurent la cohrence

d'ensemble d'un texte (cf. procds de rfrenciation tels que les pronoms ou les reprises
nominales, connecteurs inter phrastiques comme les conjonctions de subordination, choix
de formes verbales dominantes, etc.).
Capacit 2 Automatiser les choix grammaticaux permettant d'adapter ses propos la
personne laquelle ils s'adressent, en fonction de l'effet recherch.
Capacit 3 Distinguer entre les registres de langues.
Capacit 4 Dvelopper la comprhension de la variation du vocabulaire francophone.

51

Le franais en Forme IV et V

3.2.6

Les objectifs gnraux de lapprentissage du franais en Forme IV & V

Ces deux annes seront consacres la mise en place de comptences devant amener les lves
tre des utilisateurs indpendants du franais. Lenseignement du franais en FIV et en FV devra
doter les lves dune matrise suffisamment avance de cette langue vhiculaire

pour entreprendre avec succs une formation professionnelle et technique, lIVTB ou

ailleurs, pour voluer immdiatement aprs dans la vie active, ou encore pour prparer le
Higher School Certificate ou un Brevet Technique Suprieur ;

pour voluer avec confiance tant dans le contexte local de plurilinguisme que dans le
contexte rgional et international francophone ou bi/multilingue ;

pour nourrir une sensibilit au langage et une crativit dans son utilisation ;

pour se composer une personnalit riche et gratifiante dindividu cultiv ouvert sur des
espaces culturels et sociaux divers.

Quant lenseignement de la littrature en Form IV et en Form V, il visera faire

dcouvrir quelle est une voie particulire dexpression et de cration artistiques, engage
dans un dialogue avec les autres formes dart ;

dcouvrir quelle est une voie dexploration du monde, des peuples et des cultures du
monde et de ce fait, de dialogue entre des peuples et des cultures;

dcouvrir quelle permet dexplorer la complexit humaine et l histoire de la pense

humaine ;

devenir sensibles la part prise par les auteurs mauriciens dans la qute dune conscience
de soi en tant que peuple, groupe humain ou individu.

Le rpertoire de comptences dvelopper

Comptence 1 : Communiquer loral en franais
Niveau
de
scolarit

Forme
IV

Capacits
Comprendre sans effort pratiquement tout ce quil entend de faon routinire
(conversations, missions de varits, journal avec reportages, interviews, etc. sur des
chanes de radio ou de tlvision locales et rgionales/ internationales francophones).
Comprendre en se concentrant moyennement un ventail de textes longs ou
moyennement longs sur une diversit de sujets dintrt courant (documentaires,
enqutes, missions magazines ou plateau, confrences, dbats, etc.).
Sexprimer couramment en franais lors de situations routinires de la vie de tous
les jours ou de situations sociales formelles et lors de situations dtude et de travail
scolaire ou de stages de formation technique et professionnelle
- en adoptant une syntaxe complte courante (phrases avec expansions, phrases
complexes, recours appropri divers temps et modes verbaux, mise en relief par des
moyens syntaxiques autant que prosodiques, etc.).

52

Forme
V

Comprendre avec un sentiment de relatif confort et de manire assez fine des

textes moyennement longs ou des changes de niveau relativement soutenu,
destination dun auditoire alphabtis et portant sur une diversit de sujets.
Sexprimer avec aisance et spontanit en franais dans une diversit de situations
en adoptant une syntaxe complte courante.
Examiner un nonc ou une situation problmatiques en en faisant ressortir lenjeu
et/ou le contenu ou ses implicites et en considrant verbalement les procdures pour
sa rsolution.
Rsumer un texte technique ou informatif moyennement long en en faisant ressortir
la structure ou les informations saillantes.
Rendre compte et discute de son interprtation dun(e) livre, article, musique, film,
etc. de manire la fois valide et personnelle et originale.
Sexprimer de manire claire et structure sur un certain nombre de sujets
complexes ou dactualit de son choix et/ou travaills au collge.

Comptence 2 : Lire et crire en franais

Niveau
de
scolarit

Forme
IV

Forme
V

Capacits
Automatiser les procdures didentification interne des mots de textes de
longueurs variables relevant de diffrents genres et traitant de sujets divers avec
exactitude et rapidit, le plus souvent par reconnaissance automatique.
Automatiser les procdures de constitution des groupes de mots et de suites de
phrases selon lesquelles faire la lecture fluide de textes de longueurs variables, relevant
de diffrents genres etc. de manire en faciliter la construction de la signification
(lecture par groupes de mots plutt que par mots isols).
Automatiser le comportement de lecture appropri (cf. lecture-survol, lecture
slective, lecture de recherche, lecture de travail, etc.), en situation, en tenant compte
de lintention de lecture.
Lire avec un confort et un plaisir grandissants un ventail de genres (romans, presse
gnrale ou spcialise, B.D., posie, )
Lire et comprendre de manire fine des textes qui touchent ses domaines dtude et
dintrt.
Dvelopper la lecture de certains genres techniques comme un trait de
comportement appropri pour ses projets de formation ou dactivit future.
Ecrire des fins dtude (cf. rsums de cours, prise de notes linaire ou sous forme
de schma, rdaction de fiches-synthses, etc.) en visant lefficacit tant par le contenu
que par lorganisation et la prsentation matrielle de ce contenu.
Produire des textes dargumentation ou de rflexion sur des sujets ou des thmes
dactualit ou dintrt gnral.
Lire couramment et comprendre des articles de journaux et de magazines
dinformation nationaux aussi bien quinternationaux et pouvoir en rendre compte ou les
rsumer oralement ou en crit.
Lire et comprendre des articles ou des textes dinformation spcialiss se
rapportant ses domaines dtude et dintrt et pouvoir en rendre compte.
Lire et comprendre des critiques se rapportant au contenu et lapprciation de
thmes culturels (film, livre, concert, exposition, thtre, etc.) et pouvoir en rsumer les
informations les plus importantes oralement ou en crit.
Lire avec confort et plaisir certains genres ou sous-genres quil/quelle apprcie
particulirement et peut crire une brve critique sur une uvre dcouverte.
Produire une diversit de textes appropris pour des situations de formation et
dactivit professionnelle (cf. compte-rendus, rapports, lettres, CV, lettres de motivation,
etc.).
Produire en dveloppant une certaine originalit de ton ou de style des pices de

53

correspondance personnelle o lon exprime diffrents sentiments et attitudes, raconte

les dernires nouvelles, etc.
Dvelopper systmatiquement un sujet dtude et de rflexion sous forme de
rdaction ou de rapport en soulignant les points essentiels et en donnant des
informations qui soutiennent son argumentation ou sa prsentation.
Ecrire avec fluidit et avec une certaine originalit sur des faits ou des
expriences/situations relles ou fictives.

Comptence 3 : Matriser le systme

Niveau
de
scolarit

Forme
IV

Forme
V

Capacits

Dmontrer une automatisation des rgles orthographiques dusage dont les

rgles de ponctuation courantes et pouvoir contrler et justifier ses conduites y
relatives.
Manifester sa connaissance du lien entre choix de formes et de structures et
genre textuel et discursif (ex : formes verbales du discours ou du rcit ; vitement de
lusage excessif de Il y a X dans des textes formels et recours la place la
nominalisation de X plac en tte de phrase ; utilisation de la phrase active ou passive ;
formes du discours direct, indirect, indirect libre, etc.).
Faire un usage appropri des registres en fonction de la situation de communication.
Manifester sa comprhension de la construction de phrases avec expansions.
Dvelopper une comprhension des correspondances lexicales et syntaxiques
entre le franais et dautres langues pratiques et apprendre en tirer profit de mme
qu en rendre compte.
Dmontrer une comprhension claire et automatise de la structuration du
systme verbal (modes, temps, personne, etc.)
Dmontrer la matrise des rgles orthographiques mme fines et justifier ses
conduites.
Sappuyer sur sa comprhension des homologies lexicales et syntaxiques entre le
franais et dautres langues pratiques pour contrler ses productions.
Manifester sa comprhension de la construction de phrases avec expansions dont
des expansions propositionnelles et sy appuyer lors de la rception ou de la production
de textes divers.
Automatiser les choix grammaticaux permettant d'adapter ses propos la personne
laquelle ils s'adressent, en fonction de l'effet recherch -

Comptence 4 : Etudier la littrature

Niveau
de
scolarit

Forme
IV

Capacits

Manifester une sensibilit certains genres et sous-genres littraires;

Dmontrer une sensibilit quelques thmes importants dune oeuvre ;
situer une uvre dans un contexte historique et social et montrer comment cette
situation claire luvre ;
Etudier les personnages dune uvre et leur fonction dans cette uvre ;
Dgager le mode principal de narration et les principaux points de vue adopts
dans une uvre
Mettre en lumire quelques procds dcriture dterminants pour lapprciation
dune uvre.

54

Forme
V

Distinguer avec une certaine finesse les diffrents genres et sous-genres littraires ;
Dmontrer limportance du contexte et du contenu culturel pour la
comprhension de certaines uvres ;
Dmontrer une familiarisation avec certaines dimensions dterminantes des
diffrents genres (la mtrique en posie, la construction de personnages et
lintrigue dans le roman ; la conception spatio-temporelle dans la pice de
thtre, . ) ;
Analyser la construction du personnage comme une dimension dterminante de la
cration dune uvre ;
Conduire une analyse thmatique dune ou de quelques uvres ;
analyser les modes de narration et les points de vue et montrer quils participent
la mise en sens du texte.

Pour mieux rpondre aux besoins et aux attentes diffrencis des jeunes parvenus ce niveau de
scolarit, on pourrait proposer des modules parmi lesquels les lves choisiraient selon leur intrt et
leur projet dvolution ultrieure. Ces modules pourraient tre les suivants :

Loral pour la communication courante

Loral commercial et technique ou des affaires

Loral acadmique ou les mthodes de travail et dtude scolaire qui prennent appui sur le
langagier

Lveil lactualit et aux affaires courantes de mme quaux phnomnes sociaux de notre
temps.

La lecture et la production de textes professionnels, commerciaux et techniques divers des

fins diverses

La lecture de textes dauteurs du patrimoine mondial, national contemporain (extraits et

uvres intgrales relevant de diffrents genres) ou dauteurs populaires

La lecture et ltude de textes dauteurs dans la perspective dtudes littraires

Le franais par la traduction

Certains modules pourraient tre pris en charge conjointement par lcole et le secteur priv de
manire ce que les jeunes dveloppent une accointance avec le monde du travail et de la vie
active.

3.2.7 Les stratgies denseignement et dapprentissage

La manire dont on a procd pour dterminer le contenu et les objectifs de ce programme suppose
que lon passe dune pdagogie centre sur lenseignant une pdagogie centre sur lapprenant et
lapprentissage. Cette nouvelle centration se caractrise entre autres par la mise en uvre dactivits
pour impulser, rguler et orienter lapprentissage. Elle suppose que lon favorise la prise de parole
entre pairs et/ou avec lenseignant comme une stratgie dapprentissage qui requiert ou favorise
lengagement de lapprenant dans la tche. La parole peut notamment servir la ngociation de la
comprhension de ce que la tche implique et des stratgies ou procdures mettre en oeuvre pour
la russir ; elle peut aussi servir la verbalisation des conduites effectivement adoptes ; elle devient
ainsi utile pour la rvision et le contrle de son travail de mme que pour le remploi raisonn de

55

stratgies et procdures efficaces. Dans toutes ces fonctions, la prise de parole joue un rle
dterminant dans la construction progressive dune capacit de planification et de self-monitoring
et partant, dune autonomie chez lapprenant.
Cette dmarche, qui sinscrit dans une approche socio-constructiviste, sarticulera autour dun certain
nombre de types dactivits spcifiques:

L'apprentissage coopratif

Le casse-tte ou le remue-mninge

Le contrat d'apprentissage

Les travaux dirigs

L'enseignement assist par ordinateur

Le journal des apprentissages

La recherche

Lvaluation des comptences

Dans le cadre de cette rforme ducative, il sagira de changer de paradigme en matire de pratiques
dvaluation des connaissances et des comptences. La dmarche prconise ici sappuie sur les
objectifs suivants :

elle doit permettre lenseignant de situer chaque lve dans son parcours d'apprentissage ;

elle doit fournir des pistes pour une comparaison entre les rsultats des lves dans un
tablissement et ceux du systme ;

elle doit permettre de dterminer si les objectifs fixs par lducation nationale sont atteints ;

elle doit pouvoir donner lieu des stratgies de soutien ou de remdiation adaptes ceux
qui en ont besoin.

On recommande en Forme IV la prparation tout au long de lanne dun portfolio individuel pour
lequel llve bnficiera de lencadrement de lenseignant de la classe. Ce portfolio rassemblera
diverses pices (travaux dirigs, extraits de journal, travaux assigns et recherche) selon les modules
dapprentissage choisis et servira de base pour une validation des acquis qui lui sera dlivre
lissue de cette anne dorientation.

56

3.3

Other Languages: Asian Languages and Arabic

3.3.1 Asian Languages - Introduction

In Mauritius, our strength will continue to reside in the sincere effort to allow multilingualism and
multiculturalism to flourish. The multilingual nature of our society opens a number of windows to
look at the wider world. Knowing an additional language is a matter of enrichment, more so when
the known languages belong to various and varied cultures. With the emergence of India and
China in the world economy, knowledge of an Indian language/Mandarin is a great advantage. It
is desirable that the teaching-learning of Asian languages be reinforced.
The Lower Secondary Curriculum Framework for Asian languages and Arabic has been
worked out in the context of curriculum reforms initiated by Ministry of Education, Culture &
Human Resources. The intent is to bring about qualitative improvement in the teaching and
learning process, value, education and the development of further skills and competencies in
Hindi/Urdu/Tamil/Telugu/Marathi and Mandarin, as well as Arabic.

3.3.2 Generic Learning Outcomes

Students should be able to:

Acquire the skill to listen and understand.

Develop communicative skills, with a range of styles and engage in lively discussion.

Develop the habit of reading for information and pleasure; draw inferences and relate
texts to previous knowledge.

Read critically and develop the confidence to ask and answer questions.

Be able to express in writing ideas and feelings in an error free language.

Develop healthy attitudes and acquire a set of human values.

3.3.3 Learning Outcomes

3.3.3.1 Listening and Speaking
The student should be able to:
1.

Practise oral courtesies to greet, congratulate and seek permission properly.

2.

Express her/his thoughts feelings and opinions clearly in the language

3.

Hold guided conversation on a given topic.

4.

Narrate stories or simple events.

5.

Express her/his problems clearly.

6.

Communicate with peers, friends and teacher using appropriate vocabulary.

7.

Role play.

8.

Answer in grammatically correct sentences.

57

3.3.3.2 Reading
The student should be able to:
1.

Read texts and poems with proper diction, pitch, intonation, stress and fluency.

2.

Recognize all the new words of his/her vocabulary.

3.

Understand, recall, rearrange ideas or infer.

4.

Enjoy and appreciate what he/she reads.

5.

Identify the main points of the read materials.

3.3.3.3 Writing
The student should be able to:
1.

Write grammatically correct language.

2.

Maintain coherence and sequence.

3.

Frame structured sentences of various types.

4.

Express opinions on a topic in writing.

5.

Write essays on given topic, using appropriate idioms, words, punctuation and
elaborate ideas.

6.

Write short dialogue/informal letters.

7.

Write in her/his own words.

3.3.3.4 Attitudes & Values

The student should have:
1.

Developed taste for speaking, reading and writing in the language.

2.

Developed healthy attitudes towards other linguistic and ethnic traditions and
cultures.

3.3.4

3.

Developed positive attitudes towards learning of ancestral languages.

4.

Developed a sense of patriotism and civic responsibilities.

5.

Acquired a set of human values needed to lead a good life.

Content

The content of lessons/units will have two major components: linguistic content and thematic
content. The linguistic component will include language structures, vocabulary, grammar and
application of grammar all important and necessary to develop language skills and competence.
Both language skills and competence are developed in certain contexts and situations.

The themes chosen must help to achieve the subject goals and national educational goals. The
following may be taken in an integrated manner:

58

Self, Family, Home, Friends and Pets

Me and my Country

Professions and Trades

The Environment (Physical and Social)

Culture and Tradition

Stories

Science and Technology

Travel and Tourism

Fauna and Flora

Food and Nutrition

Sports and Games

3.3.5 Teaching and Learning

The Audio-Lingual Method and the Situational Method are considered appropriate for the lower
secondary level. However, for those who are learning the language for the first time, the Bilingual
Method would suit better. Some of the techniques suggested are:

Role play

Dramatization

Reading aloud

Recitation of rhymes, poems and making observations on a given topic/theme

Telling and retelling stories, anecdotes and jokes and riddles

Discussion, debate

Simple projects

Interpreting pictures, sketches, cartoons

Activities, tasks, and language games

Pair work, group work, and short assignments, both individual and group

Exploring and using multimedia

3.3.6 Evaluation
As for evaluation, an ongoing formative evaluation is proposed. This is going to be a process of
finding out and reflecting on students strengths and weaknesses on the basis of which corrective
measures will be taken. Students will have an idea of how well they are progressing in terms of
the achievement level expected of the class. The end of term tests and end of year examinations
will also be part of the assessment scheme to determine the level of achievement.

59

In order to make evaluation a tool for learning, it has to be used more frequently as part of the
teaching and learning process. Apart from the traditional examination, emphasis should be on
continuous assessment, for which the student herself/himself is the reference point. It has to be a
means to an end and not an end in itself.
Evaluation will be a diagnostic device rather than a grading instrument. Attention will be focused
on improvement of students learning rather than on measurement of their learning alone.
Emphasis will be laid on the individual based rather than class based evaluation in terms of
mastery of the fundamentals.

3.3.7 Level Descriptors

Skill

Listening and
Speaking

Reading

Form I

Form II

Form III

- To listen to cluster of
words, phrases and
sentences and
reproduce with
correct
pronunciation.
- To listen to
instructions,
questions and
requests and
respond accordingly.
- To practice oral
courtesies.
- To listen and
participate in
conversation.
- To listen to narration
of simple stories,
events.
To express sorrow,
joy, gratitude.
- To read with
meaning words,
sentences and
simple texts.

- To listen to various
kinds of instructions,
and requests and
respond accordingly.
- To listen to and
participate in longer
conversation.
- To listen to simple
stories and give
summaries.
- To express problems
one encounters.
- To speak on simple
topics.
- To interpret pictures
and cartoons.
- To listen and speak
about daily activities.

- To follow Radio/TV
programmes
- To converse on a
number of familiar topics.
- To listen to simple
speeches and talks.
- To narrate stories and
events.
- To narrate simple
experiences.
- To express opinions on
topics related to students
interests.
- To listen and respond to
telephone calls.
- To communicate with
peers, friends and
teachers using
appropriate range of
vocabulary.

- To read with
appropriate speed.
- To read various
types of fonts.
- To read texts and
poems with proper
diction and
intonation.
- To read aloud
expressing feelings,
according to texts.
- To read , with
understanding of
specific and central
ideas.
- To read for pleasure
- To engage in further

- To read texts with

appropriate speed
maintaining correct
pronunciation and
diction.
- To read
correspondences of
informal nature.
- To create interests in
reading various types of
writings.
- To enjoy reading through
supplementary materials.
- To practise silent reading
further.
- To read aloud
dialogues/monologues

- To read aloud with

correct pronunciation
and intonation.
- To do silent reading
with understanding
and for enjoyment.
- To read, recall and
rearrange ideas of
given texts.
- To read posters,
messages and
simple

60

Writing

advertisements.
- To read simple
stories and poems
- To read with
appropriate speed.
- To read invitation
and greeting cards.
- To write words,
phrases and
sentences with
correct spelling.
- To write legibly and
with desirable speed.
- To write
grammatically correct
phrases and
sentences.
- To write various
types of sentences.
- To write from unseen
texts (Dictation)
- To write guided
composition.
- To write on given
topics.
- To write simple
informal letters

silent reading.
- To read invitation
and greetings cards
- To read name
boards and
advertisements.
- To write with correct
spelling
- To write with
desirable speed and
appropriate
punctuation marks.
- To write
grammatically correct
language structures.
- To write guided
simple compositions.
- To write simple
compositions.
- To write with proper
sequence of words,
phrases and
sentences.
- To write informal
letters
- To express thoughts
and feelings in
simple language.

expressing the mood

- To write with accuracy

- To write on daily
activities.
- To exchange
correspondences
- To express ideas
coherently in writing.
- To write simple
messages and
invitations.
- To write simple narrative
and descriptive pieces.
- To take dictation using
appropriate punctuation
marks.
- To write simple
composition of narrative
and descriptive nature.

61

3.3.8 Other Languages: Forms IV & V

3.3.8.1 LEVEL DESCRIPTORS
Skill

Listening
and
Speaking

From IV
-

To follow films and documentaries

To listen to talks and speeches
To listen to discussions of literary
nature.
To introduce people you know to
others.
To indicate
agreement/disagreement during
discussion.
To make suggestions and
requests.
To provide reasons and
supporting evidence to justify
ones action.

Form V
-

To read and relate facts, events

and ideas.
- To read books other than
textbooks for developing a liking
for reading.
- To read magazines and
newspapers for information.
- To read aloud maintaining speed
and diction, according to the
required level.
- To read correspondences, both
formal and informal.
- To retrieve and read materials
from the net.

To summarize ideas in given

texts.
To translate simple texts into the
language.
To write coherently avoiding
spelling, grammatical and
syntactic mistakes.
To write brief reports on events.
To write simple descriptions of
objects, places and people.
To write both informal and
informal letters.
To write free compositionsnarrative and descriptive.
To develop simple conversation.

Reading

Writing
-

To follow TV serials and

films and summarize.
To listen to talks and
speeches and report on
them.
To listen to news
broadcast and comment
on them.
To listen and participate in
quiz and debates.
To participate in
discussions of literary
nature.
To participate in skits,
sketches and drama.
To recite poems.
To read various types of
books: short story, novel,
drama, poem.
To read posters,
advertisements, name
boards, handouts, leaflets,
etc.
To read extracts from
selected texts and articles.
To use dictionaries for
retrieving words and
meaning.
To read critically so as to
ask and answer questions.
To write briefs, using
idiomatic expressions and
proverbs.
To write letters,
compositions, dialogues,
stories and simple poems.
To write reports and
simple speeches.
To summarize texts in
ones own words.
To write different types of
composition: narrative,
descriptive and
argumentative.
To use appropriate
techniques for taking
notes.

62

MOE
C&
HR

Curriculum Framework
SecondaryMATHEMATICS

Ministry
of Education
&
November
2009

63

64

65

66

4 Mathematics
4.1

Introduction

Mathematics is a powerful tool and the driving force of our school curriculum. It helps to produce
numerate citizens who can think logically and rationally, solve complex problems, make informed
decisions and communicate fluently in this highly technological world. Building on knowledge and
skills acquired at the primary level, students need to be provided with opportunities to develop deeper
understanding of mathematical knowledge as well as the relationship of Mathematics with other
curriculum areas and the real world around.
At the secondary level, the emphasis of the curriculum will be on developing the mathematical
power of students, thus empowering them with knowledge, skills and attitudes to be able to
mathematize situations by formulating, solving and reflecting critically on problems. The objectives
will be to enable learners to think and reason mathematically and make connections with other
subject areas of the school curriculum. The approach to Mathematics instruction will be premised on
the process-product approach which links with concept formation and skills development. The
process-product approach enables learners to view mathematics from a holistic perspective rather
than as a set of unconnected, discrete topics. The approach involves optimal use of the language of
Mathematics in problem solving and helps in the development of mathematical disposition of learners.

Mathematics is the most textbook driven subject in the school curriculum. It is important for teachers
to develop situational learning strategies based on integrating the commonsense experiences of
children with the world outside classrooms and bring an additional value-added input when teaching
mathematics. The approach enables learners to make sense of their mathematical knowledge, to
develop a positive attitude towards Mathematics and, at the same time, to enrich their learning
experiences. Teachers must recognize that Mathematics learning is an area where it is only too easy
for a learner to enter a failure cycle. Thus, it is imperative to ensure full participation of learners in
constructing their own mathematical knowledge and applying it in familiar as well as unfamiliar
situations.

4.2

Importance of Mathematics

We live in a period of accelerating change and, in order to function effectively in the real world, we
must understand and be able to use Mathematics both in our personal as well as professional lives.
Our rapidly expanding society and economy require that we are mathematically literate.
Understanding and doing Mathematics well provides numerous opportunities and options that open
doors to other areas of learning.

Students need to acquire the necessary mathematical concepts and skills for everyday life, derive
satisfaction, enjoyment and confidence from the understanding of the concepts and mastery of the

67

skills. They need to recognise and use connections within Mathematics and with other subjects in the
school curriculum. They are also required to develop logical and rational thinking skills to solve nonroutine problems. The development of a positive attitude towards Mathematics through the
appreciation of pattern, structure and the power of Mathematics thus becomes very important.
4.3

Model of Curriculum Framework

In general, at the end of Form V, the learning aims of a course in Mathematics are to:
(a)

develop mathematical language as a means of communication and investigation;

(b)

acquire and apply skills and knowledge related to number, measure and space in
mathematical situations encountered in everyday life;

(c)

appreciate the pattern, structure and power of Mathematics;

(d)

develop an understanding of mathematical principles;

(e)

develop a positive attitude towards Mathematics, including satisfaction, confidence,

enjoyment and perseverance;

(f)

develop an ability to reason logically;

(g)

enhance intellectual curiosity and excel in creative work arising from mathematical
ideas;

(h)

appreciate the interdependence between different branches of Mathematics;

(i)

integrate technology to enhance mathematical experience;

(j)

acquire a foundation appropriate to a further study of Mathematics and skills and

knowledge pertinent to other disciplines.

In order to meet the challenges and changing demands of the Mauritian society, the proposed
secondary Mathematics curriculum stresses the development of Mathematical Power of all students.
The learning attributes of the curriculum are highlighted in the Star Model as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: The Star Model of the Secondary Mathematics Curriculum

The Star Model (Figure 1) forms the basis of the development of the Mathematics curriculum at the
secondary level. Students start the core secondary Mathematics curriculum in Form I up to Form III
and they can opt for either syllabus A or D for School Certificate examination on reaching Form IV.

68

Possibilities of taking more than one Mathematics course exist through the availability of Additional
Mathematics and Statistics.

Mathematics teaching and learning should focus on development of Mathematical Power which
comprises mathematical disposition, creativity, problem solving, connection, communication and
reasoning of all learners. The notion of mathematical disposition encompasses the acquisition of
crucial aptitudes of competent learning and problem solving. These involve the ability to acquire
domain-specific knowledge, heuristic methods, metacognitive kowledge and skills, and affective
components like beliefs, motivations and emotions, together with the ability to develop mathematical
competence through the application of these categories integratively and interactively.

Creativity is associated with child development, typically with children in the early years of primary
schooling. All too often, children have a strong desire to convey their feelings and ideas about
personally significant events and often, to keep a record of them. Children experience impulses
toward pictorial or plastic creativity and vent those impulses in literary and other forms of creative selfexpressions. One of the aims of education is to foster growth and development of individual
potentialities, (that is, an. all-round development of the child), while the curriculum reflects the needs
and interests of society.

Problem solving is the primary function of Mathematics education. Teachers should recognize that
solving problems involves the application of reading, understanding, planning to solve the problem,
and a host of other skills specific to the process, and that the skills developed should be extended to
other subject areas of the school curriculum and in practical life. By developing problem-solving skills,
students will come to realize the potential usefulness of Mathematics in their daily lives.

In general, the secondary Mathematics curriculum is viewed as comprising several unconnected and
discrete strands. In the proposed model, mathematical connection is of paramount importance as
students need to connect ideas among and within the different domains of Mathematics as well as
other subjects in the school curriculum. Making connections enables students to develop a holistic
perspective of the general principles in Mathematics and other related areas rather than acquiring and
remembering too many isolated concepts and skills.

The study of mathematics should be regarded beyond its visual collection of facts, figures, symbols,
graphs, etc.

Mathematics has a language of communication with a variety of modes: listening,

speaking, reading, and writing of the visual representations.

Each of these can help learners

understand Mathematics and use it effectively. Learners should communicate to generate and share
ideas to clarify and solidify their understanding of mathematics. Communication as a component of
mathematics education facilitates mathematical understanding and connects to natural language and
everyday thinking

69

Mathematical reasoning is one of the critical thinking skills that enable a student enhance concept
formation and problem solving skills. With the development of mathematical reasoning, students
identify common features in mathematical situations and

make generalizations about numbers,

space and data. They know how to evaluate situations, and attempt to confirm or refute their own and
others generalizations while also preparing argument to convince themselves and others that a
generalisation must hold in every case and not only for all the studied cases. Mathematical reasoning
enables learners to reflect on solutions, and to determine whether or not they make sense.

Although there are various ways of approaching Mathematics as illustrated by the learning aims of
the model, they can be grouped into two distinctive classes, namely,
(i)

Lower Secondary School (Form I to Form III), and

(ii)

Upper Secondary School (Form IV to Upper VI).

However, this document is restricted to the curriculum framework of the Lower Secondary School and
Form IV and Form V.

