-PIPING AND

INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Detailed graphical representation of a process including the

hardware

and

software

(i.e

piping,

equipment,

and

instrumentation) necessary to design, construct and operate

the

facility.

Common

synonyms

for

P&IDs

include

Engineering Flow Diagram (EFD), Utility Flow Diagram

(UFD) and Mechanical Flow Diagram (MFD).

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Basic Loop
Process

Sensing Element

Final Control
Element

Measuring
Element
Transmitter

Transmit
Element

Control Element

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Basic Loop
Set point

Controller
Transmitter

Fluid

Fluid

Orifice
(Flow Sensor)

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

SENSORS (Sensing Element)

A device, such as a photoelectric cell, that receives and responds to a
signal or stimulus.
A device, usually electronic, which detects a variable quantity and
measures and converts the measurement into a signal to be recorded
elsewhere.
A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it
into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an instrument.
For example, a mercury thermometer converts the measured temperature
into expansion and contraction of a liquid which can be read on a
calibrated glass tube. A thermocouple converts temperature to an output
voltage which can be read by a voltmeter.
For accuracy, all sensors need to be calibrated against known standards.

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Temperature Sensor
1. Thermocouple
A thermocouple is a junction between two different metals that produces a
voltage related to a temperature difference. Thermocouples are a widely used
type of temperature sensor and can also be used to convert heat into electric
power.

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Temperature Sensor
2. Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD)
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD), as the name implies, are sensors
used to measure temperature by correlating the resistance of the RTD
element with temperature.
Most RTD elements consist of a length of fine coiled wire wrapped around
a ceramic or glass core. The element is usually quite fragile, so it is often
placed inside a sheathed probe to protect it.
The RTD element is made from a pure material whose resistance at various
temperatures has been documented. The material has a predictable change
in resistance as the temperature changes; it is this predictable change that
is used to determine temperature.

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Accuracy for Standard OMEGA RTDs

Temperature
C

Ohms

-200

056

1.3

-100

0.32

0.8

0.12

0.3

100

0.30

0.8

200

0.48

1.3

300

0.64

1.8

400

0.79

2.3

500

0.93

2.8

600

1.06

3.3

650

1.13

3.6

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Flow Sensor
1. Turbine Meter
In a turbine, the basic concept is that a meter is manufactured with a
known cross sectional area. A rotor is then istalled inside the meter
with its blades axial to the product flow. When the product passes the
rotor blades, they impart an angular velocity to the blades and
therefore to the rotor. This angular velocity is directly proportional to
the total volumetric flow rate.
Turbine meters are best suited to large, sustained flows as they are
susceptible to start/stop errors as well as errors caused by unsteady
flow states.

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Flow Sensor
2. Magnetic Flow Meter
Measurement of slurries and of corrosive or abrasive or other difficult
fluids is easily made. There is no obstruction to fluid flow and pressure
drop is minimal.
The meters are unaffected by viscosity, density, temperature, pressure
and fluid turbulence.
Magnetic flow meters utilize the principle of Faradays Law of Induction;
similar principle of an electrical generator.
When an electrical conductor moves at right angle to a magnetic field, a
voltage is induced.

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Flow Sensor
3. Orifice Meter

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Flow Sensor
4. Venturi Meter
A device for measuring flow of
a fluid in terms of the drop in pressure when
the fluid flows into the constriction of
a Venturi tube.
A meter, developed by Clemens Herschel, for
measuring flow of water or other fluids
through closed conduits or pipes. It consists
of a venturi tube and one of several forms of
flow registering devices.

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

TRANSMITTER
Transmitter is a transducer* that responds to a measurement variable
and converts that input into a standardized transmission signal.
*Transducer is a device that receives output signal from sensors.

Pressure Level
Transmitter

Differential Pressure Pressure Transmitter

Transmitter

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

CONTROLLER
Controller is a device which monitors and affects the operational conditions of a
given dynamical system. The operational conditions are typically referred to as
output variables of the system which can be affected by adjusting
certain input variables

Indicating Controller

Recording Controller

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

FINAL CONTROL ELEMENT

Final Control Element is a device that directly controls the value of manipulated
variable of control loop. Final control element may be control valves, pumps,
heaters, etc.

Pump

Control Valve

Heater

PART I
-Instrumentation
Symbology-

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Instrumentation Symbology
Instruments that are field mounted
-Instruments that are mounted on process plant (i.e sensor
that mounted on pipeline or process equipments.

Field
mounted on
pipeline

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Instrumentation Symbology
Instruments that are board mounted
-Instruments that are mounted on control board.

