Rocket Propulsion Unit-3
Rocket Propulsion Unit-3
By
A.VinothKumar
Assistant Professor
Department of Aerospace Engineering
SRM University
UNIT-3 SYLLABUS
Classifications-
rockets.
Hardware components and functions.
Propellant grain configuration and applications.
Burn rate, burn rate index for stable operation
Mechanism of burning, ignition and igniter types.
Action time and burn time.
Factors influencing burn rates.
Thrust vector control.
Numerical problems.
Classification
Booster stage
A booster rocket is the first stage of a multistage launch
vehicle
Boosters are traditionally necessary to launch spacecraft into
low Earth orbit, and are certainly necessary for a space
vehicle to go beyond Earth orbit.
Upper stage rockets
An upper stage is designed to operate at high altitude, with
little or no atmospheric pressure. This allows the use of
lower pressure combustion chambers and engine nozzles
with optimal expansion ratios.
The upper stages are usually tasked with completing orbital
injection and accelerating payloads into higher energy orbits
Motor casing
Thermal insulation
Propellant grain
Igniter
Combustion chamber
Exhaust nozzle
Solid fuel
Solid fuel refers to various types of solid material that are used
as fuel to produce energy and provide heating, usually released
through combustion.
Solid fuels include:
wood (see wood fuel), charcoal, peat, coal, Hexamine fuel
tablets, and pellets made from wood (see wood pellets), corn, wheat,
rye and other grains.
Propellant Grain
13
14
15
Ignition System
Exhaust Nozzle
Disadvantages:
Thrust cannot be controlled.
Once ignited, the engine cannot be stopped or restarted
Once a solid rocket is ignited it will consume the entirety of
Combustion
Ignition temperature
Flame
Mechanism of burning
Double-base propellant
Propellant
Preheated zone
Foam
zone
Fizz
zone
Dark
zone
Luminous zone
Mechanism of burning
composite propellant
Pre-mixed Flame(1300K)
discrete oxidiser crystal on heating, decomposes to form oxidising gas.
Pyrolysis of polymeric fuel binder form the fuel hydrocarbon vapour.
This fuel and oxidising vapour mix with each other to form a flame.
Primary Diffusion Flame(Reaction Flame 2800K)
Combustion takes place in the mixing region in the zones where stoichiometric fueloxidiser mixture is formed. In this zone combustion is controlled by diffusion
process.
Final Diffusion Flame(3200K)
This is the zone where complete combustion takes place to form final flame
Burn Rate
The
r aPc
T
r
ln r dT
rT 0
T0
r rT 0 exp r T T0
T > T0
T
pressure
dr
r dT
r
r
T
dr
r r T r dT
T0
0
1 dr
r dT
T0
time
pc At
m&n
c*
dm
m&gen m&n 0
dt accumulation
pc At
Ab aPc p
0
c*
pc At
n
Ab aPc p
c*
Ab a p c *
1 n
pc
At
Ab a p c *
pc
A
t
1
1 n
1
n
g
1
p
P
r a
P
r ef
r 7 MPa a70
r a70
b 1670kg / m3
Molecular mass 22kg / kmole
Solution :
RTc
C*
1
2 1
8314
2500
22
1.26
1.26
1
1.26 1
2 1.26 1
1472.87 m / s
P
2 RTc
Vj
1 e
1
Pc
Vj
CF
8314
1.26 1
2500
5
1.26
22
1 1.01325 10
2312.185m / s
1.26 1
70.928 10
2 1.26
Vj
C*
1.5698
F CF Pc At At
F
10000
3 2
0.898
10
m
5
CF Pc 1.5698 70.928 10
I sp
Vj
g0
F
235.69 s
F
10000
I sp wp
42.4274 N / s
I sp 235.69
wp
w p w p tb 42.4274 10 424.274 N
wp
42.4274
mp
4.4249kg / s
g0
9.81
mp
4.3249
2
Ab
0.4316
m
b r 1670 6 103
Tabulate the variation of burning rate with chamber pressure for two propellants with
a1=0.00137, n1=0.9, a2=0.060,n2=0.4, p expressed in Mpa as given in the table
Pressure
Propellant1
a1
14000000 0.00137
10000000 0.00137