A schematic representation of the relationships between the learning attributes of the two aforesaid
classes is shown in Figure 3.1.

Forms I,
II & III

Forms IV
Form V

Figure 2: A diagrammatic illustration of the learning attributes of Lower Secondary School being a
subset of those of Form IV and Form V.

From Figure 2, it can be seen that the learning objectives of the Lower Secondary School are
contained in those of Form IV and Form V. In other words, the Lower Secondary School lays the
foundation for Form IV and Form V, which, in turn, prepare the demands of the workplace and further
study.
Hence, the first stage in defining the curriculum goals of the two classes is to identify the essential
skills that students must develop from their early schooling experience and are expected to use these
skills in Form IV and Form V. The second stage requires the development of knowledge and skills
specific to Form IV and Form V.

70

4.4

Learning Goals

In order to provide a curriculum consistent with the philosophy of the Star Model, the main differences
between the learning goals of Lower Secondary School and Form IV and Form V can be summarized
as follows:
(a)

At Form IV and Form V levels, the students should be able to select, identify and use
appropriate methods to solve a given problem, whereas, in the lower secondary
school, they are required to use the methods given in the context.

(b)

Mathematical models are generally formulated for lower secondary school, whereas,
in Form IV and Form V, students are expected to formulate the models for a given
problem.

(c)

Emphasis is laid on the mental and paper/pencil approach to computation at Lower

secondary level, while calculations are performed using an electronic calculator at
Form IV and Form V levels.

The various learning goals of lower secondary level common to Form IV and Form V, as well as goals
specific to the Form IV and Form V levels as shown in Table 1 and Table 2 respectively.
Table 1: Learning goals common to lower secondary level and Form IV & Form V.
Learning Areas

Learning Aims

Problem Solving

- demonstrate an understanding related to numbers and use this understanding to solve problems;
- acquire and apply appropriate computational skills mental, paper/pencil, and estimation;
- use problem-solving skills and strategies to solve routine problems;
- acquire knowledge and apply skills related to measurement;
- acquire knowledge and apply skills related to geometry and space.

Reasoning

- develop an understanding of mathematical principles;

- understand the significance of the results of computations obtained;
- check all computations for logic and interpret the results;
- develop the abilities to reason logically;
- make prediction about probable outcomes from given data.
- present the solutions to problems clearly;
- must use vocabulary, speech, numerals and symbols to develop
their mathematical knowledge and skills.

Communication

Connection

- recognize number patterns and relationships;

- apply mathematics in everyday situations;
- acquire the foundation appropriate for further study of mathematics,
e.g., Additional Mathematics.

Creativity

- organize, record and interpret data;

- appreciate creative work arising from mathematical ideas.
- develop their mathematical knowledge and skills in such a way which encourages confidence and
provides satisfaction and enjoyment.

Disposition

71

Table 2: Learning goals specific to Form IV and Form V.

Learning Areas

Learning Aims

Problem Solving

- use problem-solving skills and strategies to solve non-routine problems;

- select an appropriate method to solve a problem;
- develop an ability to classify, generalise and to prove.

Reasoning

- recognize when and how a situation can be represented mathematically;

- identify and interpret relevant mathematical principles to solve a problem.

Communication

- check solutions of problems and interpret the results clearly;

- use mathematics as a means of communication with emphasis on the use of clear expression.

Connection

- develop an understanding of the part which mathematical principles play in the world around them;
- develop an ability to apply mathematics in other subjects, e.g., Science, Accounts;
- appreciate the interdependence of different branches of mathematics;
- integrate information technology to enhance understanding of mathematical principles;
- acquire a foundation appropriate to further study and to meet the demands for the workplace.

Creativity

- produce creative work arising from mathematical ideas.

Disposition

- enhance their intellectual curiosity which encourages confidence and provides satisfaction and
enjoyment.

72

4.5

Level Descriptors for Forms I to III

Subject Learning
Outcomes

Form I

Form II

Numbers and
Numeration
All learners will develop
number sense and an ability
to represent numbers in a
variety of forms and use
numbers in a variety of
situations

Represent and order numbers on

the number line.
Identify negative and positive
integers
Apply operations of addition,
subtraction, multiplication and
division on rational numbers
Apply operations of addition,
subtraction, multiplication and
division on decimals
Represent rational numbers in
decimals
Find square root of numbers
Apply exponential notation to
integers and rational numbers
Understand commutative,
associative and distributive
properties
Apply ratio, proportion and
percentage to consumer
mathematics
Classify angles
Measure angles
Perform line symmetry and
rotational symmetry.
Classify triangles
Find areas of plane geometric
figures
Convert from one unit of area to
another
Recognise Cartesian coordinates

Extend the number system to

include irrational numbers
Approximate and estimate real
numbers.
Round off numbers to a required
number of decimal places.
Use rate, ratio, proportion and
percentage
Perform direct and inverse variation
Apply profit and loss
Apply simple interest and hire
purchase
Find prime factors of numbers and
its use in calculating HCF and LCM
(including word problems involving
HCF and LCM)
Find squares, cubes, square roots
and cube roots of numbers
Use inequality symbols

Use simple interest and compound

interest
Understand hire purchase
Apply consumer mathematics
- Discount
- Conversion of currencies
- Sharing and ratio
- Profit and loss
- Salaries and wages
- Taxation and deduction
Interpret sequences

Use Pythagoras theorem

Understand properties of triangles
similarity and congruence
Understand properties of circle
(excluding angle)
Construct special types of
quadrilaterals
Find properties of quadrilaterals
Find areas of quadrilaterals
Find properties of polygons

Plot equation of a line of the form y =

mx + c.
Use gradients and intercepts of lines,
including parallel lines.
Perform transformation geometry
- Translation
- Reflection
- Rotation

Geometry
All learners will develop
spatial sense and an
ability to use geometric
properties and
relationships to solve
problems in
Mathematics as well as in

Form III

Understand similarity and similar

73

everyday life.

in a plane
Plot points in the Cartesian
coordinate system
Use compass and protractor for
geometrical constructions.
Drop a perpendicular onto a line
Construct parallel lines
Construct bisector of lines
Construct bisector of angles
Construct equal angles
Perform basic transformation:
reflection and rotation.

Perform bilateral symmetry

Understand bearing
Work with bearing and scale
drawing
Plot equation of a line of the form x
= k, y = k.

triangles
Understand properties of vectors in 2-d
Perform operations with vectors
Apply sine, cosine, and tangent ratio

Measurement

Measure length in SI units

Measure mass in SI units
Work with time

Find surface area and volume of

solids (cube, cuboids)
Perform conversion of units
Work out financial transaction:
discount, buying price, selling price,
profit and loss, including problems
involving simple and compound
interest

Find surface area and volume of solids

(cylinder, sphere, cone, right prism)
Work out personal and household
finance
Convert from one currency into another.

Use letters to represent numbers.

Compare operations on literal
numbers with integers
Evaluate algebraic expressions by
substitution with integers
Expand and simplify algebraic
terms and expressions
Add/ subtract like terms
Add/subtract compound terms
Perform operations using rule of
signs
Formulate simple equations and
word problems involving simple
equations
Understand concept of sets,

Add and subtract algebraic terms

Represent inequalities using
number line
Solve inequalities by addition or
subtraction
Solve inequalities by multiplication
or division
Solve harder linear equations in
one variable and applications
Factorise algebraic expressions
Find H.C.F. and L.C.M. of
algebraic terms
Add and subtract algebraic
fractions
Find compound factors

Simplify algebraic equalities

Solve linear equations involving factors
Understand properties of binomial
expressions
Understand matrix as a store of
information and types of matrices
Perform operations involving matrices
Understand properties of matrices
Perform operations on sets
Translate word problems into algebraic
expressions and equations
Recognize and represent number
patterns (including finding an algebraic
expression for the general term)
Solve simultaneous equations (including

All learners will develop an

understanding
of measurement and will use
it to describe and
analyze phenomena

Algebra
All learners will develop an
understanding
of algebra and algebraic
concepts and
processes in the formal
learning domain and
will use them to represent
and analyze
relationships among variable
quantities as well as to solve
problems

74

subsets, and notation of sets

Work out factorization by grouping,

including difference of squares
Apply operations to sets

Statistics & probability

All learners will develop an
understanding
of statistics and elementary
probability
and will use them to
describe sets of data,
model real-life situations,
and support
appropriate inferences and
arguments.

Topic
Numbers and
Numeration

Geometry

word problems)
Understand formal language of sets
Factorise quadratic expressions
Construct ungrouped frequency table
Construct charts and pictograms
Find mode, median and mean
Experiment probability with coin, die,
etc.
Record outcomes
Draw possibility diagrams
Interpret charts and graphs

Form IV
- Read, write and order numbers and signed numbers including
decimals, commonly used fractions, percents and numbers in
standard form.
- Express large and small numbers in standard form.
- Calculate squares, square roots and cubes of numbers.
- Use and apply order of operation rules as appropriate with or
without a calculator.
- Use and apply estimation techniques.
- Solve problems, using appropriate strategies such as
guessing and checking, looking for patterns, making or drawing
a model, eliminating possible answers or solving simpler
problems.
- Solve, identify and create word problems that match exercises
involving natural numbers, integers, rational numbers and
irrational numbers.
- Solve problems with more than one possible solution and
recognize answers that are not admissible.
- Use and interpret geometrical terms and vocabulary.
- Identify similar and different attributes of two or more
geometric figures, including side and angle measurements.

Form V
- Use directed numbers in practical situations (e.g.,
temperature change).
- Select the most appropriate methods of computation to use
in a given situation.
- Give appropriate upper and lower bounds for data given to a
specified accuracy.
- Solve problems using the most appropriate tools,
methodologies, processes and operations in solving a variety
of problems.
- Identify alternative solutions to problems.
- Solve, identify and create word problems that match
exercises involving ratio, percentage, formula and proportion.
- Translate real-world problems in mathematical statements
and mathematical problems and answers back into the realworld context.
- Generalise patterns to simple algebraic statements.
- Identify and compare common 2-dimensional and 3dimensional geometric shapes and solids according to
attributes and properties.

75

Coordinate Geometry

- Model or make drawings of 2- and 3-dimensional shapes and

solids to solve problems.
- Use locus.
- Apply and use circle and right-angled triangle relationships in
solving problems.
- Use ruler and compass to make geometrical constructions.
- Draw the net (2-dimensional pattern) for geometric solids,
e.g., cube, rectangular prism, cylinder.
- Use and apply perimeter, area and volume concepts.
- Calculate surface areas of solids.
- Use symmetry properties.
- Calculate unknown angles and bearings and give simple
explanations to geometrical properties.
- Use sine and cosine rule.
- Locate and give coordinates of points on graph paper and
maps.
- Demonstrate familiarity with Cartesian coordinates.

Measurement

- Create and solve problems involving time, money, mass,

length, capacity.
- Determine the most appropriate unit and instrument for a
measurement task.
- Calculate percentage increase of or decrease of a given
quantity.

Statistics and
Probability

- Use tree diagrams to organize all possible outcomes of an

experiment.
- Read and interpret graphs, tables and charts.
- Organize and display data, using charts, tables, graphs and
diagrams.
- Understand the merits of the different forms of statistical
representations.

- Recognize and apply the concepts of symmetry, similarity

and congruency of geometrical figures, including man-made
objects.
- Read and make scale drawing.
- Draw cross-sections formed by slicing geometric solids.
- Estimate perimeter, area and volume.
- Identify and give precise descriptions of similar and
congruent figures.
- Solve simple trigonometrical problems in 3-D.

- Locate points and lines and determine distance and area in a

Cartesian coordinate system.
- Interpret and use graphs in practical situations including
travel graphs and conversion graphs.
- Draw graphs from given data.
- Represent linear inequalities.
- Estimate length, area, volume, time, weight, angle etc., with
reasonable accuracy.
- Find and record measurements using proportions and
formulas.
- Apply mathematics in practical situations e.g., utilities bills,
hire-purchase
- Interpret and use graphs in practical situations.
- Extract data from tables and charts.
- Interpret everyday uses of probability.
- Read and interpret graphs, tables and charts and make
predictions based on them.
- Identify misleading or incorrect methods of displaying or
interpreting data.
- Display and interpret data using mean, mode, median, range
and percentile.

76

Patterns and
Relationships

- Use equality and inequality concepts and symbols.

- Solve inequalities and equations.
- Find numerical patterns and use in order to complete charts
and tables.

Algebra and Functions

- Use letters to express generalised numbers and express

basic arithmetic process algebraically;
- Subject of formula;
- Manipulate directed numbers;
- Factorise expressions;
- Manipulate simple algebraic expressions;
- Solve equations.
- Use function notations and describe their inverses.
- Manipulate indices.
- Sketch of graphs of simple functions.
- Represent information in matrices.
- Perform operation with matrices, including inverse of a matrix.
- Use geometrical tools for transformation: reflection, rotation,
translation, enlargement, shear, stretching, and their
combinations.

Matrices and
Transformations

Vectors
Communication Skills

- Write vectors in the correct notation.

- Use and perform operations with vectors.
- Use context clues in the selection of appropriate words and
symbols.
- Recognize common abbreviations, e.g., cm.
- Use of an electronic calculator.
- Use set language and notation.

- Represent inequalities by region in a Cartesian coordinate

system.
- Relate new information to previous knowledge.
- Evaluate or make a table for two-variable formulas and
match a graph or table of values of the formula.
- Describe the nature of change of each variable as suggested
by a graph, table of values of formula.
- Generalize patterns
- Construct equations from given situations;
- Estimate gradients of curves by drawing tangents.

- Identify and describe transformation.

- Represent and use matrices to represent transformation.

- Express a given vector in two coplanar vectors.

- Use basic mathematical terms and symbols to convey
concepts of quantity, order, operation and shape.
- Provide logical answers based on factual data.

77

Assessment Objectives

4.6

The learning outcomes - common to lower secondary level, Form IV and Form V, and specific to the
latter, discussed in the previous section, have a significant bearing on the assessment objectives for the
students at these levels. Although the assessment objectives are largely governed by the requirements of
the School Certificate/ Ordinary Level examination, they are adapted, in particular, to meet the needs of
the Lower Secondary level.

The main distinctive characteristics of the assessment objectives at both levels are shown in Table 3
below.
4.7

Modes of evaluation pertaining to specific subject area

Based on the vision of the National Curriculum Framework, the mode of assessment and evaluation will
be premised on problem based .learning (pbl), continuous and periodic, standards-based assessment.
Traditional forms of assessment and evaluation were examination-oriented with a tendency that
encouraged teaching to the test, thus putting undue pressure on many learners, not mentioning the high
drop-out rates often couched in automatic promotion.

All three generic forms of pbl, namely portfolio-based, problem-based, and project-based learning will be
adapted to assessment methods in mathematics instruction that emphasizes activity- and constructivistbased teaching and learning strategies.

Effective teaching and learning also requires continuous and periodic, standards-based assessment to
determine what learners have learned and what they still need to learn in order to meet the curriculum
standard indicators, performance objectives and learning competencies as set out in the National
Curriculum Framework. Such information plays a critical role in planning how and what to teach at every
level of classroom and school so as to ensure that no child is left behind.

Also referred to as formative assessment, the continuous assessment process would be used at the:
National Level to
I. Monitor student progress relative to curriculum goals and standards and/or the approved
instructional sequence, and then plan appropriate school improvement strategies.
II. Provide disaggregated data for comparison and instructional planning and monitor
overall progress in the education sector.
III. Identify the needs and challenges of specific schools, grade levels, and demographic
groups.
IV. Track trends in student learning from year to year.

78

V. Provide public with indicators of school effectiveness and guide policy formulation and
research.
School Level to
I.Track student progress through the approved domain curriculum and against standards
set in the National Curriculum Framework.
II. Create profiles of individual learners, and identify learners with specific needs, and plan
instructional sequences that meet their needs.
III. Identify leaders among the teaching faculty and areas where sharing instructional plans
and strategies may help to provide additional support to individual teachers.
Classroom level to
I. Evaluate student knowledge and skills as an on-going process during classroom
instruction, with results used to determine areas of special emphasis and focus before
the beginning of a new instructional unit or term.
II. Enable teachers modify content and teaching strategies to address the needs of less
talented students so that no child is left behind in the classroom.
III. Identify strengths and weaknesses of individual student achievements, and, on the basis
of this information, improve the achievement levels of students.
IV. Evaluate student knowledge and skills toward the end of an instructional unit or term, with
results used to measure what students have learned and determine what areas may
need further work.
V. Identify ways and means to improve the achievement levels of students.
Lower Secondary School

Form IV and Form V

Organise, interpret and present information in written,

diagrammatic and tabular form.

Organise, interpret and present information in

written, diagrammatic, tabular and graphical
form.
Perform calculation with or without calculating
aid.

Perform calculation without calculating aid.

Estimate, approximate and work to specified degrees
of accuracy, namely decimal places.
Use geometrical instruments.
Understand and use mathematical language and
symbols.
Make use of common systems of measurements.
Recognise and use spatial relationships in 2-D.

Estimate, approximate and work to specified

degrees of accuracy, namely decimal places
and significant figures.
Use geometrical instruments for accuracy
appropriate to the context.
Interpret, transform and make appropriate use
of mathematical statements expressed in
words or symbols.
Understand systems of measurement in
everyday use and in the solution of problems.
Recognise and use spatial relationships in 2-D
and 3-D, particularly in solving problems.

79

Recall and apply mathematical knowledge in the

context of everyday situations.
Rake logical deductions from given mathematical
ideas.
recognise patterns and relationships in various
situations.
Set out mathematical work, including the solution of
problems, in a logical and clear form using suitable
symbols.

Use combinations of mathematical skills and

techniques in problem solving.

analyse problems and check results.

Recall, apply and interpret mathematical

knowledge in the context of everyday
situations.
Deduce, generalise, justify and prove from
mathematical ideas.
Recognise and generalise patterns and
relationships in various situations.
Understand and use mathematical language
and symbols effectively and present
mathematical arguments and solutions to
problems logically and clearly.
Analyse a problem, select a suitable strategy
and apply an appropriate technique to obtain a
solution;
Translate a problem relating to a relatively
unstructured situation into an appropriately
structured form.
Analyse problems, check results and interpret
solutions in terms of the problems.

Table 3: The main differences between the assessment objectives of Lower Secondary School and
Form IV and Form V levels.

80

MOE
C&
HR
It should be noted that the assessment objectives greatly influence the topics that the
students have to study in the Lower Secondary School and Form 4 and Form 5 classes.

Curriculum Framework
SCIENCES

November
2009
Ministry of Education & Human
Resources

81

82

5 Sciences
5.1

Introduction

Science comprises our knowledge about the natural world and the processes by which that
knowledge is acquired, synthesized, evaluated, applied and reviewed. Therefore, science
education must emphasize exploration and direct evidence from the natural world. Science is a
problem-solving activity that seeks answers to questions by collecting and analyzing data in an
attempt to offer a rational explanation for naturally occurring events. The knowledge that results
from scientific problem-solving is most useful when it is organized into concepts, generalizations
and unifying principles which lead to further investigation of objects and events in the
environment.

Technology has always played a role in the growth and development of scientific knowledge.
Science and research today lead to the technology of tomorrow, which is one of the crucial
elements of a modern economy and hence, the welfare of the society.

Science is practised in the context of human culture. As a result, dynamic interactions occur
among science, technology and society. In this respect, a proposal is being made to teach
Science, Technology and Society (STS) as a broad-based discipline to our young students at
Lower Secondary Level.

The present curriculum framework for Science, Technology and Society at lower secondary
should be seen as a consolidation of pupils achievements in Science at primary level and a
deepening of the foundations for future learning of Science and Technology.

5.2

Scope and Context

At present, students at lower secondary level learn Integrated Science. At Forms I and II,
Integrated Science comprises themes from the three sciences (Biology, Chemistry and
Physics). At Form III level, there are three separate textbooks (one for Biology, one for
Chemistry and one for Physics) and the three sections are taught separately by three different
teachers.
The new proposal of a curriculum framework for Science, Technology and Society at Lower
Secondary level seeks to broaden the scope of the subject. There is a need to place more
emphasis on key societal thematic issues, such as health, energy, food, environment,

83

poverty, technology, benefits and limitations, etc., as dimensions in an integrated

/interdisciplinary approach. This will, hopefully, reverse the trend of students shying away
from Science and Technology.

This framework proposes that in the first two years of the lower secondary education,
Science and Technology be taught using a thematic approach. The themes would be related
to each of the three sciences (Biology, Chemistry and Physics), which would help to support
cross links within the sciences. The themes also reflect some of the current societal issues in
Mauritius, such as energy, sustainable development, social ills, health and environment. It
will also help our youths to develop an awareness of contemporary and controversial issues.

In order to help students develop a broad educational outlook, the policy document for
curriculum reform (MOEHR, 2006) proposes that General Science (GS) becomes
compulsory for those students who are not opting for any pure Science (Biology, Chemistry
and Physics). GS makes provision for the promotion of scientifically and technologically
literate citizens and hence supports the underlying principle of Science for All (Science for
the 21st Century Report, UNESCO, 2000).

The new Curriculum Framework for Science, Technology and Society at Lower Secondary
level will cater for students of both non-science and science streams (Figure 1).

5.3

Rationale

Science and Technology is increasingly affecting our everyday life. Scientifically-literate

citizens, equipped with the skills and knowledge to study and solve complex problems, are
essential to sustain and improve quality of life on earth, to enhance democratic societies and
promote global economy. The need to promote a world community of scientifically and
technologically literate citizens was recognized as being urgent by the World Conference on
Education for All (1990). Scientific and Technological literacy plays a crucial role in ensuring
the sound economic and environmental development of all countries. To meet the above
aims, each country needs to focus on the following four educational pillars:
Personal development through acquisition of scientific knowledge.
Personal mental development through use of scientific skills and methods.
Development of individual attitudes and perceptions.
Development of values and skills for a responsible citizen.

84

Thus, the goal of this Curriculum Framework for Science, Technology and Society is geared
towards laying the foundation for producing scientifically and technologically literate citizens.
The underlying principle of this proposed curriculum framework is to help young people
acquire the necessary competencies to become productive adults in this increasingly
technologically driven society.

This curriculum also intends to keep learners abreast of

various issues and examples from the Mauritian context.

5.4

Structure of the Lower Secondary Curriculum for Science

The proposal of a curriculum framework for Science, Technology and Society at lower
secondary level proposes a broader outlook with emphasis on key societal issues, such
as health, energy, food, environment, poverty, technology etc as dimensions in an
integrated/interdisciplinary approach.

It is proposed that science will be taught as an integrated subject at Forms I & II.
Components of Biology, Chemistry and Physics will constitute the science curriculum. It
is also envisaged that some elements of application of scientific concepts will be
included so that students can learn concepts in contexts. The Form I curriculum should
make a link between the primary science curriculum and the secondary science
curriculum, which will be a bridging the gap initiative. For example, part of year one term
one could be dedicated to gauge the competencies acquired in primary science in
various themes such as energy, electricity, the earth and our body.

At Form III level, the three science subjects will emerge as separate subjects; Biology,
Chemistry and Physics. The focus at this level will be more on promoting conceptual
development from contexts. This will pave the way for students of the science stream to
develop appropriate knowledge, skills and attitude in the three subjects for School
Certificate level (Figure 1). Elements of applications of scientific ideas will also form part
of the Form III curriculum. For the non-science stream students at Form IV level, the
knowledge and skills acquired up to Form III level will be reinforced through General
Science as part of their SC award. Thus students from both science and non-science
streams will have a broader knowledge and understanding of scientific ideas which will
be useful in all aspects of life like family planning, decision making and contemporary
debates on scientific issues such as conservation of energy, water and so on.

85

Forms I & II

Form IV & V

A or As level

Science,
Technology &
Society

Science Stream

Science Stream

Biology

Biology

Chemistry

Chemistry

From III

Physics

Physics

Biology
Chemistry
Physics

Form IV & V

(as separate
subjects)

Non Science
Stream
General Science

Figure 1: Pathways for Science and Technology learning at secondary level

Learning Outcomes for Science

5.5

Acquire knowledge and understanding of important scientific ideas and explanatory

frameworks that relate to their everyday life experiences and needs.

Select and apply scientific knowledge, understanding and skills across a range of
contexts in their daily life.

Understand how scientific inquiry is conducted and appreciate the reasoning and
kinds of evidence that underpin scientific knowledge claims.

Discuss with confidence a range of personal, social, ethical and other issues that
have scientific and technological dimension.

Develop skills and attitudes necessary to help them contribute to sustainable social
and economic development.

Communicate scientific understanding to different audiences for a range of purposes,

including safe practices.

Appreciate the role that science and technology, including ICT, play in the modern
world.

Search for relevant scientific data and information from a wide range of sources and
communicate these effectively through various means.

86

5.5.1 LEVEL DESCRIPTORS Forms I & II

Themes

Energy and
Matter

Learning Outcomes Form I

Learning Outcomes Form II

The
Environment

identify the sun and other sources of energy

adopt steps to conserve energy
demonstrate understanding of the importance of
matter
Observe, compare and classify properties of
matter
list activities of living things (characteristics of
life)

list the common constituents of our solar system

describe basic information related to formation
and structure of the Earth
demonstrate an awareness of the occurrence
and importance of air, water and soil
describe the properties of air and water
list the components of air, state their importance
and uses
identify biotic and abiotic factors in the
environment
develop an understanding of how humans
depend on others
learn about classification
identify main parts of plant and explain their
respective structure and functions

list the common forms/types of energy

describe conversion of energy
explain how energy flows from the sun to organisms
identify elements and compounds as the basic units
of all kinds of matter
differentiate between elements, mixtures and
compounds
distinguish between physical and chemical changes
demonstrate an awareness of the importance of some
physical and chemical changes in living organisms
identify different ecosystems
state the importance of food chain and food web
demonstrate the existence of different types of forces
in nature
explain how forces affect motion and shape of bodies
explain the effects of human activities on the
environment
demonstrate an awareness of the importance of some
physical and chemical changes in the environment
show understanding of the impacts of human activity
on the environment
demonstrate knowledge of different types of pollution,
their effects and prevention
suggest measures to avoid harm to the environment

87

Sustainable
Living- Use of
resources

Health and
Safety

differentiate between renewable and nonrenewable sources of energy and resources

demonstrate an awareness of the different kinds
of resources and materials and their importance
distinguish between natural and man-made
materials
Identify simple ways to manage resources at
school/home
develop an understanding of the need for
protection of the environment and the
conservation of nature and its resources

identify basic structures and their functions of

the different systems in the human body
compare some communicable (eg HIV/AIDS)
and non-communicable diseases
identify health risks and abuses such as
substance abuse
list preventive measures to avoid diseases (eg
HIV/AIDS and STIs) and any substance abuse
health and safety at home and the workplace.

Science and
Technology

major contributions to science throughout

history by famous scientists.
describe basic applications of science and
technology in our everyday life
assess the impact of science and technology on
our everyday life

recognise the importance of conservation of

resources
explain how the choice and use of renewable energy
sources protects our environment
demonstrate an understanding of sustainable living
and its importance
develop and use checklists for doing simple audit of a
particular resource used at the school
show awareness of the importance of reduce, reuse
and recycle in relation to environmental protection
recognize the need for developing new materials
explain the structure and functions of different
systems in the human body
outline stages of the menstrual cycle and how
fertilisation leads to foetus
identify acids, bases and salts as chemical
substances
state the importance of acids, bases and salts
show an awareness of the hazards associated with
some chemical substances
state that the quality of the environment has an effect
on health
show an awareness of the importance of a clean
environment for healthy living
describe common applications of science and
technology in various fields of our everyday life
explain ethical problems associated with the
applications of science and technology in our
everyday life

88

5.5.2

LEVEL DESCRIPTORS Form III

It is proposed that Science at Form III level be split into Biology, Chemistry and Physics.
They will stand as subjects on their own and will be taught by subject specialists.