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Instrumentation Symbology
Instruments that are board mounted (invisible).
-Instruments that are mounted behind a control panel board.

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Instrumentation Symbology
Instruments that are functioned in Distributed Control System (DCS)
- A distributed control system (DCS) refers to a control
system usually of a manufacturing system, process or any kind
of dynamic system, in which the controller elements are not central
in location (like the brain) but are distributed throughout the system
with each component sub-system controlled by one or more
controllers. The entire system of controllers is connected by
networks for communication and monitoring.

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Instrumentation Symbology

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

FC
FE
FI
FT
FS
FIC
FCV
FRC
PC
PG
PI
PR
PS
PIC
PCV
PRC
PDI
PDR
PDS
PDT

Flow Controller
PT
Pressure Transmitter
Flow Element
PTD
Pressure Transducer
Flow Indicator
Flow Transmitter
LC
Level Controller
Flow Switch
LG
Level Gauge
Flow Indicating Controller
LR
Level Recorder
Flow Control Valve
LT
Level Transmitter
Flow Recording Controller
LS
Level Switch
LIC
Level Indicating Controller
Pressure Controller LCV
Level Control Valve
Pressure Gauge
LRC
Level Recording Controller
Pressure Indicator
Pressure Recorder
TE
Temperature Element
Pressure Switch
TI
Temperature Indicator
Pressure Indicating Controller TR
Temperature Recorder
Pressure Control Valve
TS
Temperature Switch
Pressure Recording Controller TC
Temperature Controller
Pressure Differential Indicator TT
Temperature Transmitter
Pressure Differential Recorder
Pressure Differential Switch
Pressure Differential Transmitter

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Signal Lines Symbology

PART II
-Principal of P&ID-

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Principal of P&ID
Example 1

With using these following symbols;

LC

LV 100

LC

V-100
LT
Complete control loop for LCV 101

LCV 101

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Example 2
With using these following symbology;
PRV-100

PE

V-100

PIC

PE

Where PE is locally
mounted on V-100

PT

Where PT is locally
mounted

PIC

Where PIC is function in DCS

PT

Draw control loop to show that PRV100 will be activated to relief pressure
when the pressure in the V-100 is
higher than desired value.

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Exercise 1

CV-102

(pH adjustment tank)

pHT 1

pHIC
1

pHE 2

pHT 2

pHIC
2

TK-102
(base feed tank)

TK-100

pHE 1

CV-101

The diagram shows pH

adjustment; part of waste water
treatment process. With using
above symbols, draw control
loop where the process need is:

TK-101
(acid feed tank)

The process shall maintained at

pH 6. When the process liquid
states below pH 6, CV-102 will
be opened to dosing NaOH to
the tank TK-100. When the
process liquid states above pH
6, CV-101 will be operated to
dosing HCl.

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

pHIC
2

Answer 1

CV-102

pHIC
1

pHE 1

TK-100
(pH adjustment tank)

pHIC
1

pHTE
2

pHT 2

pHIC
2

The diagram shows pH

adjustment; part of waste water
treatment process. With using
above symbols, draw control
loop where the process need is:

pHT 2

pHE 2

pHT 1

TK-102
(base feed tank)

pHT 1

pHE 1

CV-101

TK-101
(acid feed tank)

The process shall maintained at

pH 6. When the process liquid
states below pH 6, CV-102 will
be opened to dosing NaOH in
the base feed tank. When the
process liquid states above pH
6, CV-101 will be operated to
dosing HCl in the acid fed tank.

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Exercise 2

LT 1

FC

L3

PCV-100

L2

TK-100

LIC 1

Where LT 1 and LIC 1 to control

PCV-100 (failure close);
PCV-100 close when level
reached L 3

L1

PCV-100 open when level below

L3

FC
L5

PCV-101

LT 2

V-100
L4

LIC 2

Where LT 2 and LIC 2 to control

PCV-101 (failure close);
PCV-101 close when level
reached L5
PCV-101 open when level below
L5

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Answer 2

LIC 1

FC

L3

PRV-100

L2

TK-100

LT 1

Where LT 1 and LIC 1 to control

PRV-100 (failure close);

LT 1

L1

LIC 2

FC

PRV-101

LIC 1

PRV-100 close when level

reached L 3
PRV-100 open when level below
L3

L5
LT 2

V-100
L4

LT 2

LIC 2

Where LT 1 and LIC 1 to control

PRV-101 (failure close);
PRV-101 close when level
reached L5
PRV-101 open when level below
L5

PART II
-Instrumentation
Numbering-

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Instrumentation Numbering
XYY CZZLL
X represents a process variable to be measured.
(T=temperature, F=flow, P=pressure, L=level)
YY represents type of instruments.
C designates the instruments area within the plant.
ZZ designates the process unit number.
LL designates the loop number.