7000000 0.00137
5000000 0.00137
n1
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
Propellant2
r1
3.70029
2.733509
1.982936
1.464851
a2
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
n2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
r2
0.043311
0.037857
0.032824
0.028691
4
3.5
3
2.5
Burn rate
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
4000000
6000000
8000000
10000000
Pressure
12000000
14000000
16000000
1.26
Tc 1750 K
r .25cm / s 6.89MPa
C* 1219m / s
b 1550kg / m3
Molecular mass 22kg / kmole
Solution :
1
P
2 RTc
Vj
1 e
1
Pc
Vj
I sp
8314
1.26 1
1750
5
1.26
1.01325
10
22
1
1932.25m / s
1.26 1
6.89 10
2 1.26
Vj
g0
Vj
1932.25
196.96 s
9.81
1932.25
1.5851
C*
1219
F
8800
3
2
F CF Pc At At
0.805
10
m
CF Pc 1.5851 6.89 106
CF
2
1
1 2
Pc
Pe
P
2
1 e
1
Pc
7.99
Ae 7.99 At 6.4319 10 3 m 2
F
F
8800
I sp wp
44.6791N / s
I sp 196.96
wp
w p wp tb 44.679110 446.791N
I t Ftb 8800 10 88000 Ns
wp
44.6791
mp
4.5544kg / s
g0
9.81
mp
4.5544
2
Ab
1.1753
m
b r 1550 2.5 103
The grain in a solid propellant rocket is a hollow cylinder bonded to the casing so that
it burns only on its inner cylindrical surface. Its density is 1650 kg/m3, and its burning
rate is characterized by r=0.0153 P0.7mm/s where P1is in Mpa. At a point in the burning
period when P1= 0.7 Mpa at 0.65m dia, the grain d/D = 0.4 and L/D = 6, L being the
grain length and, d and D being its inner and outer diameters. Determine the rate of
change of chamber pressure, assuming the gas temperature stays constant at 2750 K
and that the gas specific heat ratio is 1.24 , D = 1.5 m and molecular mass=22kg/kmole.
Given :
b 1650kg / m3
r 0.0153P 0.7
Pc1 0.7 MPa at 0.65m diameter
d / D 0.4
L/D6
D 1.5m
1.24
Tc 2750 K
Molecular mass 22kg / kmole
solution :
C*
RTc
2
1
2 1
1.24
1.24
1
1
1 n
Ab1a p c *
pc1
A
t
Ab1a p c *
At
1 n
P
c
Abi a p c *
pci
A
t
1
1 n
Abo a p c *
pco
A
t
P pco pci
1
1 n
8314
2750
22
1.24 1
2 1.24 1
IGNITION SYSTEMS
Solid propellant ignition consists of a series of complex rapid events,
which start on receipt of a signal (usually electric) and include :
Heat generation
Transfer of the heat from the igniter to the motor grain surface,
Spreading the flame over the entire burning surface area,
Filling the chamber free volume (cavity)with gas,
Elevating the chamber pressure without serious abnormalities such
as overpressures, combustion oscillations, damaging shock waves,
hang fires(delayed ignition), extinguishment, and chuffing.
The igniter in a solid rocket motor generates the heat and gas
required for motor ignition.
PHASES OF IGNITION
Phase
IGNITION SYSTEMS
Satisfactory attainment of equilibrium chamber pressure
with full gas flow is dependent on :
Characteristics of the igniter and the gas temperature,
composition and flow issuing from the igniter,
Motor propellant composition and grain surface
ignitability,
IGNITION SYSTEMS
Ignitability of a propellant is affected by many factors, including
The propellant formulation,
The initial temperature of the propellant grain surface
The surrounding pressure
The mode of heat transfer
Grain surface roughness
Age of the propellant
The composition and hot solid particle content of the igniter
gases
The igniter propellant and its initial temperature
The velocity of the hot igniter gases relative to the grain surface
The cavity volume and configuration.
PYROTECHNIC IGNITER
PYROTECHNIC IGNITER
In
PYROTECHNIC IGNITER
The
Pyrogen Igniters
Pyrogen Igniters
A pyrogen
NOZZLE TYPES