5.5.2.1

Biology

Topics
The Cell: Cell
Structure and
Cell
Multiplication

Learning outcomes

Identification of
all forms of
LifeClassification
of Living
Organisms

The Life
Processes

explain the cell as a unit structure of a living body

draw the different parts of a cell and explain the functions of the
different parts
differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
distinguish between a plant cell and an animal cell
describe the process of cell division
explain the role of genetic material in a cell and relate it to
chromosomes and genes in a living body
estimate the magnification of a diagram of a cell
draw appropriate
to illustrate various concepts

describe the structure of a single cell organism

relate its structure to its functions as a whole living entity
to describe the organization of cells into tissues, organs and organ
systems
develop an understanding of the role specialized cells in complex
organisms
identify features and characteristics for elaborating a key for
classification
classify these organisms using the established key
explain biodiversity and its importance to mankind
reflect on the threats towards biodiversity and formulate solutions to
these threats

explain breathing as a physical process in aquatic and terrestrial

organisms
explain respiration as a process for energy production
explain why animals move from one place to another
describe how plants, animals and microbial organisms get food
from their environment
list the wastes produced in living organisms and the ways of their
disposal from the body
describe reproduction as a process of maintaining a species

89

o Explain briefly the menstrual cycle

o Demonstrate an understanding of fertilisation and

Diseases:
Communicable
and NonCommunicable

Ecology and
Society

5.5.2.2

development of the foetus

explain sexual and asexual reproduction
explain growth as a process of cell multiplication, increase in size
and increase in complexity

differentiate between communicable and non-communicable

diseases
determine the characteristics of an infectious disease and its risks
explain sexually transmitted diseases and their significance
explain the causes, consequences of the prevalent diseases in the
country
assess the impact of these diseases on the socio-economic
development of the country
formulate solutions to the diseases
identify the venues where testing and counselling for STI or HIV
status can be done

list different types of environment

explain the dynamics in terms of inputs and outputs in ecosystems
comprehend the equilibrium state in a given ecosystem
explain the threat towards disturbing a balanced ecosystem
assess the impact of imbalances on the ecosystem and their
consequences in the environment as a whole
formulate alternative ways of using ecological systems
develop the ability to implement an environmental management
plan, and manage and make sustainable use of resources in
various environments
carry out a project involving environmental auditing using
appropriate tools (e.g checklist) and identify specific areas needing
improvement

Chemistry

Topic

Chemical
substances

Learning Outcomes

recognise elements, mixtures and compounds

show an understanding of the periodic table as a classification of
elements
recall the terms symbols and valencies
list some common mixtures and compounds and list differences
between mixtures and compounds
state what is the PH scale and its importance

90

The Language
of Chemistry

Chemical
reactions in
general

Important
chemical
reactions

Experimental
techniques in
Chemistry

recall the differences between physical and chemical changes

appreciate that during a chemical reaction/change new substances
are produced
define the terms chemical reactions, reactants and products
use symbols and valencies to find formulae of compounds
use symbols, formulae and valencies to:
(i)
describe and show understanding of elements and
compounds
(ii)
represent chemical reactions
(iii)
convert word equations to balanced chemical equations
recall the meaning of the terms reactions, reactants, products, word
equations and balanced chemical equations
explain how different compounds can be made by chemical
reactions
appreciate that different metals differ in their reactivity
use the reactivity series of metals to describe:
o reactions of some metals with air, water and dilute acids
o displacement reactions
show an understanding of the process of rusting and how it can be
prevented
describe and explain how some gases can be prepared by chemical
reactions in the laboratory

describe neutralization reaction and some characteristic reactions

of acids and bases
show an appreciation of the importance of neutralisation in cases of
indigestion and insect stings, in agriculture and in the prevention of
acid rain
explain combustion, respiration and photosynthesis as chemical
reactions and their importance
state the importance of respiration and photosynthesis in
maintaining the composition of air
relate burning of fuels to global warming and acid rain

consolidate knowledge and understanding about different types of

mixtures
recall the different changes of states (evaporation, freezing, melting,
boiling and condensation)
define the terms boiling point, melting point and freezing point
appreciate the importance of pure substances
identify and describe some techniques that can be used for
separating the components of different types and mixtures
show an understanding and appreciation of the applications of
different separation techniques in real life contexts

91

5.5.2.3 Physics
Topic

Measurement

Learning outcomes

Motion

Energy

measure length using metre rule, measuring tapes and Vernier

callipers
explain a few types of errors in measurement and their prevention
measure the volume of liquids
calculate the volume of regular solids
determine the volume of irregular solids, using the displacement
method
enumerate a few precautions taken during measurement
explain the meaning of linear motion
define distance and displacement, state their units
explain the difference between distance (scalar quantity) and
displacement (vector quantity)
calculate distance and displacement
define speed and velocity and state their units
differentiate between speed and velocity
calculate speed / velocity
calculate average velocity
define acceleration and state its unit
calculate acceleration
draw graphs to illustrate motion

explain the meaning of energy and state its unit

illustrate the various forms/types of energy and their conversion
identify some sources of energy in the local context and list their
advantages and disadvantages
explain the meaning of work done and state its unit
state the difference between energy and work done
calculate kinetic and potential energy
explain the meaning of power and state its unit
discuss ways and means of saving energy (electricity and fuel)

Optics

state the laws of reflection of light

discuss common application of reflection of light
state the laws of refraction
discuss common application of refraction of light

Electricity

understand that matter consists of charges

explain current as a flow of charges
use an appropriate analogy to explain current

92

5.6

explain what is meant by potential difference using an appropriate

analogy
recognise that resistance is the opposition to current in a
conductor
determine resistance, using Ohms law
determine resistance in series and parallel circuits 2 resistors
calculate current, potential difference and resistance in simple
circuits
state ways to use electrical energy safely at home and at school
state ways of saving electrical energy.

Modes of Evaluation Pertaining to Specific Subject Area

It is a strongly held view that significant change in curriculum requires development of
new and appropriate models of assessment. Assessment in science should be designed
to assess not only the factual knowledge of children but also their understanding, skills
and attitudes which will be required for prospective employment and livelihood. These
could be achieved by using a range of evidence of students progress, collected in
various situations at different times through a portfolio, for example.

5.6.1 Assessment for Learning

This curriculum framework recommends the development of assessment tools for
learning which will aid teachers to monitor students learning and their sense of
achievement.

Strengths and weaknesses of students should be communicated to

learners and parents for appropriate and corrective steps.

5.6.2 Assessment of Learning

It is proposed to maintain the written examination (WE), but it should not be the sole
mode of assessment. Assessment can also be conducted through project work.
Students will keep a portfolio and this will be an evidence of their progress. Oral
presentations by students (in groups or on an individual basis) are other innovative
ways of assessing not only their knowledge and understanding but also the way they
process and communicate scientific information. This initiative has already been
introduced in the 21st century science syllabus.

93

5.7

Upper Secondary Level

The curriculum framework for science at lower secondary level will pave the way for the
science stream and the non-science stream students at upper secondary level.

5.8

The Non-Science Stream

As has been proposed in the document on reform, students not opting for a pure science
subject at O level will study a General Science subject. The 21 st Century Science has
already been proposed. This is in recognition of the increasingly important role of science
and technology in contributing to our understanding of the natural and physical world and in
sustaining and improving the quality of life. However, apart from promoting scientific literacy,
the lower secondary science curriculum seeks to help students develop cognitive and ethical
perspectives needed to deal effectively with the mass of scientific knowledge produced by
modern societies and the concomitant issues raised. It is proposed that the approach be
thematic rather than discipline-oriented to allow for problem solving and practical skills to be
explored and acquired by grounding learning in the real life experiences of the student.
Disciplinary boundaries must be dismantled to make the curriculum meaningful to each and
every learner. Science education must enable our students to appreciate and value the
processes that support life on our planet and become useful contributors in the building of a
strong, ecologically sustainable world.
The aim of the O level 21 st Century Science is to put prominence on scientific literacy. It
intends to develop knowledge and understanding that any individual needs to be able to
engage confidently in science based issues as an informed and scientifically literate citizen.
Other salient features of this course are to empower students to recognise the impact of
science and technology on everyday life, to make informed decisions about issues and
questions that involve science and to understand and reflect on the information included in
(or omitted from) media reports and other sources of information (O level 21 st Century
Science Syllabus for 2010). We are, however, proposing the appellation General Science
rather than 21st century Science

94

5.8.1 Level Descriptors for General Science for O level

Topic
You and
Your Genes

Learning Outcomes

Air and
Water
Quality

explain what genes are

describe why people from the same family resemble each other
identify how genetic information can be used, especially in prevention
of diseases
relate stem calls to treatment of diseases
differentiate between chemicals in air and pollutants
state which chemicals pollute the atmosphere and how
describe the effects of pollution on our health
explain what can be done to improve air quality at local, regional and
international levels
demonstrate an understanding of water pollution and identify
substances that pollute water
show an awareness of resources that can be obtained from the sea
show an awareness of the need for managing water and marine
resources

The Earth in
the Universe

explain the position of the Earth in our Solar System

differentiate between rotation and revolution of Earth
describe continental drift and its consequences
list the constituents of the Universe such as stars and galaxies
explain how scientists develop explanation about Earth and space

Keeping
Healthy

explain how our body resists infection

describe the effects of vaccines and antibiotics on the human body
discuss how new drugs are developed and tested
search for factors affecting heart diseases

Material
Choices

state properties of various materials

develop understanding of crude oil, plastics and fibres
model molecular structures
dispose waste materials

Radiation
and Life

list the types of electromagnetic radiation

explain the effects of radiation on matter
describe the risk of exposure on living things
state the uses of electromagnetic radiation
explain the relation between electromagnetic radiation and global
warming

Life on Earth

recognise the Earth as a place to live

demonstrate an understanding of classification of organisms
explain how life began and evolved
list basic ideas of evolution
describe the organisation of the nervous system

95

Chemical
substances
in our
everyday
life.

Radioactive
Materials

5.9

illustrate why species become extinct and its relation to biodiversity

list reasons for conservation of biodiversity/species
recognise that different types of chemical substances are used at
home, in medicine, in agriculture and industries
explain the importance of chemical substances at home (eg.
medicine, detergents, food additives, cosmetics, including sunscreen
and perfumes) in agriculture, industries
explain the differences between organic and intensive farming
discuss why additives are mixed with food
identify chemicals found in food and their harmful nature
relate food consumed to health
show awareness of the safe use of chemical substances
explain what is radioactivity
list some radioactive materials
identify risks associated with radioactivity
describe precautions that should be taken when handling, storing,
transporting, using and disposing radioactive materials
explain how nuclear power is generated
state what can be done with nuclear wastes

Science Stream -All Sciences: Biology, Chemistry and Physics

The O and A level syllabi should reflect the trend in science where more and more unifying
principles (evolution, health, environment) are used to promote the subject so as to make it
more systemic. The proposed curriculum framework for science, technology and society
(STS) promotes conceptual development using appropriate contexts, and the conceptual
development is further consolidated after Form III level. It would be interesting if some
meaningful and contextual applications of concepts could be introduced at O - level and
further consolidated at A - level. There has been an interesting initiative in the current
syllabus of introducing emerging concepts which need to be further consolidated.

It would be advisable that CIE starts consultations at this stage with Mauritian counterparts
to discuss future O and A level Biology, Chemistry and Physics Syllabi, in terms of its
content, context and assessment objectives. For example, we propose that Alternative-toPractical papers at O level should be replaced by practical examinations which would test
skills in a practical situation. Along with the practical papers there should be continuous
assessment that represents a significant proportion of the total assessment marks. Project
based assessment should be introduced so as to assess a wider range of skills mastered by
students. These skills can be in the language, ICT, creativity and so on.

96

5.9.1 Proposal for Amendment in Physics at O level (5054)

It is recommended that O level Physics introduces some basic aspects of applications of
Physics, similar to the A level syllabus (which is not offered in current section 25 of the
Syllabus-Physics 5054). This should include ideas related to applications of Physics in areas
such as telecommunications, medicine, industries, agriculture, environment, global warming,
climate change and other emerging issues more appropriate for Mauritian students.

5.9.2 Proposal for Amendment in Biology at O level

It is recommended that a section on biodiversity (variety of life and classification) and
evolution be added to the syllabus. It must address issues and examples from the Mauritian
context.

5.10 Teaching and Learning Strategies Specific to the Subject Area

Science is a human activity. Teachers need to structure learning activities that promote
interaction, so that children learn to reflect on and evaluate their own ideas by talking with
others. Pupils will learn how to learn. Opportunities for children to learn about science
concepts should be offered in technological and problem-solving contexts, allowing links to
be made across learning areas. Learning experiences must empower children to explore
their own world. Teaching and learning strategies should be designed such that children are
able to think about science events and processes and make links with science at school, at
home and in the community and learn to act in a responsible way. Investigative work as well
as fair tests should be a reality in classroom experiences so that we can broaden the
spectrum of Science process skills learnt through the Science curriculum.

97

98

MOE
C&
HR

Curriculum Framework
Secondary
TECHNOLOGY:
ICT
DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGY
HOME ECONOMICS:
Design, Clothing & Textiles

November
2009
Ministry of Education & Human
Resources
99

100

6 Technology: ICT, Design and Technology,

Home Economics: Design, Clothing & Textiles
6.1

Information and Communications Technology

6.1.1 Introduction
Information and Communications Technology (ICT) has developed to become an integral
part of everyday life. It influences the lives of people everywhere in the world. Almost
every aspect of our daily lives now implies using ICT. In the increasingly dynamic world
of work, people need to be able to work effectively with ICT, develop transferable ICT
skills and apply those skills in different contexts, and with different software packages.

In the context of the current curriculum reform, rooted in an evolving social and economic
context, students use ICT tools to find, explore, analyse, select, exchange and present
information in a responsible and creative manner. They learn how to employ ICT for
rapid access to information, ideas and experiences from a wide range of people,
communities and cultures. Increased capability in the use of ICT promotes initiative and
independent learning with students being able to make informed judgments about when
and where to use ICT to the best effect, and to consider its implications for home and
work, both at present and in the future.

6.1.2 Learning Outcomes for ICT

In the secondary curriculum, ICT is a core subject, taught from Form I to Form III. The
learning of ICT as a subject provides opportunities for students to develop an awareness
of the nature and importance of ICT in a rapidly changing world. It enables students to
acquire the relevant knowledge and skills and a better understanding of ICT. Students
become competent and confident users of ICT which they use for various purposes,
such as to produce reports, perform mathematical calculations and modelling, and to
work on computer-based projects. There is no doubt that the future of our economy
depends on the skills and adaptability of our workforce. Students, therefore, need to be
equipped to adapt to the changing world of work and flexible labour markets. They
should learn about ICT and its multiple uses.

101

Students should be able to:

Demonstrate an understanding of social, legal, ethical and economic issues

relevant to the use of ICT in modern society.

Demonstrate an understanding of health and safety issues in the use of computers.

Show confidence and competence in the handling of the computer and the use of
computer applications.

Access, select, interpret and evaluate information for suitability, correctness, and
currency.

Communicate with others, using computer-mediated commutation.

Produce multimedia-based reports.

Perform mathematical calculations and modelling using the computer.

Effectively present their work, using appropriate computer applications.

102

6.1.3 Level Descriptors

Learning
Area

Form I

Form II
:

Form III

Computer
System

Describe various types of

Compare the computational

Discuss the importance of an

computers.
State the use of various
computer peripherals.
Describe the components of
a computer system.

capabilities of various types of

computers.
Differentiate between different types
of peripherals.

operating system.
Explain how data is stored in
various computer storage devices.
Describe the different types of
operating systems.

Computer
Operation

Start and shut down the

Manipulate the Windows

Use different input/output devices.

Use the control panel to perform

computer system.

Work with the Windows

environment.
Store files on the computer.

Using
Computer
Application
s for
problem
solving

List various computer

applications.
Use various computer
applications to perform tasks
such as writing of simple
reports, doing calculations,
and drawing.

environment confidently.

Manage stored computer files.

Produce print-outs of work done on

simple tasks.
Perform basic trouble-shooting.

a computer.

Produce graphically-enhanced
reports.
Perform mathematical calculations
and modelling.
Use a presentation software to
develop simple multimedia
presentations.

Use advanced features of

computer applications in problem
solving tasks .
Develop purposeful multi-media
presentations for a given audience.

Write computer programs for

simple problems.

103

Electronic
Communic
ation

Computer
Ethics,
Health and
Safety

Use the Internet to access

Use the Internet to perform complex

web pages and perform

simple searches.
Send and receive emails.

Share files via emails.

Show awareness of various

Show understanding of ethical and

health and safety issues in

relation to the use of
computers and take
preventive measures.

searches and download files.

social issues related to the use of

ICT.
Show understanding of the various
threats to the computer system and
of the ways in which it can be
protected.

Describe various computer

networks.

Demonstrate understanding
relating to gaining access and
using the Internet.
Evaluate the suitability, accuracy
and currency of web-based
materials.
Use the Internet to engage in ediscussions.

Show understanding of economic

issues related to the use of ICT.

104

6.1.4 Teaching and Learning Strategies

Use of personally relevant tasks that students can find useful to engage with, such as
the design of greeting cards that they can then send to loved ones, research on
various topics.

Tasks of manageable difficulty and challenge so that individual attention can be given
to those who need it while more able ones feel challenged enough to work on their
own.

Problem solving and inquiry-based learning such as preparing a home budget, model
using spreadsheet.

Use of practical tasks along with off-computer tasks so that students realise that not
all tasks need to be performed by the PC.

Activity-based tasks with either group or individual students along with class
discussion to encourage debates and sharing of views on an issue.

Use of a combination of exposition, demonstration and hands-on approach.

Integration of theory with practice to show the connection between these two, for
example, by making practical sessions to immediately follow theory classes.

6.1.5 ICT Forms IV & V

Learning Outcomes

Demonstrate understanding of the implications of computer use in society.

Distinguish between different types of computer-based systems.

Distinguish between different forms of data and representations for processing and
relate them to a given problem.

Use computers to solve real world problems.

Use computers to communicate.

Learning Areas

Computer Ethics.

Computer Systems.

Using Computer Applications for Problem Solving.

Electronic Communication.

105

6.1.6 Assessment
Students will sit for a national examination, consisting of a written paper and coursework. For
the coursework, the students will be required to identify a real world problem, to analyse it
and develop a feasible computerised solution, using database. The students will be allowed
to use their software platform but they will be required to show evidence of programming.
They will submit both a report and a soft copy of the computerised solution.

106

Design and Technology

6.2

6.2.1 Introduction
It is acknowledged that the world has now been transformed into a global village. For any
emerging nation to survive, it has to resort to different technologies.

Design and Technology, in our lower secondary curriculum, equips our youths with the
necessary tools so that they make sense of the changing world and integrate the society as
responsible citizens. It is an area of learning which allows students to apply knowledge,
skills, experience and resources to design and develop technological solutions in order to
cater for the needs of individuals, societies and environments.

Design and Technology enables students to become creative, innovative and reflective
individuals as they select materials, information systems and processes to devise
sustainable solutions for an improved quality of life.
This subject has so far been largely restricted to boys schools, with a very few exceptions.
Thus girls have been deprived of career opportunities, such as engineering, that this subject
leads to. It is to be noted that the pathway- communication at Forms V & VI- is offered in a
number of boys schools which have no workshop for Technology. The communication
pathway does not require any major investment and can be carried out within a classroom
with minimum equipment that any girls school should be able to afford.

Thus, in a bid to provide gender equity, girls should not be debarred from taking Design &
Technology with Communication as the pathway. It is, therefore, proposed that the option for
girls in Forms I to III be either D & T or Design & Textile.

6.2.2 Learning Outcomes in Design & Technology- Forms I to III

At the end of the lower secondary level of schooling, students should be able to:

Select tools and techniques to make products from a range of materials.

Explore the sensory qualities of materials.

Assemble, join and combine different materials and components for different
purposes.

107

Develop, plan and communicate design ideas by using a variety of methods,

including drawings, modelling and ICT.

Adopt a systems approach to the design process.

Design artefacts and generate ideas for solving problems in our everyday life.

Apply organisational and manipulative skills appropriate to the realisation of

solutions.

Appreciate and understand how cultural beliefs, values and ethical considerations
interplay with Design & Technology.

Apply technological principles to solve design problems.

6.2.3 Learning Outcomes

Learning Area

Form I

Form II

Form III

-Name
common
materials in use in the
environment.
-State the properties
and uses of materials.
-Use materials in a
safe way for
the
making of artefacts.

-Classify
materials
according
to
their
nature and properties.
-Compare
the
properties of various
materials.
-Use materials safely
for the realisation of
products.

-Carry out simple tests

on materials.
-Record data from tests
on materials.
-Use
materials
appropriately in simple
project work.

Technological
-Name basic bench
Processes and tools used in materials
Skills
processing.
-Describe the safe
work practice to be
observed
while
processing materials
and artefacts.

-List a range of basic

processes for shaping
materials.
-Use basic hand tools
for shaping materials
and artefacts.

-Select
appropriate
tools and techniques
for shaping materials.
-Use
appropriate
finishes on materials
and artefacts.

Presentation of -Draw
objects
in
Information
pictorial projection.
-Use
rendering
techniques to enhance
presentation.
-Make simple models
to present information.

-Draw
objects
in
pictorial projections.
-Present information by
using charts, graphs
and pictograms.
-Use scale drawings
and models to present
ideas and information.

-Present information in
2D and 3D.
-Use
scales
in
drawings.
-Produce
accurate
drawings by using
appropriate
conventions
and
standards.
-Use
rendering
techniques to enhance
presentation
of
information.

Materials

108

Systems
Design

and -Identity the

main
steps of the design
process.
-Use
the
design
process
to
solve
simple problems.

-Apply
the
design
process
to
solve
problems related to
products and systems.

-Apply the concepts of

input, process, and
output to the solutions
of problems.

-Use
materials,
processes
and
techniques for the
making
of
simple
artefacts.

-Combine,
assemble
and join materials,
using
appropriate
safety techniques.

-Realise solutions in
2D and 3D modes by
using
appropriate
techniques safely.

-State the importance

of design in society.
-List the effects of
technology
in
our
everyday life.

-State how design and

technology
interplay
with our value system
and culture.
-List
methods
to
maintain a safe and
proper
living
and
working environment.

-Explain the interplay

between
design,
technology,
cultural
change,
fashion,
values,
material
utilization, leisure and
work.

-Name
basic
mechanisms
in
common use.
-State functions of
common
mechanisms.
-Identify
basic
mechanisms
in
simple machines and
equipment.

-Name different types

of structures.
-State the importance
of
structures
in
everyday life.
-Make
models
of
simple structures.

-Name basic electrical

and
electronic
components.
-State the functions of
basic
electrical/electronic
components.
-Use
basic
electrical/electronic
components in the
design and realisation
of artefacts.

Realisation

Design,
Technology
and Society

Technological
principles

6.2.4 Design & Technology: Forms IV & V

6.2.4.1

Key Learning Areas in Design & Technology

Design Principle and Process

Communication and Design Presentation

Materials

Technological Processes

Control Technology

Design, Technology and Society

109

6.2.4.2

Design Realisation

Broad Learning Outcomes in Design & Technology

At the end of the secondary level of schooling, students should be able to:

Use a systems approach in the design process.

Design artefacts and generate ideas for solving problems in our everyday life.

Develop, plan and communicate design ideas by using a variety of methods,

including drawings, modelling and ICT.

Explore the sensory qualities/properties of materials.

Select tools and techniques for making products from a range of materials.

Assemble, join and combine materials and components for a meaningful purpose.

Apply organisational and manipulative skills appropriate to the realisation of

solutions.

Apply technological principles in the design of control systems.

Appreciate and understand how cultural beliefs, values and ethical considerations
interplay with Design &Technology.

6.2.4.3

Assessment in Design & Technology

The very nature of Design & Technology; open-endedness, creativity and
independence of thinking, necessarily means that a careful, holistic and user-friendly
approach to assessment is needed in this area of learning.

Assessment of learning needs to focus on students development, adaptation, and

application of a wide range of skills to solve problems.

Assessment modes should include students self-evaluation, keeping of log and

journals, portfolios, interviews, observations, together with student interaction with
the learning environment.

Students should be encouraged to engage in reflective thinking. This will enhance

validity in assessment.

Both formative and summative modes of evaluation should be encouraged. These

evaluations should be educational in nature to promote a positive contribution to
students learning.

Clear guidance and criteria should be established and made explicit to the learners in
the assessment of tasks in Design &Technology.

110

6.2.5 Teaching and Learning Strategies in Design and Technology

Students must be encouraged to work on a variety of tasks as they investigate,

communicate, create and use appropriate technologies to solve problems. The
tasks should involve the processing of materials such as wood, metal and
plastics.

Teachers must organize activities where students are given the opportunity to
observe, select and apply good practice.

Demonstration works, visits to

appropriate institutions and industries should be included to make the concepts

and principles in Design & Technology more meaningful.

Opportunities for learning should be related to the students experience and ways
of thinking. Students individual needs should be at the centre of any teachinglearning activity. Students should therefore be allowed the freedom to relate the
design process to their own abilities to solve problems in order to satisfy specific
needs.

111

6.3

Home Economics Curriculum

6.3.1 Introduction
Home Economics is an interdisciplinary subject drawing on the fields of nutrition and
dietetics, textiles, fashion and design, human development, relationships and behaviour.
The subject has evolved over the past few decades; it is no longer characterized as
womens knowledge for the private domain of the home. With improved living standards,
changing patterns and roles in the family and in the world of work and globalisation, the
focus has broadened.

Home Economics education nowadays is concerned with promoting the development of

skills to identify needs and wants as well as to manage available resources effectively and
efficiently. It should, therefore, be offered to ALL adolescents in the lower secondary,
irrespective of gender. This will also assist in achieving gender equity in the secondary
school curriculum, in line with recommendations of the current educational reform.

In

countries like Singapore, Japan, Finland, Sweden and UK, the subject is compulsory at
lower secondary level; educational policy makers have recognized the contribution of the
subject to the overall development of the adolescent.

The present lower secondary framework has been worked out to make room for the
implementation of the subject even in schools which do not have any specialist room. It
consists of three strands (Human Development and Family; Food and Nutrition; Design,
Clothing and Textiles) to provide opportunities for adolescents to develop a unique repertoire
of knowledge, practices and dispositions that will assist them in meeting the challenges of
everyday life in our evolving society. The challenges include:

Establishing and maintaining a diverse range of effective interpersonal and family

relationships.

Balancing personal and family responsibilities with leisure.

Selecting and preparing simple nutritious foods from complex and changing
markets.

Making informed, responsible and ethical consumer decisions about new

products that become available because of changing technologies and lifestyles.

Resolving the influences of peer pressure, body image, marketing and media
when selecting food and textile items.

112

Home Economics is offered as two discrete subjects at upper secondary level. Students
reaching Form IV can opt for Food & Nutrition and/or Fashion & Fabrics. Presently, the CIE
O level syllabus is used in local secondary schools. The syllabus will need to be reviewed if
we want Mauritian adolescents to develop a set of core skills and knowledge (refer to
General Learning Outcomes) that will help them to become informed and empowered
consumers.

Given the multidisciplinary nature of Home Economics, the present framework addresses
two essential learning areas:

Health and Physical Education - Human Development & Family and Food &
Nutrition strands.

Technology Design, Clothing and Textiles strand. A

nutritious foods from complex and changing mark

6.3.2 General Learning Outcomes

Home Economics education in the lower secondary is geared towards striking the right
balance between theoretical understanding and their practical application to everyday
situations related to human development and family, food and nutrition, clothing and textiles.
It provides opportunities for students to:

Acquire knowledge and develop understanding of facts, concepts, principles and

terminology associated with health, nutrition, materials, resources, individuals, and
families.

Develop practical and organization skills and creative abilities.

Develop skills of reasoning and deduction through practical investigation.

Engage in technology practice to develop a wide range of products and processes that
meet the needs of individuals and families and that reflect imagination, originality and
aesthetic judgement.

Develop skills in handling and interpreting information relevant to Home Economics.

Make informed, responsible and ethical decisions and take action in order to promote
personal, family and community well-being.

Investigate issues of personal and societal significance.

Develop a range of interpersonal, verbal and nonverbal skills to meet personal and
family needs.

At Forms IV and V levels, Food & Nutrition and Fashion & Fabrics should provide
opportunities for students to develop the following core skills and knowledge:

113

6.3.2.1 Food & Nutrition

Ability to apply understanding of factors influencing food requirements and current

dietary guidelines and to plan meals for themselves and others.

An understanding of the nutritive value of foods commonly consumed in Mauritius.

An understanding of the relationship between diet and health while recognizing the
factors that influence ones food choice.

Application of costing skills when selecting nutritious foods at home or when eating
out.

Ability to make informed food choices to maintain a healthy weight and to decrease
the risk of non-communicable diseases such as diabetes, cardio-vascular diseases
and cancer.

Application of practical/culinary skills and theoretical understanding to plan, prepare

and safely cook dishes that will form part of a balanced and varied diet.

Ability to modify recipes and dishes to make them healthier while taking into
consideration the availability of ingredients and the acceptability of the finished
product.

Application of food safety principles when purchasing, storing, preparing, cooking

and serving foods.

Ability to read and interpret food labels when choosing, preparing and storing food.

Administration of first aid for injuries which are likely to occur in the kitchen area.

6.3.2.2 Fashion & Fabrics

Ability to understand key theoretical concepts and demonstrate knowledge and skill
associated with the areas of design, clothing and textiles.

Ability to apply knowledge and understanding of the functional and aesthetic

requirements of textiles for a range of applications and apply the properties and
performance of textiles to the construction of simple textile items.

Ability to demonstrate planning, organisational, creative and manipulative skills in the

construction of textile items, which include both machine and hand work, from simple
pattern drafting and/or pattern adaptation/alteration to the final pressing.

Ability to make informed decisions and rational choices in the selection, design and
construction of simple textile items commonly used by adolescents and use dress
sense and a discriminating approach as a consumer, considering choice, suitability,
cost and quality in the context of fashion and textiles for wise buying.

114

Ability to apply knowledge and skills on textiles, fashion and garment construction in
everyday life e.g. in the use, care, repair and recycling of textile items.

Ability to appreciate the versatility and importance of textiles in our lives, given its
wide range of uses as clothing and in the home, in industry, in leisure goods, in
transport and even in medical goods.