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Instrumentation Numbering
LIC 10003
L

= Level shall be measured.

IC

= Indicating controller.

100

= Process unit no. 100 in the area of no. 1

03

= Loop number 3

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Instrumentation Numbering
FRC 82516
F

= Flow shall be measured.

RC

= Recording controller

825

= Process unit no. 825 in the area of no. 8.

16

= Loop number 16

INFORMATION

1) Seminar from industrial Expert- 7

2) Submit assignment 2- 13
3) Submit Mini Project- 14

October 2010 (time)

October 2010 before 1200 noon.

October 2010 before 1700

3) Presentation Mini Project- 19 (1500-1700)

and 26

October 2010 (1000-1200) and (1500-1700)

4) Test 2- 21

October 2010 (1500-1600)

PART IV

PIPING & INSTRUMENTATION

DIAGRAM
-PROCESS CONTROL VARIETY-

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

SCOPE:
Students will be able to know:

Type of Process Control Loop

Definition and application of various type of

Process Control Loop

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Type of Process Control Loop

Feedback Control
Feedforward Control
Feedforward-plus-Feedback Control
Ratio Control
Split Range Control
Cascade Control
Differential Control

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Feedback Control

One of the simplest process control schemes.

A feedback loop measures a process variable and sends the measurement to a

controller for comparison to set point. If the process variable is not at set point,
control
action is taken to return the process variable to set point.

The advantage of this control scheme is that it is simple using single transmitter.

This control scheme does not take into consideration any of the other variables in
the process.
Y

LC

Fluid in
LCV-100

V-100
LT

Fluid out
V-100

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Feedback Control (cont)

Feedback loop are commonly used in the process control industry.

The advantage of a feedback loop is that directly controls the desired process
variable.

The disadvantage of feedback loops is that the process variable must leave set
point for action to be taken.
Y
LC

Fluid in
LCV-100

V-100
LT

Fluid out
V-100

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Example 1

Figure below shows the liquid vessel for boiler system. This system has to
maximum desired temperature of 120 degree Celcius (L2) where the heater will be
cut
off when the temperature reached desired temperature. Draw feedback control loop for the
system.
TC

Fluid in

V-100

TT

Fluid out
V 100

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Feedforward Control

Feedforward loop is a control system that anticipates load disturbances and controls
them before they can impact the process variable.

For feedforward control to work, the user must have a mathematical understanding
of how the manipulated variables will impact the process variable.
FC

FT
Fluid in
Y

Steam

LCV-100

TI

Process variable need to be

controlled = Temperature

Fluid out

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Feedforward Control (cont)

An advantage of feedforward control is that error is prevented, rather than corrected.

However, it is difficult to account for all possible load disturbances in a system

through feedforward control.
In general, feedforward system should be used in case where the controlled variable
has the potential of being a major load disturbance on the process variable
ultimately being controlled.

FC

FT
Fluid in
Y

Steam

LCV-100

TI

Process variable need to be

controlled = Temperature

Fluid out

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Example 2

Figure below shows compressed gas vessel. Process variable that need to be
controlled is pressure where the vessel should maintain pressure at 60 psi. This pressure
controlled through the gas flow measurement into the vessel. By using feedforward control
system, draw the loop.

Y
FC

FT

V-100

PI

Process variable need to

be controlled = Pressure

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Exercise 1

Figure below shows the boiler system that used to supply hot steam to a turbine.
This system need to supply 100 psi hot steam to the turbine where the PCV-100 will
be
opened when the pressure reached that desired pressure. With using pressure
control
through temperature measurement in the boiler, draw a feedforward loop
control
system.

Hot steam

Water
PCV-100

BOILER

Process variable need to

be controlled = Pressure

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Answer 1

Figure below shows the boiler system that used to supply hot steam to a turbine.
This system need to supply 100 psi hot steam to the turbine where the PCV-100 will
be
opened when the pressure reached that desired pressure. With using pressure
control
through temperature measurement in the boiler, draw a feedforward loop
control
system.
Y

TIC

TT
Hot steam

Water

BOILER

PI

Process variable need to

be controlled = Pressure

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Feedforward-plus-Feedback Control

Because of the difficulty of accounting for every possible load disturbance in a

feedforward system, this system are often combined with feedback systems.
Controller with summing functions are used in these combined systems to total the
input from both the feedforward loop and the feedback loop, and send a unified
signal to the final control element.