115

6.3.3 Level Descriptors

Form I
Human Development and Family
Family
- Identify roles of
families in society.
- Practise skills by
which students can
contribute to their
own family activities.
- Demonstrate
behaviours that build
positive relationships
at home, in the
classroom and
society.
- Create ways to
increase
communication and
establish
relationships between
people.
Growing
- State the changes
Up/
at puberty.
The
- List habits for
Emerging
healthful growth.
Adult
-Develop an
understanding of
human life span.
- Promote personal
development.

Form II

Form III

- Demonstrate an
understanding of the roles
of the family within various
societies.
- Gain an understanding of
the importance of the family
unit to the well being of
individuals and the global
society.
- Evaluate factors that
influence the ways families
meet their needs as well as
consequences of their
actions.

- Gain an understanding of
how families can improve
the capacity to nurture and
care for the other.
- Analyse individual and
family needs.
- Discuss society-related
issues to improve
communication, information
and awareness among
members of the family.
- Practise table manners
and etiquettes.

-Explain the importance of

practising healthy habits.
- Demonstrate an
understanding of
adolescence as a stage of
the life span
- Identify life changes that
are most stressful for
adolescents.

- Describe types of conflict,

conflict response styles,
conflict resolution and
mediation.
- Identify concerns for
reproductive health.
- Discuss early sexual
activity, its harmful effects
(physical and emotional)
and its impact on life goals.

First Aid
and
Hygiene

- Describe how to
care for the body
during puberty.
- List the items to
include in a first aid
kit.
- Describe how to
administer first aid for
small cuts and
wounds.
- State the safety
rules at school and at
home.
-Learn about healthful
behaviour.

- Demonstrate the ability to

advocate personal and
family health.
-Describe ways to keep
your home environment
clean.
- Explain how to dispose of
waste properly.

- Demonstrate the ability to

advocate personal, family
health and community
health.
- Describe relationships
between personal health
behaviours and individual
well-being.

Resources
Manageme
nt

- Appreciate the
importance of time
management through
identification of
priorities.

-Make a plan to manage

time and money
-Identify criteria for wise
shopping and wise buying

-Apply time, money and

management skills to reallife situations.
-Apply decision-making
skills to manage time and
money.

116

Consumer
education

- Develop an
understanding of
consumer rights and
responsibilities.
- Identify factors
affecting consumer
decisions.
- Read labels
properly.

FORM I
Food and Nutrition

- Identify the different forms

of advertising.
- Discuss the advantages
and
disadvantages
of
advertising.

- Analyse advertisement
claims.
- Work collaboratively to
address contemporary
personal and community
issues.

FORM II

FORM III

Nutrients and
Food
Commodities

State the
importance of
food.
List the six
nutrients.
Identify and
classify the main
sources of
macronutrients
(protein, fats and
carbohydrates).
State the
importance of
macronutrients
and dietary fibre.

Identify and classify the

main sources of
vitamins, minerals and
water.
State the importance of
water and selected
vitamins and minerals.
Describe the
importance of the
regular consumption of
milk and milk products,
fruits and vegetables.
State how commonly
consumed milk
products are made.

Identify sources of
saturated fats,
unsaturated fats and
cholesterol.
Interpret recommended
nutrient and energy
intakes for
adolescents.
Describe the
importance and
common uses of
cereals, meat, fish,
eggs, pulses and nuts.

Meal
Planning and
Food Choice

Define terms
commonly
encountered in
nutrition.
List the main
factors
influencing food
intake.
Classify foods
according to the
basic Three Food
Groups.
Define a
balanced meal in
terms of Basic
Three Food
Groups and
dietary
guidelines.

List the guidelines for

healthy eating.
Define a balanced diet
in terms of balanced
meals and dietary
guidelines.
Describe the
importance of main
meals and healthy
snacks.
Describe the factors to
consider when
planning meals.
Plan balanced meals.

Examine the factors

that influence food
choice and eating
habits.
Apply the guidelines for
healthy eating when
eating out.
Compare the
advantages and
disadvantages of
convenience foods and
their home-made
counterparts.
Explain food security
problems prevailing
nowadays and identify
alternative starchy food
to replace rice.
Analyse the energy
and main nutrient
values of different
dishes in a meal, using
food tables and/or
nutritional analysis
software.

117

Diet-related
Diseases

Food and
Kitchen
Safety

Food
Management

Describe the
effects of
excessive and/or
deficient
consumption of
macronutrients
and dietary fibre.

Describe the effects of

excessive and/or
deficient consumption
of selected vitamins
and minerals.
State the benefits of
healthy eating in the
prevention of dietrelated diseases.
Identify the safety Describe the causes,
hazards in the
signs and prevention of
kitchen.
food spoilage and food
poisoning.
Describe
precautions to be State proper ways of
taken to prevent
choosing, storing and
common
preparing milk, fruits
accidents in the
and vegetables.
kitchen.
Explain the
Explain the function of
function of
selected food utensils
selected food
and equipment.
utensils and
Prepare nutritious
equipment.
foods using various
Define basic food
kitchen equipment and
preparation
other culinary skills.
terms.
Apply principles of food
Interpret the
and kitchen safety
information given
during food
in a recipe.
preparation.
Measure various
ingredients
correctly and
accurately.
Prepare
nutritious foods
using basic
kitchen
equipment and
basic culinary
skills.

Explain the relationship

between dietary habits
and diseases such as
obesity, diabetes,
cardiovascular
diseases and eating
disorders.
State the reasons for
preserving food.
Identify the type of
preserved foods
available locally.
Describe the uses of
some food additives.
Interpret food labels.
Identify the types of
technologies used in
the production of
home-made and
commercially made
foods.
Apply the design
process in
adapting/modifying
basic recipes.
Evaluate the sensory
characteristics of
prepared dishes.

118

Design, Clothing and Textiles -

Fibres and
Fabrics

Clothes and
Styles

Form I
Classify the main
natural textile
fibres.
Define the basic
textile terms used
for fibres and
fabrics.
State the
advantages and
disadvantages of
cotton and linen.
State how to care
for cotton and
linen items.
Name a few
cotton and linen
fabrics commonly
available.
Identify plant
fibres through
burning test.

Name, draw and

briefly describe
the different
types of
protective
clothing and
kitchen linen
used for different
purposes.

Form II
Classify main textile
fibres.
List the main
processes used in the
manufacture of wool
and silk fabrics.
Differentiate between
wool and silk in terms
of properties, care
and uses.
Distinguish between
silk and wool fabrics.
Identify animal fibres
through burning test.

Name and sketch

basic clothes style.
List the basic style
features of selected
textile items.
Identify and illustrate
selected fabric
designs.
Select appropriate
fabric design for the
making of textile
items.

Sewing
Equipment

Explain the
function and
choice of basic
sewing
equipment.
Use and care for

Explain the function of

selected sewing
equipment.
Use and care of these
sewing equipment.
Apply safety

Form III
Classify man-made
textile fibres.
Differentiate between
regenerated and
synthetic fibres.
Describe briefly the
different processes
involved in the
manufacture of manmade fibres.
Explain briefly the
textile terms used.
Compare the
properties of the
different man-made
fibres, relating to enduses.
Identify typical
characteristics of
man-made fibres
through the burning
test.
Discuss the different
ethnic styles of
clothing representing
the different
communities in
Mauritius.
Evaluate the choice of
clothes based on
purposes/occasions,
figure type, personal
image, design and
style lines.
Plan a wardrobe for
self.
Appreciate the use of
textiles to create
different types and
styles of clothing and
household articles.
Interpret clothing care
labels.
Use of and care for
basic sewing
equipment.
Handle electric
sewing machines and
steam irons.

119

basic sewing
equipment.
Describe safety
measures taken
to prevent
common
accidents while
using these
sewing
equipment.
Textile
Application
s

Trace or draft
pattern for the
making of a
textile item.
Work basic
stitches to create
items for self
and/or the home.
Select and apply
appropriate
embroidery
stitches to
decorate textile
items.
Manage time and
resources
effectively in the
making of the
textile item.

precautions to
prevent common
accidents while using
sewing equipment.

Take and use

selected body
measurements.
Draft and use
patterns, following
instructions to create
textile items.
.Apply knowledge of
the properties of
textile fibres in the
choice of fabric and
construction of textile
items.
Select and apply
appropriate fabric
decoration techniques
to decorate textile
items.
Demonstrate basic
practical skills in the
manipulation of
textiles through the
use of appropriate
techniques and
sewing equipment.
Manage time and
resources effectively
in the making of the
textile item.

Apply safety
precautions to
prevent common
accidents while using
sewing equipment.

Take and use

selected body
measurements.
Interpret, use and
alter or adapt patterns
in the design and
construction of a
textile item.
Apply knowledge of
the properties of
textile fibres in the
choice of fabric and
construction of textile
items.
Select and apply
appropriate fabric
decoration methods
to decorate textile
items.
Demonstrate practical
skills in the design
and manipulation of
textiles to create
items for self and/or
the home.
Manage time and
resources effectively
in the making of the
textile item.

120

6.3.4 Teaching and Learning Strategies

In this new technological age, teachers are called upon to shift their paradigm and move
towards a more learner-centred approach where students can assume responsibility for their
own learning. Home Economics educators are responsible for creating conducive learning
environments. A learner-centred approach will certainly provide opportunities for students to
practise critical and creative thinking, problem solving and decision making skills. The
teacher can be a facilitator, a resource person as well as a fellow-learner, as learning is an
ongoing process. Moreover, a learner-centred approach will help the students to develop
conceptual understandings related to food and nutrition, human development and family as
well as design, clothing and textiles.

A variety of teaching strategies can help to cater for the different learning styles of all
learners. In order to achieve this, students must have the opportunity to co-operatively
brainstorm, discuss, evaluate information, and make informed decisions. Teachers will be
ultimately responsible for determining the best teaching methods [ for both theory & practical
classes], the best way of grouping students, and the best way to deliver the lessons. They
have the flexibility to adapt the different learning strategies to the learners needs in order to
make learning meaningful and captivating.

6.3.4.1 Suggested Teaching .Strategies

Direct Instruction

Expository/Lectures

Indirect Instruction

Inquiry, problem solving, decision making

and discovery.

Interactive Instruction

Class discussion, brainstorming sessions,

mind-mapping, peer teaching, group work,
demonstration

Independent Study

Research,

project

work,

assignments,

coursework.

The use of different teaching strategies (see table above) and teaching approaches would
help to cater for the students varying learning needs and to achieve the general learning
outcomes of Home Economics Education.

121

6.3.5 Modes of Evaluation

Assessment and evaluation are integral parts of the teaching and learning process.
Meaningful learning involves reflection, construction and self-evaluation. Evaluation may
take different forms depending on its purpose. Diagnostic evaluation will identify individual
problems and suggest appropriate corrective action. Formative evaluation should be used to
monitor progress and to make necessary adjustments in instructional strategies while
summative evaluation should be used at the end of a particular instructional unit.

Given the nature of the subject, both theoretical understanding and their practical
applications should be evaluated, using a variety of techniques. The different techniques
that can be used are:

Teacher observation

Oral questioning

Written tests

Performance tests

Group work [posters, charts, experiments]

Practical work & reports

Projects

Students self-evaluation

Oral presentations

122

MOE
C&
HR

Curriculum Framework
Secondary Forms I-III
HEALTH (Home Economics: Food &
Nutrition and Human Development)
&
PHYSICAL EDUCATION

November
2009
Ministry of Education & Human
Resources
123

124

7 Health and Physical Education

7.1

General Introduction

The Mauritian economy is limited by its natural resources. The only possible avenue for further
development and progress is through the improvement of the quality of its human power and
working population. The country has a very high rate of obesity and incidence of NonCommunicable Diseases. This impacts negatively on the national productivity and expenses on
health. Mauritius must aim at developing a healthier and more efficient workforce to be able to
survive in an ever changing and demanding international economic environment. The Health and
Physical Education curriculum will aim at educating the younger generation to develop a sense of
personal and social responsibility by engaging in healthy and sustainable physical activity so as to
contribute to the well being of the community, the environment and the society at large. It will also
guide students towards the adoption of healthy leisure activities in later life, thus provide the
incentive for reducing the incidence of social ills, such as alcohol and tobacco consumption, drug
addiction, crime and delinquency. It is premised on the belief that the foundation for a healthy way
of life should be laid as early as possible; we have witnessed the limited impact of health campaign
on the adult population, owing probably to the lack of commitment to healthy habits early in life.

7.2

Why Study Health and Physical Education?

Health and physical education will contribute significantly to the development of a fit and balanced
youth in all aspects of life. The students will also learn about the benefits of regular physical activity
on the physical, mental, emotional and social well being of an individual.

Participation in a variety of strenuous physical activities develops physical fitness and resistance to
diseases. Team games and activities develop the notions of fair play, respect for others, discipline
and other personality traits, necessary for the persons development as a citizen.

Learning about body movements, body mechanics and skills in games and sports will improve their
understanding of movement efficiency and give the students the skills

for performance

improvement, while participating in challenging outdoor and adventurous activities they will develop
strong character and personality, team spirit, respect for others and their environment.

Health education will provide the students with the necessary knowledge of nutritional needs for a
healthy lifestyle. They will also be acquainted with changing needs and will develop the necessary
knowledge, skills and attitudes to understand and manage changes in their body, behaviour and

125

actions as well as those of their peers. It is also expected that engaging in physical activities will
help students better cope with the stress of daily life.

7.3

Learning Areas/Components

7.3.1 Personal Growth and Health

Through Health and Physical Education students will understand the different stages of their
physical, social and emotional growth and the changes that their body and behaviour undergoes.
They will also be able to describe the impact that these changes will have on their health. Students
will thus be empowered to manage and adapt to these changes and take the responsibility of their
personal growth, self care, health and hygiene. They will understand the physiological effects of
exercise on their growth, maturation and fitness.

7.3.2 Development of Movement and Motor Skills

Students will practise a range of general and specific movement and motor skills related to
different games and activities. They will show the ability to analyse those movements and adapt to
changing situations and to facilitate the development of physical competence. They will
demonstrate the ability to link and transfer that learning to other activities in the sports field and
everyday life. Through participation in dance and rhythmic activities they will develop artistic
sensitivity and creativity.

7.3.3 Regular and Sustainable Physical Activity and Leisure

Through regular participation in a variety of individual and team games, outdoor and adventurous
activities, and rhythmic exercises that are fun and enjoyable, students will develop a love for
physical activity and exercise. They will explore a variety of activities that they will be able to carry
over for leisure beyond schooling. They will be able to describe, as a result of experience, the
benefits regular and enjoyable physical activity on their health and well being.

7.3.4 Good Practices, Healthy Lifestyle and Safety

The students will identify the good practices concerning participation in sports and physical
education. They will identify and assess the risks involved in handling of equipment and apparatus

126

in sports and physical education. They will use safe practices concerning appropriate clothing and
outfit, warming up and cooling down. They will develop first aid skills. The students will assess the
benefits of a healthy and active lifestyle.

7.3.5 Positive Personal and Societal Attitudes and Values

Through participation in team games and challenging activities students will demonstrate a range
of positive values such as team spirit, cooperation, respect for others, discipline and responsibility.
They will develop self confidence and strong character through participation in outdoor and
adventurous activities. They will contribute to the well being of the community by organizing and
actively participating in a range of community fitness activities.

7.3.6 Interpersonal Skills and Conflict Resolutions

Students will analyse and understand the changes in their body and behaviour that will help them
resolve differences and conflicts with parents, peers and their environment. Regular participation in
team games and activities will give them the opportunity to develop interpersonal skills and to
accept differences in ability, gender, race, religion and culture.

7.3.7 Rights and responsibilities

Students will show an understanding of their rights and responsibilities on and off the play field.
They will analyse the consequences of their actions on the lives and rights of other people. They
will demonstrate an understanding of and obedience to the rules of the games and respect for
authority as they indulge in competitive activities. They will show respect for team mates,
opponents, officials and spectators and exhibit fair play in all activities. All these factors combined
should lead to the development of responsible citizens.

7.4

Teaching and Learning Strategies

The teaching and learning strategies adopted by the schools and teachers for the acquisition of
knowledge, development of skills and adoption of positive attitudes among the students will be
most influential in the success of the endeavour. Teachers should, therefore, make use of a wide
range of strategies to meet the demands of a varied range of students and activities as they might
judge suitable. Discussions and demonstrations by the teacher may be effective in conveying

127

information and theoretical knowledge to students, while observation, active participation, peer
tutoring, organisation and participation in workshops and seminars might prove to be more
effective in gathering practical knowledge and in the development of skills and attitudes.
Community service, research and self study and the use of ICT can be used to further consolidate
teaching and learning. Demonstrations by the teacher or specialists in the field, followed by active
participation and hands-on practice by the students, will be most effective in the learning and
acquisition of physical skills. Through careful planning and organisation of activities by the teacher
learning in Health and Physical Education will become fun for the students, and thus they will show
increased interest in the subject. The teacher will also relate the importance of the subject to the
individuals well being. The importance of teachers as role models and facilitators cannot be
overemphasized here.

7.5

Assessment

Assessment is effective when it is used to enhance learning. Both formal and informal assessment
will be used by teachers to assess to progress of students and provide feedback for improvement.
Informal assessment will be used by teachers during the sessions to give feedback on learning and
for motivation. Formal assessment will be used at regular intervals to assess the progress of the
students. Formal assessment will be based on the achievement objectives and attainment targets.
Teachers will keep records of students progress and credits will be awarded to students. These
can be carried over from one level to another and beyond schooling. The credits earned by the
students can also be used for certification purpose. Written tests will be used for formative and
summative evaluation of concepts and knowledge, while projects and practical work will be used to
assess the understanding, application, and analysis of knowledge and skills. In physical education
standard tests and teacher-designed tests will be used to assess fitness, performance and the
acquisition and application of skills. Observation sheets will be used to record, and eventually
assess, the acquisition of values and attitudes.

128

7.6

Level Descriptors
Form I

Personal

Form II

Form III

Identify factors that affect personal, Discuss factors such as posture,

Develop skills to manage changes in

Growth and

physical, social, and emotional

physical activity and their effects on

their growth processes and develop

Health

growth and analyse the effect of

puberty.

strategies to adjust to the problems of

physical activity on these aspects

adolescence.

of growth.
Development of Develop basic movement and

Demonstrate consistency and control

Develop new skills, and extend their

Movement and

motor skills specific to team games

of movement in a range of

abilities in movement-related activities,

Motor Skills

and sports necessary for

situations in individual/team games and

such as creative dance, adventure

proficiency in competitive sports.

activities.

activities, team games, and outdoor

pursuits.

Regular and

Maintain regular, enjoyable

Investigate and analyse different

Develop an understanding of the

Sustainable

physical activity with an increasing

lifestyles and influences that contribute

relationship between physical activity,

Physical

understanding of its role in

to common health problems across the

fitness, cognition and health by setting

Activity and

sustained health and well-being.

lifespan of people such as smoking,

goals, meeting their own nutritional

alcohol, , body image, attitude to

needs, planning for regular physical

physical and recreational activities,

activity, relaxation, and recreation.

Leisure

Develop a positive body image and

positive attitudes towards physical
activity.

Good Practices, Identify and make use of safe

Demonstrate an understanding of the

Access and use information to identify

Healthy

practices in physical education

appropriate use of and care for sports

and investigate risk factors for risk

Lifestyle and

during physical activities and

equipment.

management and safe practice.

Safety

games.

129

 Show consistency and mastery in

simple first aid skills pertaining to
sports injuries.

Positive

Demonstrate confidence in

Demonstrate willingness to accept

Personal and

challenging situations through

new challenges, and participate in

Societal

involvement in outdoor and

cooperative and competitive

Attitudes and

adventurous activities. They will

activities. Develop strong character

Values

develop care for nature and their

and self confidence through outdoor

own environment.

and challenging activities.

Interpersonal

Identify the pressures that can

Develop a range of interpersonal

Organize and actively participate in

community fitness activities.

Access and use information to

Skills and

influence their interactions with

skills through team games and

understand the changes in their

Conflict

other people and demonstrate

activities.

behaviour and body and to manage

Resolutions

basic assertiveness strategies to

Analyse the changes in their

manage these, in relation to

behaviour and their influence on their

pressure from peers or other

performance and environment.

their relationships and self image.

specific groups .
Rights and
Responsibilities

Act responsibly to protect their

Demonstrate an understanding of the

Actively participate in community

own rights and feelings and

rules of games and their application

activities to inform people about their

those of other people, in relation

during play.

rights and responsibilities as citizens.

to bullying, gender stereotyping,

cultural differences and fair play,
during play and games.

130

Personal Growth

Form IV

Form V

and Health

Describe physical, social, emotional, and intellectual

Assess their health needs and identify

processes of growth and relate these to features of

strategies to ensure personal well-being across

adolescent development and effective self management

their lifespan.

strategies.

Investigate and understand reasons for the choices people

make that affect their wellbeing and explore and evaluate
options and consequences.

Development of

Acquire and apply complex motor skills by using basic

Movement and

principles of motor learning.

Motor Skills
Regular and

Acquire, apply, and refine specialised motor

skills by using the principles of motor skill
learning.

Experience a range of personally enjoyable physical activities

Choose and maintain ongoing involvement in

Sustainable

and describe how varying levels of involvement affect well-

appropriate physical activities and examine

Physical Activity

being and lifestyle balance.

factors influencing their participation.

and Leisure
Good practices,

Healthy Lifestyle
and Safety

Investigate and practice safety procedures and strategies to

Demonstrate understanding of responsible

manage risk situations.

behaviours required to ensure that challenges

Experience and demonstrate how science, technology, and

and risks are managed safely in physical and

the environment influence the selection and use of equipment

social environments.

in a variety of settings.
Positive Personal

and Societal
Attitudes and

Develop skills and responsible attitudes in challenging

Investigate and experience ways in which

physical situations.

peoples physical competence and participation

Investigate societal influences on the wellbeing of student

are influenced by social and cultural factors.

131

Values

communities.

Analyse societal influences that shape

Demonstrate an understanding of how attitudes and values

community health goals and physical activity

relating to difference influence their own safety and that of

patterns.

other people.

Interpersonal Skills

Investigate and describe ways in which individuals define

Plan strategies and demonstrate interpersonal

and Conflict

their own identity and sense of self-worth and how this

skills to respond to challenging situations

Resolutions

influences the ways in which they describe other people.

appropriately.

Demonstrate a range of interpersonal skills and processes

that help them make safe choices for themselves and other
people in a variety of settings.

Rights and
Responsibilities

Identify the rights and responsibilities of

Compare and contrast personal values and

consumers and use this information to

practices with policies, rules, and laws and

evaluate health and recreational services

investigate how the latter contribute to safety in the

and products in the community.

school and community.

132

MOE
C&
HR

Curriculum Framework
Secondary Forms I-III
THE ARTS:
Visual Arts
Music
Drama
Dance

Ministry of Education & Human

Resources
November
2009

133

134

8 The Arts
Visual Arts

8.1

8.1.1 Introduction
Visual Arts education contributes to the holistic development and lifelong learning of the
individual. It stimulates creativity, imagination and aesthetic appreciation. The Visual Arts
education lower secondary curriculum comprises drawing, painting, print-making, collage
and sculpture. It aims at making students recognize art as a means of communicating
feelings and experiences, as well as ones worldview. Through its interpersonal dimension,
Visual Arts education leads to an understanding of oneself as a member of society and of
others perception of the world. It helps the individual develop a sense of personal identity
by relating art practices to cultural, historical and contemporary contexts. Students
consequently gain a deeper insight into the role and function of art over time, across places
and cultures.

Through Visual Arts education, students have the opportunity to learn about and apply
conventions, codes and practices for a variety of artistic productions, using traditional and
new technologies. They develop their senses and kinaesthetic skills, along with visual,
spatial and rhythmic awareness. Through the process of experimentation and investigation,
they develop an inquiring mind that opens the way for innovative ideas.

Visual Arts education is job oriented as it prepares students for a career in the field of
design, be it fashion, advertising, architecture, digital art or photography. There is no doubt
that Visual Arts is closely linked to our countrys economic activities, especially when it
comes to the tourist industry. Artistic works are highly prized in the form of local artefacts.

8.1.2 Learning Outcomes

Understand the elements of art and the principles of design. Students acquire basic
background knowledge that will guide them in their understanding, critical
appreciation and interpretation of artistic productions. It also allows them to create art
work, using appropriate skills, processes and techniques.

Understand the role and function of art in society. By linking art practices to the
historical, cultural and contemporary contexts, students will realise that art plays

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multiple roles in society such as transmitting values, reflecting ideologies,

entertaining, providing an outlet for creativity and emotions. Art works, as such,
reflect social and cultural changes. Students note that Art is, in fact, intricately linked
with man and evolves along with society. By developing sensitivities in aesthetics,
students can articulate their views and make informed judgments on art works.

Communicate and express feelings and ideas through art. By experimenting with a
range of materials, patterns, processes and technologies, students learn to express
themselves creatively.

They carry out research while planning art projects to

enhance self-expression. Just as they can understand, analyse and reflect on art
works, they can also view their own work critically.

They find solutions to art

problems and work from both primary and secondary sources, using different media
and techniques.

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8.1.3

Level Descriptors
Level 1

Explore the visual, tactile and sensory

qualities of materials and processes.
Develop an understanding of art making,
colour mixing, shapes, patterns, forms and
textures in making 2D and 3D art work.
Record from direct observation, experience
and imagination
Use tools, techniques, materials and
processes with confidence.
Demonstrate risk management
Use a range of materials and processes
(drawing, painting, print making, collage,
sculpture)
Work on their own and in collaboration with
others.
Engage in problem solving.
Understand the social, cultural and
historical contexts of art.
Use ICT

Level 2

Explore the visual, tactile, and sensory

qualities of a wider range of materials and
processes.
Develop an understanding of the elements
of art and build up a working vocabulary.
Record from direct observation, experiences
and innovation.
Use a range of materials and processes,
including ICT.
Improve acquired skills and competencies in
the use of tools, materials and processes.
Carry out problem solving tasks.
Express themselves and communicate with
more confidence.
Articulate views and comments on art work
Understand the role and function of art in
society.
Analyse and appreciate art work

Level 3

Build and improve on the exploration of

materials and processes.
Use a range of materials and processes
including ICT.
Visit art exhibitions to appreciate works
with a variety of styles and subjects.
Record from primary and secondary
sources.
Engage in art work and art projects with
greater confidence.
Develop independent thinking
Apply and extend experience acquired in
a more selective way.
Understand the function of art in society.
Analyse and evaluate their work and the
work of others.
Link art experiences to social, historical
and contemporary practices.

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8.1.4 The Teaching of Visual Arts

Given the creative dimension in art, Visual Arts education is taught with emphasis on the
processes that lead to the final product. Students have the opportunity to express their ideas
after selecting the most appropriate mode and materials, based on their knowledge and
understanding of the elements of art. Teaching is done through lectures, demonstrations,
use of media (video, ICT) and site visits. Students work both individually and as part of a
group. Collaborative learning leads to a more comprehensive view of the subject and also
allows different interpretations of art works to be considered.

Through guided discovery, students experiment with a range of materials, processes and
techniques, both traditional and contemporary, and evaluate the outcome. Because each
work of art expresses individual feelings and experiences, the work of every single student is
valued and displayed in exhibitions. Students are encouraged to discuss their work and the
work of their peers critically with a view to enhancing visual literacy.

138

Music, Drama and Dance

8.2

This component is introduced with certain specific objectives. Music, drama and dance
are today an integral part of the lives of many youngsters. They provide the opportunity
for young adolescents to actively engage in some physically and mentally satisfying
activities as well as to display a degree of creativity, autonomy and a sense of well being
that would reduce the stress of the day to day student life. Alongside these activities,
schools can also initiate students into body movements associated with activities such as
Yoga, leading to better control of emotions and thus developing better inter-personal
skills, cooperation and general well being.

Teachers can also explore the possibility of integrating music, drama and dance as
pedagogical approaches in a number of disciplines. Thus music, dance, drama need not
necessarily be separate subject areas, but form part of the skills and pedagogical
approaches that would be applied across several disciplines in the secondary school
curriculum.

8.2.1 Music
8.2.1.1 Rationale

Music practices involve the exploration and development of ideas and feelings through
the use of a range of skills, knowledge, techniques and processes. Music provides a
powerful means of expression and communication of life experience and imagination. It
contributes to the development of an understanding of the emotional, intellectual,
aesthetic, social, moral dimensions of human experience. It provides also major means
of personal creativity, satisfaction and pleasure.

8.2.1.2 Learning Outcomes

Demonstrate aural and interpretive skills and vocal and instrumental techniques.

Analyse, interpret and evaluate their own music and that of other cultures and styles.

Identify a wide range of musical forms and styles.

Link an experience repertoire to a variety of cultures and historical periods, including

local and other countries.

Know the basic techniques of the chosen musical instrument.

Perform simple melodies in various styles.

Read and notate.

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8.2.1.3

Level Descriptors
Level I

Notate simple pitch and rhythm.

Read pitch pattern from staff.
Read rhythmic patterns in simple
duple and quadruple times
Create simple rhythmic and melodic
patterns.
Apply basic technique of the given
musical instrument:
- correct posture;
- breathing;
- hand coordination.
Perform simple melodies in
various styles.
Perform technical
elements:
- scales;
- arpeggios.
Identify tone colours.
Know music of various cultures as
prescribed.

Level II

Notate simple pitch and rhythm

Read rhythmic patterns.
Create rhythmic and melodic
patterns.
Show dynamic and expressive
techniques.
Differentiate between families
of musical instruments.
Perform melodies of various
styles of the given musical
instruments.
Perform styles of the given
musical instruments.
Perform technical elements as
prescribed.
Identify music of various
cultures as prescribed.
Know current music as
prescribed.
Discuss on selected
contemporary music.

Level III

Apply concepts of duration.

Apply concept of pitch.
Apply dynamics and expressive
techniques
Perform with correct techniques:
- posture;
- breathing control;
- hand coordination;
- synchronization.
Perform simple melodies.
Perform in solo and in ensemble.
Perform technical elements:
- scales;
- arpeggios;
- studies.
(appropriate for the level)
Read at sight.
Know music of various cultures and
styles (as prescribed).
Know tone colour and sound.
production methods.
Know major orchestral instruments
and instrument families.

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8.2.1.4 Teaching Strategies

8.2.2

Brainstorming

Learning by doing

Use of multimedia and visual aids

Presentation

Attending to individual concern

Drama

8.2.2.1 Rationale
Drama provides opportunities for students to be engaged in activities that will involve
people and life experiences. It sharpens perception and enables personal expression,
growth of intellectual and emotional literacy. Through engagement in such activities
learners develop a sense of confidence and positive self concept and self esteem.

8.2.2.2 Learning Outcomes

Understand the core elements of Drama through play and games.
Coordinate corporal, facial and vocal expressions.
Communicate through mime.
Develop the skills of story-telling.
Read/recite poems with the appropriate diction, intonation and gestures.
Convey ideas through sketches.
Improvise in known or proposed situations.
Understand some of the techniques involved in short play/sketch production.

8.2.2.3 Subject Learning Outcomes

Level 1

Acquire the different skills

and abilities involved in
theatre games.
Angage
in
theatre
exercises (both physical
and vocal).
Perform mime through
objects transformation.
Improvise with the use of
specific objects (prop.).
Use mime in story telling.

Level 2

Coordinate corporal, facial

and vocal expression.
Communicate through mime.
Participate
in
guided
improvisation
on
known
situations.
Read/recite poems, using the
appropriate
diction
and
intonation.
Use the technique of the
magic stick and hot-seating in
story-telling.

Level 3

Create
situations
using mime.
Improvise
on
proposed themes.
Rewrite/continue the
story in story-telling.
Recite/read poems
with the appropriate
diction,
intonation
and gestures.

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8.2.2.4 Teaching and Learning Strategies

Learning through demonstration and participation

Learning through observation

Use of multimedia

Site visits

8.2.3 Dance
8.2.3.1 Rationale
Dance education enables students to discover their own innate capacity for the
communication of ideas, thoughts, and feelings. Dance includes creative work, dance
forms and techniques, performance and production, aesthetics, and criticism. It
contributes to a healthy lifestyle, as well as the development of individual and social
skills. Students will get the opportunity to learn a wide range of skills through movement
and dance that incorporate the use of auditory, visual, and kinaesthetic modes. Dance
will be used as an educational device for meeting the physical, intellectual, and social
needs of students.

8.2.3.2 Learning Outcomes

Demonstrate the ability to use perceptual and movement skills in order to perform
and respond in dance.

Perform movement in order to express and communicate meaning.

Explore, perform, and create dances from various cultural and social genres to
increase their knowledge and appreciation of dance

Use/apply various processes for dance construction in order to express and

communicate meaning through informal or formal dance performance.

Develop personal and interpersonal skills through dance in order to work

respectfully, cooperatively, and safely with others.

Make connections between dance and healthy living in order to understand and
maintain a healthy lifestyle.

8.2.3.3 Descriptors
Given the nature of this discipline, a set of experiences will be cumulatively developed at
each level. These experiences will include:

Development of movement, skill development and refinement

Exploration of values and ideas

142

Performance

Expression

Originality in movement

Creative approach to learning

Appreciation of cultural/social heritage

Development of self-esteem

Respect for others

Self-discipline

8.2.3.4 Teaching and Learning

As a participatory experience, dance nurtures and fosters a sense of community. The
value of group work and cooperation is inherent and will be reinforced. Dance education
will also provide students with exploration, selection, organization, and evaluation
experiences.

8.2.4 Indian Dance

Indian Dance will be offered as an option

8.2.4.1 Introduction
Dance refers to a visually powerful art form of beauty and aesthetic perfection. Dance
communicates mans deepest, highest and most truly spiritual thoughts and emotions far
better than words, spoken or written, by using vivid and eloquent hand gestures.

Dance is effectively used to convey some meaning, emotion and cultural values. It is the
imitation of ones own action, reaction and conviction presented in sophisticated
gesticulation, exploiting the body, mind and soul.

8.2.4.2 Aims

Gain practical knowledge and basic understanding of different classical dance

forms and acquaintance with them through lines, gestures and movements.

Develop aesthetic sensibilities.

Develop the overall personality through the coordination of body and mind.

Understanding their inherent cultural and literary heritage.

143

Familiarize with the musical components of dance forms.

Develop a set of values related to music and dance.

Develop team spirit and self-discipline.

8.2.4.3 Learning outcomes

Define and explain the different terminologies of the various classical dance
forms with a clear understanding.

Perform the basic dance postures.

Execute dance movements skilfully in rhythmic time-cycles and speed (tala and
laya).

Recite and demonstrate the single and double hand gestures.

Develop self-confidence while performing.

Recite and demonstrate the nine kinds of head gestures.

Participate in dance performances organised by schools and the community.

Appreciate dance performances.

Describe the historical development of the various Indian classical dance forms.

144

8.2.4.4 Level descriptors

Level I

Level II

Level III

Give a brief history of

the classical dance
forms of India and
regions they originally
belong to.
Memorise and recite
the Sanskrit shlokas
of different Indian
deities.
Practise the
exercises with
accuracy to develop
flexibility, agility and
endurance.
Differentiate between
folk and classical
dances.

Execute namaskara
(salutation to mother
earth as a prelude).

Memorise the
Sanskrit shlokas
pertaining to
Asamyuta hasta-s.
Describe the
mythological
background of Indian
Dance.
Recite and
demonstrate the
Asamyuta hasta-s.
Execute the (dance
steps) maintaining
the basic dance
postures.
Describe the
historical aspects of
the Indian classical
dances.

Memorise and recite the

Sanskrit shlokas of the
Indian deities.

Memorise and recite the

Sanskrit shloka-s of the
Indian deities.

Explain verbally the

meaning of Sanskrit
shlokas.

Explain the prescribed

dance terminologies.

Memorise the Sanskrit

shlokas pertaining to
Samyuta hasta-s.

Dance on imaginative
themes, using simple
dance movements and
music.

Recite and demonstrate the

Samyuta hasta-s.

Memorise the Sanskrit

shlokas form of the nine
Shiro bheda-s.

Identify the fundamentals of

the traditional dance forms
from a historical
perspective.

Describe the components

of Sangeetam.

Notate all prescribed

dance Adavu-s.

Interpret the signs and

symbols used in a
notation.

Count and Recite all

prescribed dance Adavus.
Explain the moral
principles of the dances of
Lord Shiva and Krishna
and other.
Execute more complex
dance movements
maintaining the basic
dance postures.
Perform the various dance
Adavu-s in rhythm.

Explain the concept of

South Indian and North
Indian tala system.

Interpret the signs and

symbols used in a notation.

Notate the prescribed

Adavu-s in Adi Talam.

Count and recite all the

prescribed Adavu-s at a
chosen regular rhythm.

Execute complex dance

movements maintaining the
basic dance postures.

Notate the prescribed

dance compositions.
Count and recite all dance
compositions learnt.

Perform in ensemble.

Describe the historical

aspects of the Indian
classical dances.

145

146

MOE
C&
HR

Curriculum Framework
Secondary Forms I-III
SOCIAL SCIENCES:
History
Geography
Sociology

November
2009
Ministry of Education & Human
Resources
147

148

9 SOCIAL SCIENCES
9.1

Social Studies

9.2

Introduction

In this domain, students learn to appreciate the relevance of Social Sciences for an informed
understanding of the social context in which they live. This requires a multi-dimensional
approach a historical dimension that develops awareness of the past so as to understand
the evolution of society to its present state; a geographical dimension that addresses ways
in which human beings have changed their physical environment and the consequences of
such changes, a sociological dimension that addresses contemporary issues related to the
changing human society.

This approach allows learners to relate the past and the present and helps them to better
understand the diverse aspects of their everyday life as well as cope with their daily
preoccupations and anxieties. A combination of social sciences, thus, provides a broad
outlook of the essential social dimensions of life. This domain of learning assumes greater
significance in the context of providing a broad based education to those students who will
branch off to the natural and physical sciences.

Students are challenged to think clearly and critically about human behaviour and to explore
different values and viewpoints. Commonly held values, such as concern for social justice
and the welfare of others, acceptance of cultural diversity and respect for the environment
are fostered, along with commonly valued attributes, such as individual initiative, effort, and
responsibility.

They examine the events, beliefs, and forces which have shaped our world and explore the
influence of different groups and individuals on society, including the contributions and
achievements of both women and men. Students develop an understanding of their own
culture and heritage as well as those of others.

Students learn how and why change and continuity have affected people's lives in various
contexts and times. They develop an understanding of how and why individuals and groups
live together, interact with and within their environment, manage resources and create
institutions and systems.

149

Special emphasis should be placed on learning about Mauritius, Rodrigues and the Outer
Islands.

To provide balanced learning in the social sciences, schools should ensure that all students
participate in a wide variety of experiences, drawing on a range of areas related to History,
Geography and Sociology.

9.3

Learning Area I: History

Through the study of history, the students learn to appreciate and examine the events,
beliefs and forces that have shaped our world. It enables them to explore the influence of
different groups and individuals on society, including the contributions and achievements of
both men and women. Students develop understanding of their own culture and heritage
and also learn how and why change and continuity have affected peoples lives in various
contexts and times.

9.4

Learning Area II: Geography

Geography, which is about people and the environment, is related to the physical and
human interactions within the environment and to the issues, questions or problems arising
from them and affecting our daily life. Students are made to understand that the interaction
people have with places in which they live is shaped by the location, patterns and processes
associated with natural and built features.
Geography enables students to realise that peoples use of the environment often creates
change and conflict, implying that investigations would not be complete without recognition
of resulting issues.

9.5

Learning Area III: Sociology

Students will be helped to develop an informed awareness of the forces that influence their
life as well as the ways in which they actively participate in shaping the social reality. This
approach is expected to foster responsible citizenship and prepare the students to face the
challenges of living in a fast changing society. They will be exposed to issues that affect
them directly on a daily basis as young adolescents. Students will be encouraged to take
responsible and informed decisions about their own life. They will also be encouraged to
inquire into values of tolerance and peace.

150

Level Descriptors Forms I- III

9.6

Form I
From Ancient to Contemporary Societies
Map Skills.

Form II
The Europeans in the Indian Ocean
Setting up of East India Company in Europe
Creation of trading posts in the Indian Ocean.

Use an Atlas to locate specific places The Portuguese and the Dutch
and features (e.g. continents, oceans,
countries, major cities, rivers, mountain Explain the discovery of the maritime route and
ranges, etc.)
its impact on Indian Ocean Trade.
Explain the reasons for the Dutch settlement.
Ancient Civilisation
Describe the activities of the Dutch in
Name and locate ancient civilizations on a
Mauritius
modern world map.
Analyse the reasons for the failure of the
Situate on a time line when ancient
Dutch settlement.
civilizations flourished.
Give an account of the first settlement of
Compare and contrast
Francois Leguat in Rodrigues.
the organisation of society of any two
ancient civilizations
The French in the Indian Ocean

Renaissance & Voyages/Discovery

Evaluate the contribution of East India

List major developments during the

Company & Labourdonnais in the

development of Port Louis & Agriculture.
Discuss the slavery system in Ile de France.
Explain the development of trade.
Discuss the causes and impact of the French
Revolution.
Examine the rule of the last French Governor.

Renaissance period.
Consider the importance of the maritime
routes to the east.
Appreciate the contribution of the main
explorers.

Pre-colonial Indian Ocean

Our Environment

Discuss the Arab activities on the east coast

of Africa.

Differentiate between weather and climate.

Understand the use and purpose of weather

Form III
The British in the Indian Ocean
Key events during the British period.
Discuss the Anglo- French rivalry in the
Indian Ocean and the role of Mauritius.
Describe the British conquest of
Mauritius and the transition from French
to British administration.

Explain the Development of the Sugar

Industry.
Analyse the evolution of the plantation
economy - the story of sugar in Mauritius.
Describe The Abolition of Slavery.
Explain Indian Immigration.
British Administration
Discuss the political constitution and
socio-economic development and pre
and post-independent Mauritius.
Travel and Tourism
Show an understanding of the
geography of tourism in Mauritius.
Show an awareness of the different
types of tourism in Mauritius and
Rodrigues.
Assess the positive and negative
impacts of tourism.
Analyse conditions for making tourism
sustainable.

151

 Explain migration in Indian Ocean from

Environmental Concerns
instruments.
Understand the factors affecting temperature
South East Asia to Madagascar.
and rainfall in the Mascarene region.
Describe the extent of global warming.
Identify cultural aspects of migration.
Interpret and compare climatic graphs of the Describe the human-included causes
islands (Mauritius, Reunion and Rodrigues).
Introduction to Geography
and consequences of global warming.
Describe the distribution of the worlds Appreciate and evaluate the measures
climatic types.
The Lithosphere, & Hydrosphere.
to reduce the impact of global warming.
Recognise that the Earth is made up of the
Reflect on ones own contribution to
4 spheres: Atmosphere, Lithosphere, Environmental Concerns
reduce greenhouse gas emission.
Hydrosphere and Biosphere.
Describe the major characteristics of each Understand the importance of fauna and flora Hazards
sphere.
in Mauritius.
Explain how and why fauna and flora are Recognise that tropical cyclones
The Formation of Mascarene Islands:
threatened in Mauritius.
constitute a major hazard for Mauritius
and Rodrigues.
Describe policies of conservation of flora and
fauna.
Show awareness of the role of vulcanicity
in the formation of Mauritius, Reunion and Show awareness of the impact of Explain how volcanoes and earthquakes
Rodrigues.
deforestation (including Madagascar).
result from the internal forces of the
Describe the stages in the formation of Describe the impact of global warming.
movement of plates.
Mauritius and Rodrigues.
Realise that earthquakes and tsunamis
are natural hazards.
Industries
Environmental Concerns
The Role of Education
Describe the different types of industries in
Show awareness that our natural
Mauritius.
environment is fragile and under threat.
Importance of education in the world
Describe and explain the locations of these
Identify
major
global
and
local
today.
industries.
environmental issues.

Educational opportunities in Mauritius.

Appreciate the role of these industries in
Identify and discuss some measures to
diversifying our economic base.
Identify factors affecting achievement.
deal with environmental issues.
Role of Media in Contemporary Society
Deviance and Crime in Society
Changes in Land Use
Understand the notion of deviance,
Recognise changes taking place in Identify the different types of media through
delinquency and crime.
agricultural land use.
the ages
Identify the consequences of deviance in
Understand the competition for land today Identify the functions of media.
the day to day life of the individual and
Show awareness of major developments in Identify the impact of media on the individual
on society at large.

152

urban and rural areas.

Social Change

Define and explain change.

Identify ways in which change has occurred

and society.
Develop awareness of the ethical issues in the Developing Responsible Citizenship.
use of media.
Analyse different perceptions of
responsible citizenship.
Identify the legal implications of misuse of the
media.
Construct a notion of responsible
citizenship.

in society over the ages

Identify factors that lead to change

Identify positive and negative aspects of
change
Recognise that change is a normal process
Provide different ways of dealing and
adjusting to change.
Social Organisation: The Family

Show awareness of different types of family

from ancient times to modern days

Explain ways in which the family changes

over time

Explain the functions of the family.

Identify contributions the family makes to
the wellbeing of the individual and society at
large.

153

9.7

Social Sciences at Upper Secondary (Forms IV V)

History, Geography and Sociology as well as Economics will be offered to students at Forms
IV & V (with the possibility of offering any one or more of them at Form VI level).

In line with the broad based and holistic educational policy that aims at providing knowledge
of science as well as a social science subject to all students of secondary schools, a social
science subject will also be offered to students opting for the science stream. The choice of
the subject will, however, depend on the subject on offer in the school.

Learning Area I: Social Science History

9.7.1
9.7.1.1

Introduction

History at Forms IV- V aims to provide students with the opportunity not only of studying
aspects of the past, but also of developing an understanding of the complexity of human
societies and of acquiring a range of skills which are useful in everyday life. Through the
study of history the students will learn to appreciate and examine the events, beliefs and
forces that have shaped our world. It will enable them to explore the influence of different
groups and individuals on society, including the contributions and achievements of both men
and women. Students will develop an understanding of their culture and heritage.

The content will be organised to provide students with an understanding of the strategic,
political, social, economic and religious factors that have affected the history and contributed
to the making of present-day Mauritius.

Emphasis should be laid on sourcebased studies through which candidates will develop
their skills of interpreting and evaluating evidence. Students should be encouraged to use
independent study skills, to read widely, write fluently and to develop the capacity to
formulate and justify their own ideas about the past.

9.7.1.2 Aims:
History at secondary level provides opportunities for students to:

Learn about the past in Mauritius, Rodrigues and the Outer Islands.

154

Develop an understanding of important historical aspects of the wider world

and of the Indian Ocean.

Develop an understanding of how and why individuals and groups settle and
live together, interact with and within their environment: manage resources
and create institutions and systems.

Develop a chronological framework.

See the diversity of human experience as individuals and members of society.

Develop patriotism and a sense of belonging to the nation.

Develop respect for cultural heritage and understand the importance of

preserving it.

Reflect on their personal choices, attitudes and values.

Use evidence, weigh it up and reach their own conclusions.

Develop skills in research, critical and creative thinking, communication,

social participation and problem solving.

Enable them to become independent learners.

9.7.1.3 Areas of Study (Forms IV-V)

The focus is on the following themes :

The Indian Ocean: discovery, settlement, colonisation.

Development of trade and conflicts in the Indian ocean.

Development of plantation economy.

Slavery, abolition of slavery and its consequences.

The development of indentured labour.

Achievements of important colonial administrators and leading personalities of

modern Mauritius

Economic situation and social unrest during inter-war years.

Social, Political and Constitutional developments up to Independence.

Problems and achievements after Independence.

Decolonisation in the Indian Ocean Region.

9.7.2 Learning Area II: Social Science-Geography

9.7.2.1 Introduction
The study of Geography at the Forms IV and V will enable students to develop knowledge
and awareness of their physical and human environments. It will eventually also help them to

155

develop an informed concern about the quality of the environment and the future of the
human habitat, thereby enhancing their sense of responsibility and commitment to the earth
and its people.

9.7.2.2 Aims of Geography

The aims are to encourage students to develop:

1. A sense of place and an understanding of relative location on a local, regional and
global scale.
2. An awareness of the characteristics and distribution of a selection of contrasting
physical and human environments.
3. An understanding of some of the processes affecting the development of such
environments.
4. An understanding of the spatial effects of the ways in which people interact with each
other and with their environments.
5. An appreciation of environments, thereby enhancing a sense of responsibility for the
care of the earth.
6. A range of skills and techniques in observing, selecting, analysing and presenting
data.
7. The ability to use a wide range of geographical information in making judgements and
reaching decisions.

9.7.2.3 Form IV - Geography

Population Studies

Competencies

Factors affecting population

distribution, growth & structure
(Mauritius and the world)

Concept of overpopulation

Describe and account for the

distribution of population in the
world in general and in
Mauritius in particular
Describe and account for the
rates of population growth in (i)
MEDCs
(ii)
LEDCs
(iii)
Mauritius
Show awareness of population
policies and the concept of over
population (case studies from
selected countries, including
Mauritius)

156

Weathering, Erosion and Land

from Development
Factors promoting weathering
and erosion and their role in
development and landforms.

Competencies

Settlement Studies

Describe the processes of

chemical
and
physical
weathering.
Describe the processes of river
erosion and explain the features
associated with it: river valleys,
gorges, waterfalls, etc.
Describe processes of wave
erosion and deposition and
explain the resultant features:
cliffs, caves, arches, beaches,
spits, etc.
Locate the features associated
with the above in Mauritius and
Rodrigues and in other places in
the world.

Competencies

Sites and patterns of settlement.

Urban settlement and the CBD.
Competition for land use (Emphasis
on Mauritius & Rodrigues).

Describe and explain factors that

affect location and types of
settlement
Describe
and
explain
the
characteristics of the Central
Business District
Recognise and appreciate the
changes taking place in land use
and the competition for land.

9.7.2.4 Form V- Geography

Map Reading

Competencies

Reading and interpreting a

topographic map.

Make use of direction, scale, grid

reference, bearing, contour lines,
gradient, etc to read and draw
information form a topographic
map.
Interpret the physical and human
landscape from a topographical
map.

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Economic Activities

Agriculture & Manufacturing

Industries.

9.7.3

Competencies

Agricultural
systems,
challenges and prospects
(especially with reference to
Mauritius and Rodrigues).

Describe
nature
and
characteristics
of
an
agricultural/industrial system
(inputs processing output).

Describe
systems
Mauritius.

The manufacturing system:

factors affecting the setting up
of
industries
and
the
challenges and prospects in
the Mauritian context.

Realise and appreciate the

difficulties the Mauritian sugar
sector is facing these days.

Realise the importance of

these two key sectors in the
Mauritian economy.

the
agricultural
prevalent
in

Learning Area III: Social Science Sociology- F IV & V

9.7.3.1 Emphasis of the subject:

The content will be organised into study units of key institutions, issues and areas that will be
used to explore the nature of social relationships, processes and structures. The foundation
for sociological understanding will be provided through a consideration of the methods and
procedures employed in sociological research. An understanding of research methods and
their limitations will be a key component of the syllabus and it will underpin each of the other
study units.

Sociological understanding will emphasise how different levels of social life (macro and
micro) are interconnected and it will encourage candidates awareness of the interrelated
nature of the social structure.

Students will also be expected to recognise the significance of class, gender, ethnic and age
differences within societies, engage in cross-cultural and historical comparisons and analysis
so as to develop an objective understanding of their own society as well as assess the
influence of local and global issues that impact on their lives.

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The syllabus content will reflect contemporary developments in Sociology. Emphasis will be
placed on themes that stretch across all areas of Sociology, such as research methods,
social stratification, culture and socialisation.

Global processes are an increasingly important theme in Sociology. While students should
show awareness of developed societies, they should also be required to demonstrate a
sound knowledge of relevant sociological examples and sources that relate to other parts of
the world, and the local context. The use of more localised sources is to be encouraged,
particularly where it complements or supports references to important sociological themes
and ideas. Thus, the educators should be able to apply their students own experience, local
case studies and sociological work relating to their own way of life to an understanding of the
central ideas and themes of the course.

9.7.3.2 Aims: Sociology

1. Promoting awareness, knowledge and understanding of human societies.
2. Developing an understanding of sociological method, including the collection, analysis
and interpretation of data.
3. Providing an introduction to sociological concepts, theories and research findings.
4. Stimulating awareness of the range and limitations of sociological theory and research.
5. Promoting understanding of continuity and change in social life.
6. Encouraging a critical awareness of social, economic and political processes, and their
effects.
7. Developing the capacity for the critical evaluation of different forms of information and
evidence.
8. Promoting an appreciation and understanding of individual, social and cultural diversity.
9. Enhancing students ability to apply sociological knowledge and understanding to their
own lives, and participation within society.

9.7.3.3 Areas of Study: Sociology

Methodology; Culture and Socialisation; Social Stratification and Inequality; Power and
Authority.
Social Institutions and Social Change
Family; Education; Crime and Deviance and Control; Mass Media.

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Environmental issues, sustainability, problems and policies (this issue does not figure in the
sociology yet; it needs to be tackled from an early age so as to develop awareness and
attitudes in line with Governments policy of Maurice Ile Durable).

9.7.4 Teaching and Learning Strategies in the Social Sciences

The teaching and learning strategies should be in line with the pedagogical principles and
philosophy underlying this curriculum framework. Though teacher-centred strategies can still
be used whenever the context so requires, focus should, however, be placed on learnercentred strategies aimed at making students construct their knowledge through direct and
active involvement in the teaching and learning interaction.

Emphasis should be placed on the process of teaching and learning rather than on the
acquisition of content knowledge. Through the emphasis on process, students should be
made to acquire the higher cognitive skills of interpretation, application, analysis, synthesis
and evaluation.

To enhance the interest and motivation of students for social sciences, teachers should:
Ensure that students recognize the relevance of social sciences by addressing the
subjects in a meaningful manner. Reference must be made to current issues and, as far
as possible, address the concerns of the students.
Engage students in discussion about events and situations that would appeal to them
and develop their curiosity to learn about the past as well as the relation of the past to
the present.
Provide students with opportunities to make choices about any specific content.
Make an effective use of a range of materials and up to date information or techniques
for retrieving and using information.
Make a sound use of maps, atlases, plans and globes, documents, contemporary news
and anecdotes.
Make an effective use of fieldwork: an approach which encourages students to visit and
explore the environment, ask questions and engage in research and investigation;
Prepare more flexible schemes to respond to, and capitalize on, childrens experiences
of natural events.
Critical observation of the operations of business activities
Engage in project works and presentation of reports
Enlist the support of resource persons from the community.

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 Organise workshops, seminars and exhibitions on business activities.

Ensure that there is an effective use of ICT, which renders learning interactive and
meaningful.

9.7.5 Assessment of the Social Studies/Sciences

The Social Sciences allow considerable flexibility and provide opportunity for the application
of a diversity of assessment modes. This is an area of study that should incorporate
continuous assessment, a strong element of project work, especially at Lower Secondary
level, so as to develop such skills early in secondary education. Thus lesser emphasis will
be placed on end of year examinations.

To attain the objectives set for the social sciences, the school timetable should be
reorganised so as to allow ample opportunity to make the desired impact. Similarly, the
introduction of project work should be envisaged at Forms IV and V levels.

161

162

MOE
C&
HR
More weight should be given to formative and continuous assessment though summative

Curriculum Framework
Secondary

assessment will still be essential to reveal the end product.

Continuous assessment should be cumulative and thus be assigned a substantial weight in

determining the overall achievement of the learner. It should be primarily used for improving
performance, for revealing areas of strength and for discovering areas of weakness that
need to be redressed

ECONOMICS
BUSINESS EDUCATION

Diverse assessment tools may include project works, log books, portfolios, show casing,
practical work involving hands on experiences, role play, exhibitions, teacher observations
and use of performance check lists and so on.
Engage in project works and presentation of reports
Enlist the support of resource persons from the community.
Organise workshops, seminars and exhibition on business activities.
Ensure that there is an effective use of ICT, which renders learning interactive and
meaningful.

Ministry of Education & Human

November
Resources
2009

163

164

10 Economics and Business Education

10.1 Introduction
This strand will be offered from Form IV onwards and it will consist of the following subjects,
namely Economics, Business Studies and Principles of Accounting. It is essential that
students get an understanding of the operation of the National and International economy
and of the business world in general. For many students who eventually may decide to
choose a career in accounting, an introduction to the basic principles of accounting is
important.

10.2 Economics- Forms 1V and V

10.2.1 Aims

Enable students to acquire

an understanding of basic economic principles and

elementary theories.

Make them become familiar with the terminology used in economics and the tools
used for analysis purposes.

Develop in students an economic frame of mind and an understanding of how

economists think.

Generate an understanding of their role and responsibilities as consumers, producers

and citizens both at the national and international level.

Create an understanding of the characteristics of

developed and developing

economies and the relationship existing between these economies.

10.2.2 Learning Outcomes

Explain the basic definitions, terminology, conventions, concepts, principles and

theories they have learned, bearing in mind that theories have limitations and
uncertainties.

Use their acquired knowledge and understanding to explain economic phenomena

and represent their views in verbal and other non-verbal forms such as graphs,
diagrams and pictures.

Analyse economic problems from several perspectives, and in an objective manner,

distinguishing between evidence and opinion.

165

Draw conclusions and make predictions from data collected from several sources.

Evaluate the courses and consequences of economic actions.

10.2.3 Curriculum Content

The basic economic problem of scarcity and exercise of choice, including a study of
the economic problem, factors of production and their specialization, allocation of
resources in a market, planned and mixed economies and an evaluation of the merits
of each of these economic systems.

Nature and functions of organizations and institutions in an economy. This will

involve a study of business organizations in private and public sectors, trade unions,
and functions of the institutions in the banking sector.

The working of markets. This will involve a study of price determination in the free
market economy and of the concept of elasticity of demand. The characteristics of
other types of markets will also be considered.

Behaviour of individuals as producers and consumers. Students will find out factors
determining choice of occupations and factors influencing earning. They will also
study peoples motive for spending, saving, and borrowing and how expenditure
patterns differ over time and between people.