FC

TC

FT
Fluid in

TT

Process variable need to

be controlled =
Temperature

Steam

LCV-100

Fluid out

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Example 3

Figure below shows compressed gas vessel. Process variable that need to be
controlled is pressure where the vessel should maintain pressure at 60 psi. By using
pressure controlled through both the gas flow measurement into the vessel and vessel
pressure itself, draw a feedforward-plus-feedback control loop system.

PIC

Y
PT
FC

FT

V-100

Process variable need to

be controlled = Pressure

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Exercise 2

Figure below shows the boiler system that used to supply hot steam to a turbine.
This system need to supply 100 psi hot steam to the turbine where the PCV-100 will
be
opened when the pressure reached that desired pressure. With using pressure
control
through temperature and pressure measurement in the boiler, draw a feedforward-plusfeedback control loop system.

Hot steam

Water

BOILER

Process variable need to

be controlled = Pressure

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Answer 2

Figure below shows the boiler system that used to supply hot steam to a turbine.
This system need to supply 100 psi hot steam to the turbine where the PCV-100 will
be
opened when the pressure reached that desired pressure. With using pressure
control
through temperature and pressure measurement in the boiler, draw a feedforward-plusfeedback control loop system.

TIC

PIC

Y
TT

PT
Hot steam

Water

BOILER

Process variable need to

be controlled = Pressure

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Ratio Control

Ratio control is used to ensure that two or more flows are kept at
the same ratio even if the flows are changing.
FIC
FF
FT

FT

Water

Acid

2 part of water
1 part of acid

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Ratio Control (cont)

Application:

- Blending two or more flows to produce a mixture with

specified composition.
- Blending two or more flows to produce a mixture with
specified physical properties.
- Maintaining correct air and fuel mixture to combustion.
FIC
FF
FT

FT

Water

Acid

2 part of water
1 part of acid

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Ratio Control (Auto Adjusted)

- If the physical characteristic of the mixed flow is measured, a PID
controller can be used to manipulate the ratio value.
- For example, a measurement of the density, gasoline octane rating,
color, or other characteristic could be used to control that characteristic
by manipulating the ratio.
FF

Remote Set Point

FIC

Remote Ratio
Adjustment
FT

Water

AIC
Physical Property
Measurement

2 part of water
1 part of acid

FT

Acid

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Cascade Control

Cascade Control uses the output of the primary controller to

manipulate the set point of the secondary controller as if it were the
control element.

final

Reasons for cascade control:

- Allow faster secondary controller to
handle disturbances in the secondary
loop.
- Allow secondary controller to handle
non-linear valve and other final control
element problems.
- Allow operator to directly control
secondary loop during certain modes of
operation (such as startup).

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Cascade Control (cont)

Requirements for cascade control:
- Secondary loop process dynamics must
be at least four times as fast as primary
loop process dynamics.
- Secondary loop must have influence
over the primary loop.
- Secondary loop must be measured and
controllable.

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Exercise 3

Figure below shows pH adjustment process where pH 6.5 need to be maintained. pH

in the tank is controlled by NaOH dosing to the tank. But somehow, the flow of waste
(pH 4.5) also need to considered where excess flow of the waste shall make that pH
in the tank will decrease. Draw a cascade control loop system.

Waste, pH 4.5

NaOH Tank

pH 6.5
pH Adjustment Tank

Process variable need to

be controlled = pH

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Answer 3

Figure below shows pH adjustment process where pH 6.5 need to be maintained. pH

in the tank is controlled by NaOH dosing to the tank. But somehow, the flow of waste
(pH 4.5) also need to considered where excess flow of the waste shall make that pH
in the tank will decrease. Draw a cascade control loop system.
FC

pHC

FT

pHT

Waste, pH 4.5

NaOH Tank

pH 6.5
pH Adjustment Tank

Process variable need to

be controlled = pH

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Split Range Control

FC

FT

Valve A

Valve B

The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Split Range Control

CV-102
pHIC

TK-102
(base feed tank)

pHT 1

TK-100
(pH adjustment tank)

CV-101

TK-101
(acid feed tank)

The diagram shows pH

adjustment; part of waste water
treatment process.The process
shall maintained at pH 6. When
the process liquid states below
pH 6, CV-102 will be opened to
dosing NaOH to the tank TK100. When the process liquid
states above pH 6, CV-101 will
be operated to dosing HCl.

QUESTION?