Operation of firms in the process of production of goods and services. The focus here
will be on the profit maximizing goal of firms, their different types of costs, the
determination of

their demand for factors of

production, their profit maximizing

output, size of firms, their integration and economies of scale.

Role of government in an economy. Students will study

the function of the

government as a producer of goods and services, the aims of government policy and
how these are achieved.

Macro-economic indicators, including study of general price level, inflation,

employment, balance of payments, patterns of imports and exports, exchange rate.

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10.3 Business Studies

10.3.1 Aims

Impart knowledge and understanding about the aims and objectives of business
activity, its classification and its impact on the economy in general.

Make students become aware of the forces within and outside business
enterprises likely to impact on business activity.

Provide relevant terminology, concepts and methods pertinent to business

studies.

Make students familiar with the various stakeholders in a business and

appreciate that each group of stakeholders has its own perception and
perspectives.

Develop knowledge and understanding of how the main types of businesses are
organized, financed, how they function and relate with other organisations.

Appreciate the importance of human resources with business enterprises.

10.3.2 Learning outcomes

State the aims of business activity.

Classify business activity in primary, secondary and tertiary sectors.

Explain the impact of business activity on the economy in particular, and the
environment in general.

Locate the factors within any given environment likely to impact on business activity
and evaluate their pertinence.

Demonstrate understanding of how businesses are structured, organized and

controlled.

Justify the importance of marketing, production and financial management for the
healthy growth of a business.

Evaluate the procedure used to manage human resources effectively.

Examine the need for regulating and controlling business activity.

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10.3.3 Curriculum Content

Business Activity: aims and objectives, classification, impact on the environment and
on the economy in general.

Organisation of business activity: private and public sectors, their respective aims,
stakeholders and their interests.

The environment within which businesses operate and its impact on business
activity: governmental policy, impact of technology, influence of the economic
environment.

Business structure, organization and control: how businesses are owned, internally
organized and funded.

Major aspects of business activity: marketing, production, financial management.

Human resources and their management: Management style and motivation,

monetary and non-monetary rewards, recruitment, selection, training, dismissal of
manpower.

Control and regulation of business activity: why regulate business activity, internal
and external factors influencing business activity.

10.4 Principles of Accounts

10.4.1 Aims

Acquire an understanding of accounting concepts, principles, procedures and

terminology.

Appreciate the importance of accounting in providing

an information system for

monitoring an organisation and helping in decision making.

Develop competencies in data collection and in the preparation and interpretation of

accounting information.

Develop knowledge and understanding of appropriate accounting techniques and

procedures to be used for businesses

of different types and

for non-profit

organisations.

Acquire essential attitudes such as accuracy, orderliness, logical thinking and a

sense of ethics.

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10.4.2 Learning outcomes

Demonstrate an understanding of the basic principles of accounting.

Use approximately accounting concepts, principles and procedures that have been
learned.

Show understanding of accounting terminology.

Apply accurately knowledge and information acquired to various accounting

situations and problems.

Display skills in data collection and in the preparation and interpretation of

information.

Demonstrate professional traits such as accuracy, orderliness and logical reasoning.

Select, analyse, and order information in written, numerical and diagrammatic form,
according to the requirement of the situation.

Present information appropriately in accepted accounting form.

10.4.3 Curriculum Content

Basic principles of accounting: the role of accounting, the double entry system of
book-keeping, documentary records, books of prime entry, the cash book, the
general journal, the ledger, the trial balance, adjustments to ledger accounts.

The accounting procedures: Capital and revenue expenditure and receipts

accounting for depreciation, correction of errors, control accounts.

Final accounts: trading and profit and loss accounts, balance sheets.

Preparation of final accounts: the sole trader, partnerships, friendly societies, from
incomplete reports, limited liability companies, manufacturing accounts.

Payroll Accounting: payroll records, book-keeping entries for payroll.

Advanced principles: financial relationship, accounting principles.

10.4.4 Assessment
The assessment process and procedure should be objective driven and, given the emphasis
on process of learning rather than product of learning, there should be more weight given to
formative and continuous assessment though summative assessment should still be
essential to reveal the end product.

169

Continuous assessment should be cumulative and assigned a substantial weight in

determining the overall achievement of the learner. It should be primarily used for improving
performance, for revealing areas of strength and for discovering areas of weakness that
need to be redressed.

Diverse assessment tools should be used, including project works, log books, portfolios,
show casing, practical work, involving hands on experiences, role play, exhibitions, teacher
observations and use of performance check lists and so on.

10.4.5 Teaching and Learning Strategies

The teaching and learning strategies that should be in line with the pedagogical principles
and philosophy underlying this curriculum framework. Though teacher-centred strategies can
still be used whenever the context so requires, focus should, however, be placed on learnercentred strategies aimed at making student construct their knowledge through their direct
and active involvement in the teaching and learning interaction.

Emphasis should be placed on the process of teaching and learning rather than on the
acquisition of content knowledge. Through the emphasis on process, students should be
made to acquire the higher cognitive skills of interpretation, application, analysis, synthesis
and evaluation.

Both the deductive and the inductive approaches should be used and involve a wide range
of teaching strategies such as brainstorming, mind mapping, concept mapping, group
cooperative learning, guided discovery, role play, hands-on experiences, project work and
mini-research work.

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MOE
C&
HR

Curriculum Framework
Secondary
CROSS CUTTING ISSUES
Sustainable Development
Peace Education
Education and Communication for
Sustainable Lifestyle
Addressing HIV/AIDS
EXTRA & CO-CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES

November 2009
171

172

11 Integrating Cross Cutting Issues in the curriculum

This section addresses issues that cut across the curriculum. It gives an indication of four
key cross cutting issues, namely, Sustainable Development, Peace Education, Education
and Communication for Sustainable Lifestyle, Addressing HIV/AIDS. Such issues should be
taken into consideration by all curriculum writers as they should be integrated in a number of
subject areas and learning domains in the curriculum.

11.1 Sustainable Development

Sustainable Development is development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.
The present curriculum addresses the dimensions of Education for Sustainable
Development (ESD) in line with some of the expectations of the UN Decade of Education for
Sustainable Development (UNDESD) and Millennium Development Goals and NEPAD
objectives.
We would wish to situate discussion on sustainable development by referring to risk issues
and factors in Mauritius especially in the context of Mauritius sustainable island or Maurice
le Durable (MID).
Content:
While the content for ESD is wide, encompassing diverse issues and domains of learning,
this section highlights certain areas as guidelines to educators. However, this should not limit
educators possibility to include other areas of relevance.
Promoting values for peace. (also see section 11.2)
Sustainable Urbanization
Half of the worlds population is now living in urban areas; Mauritius is also placing
emphasis on the development of new urban spaces, lifestyles and living. We are all
increasingly dependent on cities for economic, social and political progress. Students
must be made aware of the role and importance of planned urbanisation for a
sustainable development.
Sustainable Consumption and Production
Students must be made aware that our choices as consumers have important impacts
on our and others life. They must be sensitised to sustainable consumption and
production, that is consuming and producing goods and services without harming the
environment or society.
Living a Sustainable Lifestyle: (also see section 11.3)
Overcoming poverty; conserving and protecting the natural resources as a basis for all
forms of life.

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Responsible Citizenship.
Developing awareness for responsible citizenship
Education for Cultural Diversity
Respect for diversity.
Promoting teaching which respects diversity of values, knowledge, culture, traditions
and so on.
Promotion of Sustainable Economic Development:
Tourism and cultural industries that respect the living and dynamic contexts within
which each human being finds respect for her/his values and identity.
Addressing Environmental Concerns
Water, Climate Change, Biodiversity, Disaster Prevention. Teaching society how to
behave responsibly and respect the environment
Health Promotion
Issues of development, environment and health such as hunger, malnutrition, waterborne diseases, drug and alcohol abuse, violence and injury, unplanned pregnancy, HIV
& AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (Also see section 11.4).

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11.2 Peace Education

The concepts of peace and peace education will be addressed across the curriculum, in a
number of subject areas, namely Social Studies- History, Geography and Sociology as well
as Languages, Literature, Economics.
Learning Objectives

Developing knowledge, skills and attitudes to live together peacefully

Constructive management of conflicts
Cooperative and constructive problem solving

Learning Outcomes
Students will develop competencies to:
Communicate effectively
Consider and accept multiple perspectives
Work cooperatively to solve problems
Negotiate and compromise
Deal with stress, anger and traumas
Approach media messages critically
Manifest tolerance and respect
Content

Diverse and multiple perspectives on social issues such as poverty, crime, deviance
Stereotypes and prejudices in day to day social interaction
Roots of conflicts and their manifestations in society today
Impact of conflicts and violence on society
Issues of social justice
Strategies to tackle conflicts peacefully and constructively: the role of stakeholders
Psychosocial issues : building self-esteem, respect and self-respect, confidence;
Dealing with trauma
Developing emotional control

Pedagogical Approaches
Project work
Debates
Initiation to community service
Role play/simulation
Group activities

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11.3 Education and Communication for Sustainable Lifestyle

The Commission for Sustainable Development (CSD, 2004) has defined sustainable
lifestyles as patterns of action and consumption, used by people to affiliate and differentiate
themselves, which: meet basic needs, provide a better quality of life, minimize the use of
natural resources and emissions of waste and pollutants over the lifecycle and do not
jeopardize the needs of future generations.
The concepts of sustainable lifestyles will be covered in a range of subjects across the
curriculum in order to promote education and communication for sustainable lifestyles.
Learning objectives

Develop knowledge, skills and attitudes to deal with various environmental issues.
Promote changes in consumer behaviour so as to reduce environmental impact
Understand the link between action and environmental protection or between action
and some other desired end/s.

Learning Outcomes
Students will develop competencies to:
Make appropriate choice for a healthy and sustainable living.
Care for the environment and work cooperatively to solve problems
Manage resources efficiently
Act with concern for future generations
The following areas will be targeted:
Resource use (water, energy.etc) and management
Waste
Pollution
Basic health
Environmental impact
Sustainable living
Pedagogical Approaches
Project work
Field trips
Debates
Role play/drama
Songs/stories/ poems
simulation
Group activities
Initiation to community service

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11.4 Addressing HIV/AIDS

The integration of HIV/AIDS in the curriculum is based on 2 major principles:

AIDS is a societal development problem rather than just a disease or an epidemic

Problem-Solving and Competence-Based Learning can be used to address this
development problem.

Teachers of different subject areas (eg, Biology, Social Studies, Languages, Visual Arts)
should work together, discuss and identify inputs related to HIV/AIDS which will be
addressed in their respective subject areas, ensuring that there is no duplication.

Students will be provided with learning experiences across the curriculum that help them
understand problems and issues related to AIDS.

Content
The causes of AIDS.
The transmission of HIV related to drug addiction and life styles
Means of Prevention
Awareness of safe and healthy sexual practices.
Community support to AIDS patients
The Impact of AIDS:
Problem of drug addiction and AIDS.
AIDS patients in a family and its consequences.
Cost of government support to AIDS patients.
Effect on human resource.
Poverty, prostitution and AIDS.
Human Rights (HIV & AIDS Act).
Problems of stigmatization.
Developing the right attitudes towards AIDS patients
Communication Skills
Communication skills with AIDS patients.
Comprehension of case of AIDS.
Report writing, article.
Survey of cases, design of questionnaire.
Poem and life stories.
Communication skills- signs and symbols in view of poster making for sensitization.
Song and Arts form for sensitization.

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11.5 Co-Curricular and Extra Curricular Activities

Extra and co-curricular activities are an essential part of learning in any educational
establishment. So far we have stressed on the formal curriculum, while leaving extra and cocurricular activities to the choice of schools and students, usually the more gifted ones in
each school. Nevertheless, if well planned and executed, such activities can become part of
the learning experiences of each and every student in the school. The advantage of such
activities lies in the fact that there is considerable learners autonomy and choice, especially
when a wide range of activities more relevant to the life experiences of each student is
offered. Besides, the importance of extracurricular activities has been widely acknowledged.
For instance, participation in extracurricular activities is associated with high levels of social
competencies later on in life, as well as positive achievement and better emotional
adjustment.

It is with these objectives in mind that the Ministry proposes the inclusion of extra and cocurricular activities for all in secondary schools. Extra and co-curricular activities promote
innovative approaches to teaching and learning, encourage students participation in
activities that offer skill-building opportunities. Students get the opportunity to learn a wide
range of activities that instil active social interaction and develop important qualities, such as
leadership, healthy recreation, self-discipline and self-confidence.

It is therefore proposed that students will have activity time during which they can choose
from a range of co-curricular activities. These activities include art and craft, computing,
debating, drama, dance, music, singing and a wide range of physical activities. Activities
should centre on areas of learning that deal with a wide variety of issues related to world
affairs, healthy lifestyles, sports civics, environment, literacy, culture, science, maths, ICT,
the society, the economy and so on. Extracurricular activities involving outside agencies that
offer a wider variety of learning experiences will be welcome.

When such activities are well planned and executed with precise objectives, schools could
envisage to translate such activities into academic points at the lower secondary level. It
would help to acknowledge and reward multiple intelligences that characterize all our
learners.

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MoE
C&
HR

Pre-Vocational Stream

November 2009
179
Ministry of Education & Human Resources
[Pick the date]

180

12 Prevocational Stream: the Context

The Government of Mauritius has taken the initiative to ensure the provision of prevocational
education to cater for the needs of pupils who do not meet the established benchmark to
pursue education and schooling in the normal mainstream secondary education. Given the
requirements for compulsory education till the age of 16 and the provisions made for the
phased introduction of continuous assessment and the National Certificate of Achievement,
the Prevocational stream will have to be redesigned.

In the current context, it is normally perceived that children who are channelled to the
prevocational stream are those who have been less successful academically. They are the
ones who have not been able to adjust, in many different ways, to the demands of
mainstream education.

The present framework, however, has been drafted, keeping in mind certain universal
pedagogical principles and proposes a new vision for the prevocational sector.
This vision in guided by the following core beliefs:

1.

All children can learn and are intelligent in multiple ways.

2.

Children learn at their own pace and have their preferred style of learning.

3.

Children must be provided with alternative routes to success.

4.

The school must prepare children for their role as productive citizens by
developing vocational skills.

5.

School experiences must relate to real life experience and make meaning for the
child.

6.

Method is as important as content- what the child learns is as important as how

s/he learns.

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12.1 The Profile of the Prevocational Learner

Children entering the professional stream are normally between 12-13 years old. As such,
they are young adolescents with a specific set of needs and expectations. Though they
have been less successful academically, their life experience and learning needs are not
different from those of mainstream secondary education. But what significantly marks them
out is their negative experience of schools, substantial learning difficulties which have
accumulated over time, inability to cope with the demands of school life due to factors often
beyond their control, low self-esteem caused by little or no experience of success and a lack
of recognition for their achievements. Most of them have been unable to relate positively to
the classroom and to formal knowledge and learning.
12.2 The Learning Needs

Each child has unique learning needs and her/his own preferred style of learning. The
prevocational learner has a specific set of needs that make it difficult for her or him to adjust
to formal learning situations. S/he finds it difficult to think in abstract terms and is more likely
to learn from concrete real life situations. S/he also needs tactile and kinesthetic
engagement to suit her/his most preferred way of learning. Learning must provide a means
of creative self-expression and provide opportunities for developing positive self-concept and
self-esteem. The Prevocational learner privileges a relaxed classroom atmosphere where
learning is seen as concrete and fun.

The prevocational learner also needs to feel prepared to face the demands of adult life and
citizenship. As such, s/he must feel confident that the school will effectively prepare her/him
for the job market through the adequate provision of vocational skills.

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12.3 The Approach

The approach adopted for designing the prevocational framework is similar to the one used
for the mainstream curriculum framework insofar as it is inclusive, holistic, integrated and
comprehensive. Furthermore, keeping in view the specific requirements of the Prevocational
learner, emphasis will be placed on providing more diversified opportunities to celebrate
success, value the learner as a person and make her/him develop a positive image of
her/himself as an able and competent learners. The focus will be on enhancing learner
engagement by involving everyone in projects that are concrete, broad-based and problem
driven. Also, keeping in mind the reality of the world of work and the knowledge, skills,
attitudes and values to be developed for active and informed citizenship, the focus will be on:

(i)

Developing functional numeracy and literacy.

(ii)

Using ICT as a support for learning.

(iii)

Developing basic scientific skills and environmental awareness.

(iv)

Learning to manage emotions and developing positive self esteem.

(v)

Promoting creativity, artistic dispositions, physical and health fitness.

(vi)

Mastering relevant technical skills.

12.4 Reinstating the Vocational

The term prevocational is understood in our context as a comprehensive term, involving

general education and study of technologies and sciences, the acquisition of practical skills,
attitudes, understanding and knowledge relating to occupations in various sectors.

Pre-vocational initiatives include preparing young people to enter the world of vocational
education so as to become active participants in the economy. We consider vocational
training as an orientation stage for those learners. They should get the opportunity to learn
about the world of work; vocational training develops and builds on various skills (including
technical skills as well as personal and employability competences) through a range of
vocational training.

Keeping in mind that students will have to acquire a number of basic skills which will pave
the way for further vocational specialization, the present curriculum framework proposes the

183

introduction of a very strong trade element. It is expected that the trade areas component will
be the driver for developing knowledge and skills in other components.

12.5 Aims of Prevocational Education

Prevocational education must:

Enable the holistic development and character formation of each individual learner.

Foster the ability for understanding, judgement, critical thinking, creativity and selfexpression in learners.

Prepare learners for lifelong learning by developing the necessary mind frame,
technical and entrepreneurial skills and attitudes.

Develop functional literacy and numeracy that will serve as the basis for vocational
training, apprenticeship or further education.

Develop an awareness of own role, strengths and limitations and to contribute

positively in a challenging social context.

Acquire enabling life, livelihood and problem solving skills to become economically
and independently productive persons who can earn a living with dignity.

Develop communication, pro-social and emotional skills to facilitate integration in

society and promote active democratic citizenship.

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12.6 The Learning Domains

The interdisciplinary approach adopted in this curriculum framework has called for
considerable re-thinking in terms of the learning domains.

Because of the renewed

emphasis on trade, social and emotional skills, communication, the need for meaningful and
concrete learning experiences, the project based method, the curriculum is crafted around
four learning domains, which are:
(i) Communication Skills
(ii) Numeracy and Problem-Solving Skills
(iii) Life Skills
(iv) Livelihood and Trade Skills

12.6.1 Communication skills

Communication skills inevitably remain a primordial consideration in a technology driven

world where distances are being reduced and, more than ever, the need to understand
others and promote harmonious living is felt. With adequate proficiency in the languages,
namely through the development of listening, speaking, reading and writing skills, and with
an ability to interact with others, the prevocational learner will be better equipped to operate
in society and become employable.

Communication, however, goes beyond languages and this framework recognises the fact
that the Arts, i.e. visual arts, drama, music and dance, are a form of creative expression and
an effective way of conveying feelings and of joining people. By delving into the Arts, the

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prevocational learners will have the opportunity to become aware of, understand and
appreciate, a new dimension of expression.

The use of ICT is prevalent and the learners will be given the opportunity to make full use of
its multiple functions in order to achieve the objectives of this domain.

This component will enable students to become literate and proficient in a range of creative
expressions in order to enhance their communicative skills. They learn to engage in active
listening, formulate opinions and views about various topics and participate in artistic and
creative endeavours, hence enhancing their self-esteem, motivation, and self management
skills. Students are, thus, given the opportunity to grow into active citizens who can take
active roles in society.

The objectives of the domain are achieved through the following strands: Active Listening,
Oral Interaction, Functional Reading and Writing; Creative Expressions

12.6.2 Numeracy and Problem Solving Skills

Numeracy and Problem-Solving are the foundation skills for a knowledge-based economy.
They are important not only from the point of view of the labour market, but are increasingly
seen as important for an individuals ability to participate fully in the modern society. This
domain includes specifically the knowledge, cognitive dispositions and skills gained through

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a mastery of core problem-solving skills. It will determine the learners ability to handle reallife situations that require the activation of mathematical and scientific knowledge and skills
as well as the learners ability to respond to information about mathematical and scientific
ideas that may be represented in a range of ways.

Numeracy and Problem-Solving will help students deal with everyday life situations.
Students become functionally numerate, scientifically and computer literate, thus
empowering them to take informed decisions by using rational and logical thinking skills. At
the same time students are able to learn and understand how things around them work.
They will learn scientific ideas, processes and skills and relate these to everyday
experiences. This domain, hence, contributes to making the students operate efficiently in
society and give them pride and confidence in being valuable citizens of Mauritius.

The objectives of the domain are achieved through the following strands: Functional
Numeracy, Understanding Nature and the Environment

12.6.3 Life Skills

Values and
Citizenship
Education

Life Skills

Health &
Physical
education

ICT

The relevance of life skills in the context of prevocational education is already well
established. In our Mauritian context, this becomes even more essential, as a large
percentage of the prevocational school population will join the world of work or a system of
apprenticeship as from the age of 16.

Life skills refer to the set of attitudes, dispositions and social competences which any person
needs in order to become functional at both the social and personal levels. They refer to a
large group of psycho-social and interpersonal skills which can help students make informed
decisions, communicate effectively and develop coping and self-management skills that may

187

help them lead a healthy and productive life. Life skills may be directed toward personal
actions and actions toward others as well as actions to change the surrounding environment
to make it conducive to health and sustainable development (UNICEF, 2008). They include
organization, self-management skills, social competence, conflict-resolution skills, decisionmaking ability and environmental awareness.

Life skills aim at preparing the students to develop into healthy and responsible citizens of
the world. Students will be equipped with the knowledge, skills and attitude to face the
challenges in their adult life and the world of work. Through life skills, the students will learn
to resolve interpersonal and intrapersonal conflicts. These will help the students develop the
necessary knowledge and skills to contribute to the safeguard and improvement of the
environment. They will be empowered to analyse the risks and consequences of unhealthy
lifestyles and recognise the benefits of healthy lifestyles and, consequently, they will learn to
take responsible decisions to manage their own life style and behaviour.

The objectives of the domain will be addressed through an integrated approach between the
different strands, namely Personal growth, Interpersonal skills, Movement and Health,
Conflict Resolution and Emotion Management, Heritage, Wellness and Care and Heritage,
Values and Citizenship.
12.6.4 Livelihood and Trade Skills

To become autonomous and productive citizens, the prevocational learners must develop
capabilities, resources and opportunities to pursue individual and household economic
goals. Livelihood skills relate to income-generation and include technical/vocational skills

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(carpentry, sewing, computer programming), job-seeking skills, such as interviewing,

business management skills, entrepreneurial skills and skills to manage money. It is
proposed that the trades component be significantly reinforced through practical activities
and projects. This domain will involve a strong component of science and technology.

The objectives of the domain are achieved through the following strands: Materials in the
Environment; Tools and Equipment; Communication; Designing, Processing and Making;
Health and Safety; Planning, Organising and Managing Resources; New Technological
Practices and Entrepreneurial Skills.

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12.6.5 Link between the Overarching Learning Outcomes and Domain Specific Outcomes
Overarching Learning Outcomes
1. Students develop and use language
through a diversity of disciplines at
secondary schools to understand and
communicate information, ideas,
feelings and opinions. (N.C Goals: 1,
2, 3).
2. Students recognize when and what
information is needed, how to obtain
it from a range of sources and how to
use it and share it (N. C Goals: 2, 3,
8)

3. Students select, integrate and apply

numerical and spatial concepts and
techniques in a variety of situations.
(N. C Goals: 3, 4)

Communication Skills
Students understand a range of communication
skills through aural, oral, written, visual &
kinaesthetic language; develop these skills and use
them appropriately to convey information, ideas,
feelings & opinions.

Numeracy and Problem-Solving Skills

Students use mathematical terms & symbols, and
scientific terminology to understand situations and
express ideas, feelings and opinions.

Life Skills
Students develop appropriate verbal and
non-verbal communication skills to
express feelings and needs for a healthy
lifestyle and active citizenship.

Livelihood and Trade Skills

Students interpret technical data and prepare
drawings and illustrations and use business
language to convey specific information using
appropriate convections and standards.

Students identify specific information required

for their communicative purposes; they research
and document on relevant issues and topics,
access, understand and extract pertinent
information from a range of sources and are able
to analyse, interpret, use such information
judiciously and share it.
Students select, integrate and apply numerical and
spatial concepts and techniques in their learning
and in the production of language and
creative/performing arts.

Students make use of a range of sources to search

for required information and gather data in
science, mathematics and environmental education
to share and use them effectively.

Students access, select, use and share

information to make safe choices for the
development of a healthy lifestyle..

Students develop a repertoire of basic skills

for the selection, systematic collection ,
interpretation and sharing of data; they use
ICT to store and share information with
each other and in groups.

Students use knowledge of numerical and spatial

concepts to understand matters related to science
and technology, mathematics and environmental
education to make informed decisions on real life
issues, as well as on simulated problems.
Students use logical and critical thinking skills to
explore scientific, mathematical and environmental
issues to make predictions, further investigations
and propose possible solutions in a systematic and
scientific way.
Students learn to solve everyday life issues in
science and technology, mathematics and
environmental education through the use of a
range of innovative technologies

Students apply numerical and spatial

concepts to analyse and learn strategies,
techniques and measurements in games,
physical activities and environment .

Students develop the skills of systematic

reasoning through practical investigation in
order to generate solutions to real life
situations problems.

Students develop logical and critical

thinking to solve problems related to
physical activities and environmental
issues.

Students develop logical, inductive and

deductive reasoning and apply them to a
range of situations/problems.

Students use technology for selfdevelopment and leisure activities.

Students develop an understanding of the physical

and natural world, recognise their vulnerability
and adopt sustainable practices.

Students understand the importance of a

sustainable environment, for the biophysical, socio-cultural and economic
well-being of individuals and the
community.

Students use basic technological tools and

apply principles to assist them in finding
solutions to problems from their immediate
environment and day-to-day activities and
they also learn how the business world
operates.
Students develop an awareness of the
importance of conservation of natural
resources and develop skills to manage
resources for sustainable development.

4. Students use logical and critical

thinking to judge, assess and solve a
broad range of both theoretical and
real life problems (N. C Goals: 3, 4)

Students use logical & creative thinking to reflect

on and find appropriate ways of communicating
in a broad range of real and imaginary situations.

5. Students understand, use and adapt

technologies and ICT tools
confidently to meet their needs. (N. C
Goals: 3, 8)

Students use ICT as a tool for language, creative

and performing Arts tasks.

6. Students understand, appreciate and

preserve the physical and natural
world. (N. C Goals: 2, 3, 4, 7)

Students use language and creative activities to

understand, discuss and take appropriate
decisions about the environment.

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Overarching Learning Outcomes

7. Students develop awareness of their
cultural, geographical and economic
context and acquire the knowledge,
skills and values for social integration
and a culture of peace (N. C Goals: 2,
4, 5, 6, 7, 8)
8. Students interact with others from
diverse cultures, develop pride in our
nation and recognize that everyone has
to feel valued and safe. (N. C Goals:
5, 6)
9. Students demonstrate aesthetic
appreciation and develop artistic,
expressive and creative skills. (N. C
Goals: 1, 4)
10. Students develop emotional, social
and moral intelligence to achieve a
sense of well-being. (N. C Goals: 1, 6)
11. Students demonstrate selfmanagement skills, positive selfesteem and confidence for active
participation as citizens of the
Republic and of the world. (N. C
Goals: 1, 3, 5, 8)
12. Students express their respect for
people, plants, animals and resources
through informed and responsible
choices as consumers and producers.
(N. C Goals: 2, 7)
13. Students develop awareness and
understanding of their body, nurture
self respect and make responsible
choices in pursuance of a healthy life
style. (N. C Goal: 1)

Communication Skills
Through language, creative & Performing Arts,
students develop an understanding of their
cultural, geographic, historical and economic
contexts in a multicultural environment.

Numeracy and Problem-Solving Skills

Through recognition of indigenous knowledge in
science and technology, mathematics and
environmental education, students develop an
awareness of the cultural, geographical, historical
and economic context for social integration.

Life Skills

Livelihood and Trade Skills

Students learn about the different cultures

and history of Mauritius, and take pride
in preserving their national heritage.

Students identify problems in social and

economic contexts and improve the living
environment by taking into consideration
cultural values, traditions and customs in
relation to a wide range of products.

Students use language, creative and performing

arts to communicate in appropriate ways with
culturally diverse people and foster
understanding, respect and a sense of patriotism

Students appreciate and value cultural

diversity and develop a sense of
patriotism through cooperation and
teamwork .

Students share information and interact with

others through teamwork, thereby developing
an awareness of the sensitivity and the
interplay of diverse cultures and values.

Students develop and express their artistic and

creative skills by responding to, reflecting on and
creating works of art.

Students learn and appreciate a range of

movement skills for physical activity,
leisure and artistic expression.

Through linguistic and creative activities, students

develop their emotional, social and moral
intelligence, thereby achieving a sense of wellbeing.
By planning, organising and implementing a range
of language, artistic and creative activities,
students develop self management skills, positive
self-esteem and confidence.

Students recognize the importance of

moral behaviour and engage in higher
order moral reasoning through group
activities.
Students apply social, cognitive and
management skills in school and
community-based projects.

Students design, create, evaluate, solve

problems and make informed decisions
through the use of material products &
services in the environment.
Students demonstrate appropriate
interpersonal/intrapersonal skills when
dealing and negotiating with people..

Through their actions, students respect the Earth

and Life in all its diversity and become role models
in the management of sustainable resources.

Students respect the earth and life in all

its diversity and become role models in
sustainable resource management.

Students evaluate their surroundings, identify

hazards and take precautionary measures to keep
themselves healthy.

Students develop the knowledge,

understanding, skills and attitudes to
maintain and enhance their personal wellbeing, physical development and also to
promote healthy lifestyle.

Students demonstrate planning, organizing,

management and entrepreneurial skills to
operate confidently in this ever changing
environment.

Students recognize the importance of

harmonizing human activity to conserve and
to maintain the balance between the
technological and natural world through
responsible choices.
Students make informed judgement about
safe work practices and healthy lifestyle.

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12.7 LEVEL DESCRIPTORS

12.8

Level Descriptors Year I

Communication Skills

Numeracy and Problem Solving Skills

Life Skills

Livelihood and Trade skills

Active Listening:
-Develop familiarity with the sounds and units of the language.
-Develop the ability to discriminate and identify different
elements/characteristics of aural input.
-Understand, appreciate and respond to a variety of simple aural
inputs.
Oral Interaction:
-Express themselves on topics of interest using simple language.
-Engage in short conversations and discussions which involve
some turn taking.
-Use appropriate pitch, intonation, modulation and pronunciation.
Functional Reading and Writing:
-Read and appreciate short texts on familiar topics.
-Identify the topic, retrieve literal information and follow the
sequence of events/ideas.
-Consolidate their knowledge of basic mechanics and
conventions of writing,
-Develop awareness of different lay outs; produce simple texts
according to purpose and audience.
-Learn to use methods of music notation and basic methods of
reading at sight
:Creative Expression:
-Engage in experimenting with different media and techniques in
order to express their emotions and ideas in a variety of styles
-Understand and use relevant elements and principles for
creative work.
-Express themselves in a creative, personal and original way
while engaged in creative work; appreciate their compositions
and those of others.
-Understand, appreciate and respond to history, tradition and
culture in the field of creative and artistic works
-Understand, appreciate and use the basics of graphic
design/communication
-Learn about and discover basic techniques of expression.
-Explore and experiment with different modes of expression.
-Develop the ability to deliver short performances, individually
and in groups.

Functional Numeracy
-Demonstrate knowledge of numbers, fractions and decimals and
basic operations there on
-Identify coins and notes of the Mauritian currency and solve
related problems
-Demonstrate the ability, through practical activities, to collect
and record data in tabular and graphical forms
-Identify and construct drawings of geometrical shapes and
angles
-Demonstrate knowledge of concept of time and interpret time
expressed in seconds, minutes, hours, days and years
-Demonstrate the ability to estimate quantity/amount in terms of
length, mass and capacity; measure functional quantities
accurately, using simple instruments and express
measurements, using appropriate numbers and units

Personal Growth:
-Develop an awareness of factors that affect growth
Interpersonal Skills.:
-Demonstrate basic assertiveness strategies to manage
interactions with others
Movement and Health:
-Develop basic movement and motor skills.
-Understand the role of physical activity and exercise in health
and well-being.
-Maintain regular, sustainable and enjoyable physical activity.
Conflict-Resolution and Emotion Management :
-Identify healthy ways to manage emotions and resolve
conflicts
Wellness and Self Care:
-Develop understanding of main parts and organs in the human
body and adopt caring measures
-Identify basic structures of the male and female reproductive
systems and emotional changes during puberty.
-Outline stages of the menstrual cycle and pregnancy
Develop an awareness of factors leading to pregnancy
-List some examples of STIs and their causes and preventive
measures and identify behaviours leading to risk of HIV/AIDS
and STIs.
-Identify legal and illegal drugs and some effects when used
and /or abused
-Develop skills to resist drug abuse.

Materials in the Environment :

-Name and classify materials into various categories
according to properties and uses
-State the basic properties of materials
Tools and Equipment:
-Name basic hand tools and equipment
-Explain the functions of basic hand tools and
equipment
-Learn to use basic hand tools and equipment
appropriately
Communication:
-Interpret drawings, illustrations and symbols
-Follow instructions correctly during the realisation of a
product
Designing, Processing and Making
-Identify the stages in the realisation of a piece of work
-Use commonly available materials and techniques to
make simple products
-Use simple techniques to enhance the aesthetic value
of artefacts
Health and Safety
-Recognise safe working principles
-List safety rules and regulations
Technological Practices
-Develop familiarity with new technologies in the
production of goods and services
Entrepreneurial Skills
-Recognise costs, revenues and profits in the
production of goods and services
-Identify common expenditure items in the household

Understanding Nature
-List the importance of air around us in relation to life, travel and
entertainment
-Discuss the basic causes, effects and mitigation of air ,water
and land pollution
-Observe objects of daily use to understand soluble/insoluble
and permeable/impermeable materials
-Operate appliances of everyday life to understand forms,
sources and transformation of energy
The Environment
- Recognize the different types of environment
-List common plants in our environment; name parts of plants
and their functions; study conditions for germination of seeds
-Develop an understanding of human interdependence with his
environment and the importance of protecting nature and its
resources
-Identify different environment issues in Mauritius
-Identify simple ways to manage resources at school/home
-Develop and use simple checklists for an audit of resources
and develop the 3 Rs principle (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) to
manage these resources

Heritage, Values and Citizenship:

-Develop an awareness of the past so as to understand the
evolution of society to its present state.
-Act responsibly to protect their own rights and feelings and
those of others
-Develop an awareness of the importance of moral behaviour
in relation to bullying, gender stereotyping, cultural differences
and fair play.
-Recognize the importance of values and demonstrate an
acknowledgement and acceptance of the realities of diversity.
-Discuss their role as active citizens.

Information and Communications Technology:

-Operate a computer safely and identify the importance of different parts
-Use a word processing software to formulate their ideas and, at the same time, use online features, such as spelling and grammar checker to evaluate their work.
-Use a presentation software to communicate and present their work
-Use a graphic software to draw and colour shapes and to save and retrieve their work in various sessions
-Access information, using the Internet from given web addresses and sites.

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Level Descriptors Year II

Communication Skills

Active Listening
-Understand, appreciate and respond to a wider range of short aural
input
-Reflect on and classify specific features/elements as required.
Oral interaction
-Express themselves on a variety of familiar topics using simple
language and newly acquired vocabulary.
-Communicate with greater ease, discussing issues and provide
some support for their views.
-Use appropriate pronunciation, pace, intonation and pitch, and show
growing confidence in their speech
Functional Reading and Writing:
-Read and appreciate a wider range of texts on familiar topics.
-Infer information and, to some extent, react critically
-Access information from different sources and reflect on their
relevance according to the purpose.
-Produce simple texts that are relevant and well structured.
-Adapt style and content to purpose and audience, and use
appropriate vocabulary.
-Consolidate their ability to use methods of music notation and of
reading at sight.
Creative Expression
Engage in experimenting with different media, techniques and
processes.
Understand and use relevant elements and principles of creative
work.
Express themselves in a creative, personal and original way while
engaging in creative work; appreciate the contribution of all group
members in collaborative enterprises.
Understand, appreciate and respond to history, tradition and culture
in the field of creative and artistic work.
Further understand, appreciate and use graphic
design/communication.
Understand, appreciate and create simple art and crafts products
Experiment with a variety of techniques/instruments with growing
confidence.
Develop greater flexibility in choosing an appropriate mode of
expression.
Show more ease while performing as an ensemble; value individual
contribution within the larger context of the group.

Numeracy and Problem Solving Skills

Functional Numeracy
-Use knowledge of numbers, fractions and decimals to solve simple
and complex daily tasks
-Apply knowledge of Mauritian currency to process monetary data in
daily life situations at home and in business
-Represent and interpret data in graphical forms
-Demonstrate the ability to work out practical problems involving
geometrical shapes.
-Apply mathematical operations to solve simple problems in time and
time management
-Adopt safe practices in the use of basic instruments and produce
accurate measurements
Understanding nature
-Describe the dangers of cyclonic wind and energy production from the
wind.
-Describe the characteristics of life; recognise life-threatening hazards
and take protective measures
-Discuss the importance of water in relation to life, health, water cycle,
droughts, floods and crop production; conserve the limited fresh water
resources and harvest rain water
-Grow various cash crops, vegetables, flowers and fruits; investigate the
effects of water, aeration, compost and manure on quality of crops
-State the importance of animals to humans; investigate the basic
conditions for the survival of animals; identify animals which can be
used for trade
-Recognise components of mains, electric circuits; explain the safe and
economical use of electricity; differentiate between renewable and nonrenewable sources; adopt measures towards conservation of electrical
energy
-Observe objects and appliances of everyday life to understand safe
applications of conductors of electricity and heat.
The Environment
-Recognize the roles and effects of human linkages to environment
systems; explain the causes of common environmental problems in
Mauritius
-Develop and use checklists for doing simple audit of a particular
resource used at school
-Adopt the 3Rs principle (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) to manage
resources at school

Life Skills

Personal Growth
-Recognize effects of illness, posture and physical activity on
puberty.
Interpersonal Skills
-Develop a range of interpersonal skills through team games and
activities.
Movement and Health
-Demonstrate consistency and control of movement in a range of
situations in individual/team games and activities
-Recognize influences that contribute to common health problems
across the lifespan of people and choose healthy lifestyles
Conflict-Resolution and Emotion Management
-Demonstrate an understanding of the processes involved in conflict
resolution and emotion management
Heritage, Values and Citizenship
-Develop knowledge, skills and attitudes needed to appreciate ones
multifaceted culture.
-Develop a sense of patriotism and pride in our nation through
participation in cooperative and competitive activities and school
based projects.
-Recognize the importance of norms, rules and laws in society.
-Identify and prioritize one's own values and develop an
understanding of how values influence decision-making and
behaviour.
Wellness and Self-Care:
- Develop an understanding of human reproductive and digestive
systems, their common diseases and preventive measures to avoid
communicable and non-communicable diseases
-Demonstrate an understanding of human sexual behaviours and
list preventive measures to avoid HIV/AIDS and STIs.
-Explain causes, mode of transmission and symptoms of HIV/AIDS
and other STIs
-Develop an understanding of the impact of alcohol and drugs on
behaviour and lifestyle
-Adopt strategies to resist drug abuse

Livelihood and Trade Skills

Materials in the Environment

-Identify commonly used materials
-Apply knowledge of the properties of materials in the
making of products
-Describe the processing and manufacturing of common
materials
Tools and Equipment
-Name powered tools and equipment
-Use powered tools and equipment safely
Communication
-Use drawings, illustrations and symbols to
information
-Read and follow instructions to make an item

convey

Designing, Processing and Making

-Process materials using appropriate equipment and
techniques in the making of simple products
-Demonstrate designing skills to solve problems in
everyday life situations
Health and Safety
-Adopt safe working habits in the handling of materials,
tools and equipment
Planning, Organising and Managing Resources
-Organise work in logical sequences for the realisation of
items
New Technological Practices
-Recognize new technologies in the production of goods
and services
Entrepreneurial Skills
-Understand the meaning of savings and its importance in
everyday life
-Demonstrate the ability to save in everyday life
-Develop an awareness of the operation and contribution of
small scale enterprises

Information and Communications Technology

-Explore the use of computer systems in everyday life
-Use a word processing software to generate and communicate their ideas in different forms, using text, tables and graphics as appropriate.
-Use a spreadsheet package to explore aspects of real and imaginary situations and represent data graphically
-Use the Internet to search information related to various disciplines by formulating keywords in search engines

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LEVEL DESCRIPTORS: YEAR III

Communication Skills

Active Listening
-Listen to and appreciate a wider range of aural input on various themes
-Understand that intonation, pitch and rhythm are important aspects of
communication and pay due heed to these to infer meaning.
-Reflect on, interpret, evaluate and synthesise aural input from different
sources.
Oral Interaction
- Initiate and participate willingly in conversations and discussions. Use
appropriate language, vocabulary and pronunciation.
-Become more confident in sustaining interaction: express and elaborate
on views and respond to other participant(s).
Functional Reading and Writing
-Read and appreciate a variety of texts; use reading strategies more
confidently.
- React critically to texts and express their opinion with adequate
justification.
-Gather and link information from different sources according to the
purpose
- Follow process writing with growing confidence. Produce relevant and
coherent texts, using the appropriate conventions for both formal and
informal purposes
- Consolidate their use of methods of music notation and learn more
elaborate methods of reading at sight
Creative Expression
-Engage in experimenting with different media, techniques, processes
and genres
-Show confidence in the use of relevant elements and principles for
creative work
-Compose more complex and longer melodies in solos or ensembles.
-Express themselves more confidently in a creative, personal and original
way while engaging in creative work
-Understand, appreciate and respond to history, tradition and culture in
the field of creative and artistic work.
-Display confidence in the use of graphic design/communication.
-Understand, appreciate and create simple art and craft products.
-Develop proficiency in the use of a range of techniques/methods.
-Make informed decisions on creative modes and perform in solos and
ensembles with more confidence.

Numeracy and Problem Solving Skills

Functional Numeracy
-Carry out projects related to numbers, percentages, rate,
ratio and proportion to make informed decisions
-Develop an appreciation of common international currencies
(dollars, pounds, euros) and manage finance at home and
business (budgeting)
-Perform simple/complex daily tasks involving time
measurement and management
-Perform mathematical calculations to find amount/quantity
required in terms of length, mass and capacity
-Carry out practical projects related to length, mass and
capacity; understand costing of projects
-Work out real life problems using measurements
-Interpret and use available graphical data to make informed
decisions
Understanding Nature
-Model natural phenomena and occurrence of day and night;
illustrate the place of the Earth in our solar system; recognise
common celestial bodies
-Develop an understanding of the natural resources of
Mauritius.
-Demonstrate awareness of the vulnerability of our island to
various natural calamities; understand various environmental
issues at local, regional and international levels
-Model stages involved in purification and distribution of water
to understand cost implication and conservation
-Observe domestic electric wiring to understand wiring of
plugs, switches and sockets; recognise devices needed for
safe use of mains electricity; practise simple electric
connections
The Environment
-Carry out environmental auditing and identify specific areas
needing improvement
-Develop ability to implement basic environmental
management plan; manage sustainable use of resources in
various environments.
-Develop an understanding of the different dimensions of
environments; recognize rights and responsibilities of
individuals to preserve the natural environment.

Life Skills

Personal Growth
-Develop skills to manage changes in growth processes
Interpersonal Skills
-Develop strategies to adjust to the problems of adolescence
Movement and Health
-Develop new skills, and extend their abilities in movement-related activities.
-Develop an understanding of the relationship between physical activity,
fitness, and health.
-Set goals and plan for regular physical activity, relaxation and recreation
-Demonstrate good nutritional habits
Conflict Resolution and Emotion Management
-Demonstrate an understanding of the various types of conflict resolution.
-Practise the steps of emotion management and conflict-resolution.
Heritage, Values and Citizenship
-Express ways of preserving, appreciating and sharing our multiple cultural
heritage with pride.
-Recognize the need to live together in an atmosphere of peace and
contribute to sustainable development.
-Develop a sense of shared humanity.
-Organize and actively participate in community-based projects.
Wellness and Self-Care:
-Develop an understanding of human circulatory and respiratory systems;
list common diseases affecting them and adopt preventive measures
through healthy lifestyle and food habits
-Develop an understanding of the physical, psychological, social and
economic implications of teenage pregnancy.
-Recognize the basic criteria and conditions for good health and develop
action competence to reduce vulnerability to health problems.
-Identify the venues where testing and counselling for STI/HIV status can be
done
-Apply problem-solving strategies to find solutions to drug abuse and to
reinforce self-control over behaviour
-Acquire coping skills to deter behaviours and lifestyles associated with
crime, drugs and violence.

Livelihood and Trade Skills

Materials in the Environment

-Compare the properties of different materials
-Use materials safely and effectively to make
decorative and functional items.
Tools and Equipment
-Use a wide range of hand and powered tools and equipment
confidently.
Communication
-Produce drawings, illustrations and symbols to convey
information.
Designing, Processing and Making
-Apply knowledge and practical skills in the design and
manipulation of materials to create items for self and others
Health and Safety
-Apply safe working principles in the handling of materials, tools
and equipment.
-Identify hazards and discuss safety measures to prevent
accidents.
Planning, Organising and Managing Resources
-Make economical use of materials
-Implement planning procedures in the making of items
New Technological Practices
-Apply knowledge of the new technologies to solve problems, to
create or modify products and to elaborate processes to meet
human needs
Entrepreneurial Skills
-Recognise the importance of entrepreneurship and its culture
in the local environment.
-Plan simple budgets.
-Apply basic negotiation skills to deal with others regarding
ideas, situations and issues.
-Develop basic techniques of horticulture, apiculture,
aquaculture, aviculture/poultry, animal breeding and also milk
production so as to gain a living through related activities.

Information and Communication Technology

-Examine the use of ICT in everyday life
-Use ICT equipment and software to communicate, share and exchange ideas and information in a variety of forms
-Use various software tools to organize, analyse and interpret ideas and information
-Communicate to the outside world and their peers through electronic communication.

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12.9 Pedagogical Orientation

One of the major innovations presented in this curriculum framework relates to the
pedagogical orientation propounded. In view of the profile and learning needs of the
prevocational learner, it is proposed that a Process-based and Project-based approach be
adopted. Under this approach, direct exposition to content must give precedence to
pedagogical processes which are constructed around a number of core projects which are
broad enough to provide the learner with opportunities to develop competencies in the
various domains. Students will be required to work with teams of teachers on a common
project.

The benefits of this approach in the context of Prevocational education are that:
(i)

It provides opportunities for interdisciplinary links which, in turn, contribute to

meaningful learning

(ii)

It is based on real life and concrete problems and, hence, becomes more relevant
to the reality of the prevocational learner

(iii)

It offers enhanced opportunities for developing livelihood skills as compared to

formal and compartmentalized learning of subjects.

(iv)

It is appropriate for the tactile and kinaesthetic learner

(v)

It affords more prospects for collaborative learning and the development of

communication and life skills.

Project-based pedagogy will also offer enhanced opportunities for students to learn in
authentic and collaborative contexts, in line with the orientation adopted for the secondary
curriculum. Student engagement in a number of activities and projects, which center on
solving real life problems or dealing with day-to-day issues in their neighbourhoods or
communities will act as a motivating factor for at risk students, thereby influencing interest
in school and attendance positively.

Given the multidisciplinary nature of projects, educators will have to work together to define
and structure students learning under a common leading theme; identify their inputs and
learning outcomes in terms of knowledge and skills; provide learning support and materials
and discuss the assessment process. It is expected that the project based approach will
incorporate significant elements of ICT and allow students to develop competencies which
cut across the various domains of learning.

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It is a good starting point for teachers, at the onset, to identify together those nodal points
between domains and derive a leading theme which is relevant to the context of their
students and that of the schools. We are recommending that three such major projects be
carried out over a year and be used as a drive to organize learning in the prevocational
stream. An example of the type project to be promoted is given in the appendix.

An equally important strand in the pedagogical approach adopted within the framework
relates to the focus on process rather than on content. As for the mainstream, we are
advocating renewed emphasis on the generic skills necessary for lifelong learning. While the
development of concepts and ideas pertaining to specific disciplines remain crucial to any
learning process, teachers must construe these as a means to an end. Emphasis must be
placed on the ability to think, analyse, evaluate and synthesize information from various
sources and to make reasoned judgment about alternative courses of action. The added
advantage of the process-based approach lies not only in its potential to make teachers and
students think about the way they think, but also in that it offers a significant leeway for
cross-disciplinary incursions. Both the project and process-based approaches are mutually
reinforcing and generate learning experience in line with the demands of inclusive
pedagogies. Given the wide variations in terms of learners abilities, backgrounds and
aspirations, project and process-based pedagogies are open-ended enough to allow each
and every learner to make valued contributions to the class.

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12.10 Using the Project Approach

12.10.1 General Objectives and Approaches to the Project Approach
The main objective of this example is to illustrate how teachers can start with what pupils
already know before moving on to what they dont know. This gives pupils confidence,
because they use what they already understand.

What educators should strive to achieve?

Find out what they already know about the resources in their own environment.

Plan how to extend their knowledge and engage them in thinking more deeply about
the issues.

Help students use their own lives, and the lives of their immediate families as a
source of investigation.

Help students explore different opportunities in the locality.

Engage students in team building and mutual respect.

Develop a supportive classroom environment where everyone is able to participate

fully and where they feel that they are respected and their ideas recognized.

Develop self-esteem in the students by teaching them how to interact among each
other to share ideas and objects.

Be sensitive to differences between pupils and work to make all pupils feel included
as they build more networks.

12.10.2 Planning for Using the Project Approach: an example

Theme: My Local Community
Aim:
Planning for using the project approach to enhance learning through meaningful activities.
Note: The column indicating Record of Achievement can be used to record general
observations on the class as a whole. Periodically write two to three statements for each
category, stating what was achieved or not achieved and what needs to be reinforced.
Although the project proposed encompasses all domains of learning, the teacher can select
a limited number of specific domain competencies, given the constraints of time and
resources. Below is a list that has been prepared for illustrative purpose only.

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My Local Community
Domains of Learning

Domain Specific Objectives

Activities

Pedagogical Approach

Record of Achievement- (Class Profile)

High

Task I: Discovering the

Community

Express
themselves
on
topics of interest using simple
language

(Communication Skills)

Discuss their roles as active

citizens

Average

Low

Students
Identify
physical Brainstorming.
features of the community:

Allow students to express

themselves freely on the topic
Eg: roads, drainage system,
List responses on the board
spots for leisure, commercial
Categorise responses
areas etc..

Help them to focus

Decide on the next step

Students explain, through oral
discussion, how they can make
better use of the existing
physical features;

Eg: engage in sports; nature walk;

exercise; use an existing sports
complex and leisure facility in the
community and so on

Develop
the
skills,
techniques and processes
required
for
expressing
artistic creativity

Use mime, songs and drama

to express feelings, moods
and emotions

Perform in solo or in
ensemble with appropriate
expressions
and
with
confidence through singing
and
instrumental
accompaniment

Task 2: What I Like

about My Community

(Communications
Skills and Life Skills)

Communicate and develop

values through improvisation
exercises
Explore the use of different
materials and medium to
produce artefacts

Students illustrate their

knowledge of the community
through dance and songs
popular in their environment.

Through storytelling the

storyteller can create stories
based on the knowledge and
awareness developed so far.

Find out what students already

know and use this as the base
for planning activities around
local crafts.

Students gradually develop

skills in the art of writing, telling
and reciting stories.

Students are allowed to

experiment on different
materials and decide on what
and how to display information
gathered- using simple texts

Talk to each other and decide

on most appropriate way of
doing their work and displaying
what they have learnt

Work in group to decide on

display

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My Local Community
Domains of Learning

Domain Specific Objectives

Activities

Pedagogical Approach

Record of Achievement- (Class Profile)

High

Communication skills

Apply
problem
solving
strategies in everyday life

Apply
mathematical
knowledge confidently in
carrying out projects

Use commonly available

materials and techniques to
make simple products

Appreciate and value the

natural
world
while
recognizing the importance
of regulating human activity
to protect it and conserve
resources.

Task 4: Demonstrate

Learn about using such simple

operations.

Help students to develop their

own craft skills using materials
from the local community
Eg: some pupils may be skilled in
doing such things as sculptures with
simple objects like soap bar, soft wood,
painting and fabrics.

Encourage students to explore,

observe carefully and
investigate their own
environment.

Students explore the natural

environment, first around the
school, and later outside
school.

Students
engage
in
experimentation with objects in
the community

Students learn about food

items generally consumed in
the community

Students find out about skills

required by economic operators
with the help of the teacher.

Together they try to practice

simple operations and learn
about the use of Mathematics.

Average

Low

Students share their know-how

with each other.

Peer support is encouraged by

the teacher

Teacher
emphasizes
on
appropriate behaviour before
embarking on activities.

Find out what they already

know. Allow them to share their
knowledge.

Creativity and Engage

in Production of

Artefacts

Identify, select and use the

appropriate processes to
transform materials

(Livelihood and Trade

Skills, Numeracy)

Demonstrate the ability to

estimate quantity/amount in
terms of length, mass and
capacity; measure functional
quantities accurately using
simple instruments and
express measurements
using appropriate numbers
and units

They learn about traditional

dishes, using products from the
local community.

Students are initiated into

planning skills through activities
in the field, lab and the kitchen
Learn how to cultivate food
items generally consumed in
the community

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My Local Community
Domains of Learning

Domain Specific Objectives

Activities

Pedagogical Approach

Record of Achievement- (Class Profile)

High

Show an appreciable degree

of
organizational
and
planning skills

Make informed judgements

about common diseases,
their effects and their
prevention

Communicate in the appropriate

manner in different social
contexts

Learn
cooking
products
from
community.

Students are initiated into

planning skills through activities
in the field, lab and the kitchen

Students find out about

common diseases that they are
subject to during different
periods of the year; identify the
causes of such diseases in the
community and the ways to
minimize them

Task 4: Students inquire

about their own values
and roles as citizens

Discuss their values and their

role as a citizen

Draw attention to proceed in an

orderly manner. Decide on
appropriate
steps
before
implementing any idea.

Encourage students to talk

about the family and other
social networks to which they
belong and which define who
they are.
Write simple sentences and
make charts to express their
ideas on a poster.

Students learn that sharing is

part of life; we all need to
cooperate everyday, learn
how to give support to others
and ask for it in return

Use discussion and draw

family trees to find out about
family relationships.

Develop opportunity to share

ideas, tasks, cooperate in
team and group work as a
way to make friends with
each other and to encourage
good social interaction
Help students understand the
concepts of physical growth
and development. These
include both the physical
changes that will take place as
they get older, and also the
different things they need to

Discuss. Find
illustrate.

Students make charts and

display them in the classroom.

by
the

using
local

(Communication skills
and Life Skills)

Average

Low

If teacher finds any fault, s/he

first ask students to correct
themselves, before trying to
give her/his own views or
expressing her/his value and
preferences.
pictures

to

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My Local Community
Domains of Learning

Domain Specific Objectives

Activities

Pedagogical Approach

Record of Achievement- (Class Profile)

High

Engage in activities at home, at

school and in the wider
community
to
conserve
resources and protect the
environment

Respect and value materials,

resources
and
the
man
made/natural environment.

Discuss about their values and their role

as citizen

Develop a variety of coping strategies

to deal with stress and peer pressure

think about and do in order to

stay healthy.
Identify use or misuse of
resources that pollute the
environment
Develop awareness of
negative effects of ones own
activities and decisions on
wildlife and crops
Students speak about the risk
of damaging the environment
through the actions of some
individuals in the community
Develop a sense of belonging
and insight into their
natural/cultural heritage.

benefits

of

regular

Discuss how to improve on

ideas, displays etc.

Always draw from students

own experience.

Introduce the idea of conflict as it

might be experienced within:
the family in the home;
the school and the classroom;
the wider community.

Inquire into the values; help

students
themselves
to
discover their own faults and
mistakes in reasoning.

Students
are
encouraged
to
explore and share ideas about
themselves, their family and the
community to others

Together teacher and pupils think about

ways to avoid conflict and negative peer
pressure in the first place.

Start with brainstorming. Allow

students to express freely.

Students are encouraged to reflect

upon their own behaviour and
identify instances of peer pressure
that may be harmful.

Teach students to criticize ideas,

not people

Students propose solutions to their own day

to day problems- in school/ at home.

Appreciate the
physical activity

Average

Low

This includes planning a nature trail in the

local community with pupils.

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12.11 Assessment
12.11.1 General Orientation
In conjunction with the spirit and general pedagogical orientation embodied in the document,
we are strongly advocating a demarcation from the current summative and norm referenced
assessment practices. Assessment, in the case of the prevocational students, must break
away from the traditional regular classroom tests in which they have, often, not been very
successful. Rather, a whole variety of assessment tools focused on revealing the strengths
of students should be used. Emphasis should be placed on efforts produced by students and
rather than being normative, assessment must compare the performance of a given student
against his/her own past performance. The attitudes of the assessors/teachers are very
crucial. Here, assessment should be primarily used for improving performance and
discovering areas of weakness that need to be redressed through remediation rather than
serve as a passing/failing indicator.

The acquisition of competencies, attitudes, predispositions and mindsets occurs gradually

and is incrementally stretched over a relatively long period of time, is dependent on the
process. Therefore, assessment must be predominantly formative, continuous, and also be
related to the generic and specific skills to be developed and the understandings to be
acquired.

Continuous assessment should be cumulative, involving the performance of the students

over the three years of the pre-vocational programme. Given that most students suffer from
low self-esteem and may have developed negative attitudes towards learning, towards
school and towards life in general, importance must also be given to the evaluation of the
affective domain. Individual and group counselling also becomes very important here.

12.11.2

Core Aims

Any assessment system adopted for the pre-vocational stream must lead to the achievement
of Overall Learning Objectives and the Domain Specific Objectives. Apart from that and, as
stated earlier in this document, pre-vocational education has two other basic aims. It should:

In the first instance, provide the opportunity to those who have the potential to
upgrade their academic performance so as to reintegrate the mainstream;

202

Train students to acquire the basic knowledge, skills and competencies that would
enable them to successfully follow the National Trade Certificate (NTC) Foundation
Course

The assessment for the Pre-Vocational sector will also have to take into account two
core factors:

First, given the profile of the pre-voc students and their limited success on academicallyoriented competencies, an alternative and equivalent pathway has been defined in terms of
generic work/trade related competences. Each learner will, on completion of the prevocational cycle, exit with a statement of the level achieved in each set of Domain
Specific Competences. We are proposing a continuum along three levels of attainment on
each domain specific outcome as described in Table 1. This continuum will range from level
1, denoting the minimum acceptable performance standards for each competence.

Secondly, keeping in view the need to develop basic employable skills which are generic
and cut across all trades, it is proposed that the MQA establishes an equivalence between
the competences of those leaving the pre-voc stream and the basic requirements for access
to further vocational training.

Diverse assessment tools should include project works, log books, portfolios, showcasing,
practical work, involving hands on experiences, role play, exhibitions, teacher observations
and use of performance checklists.
De facto, teachers working in this sector will need to be empowered so that they are able to
effectively select and use appropriate assessment strategies, keep record, take remedial
measures and monitor learning. As the framework is proposing a shift from a content to a
competencies based approach, relevant measures must be taken to ensure coherence
among aims, expected outcomes, pedagogy and assessment. Such an approach also
strongly relies on the ability of teachers to work collaboratively within and across
departments to develop observation skills, to take leadership roles and to demonstrate
creativity in organizing learning experiences. The use of projects will require that teams of
teachers who have collaborated on various projects devise the assessment criteria and
collectively evaluate student attainment.

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MOE
C&
HR

PART III

Curriculum Framework
Secondary
TEACHING AND LEARNING

November 2009

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205

13 Teaching and Learning: Our Beliefs and How to Get

There
Successful teaching and learning implies the creation of schools that are based on a set of
beliefs that places the learners needs at the centre. Schools must show genuine
commitment to those beliefs and seek to enlist the support of all stakeholders in this
endeavour.

13.1 Our Beliefs

The success of any curriculum depends on a clear philosophy for teaching and learning that
helps to translate the goals of the curriculum effectively in the classroom. The goals have
themselves been based on a holistic, inclusive, meaningful and integrated approach to
learning.

This section lays down the beliefs that should guide the thinking of the school staff, students
and parents about teaching and learning. They are geared to the wholesome development
of the learner. These beliefs, which are grounded in research, form the principles that can
fuel our vision of schools, enabling all schools to unite for a common purpose. The job of the
school is to ensure that all students learn well and master the established curriculum
standards while seeking and facilitating the active collaboration of the home.

13.1.1 Success Breeds Success

Success is not an isolated event but is rather self-reinforcing and self-perpetuating. When
students succeed in school, they learn that they are capable of success and are willing, in
turn, to take on additional challenges.

13.1.2 Schools Control the Conditions of Success

Students lives and opportunities outside the school do affect their learning. Schools should
be prepared and able to help all students succeed, irrespective of their home background.

13.1.3 The Bell Curve Mentality must be Abandoned

We believe that each child is capable of success and, hence, must make a decided move
away from a narrow statistical interpretation of how ability is normally distributed among our

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student population. Schools must not only acknowledge that there are multiple paths for
success and fulfilment, but also actively create opportunities for each student to succeed,

13.1.4 School Must Cultivate a Culture of Respect

For schools to be fully effective there has to be mutual trust and respect among all
stakeholders. A three-way partnership among teachers, students and parents need to be
established.

13.1.5 Schools Must be Responsive to Their Clients

Schools must be responsive to students and their parents through a genuine attempt to be
flexible, inclusive, and welcoming. Students and parents must feel that schools are
organised for maximizing learning opportunities for all the students.

13.1.6 Schools Encourage Cooperation Rather than Competition

Though schools welcome competition, they must have an environment that allows mutual
support, team work and the sharing of expertise. The school culture must promote
cooperation and collaboration rather than competition. Students must compete against
themselves primarily and must be evaluated against standards of quality, rather than against
the work of their peers.

13.1.7 The School Provides Opportunity For Links Beyond its Four
Walls
Schools provide the opportunity for students to engage in learning and to make connections
between school learning and real life situations.

Parents can play an active role in

encouraging their children to learn in such ways. Learning can also be enhanced by inviting
guest speakers, and visiting museums and factories. Students thus get an opportunity to see
their studies applied to the real world.

13.2 How to Get There

To successfully implement an outcome driven curriculum that focuses primarily on the

process of learning rather than on its product, and which seeks to integrate major learning
areas through overarching learning outcomes is a significant challenge for all our educators.
This calls for major changes in our approach to learning and teaching. In this section, the

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principles which should guide learning and teaching to meet the demands of the new
curriculum are spelt out.

These principles are based on contemporary research and professional knowledge about
how learning can be supported.

They are based on the belief that the responsibility for student learning is not left solely on
the classroom teacher but is the concern of a number of stakeholders, including Rectors,
Heads of Department, Inspectors and parents. This, therefore, calls for a shared
understanding by all stakeholders of the principles elaborated below. They are meant not
only to guide individual classroom practices but to assist whole-school planning as well.

The focus is on the provision of a school and classroom environment which is intellectually,
emotionally, socially and physically supportive of the learning of adolescents facing a crucial
and critical phase of their life.

13.3 Addressing Learning and Teaching in Schools and Classrooms

It is proposed that the following principles drive our school and classroom practices; however
they should be implemented in ways appropriate to individual schools.

Students are at the centre of all teaching- learning activities and are engaged in active
learning.
Schools Place Emphasis on:

The Process: students get the opportunity to be actively involved in the

understanding and processing of the knowledge, skills and values they are
expected to acquire.

Construction of Knowledge: students are continuously helped to use their

existing knowledge, to connect to new learning experiences and to reconstruct
their understanding in the light of the experiences gained.

Risk taking: students are encouraged to take calculated risks. They understand
that mistakes are acceptable and often helpful in the learning process.

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Teachers modelling right behaviour: students observe examples of the

process, the products, skills or values they have to learn. For example, teachers
expose students to models of good writing as well as good values. Students are
encouraged to respect and care for others as both the school environment and
school community at large reflect these values.

Practicing the right behaviour: students get the opportunity to practise the
skills they have acquired in order to improve their performance.

Learning rather than teaching: the focus should be to establish the necessary
intellectual, social and physical conditions that would enable students to learn
optimally both in the school and within the classroom. Creating a caring, safe
and secure environment where there is discipline motivates students to learn.

The success of a learner-centred process based approach depends to a large extent

on student motivation.

This calls for a deep understanding of the motivational

strategies by the teacher and of their rational application both in classrooms and
school contexts.

Teachers Strive to:

Involve students: teachers strive to involve students in activities that are purposeful
and meaningful. Teachers help students to see the immediate outcomes of these
activities or, in case they have long term goals, they make students aware of how
their efforts and learning experiences are related to these goals.

Provide appropriate learning experiences: Teachers relate activities to the level of

maturity and cognitive development of students.

Engage students in challenging tasks and help them succeed: Tasks that are
either too easy or too difficult reduce student involvement. To maximize their
participation, the task must be pitched to a level which will give them the
opportunities to celebrate success.

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Students Should be Trained to Become Reflective, Autonomous and Life-long

Learners.

The essence of a learner-centred philosophy is to train students to become reflective, skilfulI,

autonomous and life-long learners. This requires the implementation of a number of policies
and practices both at the school and the classroom levels.
Students:

Assume responsibility: Students learn how to organize and assume responsibility

for their own learning and eventually become lifelong learners.

Understand that learning is an active process on their part: They are offered
learning experiences that allow them to carry out relevant activities, for example,
doing, imitating, planning, experimenting, testing, creating, rehearsing and, more
importantly, reflect on them to improve their future performance.

Use language as a tool for reflection and for their own learning.

Work individually and collaboratively: Working individually permits the personal

grasp of concepts, processes and skills, while working in groups enables students to
be challenged, clarify ideas, interpret and use appropriate language and explain an
idea to others, thereby improving their own cognitive structure.

Reflect on their own learning: Students are allowed some flexibility in determining
how they should organize their learning, and develop self management skills.

Value learning: Students recognise the importance of learning, and continuously set
higher targets for themselves.

To attain the above objectives, there is a need to rethink and reorient the school day; the
time table should be organized to allow ample time and opportunities for its implementation.

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13.4 Coping with Individual Difference and Inclusively

Students come to school with a variety of experiences determined, for example, by their
culture, their pattern of socialization, their abilities or disabilities, their previous education and
so on. They may develop at different rates and learn new ideas at the slower or faster pace.
They may have different learning styles, they may prefer to work individually or
collaboratively, cautiously or adventurously, laterally or in linear fashion; they may differ as
well in their types of intelligence. The curriculum must offer adequate scope to all,
irrespective of their preferred learning style.
All the above points to one conclusion: the same thing taught in the same manner
over the same period of time will benefit only one group of students, those who can
adjust and adapt at the expense of those who cannot.

To provide for the diversity of learners, the following are essential:

Teachers provide diverse experiences to students: Teaching is adaptive,

acknowledging, respecting and accommodating the diverse experiences students
bring to the classroom

The school and the teacher implement a differentiated pedagogy: Schools and
teachers provide

a rich variety of learning opportunities which would enable

students to build on their existing experiences and personal strengths based on their
learning styles.

Schools provide due attention to special and remedial education: Schools cater
for the needs of those requiring remedial and/or special education.

Teachers cope with mixed ability classes. Teachers understand that the profile of
the students will vary and prepare their lessons in a way that responds to the learning
needs of every single student.

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13.5 Provision of a Supportive Learning Environment

School provides necessary physical resources that enhance learning: The school
provides for the whole range of physical resources needed to enhance learning, including
space and equipment, print and other materials and useful technology.

Students learning, their level of intellectual involvement, the values and attitudes they
develop towards learning, towards school life and towards the world of adults as a whole are
significantly influenced by the quality of the school and the classroom environment they
experience.

The learning environment within the school must provide for the intellectual, social
and physical conditions that support learning. Such an environment displays the
following characteristics:

Students are supported: Students are helped to develop healthy attitudes such as
willingness to work hard, to persevere and be consistent and honest.

Students are encouraged to take risks: Students are allowed to learn through trial
and error; they are encouraged to take risks and treat error as part of the normal
learning process.

Students feel respected and cared for: A feeling of respect and care permeates
every aspect of school life. Students views are sought and respected. Rules and
regulations of the school are based on consensus.

Students feel protected: The school environment is free from harassment, teasing,
sarcasm or remarks that stereotype or denigrate students, their effort or their product.
Teachers build positive interpersonal relationship with their students and are able to
bond with them.

School is sensitive to inequality issues: Everyone in the school is sensitive to and

strives to eliminate discrimination based on gender, cultural differences, family
background and individual differences.

School provides pastoral care: The school has a pastoral care policy involving the
whole school community and aims at improving the welfare of all students.

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School is geared to reform, not retribution: Schools put in place a system for
dealing with deviance, aiming at reform rather than retribution.

School embraces the principle of inclusive education: It caters for special

learning needs of all students.

13.6 Emphasising the Holistic Nature of Learning

In spite of the fact that childrens learning is usually classified under the cognitive, affective
and psychomotor domains, schools and teachers have always been overemphasizing the
cognitive domain, thereby leading to a lopsided development of students. The affective
domain remains largely unaddressed. The effect of a lack of attention to emotional literacy is
clearly visible in society today.
Schools Must Cater for Holistic Learning. The Following Are Essential:

School ethos: The school provides for the acquisition of desired values through the
clear enunciation and communication of a school ethos that is visible in its daily
activities and practices of all school personnel.

Education for emotional development: The school is sensitive to the emotional

state of its students and strives to attend to their emotional needs and development.

Teacher as a model: Every teacher, through her/his interpersonal relations with the
students, through her/his code of ethics and through her/his general behavior serves
as a model to inspire students to behave in morally desired ways and according to
values acknowledged by the society.

Teachers help students to integrate knowledge: In addition to catering for all the
three domains of learning, teachers strive to make connections between apparently
unrelated ideas, experiences and different areas of knowledge in a meaningful
manner. Teachers emphasize the interconnectedness of knowledge, skills and
values, both within and across different learning areas.

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13.7 Special Educational Needs: Addressing Children with Learning

Difficulties

One of the guiding principles of this curriculum is the promotion of an Inclusive approach to
Education while offering opportunity and fairness to everyone. Mauritius, like many
countries, supports the UNESCO Salamanca Statement (1994) on Inclusive Education.

In our system, learners with severe learning difficulties generally attend Special Schools. In
mainstream secondary schools, learners with Special Educational Needs are those who
have moderate learning difficulties. These students will succeed when they are fully included
and participate in the classroom. This curriculum aims at providing effective opportunities for
all students to learn and achieve success.

In planning and teaching, educators will have the responsibility for

Setting suitable learning challenges for all children.

Responding to diverse learning needs of students.

Overcoming potential barriers to learning and assessment for individual and groups
of students

In planning teaching and assessing, the curriculum for students with Special Educational
needs, schools will be responsible for:

Identification of learning difficulties.

Assessment of learners with learning difficulties.

Provision of remedial teaching.

Monitoring and record-keeping of students progress.

Working with parents and other support services.

13.7.1 Identification and Assessment

Throughout secondary schooling, assessment will be continuous, formative and diagnostic.
This will enable the teacher to identify those children who experience difficulties in learning
earlier on in the process and who need additional support to access the curriculum.

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Assessment will include a mapping out of the strengths and needs of learners on which
remedial support will build.

13.7.2 Provision
Supporting children with learning difficulties is above all Good, explicit teaching. Basic
classroom strategies can prevent general underachievement in the curriculum:
Educators

Plan lessons well

Tell students what they want them to achieve by the end of the lesson

Give students an idea where learning is taking them

Offer students a range of small tasks with clear learning targets

Keep instructions clear and short

Mix individual and group work

Use praise consistently

Use differentiation to meet diverse learning needs

Make use of summaries

Review what has been learnt at the end of the lesson by listening to the students

13.7.3 Additional Support

For those students who, in spite of the regular provision, are failing to progress , individual
and small group remedial work may be required .This will involve setting learning priorities
for each learner, differentiating the curriculum on the basis of Learning Styles , Multiple
Intelligences, Specific Needs (physical, psychological, social)

while accommodating the

different ways, rates, and levels according to how children go about their academic and
social learning in school. Teachers will thus act as mediators of learning who support
students in their learning.

13.7.4 Monitoring and Record Keeping

Close monitoring of students progress will be an essential component of support provided to
children. Records of how the student is responding to the intervention provided will enable
the teacher to review his teaching and try other strategies .

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13.7.5 Working With Parents and Other Services

Collaboration with parents and other support services such as the School Psychological
Service, Child Development Unit, Educational Social Workers will be enlisted whenever the
need arises.

The aim is for the school curriculum to provide opportunities for all students to learn and
succeed while affording them the opportunity to achieve their individual potential.

13.8 Conclusion
A new outlook is proposed. This section has spelt out ways through which good practices
can be developed and become part of the normal teaching and learning activities in our
schools. It drew from research and practices that already exist, to some extent, in our
schools and laid down the foundation for making schools become real learning communities
fully committed to the overall development of every single student.

This approach should help to make the schools a place where children feel safe and
supported in their learning. It is based on the premise that new problems and issues need
strategies that value the contribution of each stakeholder. The approaches proposed seek to
bring change through consensus among all stakeholders, consensus that emanates from
agreed policies and a shared view on the day to day functioning of our schools. If properly
understood, and if schools are helped to move in the directions proposed, schools should be
able to respond more positively to the reality and expectations of the new generation.

216

14 Integration: A Model for Learner-Centered Teaching

Children acquire varied skills naturally while growing up in their environment. They also
observe life and the world around them. When imported into classrooms, their questions and
queries can enrich the curriculum and make it more creative. In the context of a fastchanging world and a competitive global context, it is imperative that we respect each
learners wisdom and imagination, and provide opportunities to cultivate each ones
creativity.

A reform that acknowledges this fact will also facilitate the practice of the widely
acknowledged curricular principles of moving from known to the unknown, from concrete to
abstract, and from local to global.

In light of the above, it is necessary to agree on a model of teaching that incorporates the
concerns and needs of the learner, as well as present knowledge as an integrated whole,
rather than disjointed subjects to be learnt because the curriculum or the teacher so decides.
It is also important that all teachers be well tuned with the preferred approach for teaching in
a meaningful manner.

However, it is also understood that no reform can succeed without the informed support of
all stakeholders. It is, therefore, proposed as a step forward, that an integrated model be
gradually incorporated in the curriculum. It is proposed that schools move towards this
model, though a drastic change is not envisaged in the short run.

For the sake of clarity, a practical example is provided for ways in which knowledge can be
transmitted in an integrated manner.
The Pre-condition for Such a Curriculum Are:

Teachers agree on common themes.

Teachers plan their work so that they address common themes.

There are clearly stated achievement targets so that the students have a clear idea
of the tasks ahead, as well as how they will be assessed on such tasks.

Teachers collaborate so as to support each other and arrive at a consensus,

depending on their specific contexts and constraints.

Advantages:

There is flexibility to engage students in individual and collaborative tasks.

217

Both students and teachers have evidence of the work undertaken through a
portfolio.

Teachers can provide assessment tasks centred on the student portfolio and thus
reduce the pressure for end of year examinations

The student portfolio would also facilitate follow up by parents at home .

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14.1 An Integrated Model of Teaching and Learning

Note: The starting point for planning and teaching will be the learning area indicated in Bold & Italics.
T HEME

ART

LANGU-

HISTORY

AGES

Ancient
Egypt

Beauty

Make
painting/artefacts (mask)
of
ancient
Egypt

Students
draw a scene
of
their
choice

Discuss
Ancient
Egyptian
civilization
.
Talk
to
each
other
about
Ancient
Egypt
Perform a
role play
to depict
an aspect
of life in
Ancient
Egypt
Student
label, talk
about and
develop
writing
skills with
the help of
the
drawings.
Eg: they
write
a

GEOGRA-

SOCIOLOGY

PHY

Learn
about
the
history of
ancient
Egypt

Students
find
example
s
of
drawings
from
Ancient
Egypt
and
discuss
them

Situate
Ancient
Egypt and
discuss
(about)
the river
valley
civilisation

Study family
status
and
stratification
system
in
Ancient
Egypt.

Identify a
theme
from the
various
drawings
that have
bearing
on
geography

Discuss the
perception of
beauty
in
ancient
societies

BUSINESS
STUDIES
Initiate
students to
the nature
of business
in Ancient
societies

MATHS

SCIENCES

T ECHNOLOGY

VALUES

Learn
about
Mathematics
in
Ancient
Egypt

Identify
materials of
interest
in
Ancient
Egypt
and
discuss their
nature.

Discuss
distinctive
technology
of
Ancient
Egyptian time

Learn to value
the
contribution of
ancient
civilisations

Introduce
children to
the idea of
modernizati
on through
themes
identified in
the
drawings.
Show how
modernizati

Students
use
drawing to
understand
the concept
of
dimension,
space,
perspective
and so on.

Students
study colour,
the
colour
wheel,
materials
used
in
paintings

Identify aspects
of
drawings
such as texture,
design patterns
etc.

Discuss likes
and
preferences of
students

Discuss life
in traditional
societies

219

Settleme
nt

Draw ancient
and modern
buildings

Food

Make
drawings
to
display
healthy eating
habits
and
balanced diet.

paragraph
on
different
aspects of
the
drawing.
Comprehe
nsion and
essay
writing on
settlement
.

Discuss
and write
about
food
habits,
food
across the
world
Explore
food
habits that
vary
widely
from each
other

on is likely
to
affect
business
ethics and
practice
Settlement
in
ancient
time

Changing
nature of
settlement
in
modern
times

Changing
nature
of
settlement
and
the
impact
on
family
and
social life

Identify
example
-es
of
eating
habits in
different
historical
periods

Explain
how food
habits are
based on
geographi
cal factors
such as
climate,
availability of food,
etc..

Social
and
cultural
norms
expressed
through food
and
eating
habitsvariations
with regard
to religious
beliefs.
.
Changing
norms
in
society
today.
Food habits
across
the
world

Identify
ways
in
which
settlements
create
business
opportunitie
s
Identify
different
businesses
associated
with food
Explain
implications
for
local
and
international trade

Use plans
of ancient
civilization
to
study
mathematic
-cal
concepts

Study
scientific
principles
involved
in
construction
works.

Identify the use

of materials for
construction in
different times

Explain
changing
values
affected by the
nature
of
settlement

Calculate
calorific
values
of
food
for
various
categories
of people:
of different
ages,
healthy &
sick people,
etc..

Discuss food
chain,
properties of
plants
and
plants
as
living
organisms.

Nutrition
Food habits

Necessity
to
value
each
norm
and
value
concerning
food habits

220

221

MOE
C&
HR

PART IV

Curriculum Framework
Secondary

ASSESSMENT

Ministry of Education & Human

Resources
November
2009
222

223

15 ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION

15.1.1 Introduction
The prosperity of our country is dependent, to a large extent, on its human capital. To
succeed in a rapidly changing world, individuals need to develop a lifelong learning culture.
Education systems need to lay strong foundations for this by fostering appropriate
knowledge and skills, and strengthening the capacity and motivation of young adults to
engage in effective learning for life. Assessment has a significant role to play in ensuring
that these objectives are attained. It provides a framework within which standards may be
set and students achievement and progress charted. Owing to the backwash effect of
examinations, the choice of the assessment modes to be employed should
judiciously be made to sustain learning. All the domains of education, i.e., the cognitive,
affective and psychomotor, have to be assessed in order to make the teaching-learning
process effective.
The assessment of the students performance has so far been characterised, on the one
hand, by external examinations administered at three points in the educational system,
namely at 11+, the Certificate of Primary Education (CPE) examinations; at 16+, the
SC/CGE O Level examinations; at 18+, the HSC/ GCE A level examinations; and, on the
other hand, by formal end-of-term tests and end-of-year examinations, which are schoolbased.

15.1.2 The Proposed Framework

The curriculum framework proposed is outcome driven, process based and attempts to
integrate the knowledge, understanding, values and attitudes from various learning areas so
as bring about holistic learning. Such an approach, which is new for the Mauritian public
school, calls for a new system of assessment. This issue has been comprehensively dealt
with in the Curriculum Framework proposed for the Primary level. The same philosophy and
approach are adopted for the Secondary level.

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15.1.3 Assessment
There are different methods and approaches that can be used for assessment. These
methods will depend on the goals set for the programme and the subject that is being
taught. Assessment can be both in the formal or informal modes. Formal assessment is a
set of procedures for gathering information about the learners. They should be created with
special care and closely match the competencies in the curriculum. Depending on the level,
formal assessment is usually graded and recorded. A variety of techniques such as:

Short tests

Quizzes

Oral examinations

Performance assessment tasks

Tests and examinations

Projects

Portfolios

Informal assessment serves to gather information about learning that teachers frequently
use on the spur of the moment or casually during classroom activities. They are meant to
provide useful information to help in the teaching and learning process. Informal assessment
is not graded or recorded, and the ways to carry it out can include the following:

Questioning a learner

Observing a learners work

Reviewing a learners homework

Talking to a learner and listening to a learner during a recitation

Both formal and informal assessment carried out on a regular and continuous basis as
forms of continuous assessment will be encouraged.

15.1.3.1 Assessment for Learning

Assessment should be driven by the curriculum and not the other way round as it is
presently. The learning outcomes should be the criteria used as guidelines for assessment.

225

Since the curriculum highlights the process rather than the product of learning, the focus of
assessment should be on assessing the multidimensional aspects of learning as it is taking
place in the classroom. Formative and continuous assessment must be given more
emphasis. (Annex 1)

Formative assessment is qualitative by nature and involves a range of activities from

mere informal social conversation between teachers and students to more formal
classroom tests. Such activities can include concept maps, games, drawings,
posters, graphic organisers, news reports, matching exercises and so on.

Formative assessment enables the development of critical thinking skills. It enables a

departure from a traditional approach to teaching and learning to an innovative
pedagogy that encourages lateral thinking. 1

Formative assessment is based on the principle that any child is likely to make
mistakes in the process of learning. Teachers must be able to identify mistakes and
errors in thinking and understanding which would serve as a basis for planning future
learning and target setting. It should also allow for timely remediation of learning in
the classroom.

Formative assessment offers to teachers the necessary information regarding the

level and nature of competencies developed by children at the very beginning of
secondary education; this should be useful in planning the objectives to be targeted
for respective levels.

Given that formative assessment can take diverse forms and is based on individual
judgment, there is always the danger that the teachers biases, perceptions and
expectations may unconsciously affect the objectivity of the assessment. To
overcome these shortcomings, we are proposing that provision be made for internal

Posing Questions that encourage lateral thinking: an example

Draw the beak of a Dodo. Based on the shape of the beak, explain what were the likely food habits of the Dodo.
How were the wings of the Dodo?
Taking into consideration the answers to the two above questions, can you deduce why the Dodo became
extinct?

226

moderation within the school while adhering to high ethical standards and code of
conduct.

15.1.3.2 Assessment of Learning

While formative assessment is necessary in the teaching and learning process, it is
recognised that students must attain a set of competencies which is publicly and objectively
visible both for students and all other stakeholders. However, summative assessment
should not be solely used for certification purposes since they take place at various levels
before students leave school for the world of work. They can offer a large range of
information regarding the level attained by individual students in one school as well as the
average level of competencies of one school compared to the national average. These data
should be used for both remedial actions and educational reform projects which can be
implemented in everyday classroom practices, pending major national reform projects.

Summative assessment will consist mostly of formal continuous assessment which

determines whether the stated outcomes for each level and each learning area are being
attained. This will be multi-faceted and will use several measurement devices such as
curriculum embedded tests, term wise assessment, projects (see annex). These will be
school based in Forms I and II. The following structure is suggested:
Term 1: 20%
Term 2: 30 %
Term 3: 50%
In Form III, learning outcomes will be assessed at school level in all learning areas for terms
1 and 2. The following weights are suggested:
Term 1: 20%
Term 2: 30%
End of year: 50 %.

15.2 National Certificate of Achievement

In line with the National Policy Document, students at the end of Form III will be initially
assessed at national level in literacy in English and French, Numeracy, ICT and Social
Studies, leading to a National Certificate of Achievement. This certificate will provide a
statement of the level achieved by each student in these core competencies. Each and

227

every child at the end of Form III will be awarded this certificate that recognizes his or her
achievement, independently of the level achieved. It will not be a selective exam nor one
which pits students against each other. It will provide an opportunity for students of either
the pre-vocational or the main stream to switch pathways if they so wish.

In additional to the NCA, it is also proposed that the school provides each student with a
statement which records his/her achievement in key competencies as enunciated in the
Overarching Learning Outcomes. This statement will describe, for example her/his ability to
work in a team, to solve problems, to take initiatives, to interact with peers from other
cultural backgrounds or to participate in creative activities. Evidence can be available
through records of various forms of activities which students engage in throughout the
years. This profile can be used by prospective employers who will be able to match their
skills more appropriately with the job requirements.

15.3 End of Form V Examinations.

While keeping the option of Cambridge examinations, possibility for offering alternatives to
the existing examinations will also be explored; this will include the possibility for students to
sit for the International Baccalaureate examinations.

15.4 Teacher and School Preparation

The success of the assessment reforms depends on the teachers ability to bring about the
concomitant changes in their practice. To empower them to achieve the desired targets,
adequate emphasis must be laid on their training and continuous professional development.
Notwithstanding these provisions, school based assessment also necessitates a change in
the attitude and disposition of all stakeholders. Since responsibility for assessment gives
more autonomy and decision making power to principals and rectors, the latter must be
induced into these roles so that they develop a support system for teachers across all the
schools. The proposals formulated in this document imply a transformation in the ways
schools function and the ability for every single agent in the entire cogwheel of assessment
to display high ethical and professional standards.

228

15.5 Conclusion
Assessment in education serves diverse purposes. However, the priority of the government
and the aim of ALL reforms are to ensure that no child is left behind. The inclusion of
continuous assessment in our education system is a step forward to achieve this objective.
Continuous assessment, which can be complementary to the end-of-year summative
assessment, must help to reduce students anxiety about sitting for a high-stake exam at the
end of the academic year which, on its own, may not reflect the aptitudes, skills and
knowledge gained by the student throughout the year. The continuous assessment method
should thus be designed to monitor achievement throughout the year, thus providing a
means to assist teachers in taking remedial measures immediately if needs be.

It is important to ascertain that teachers have a sound understanding of continuous

assessment. They will be empowered to develop the relevant skills so as to be able to
effectively implement assessment in schools.

229

Include Techniques such as

Reviewing homework and students' classwork
Talking to students to determine whether they understand.
Listening to students' response during recitations and lessons

Curriculum embedded tests

Tests & Quiz set by the teacher
Systematic evaluation of students' projects, products,
arts/crafts, performances
Assessment set locally by groups of teachers ,using
assessment plans

230