ORIGIN OF HYDROCARBONS QUIZ

Questions:
1. What is the best source bed rock for hydrocarbon?
Answer : organic-rich shales
2. How many types of source bed rocks for hydrocarbon? (mention it)
Answer : organic-rich shales, limestones and evaporate
3. How was the hydrocarbons formed?
Answer :
oceans, which contain an abundance of plant and animal life, when ancient marine
organisms died, their remains were deposited along with sediments on ocean floor.
Bacterial action caused the decay of this organic material and combined with the high
temperatures and pressures of burial and hydrocarbon generated.
4. What is catagenesis?
Answer : process whereby organic material is converted to hydrocarbons
5. What are the factors that catagenesis depends on?
Answer : factor as burial, thermal alteration and degradation, and-most importantly-time
6. How much is the organic matter percentage in rocks?
Answer : contain only 1% organic material
7. How to calculate oil API degree?
Answer : Degress API =

141.5
131.5
specific gravity @ 60 F

8. How does the hydrocarbon migration happen?

Answer : oil and gas formed in source beds that can occur at much different than at
reservoirs from which thil oil and gas is ultimately produced. After oil and gas are
generated, they migrate from their source beds into other porous and permeable rock.
Without source beds, there would be no hydrocarbons.
9. What is overburden pressure?
Answer : the pressure exerted on a rock of interest by its overlying or sediments.
10. What does the petroleum system consist of?
Answer : source rocks, reservoir, migration, trap, seal.

NATURAL GAMMA RAY THEORY QUIZ

Questions:
1. What does the gamma ray tool measure?

Answer : measures of the amount of naturally occurring gamma radiation emitted by a

formation.
2. What kind of elements that are measured by gamma ray tool?
Answer : potassium (K40), uranium (U238), and thorium (U232)
3. What are the applications of gamma ray tool?
Answer :
a) Correlation
b) Formation boundaries and Thickness
4. What kind of logging condition that gamma ray tool can be used?
Answer : Cased holes
5. How does the gamma ray tool work?
Answer : a gamma ray emitted from the formation interacts with a man-made crystal that
creates a tiny pulse, or scintillation, of visible light. These flashes of light are detected by
a photo-sensitive device that then passes an electrical signal to the measurement circuitry
of the tool.
6. How is the gamma ray tool response for sandstone?
Answer : contain large quantities
7. How is the gamma ray tool response for shale?
Answer : contain smaller quantities
8. What is the unit for gamma ray value?
Answer : Gamma API (GAPI)
9. What kind of detector the employs for gamma ray tool?
Answer : Scintillatin Crystals
10. How is the gamma ray tool calibrated?
Answer : necessary that a response identical to that of standard tool is ensured. Service
companies, therefor, use their standard tool and its known sensitivity to measure the
GAPI value of a calibrator. And Halliburton uses thorium blanket calibrators for
calibrating the response of its gamma rays tools.
SPONTANEOUS POTENTIAL THEORY QUIZ
Questions:
1. What is spontaneous potential (SP) logging?
Answer : potential exit spontaneous in borehole and measure a natural current flow in
the borehole
2. What causes the SP?
Answer : relative differences in the ionic concentrations of invaded mud filtrate and
original formation

3. What are the uses of SP data?

Answer : can be used to estimate the volume of shale or dispersed clay (or V sh) in a
formation.
4. What is formation water?
Answer : water original in the formation formed
5. How can SP data determine the formation water resistivity?
Answer : because SP data very important for estimation of formation water resistivity.
6. In what condition does the SP tool can be logged?
Answer : wells drilled with oil-based mud, water-based drilling, salt-water-based mud
and fresh water-based mud.
7. What is electrochemical and electrokinetic?
Answer :
Electrochemical processes relate to ionic imbalances between fluids
Electrokinetic processes relate to the movement of fluid at the
borehole/formation interface
8. What is membrane potential and liquid junction potential?
Answer :
Membrane potential is in permeable and invaded formations that are in contact
with shale, a potential exists across the formation boundary.
Liquid Junction Potential is a permeable formation is often invaded during the
drilling process by mud filtrate. This mud filtrate may have a salinity that is much
different from that of the original formation water.
9. What is the function of fish?
Answer : Surface reference electrode
10. If you have Rmf>Rw, how will be the deflection relative to shale?
Answer : If you have Rmf>Rw can best result are provided in water-based drilling fluids

DUAL LATERALOG TOOL (DLLT) AND MICRO-SPHERICALLY FOCUSED LOG

(MSFL) THEORY QUIZ
Questions:
1. What is the DLLT or MSFL measurement product in the log?
Answer : Resistivity
2. What is the basic law of DLLT and MSFL measurement concept?
Answer : Ohms Law
3. What is the primary objective of logging with DLLT?
Answer : determine a value for true resistivity (Rt) of a formation

4. Please draw and explain the borehole diagram condition!

Answer :

5. What is the objective of running DLLT and MSFL in combination?

Answer : formation resistivity
6. What is the logging condition for DLLT and MSFL? How is the ratio between Rmf
and Rw for DLLT and HRID borehole environment?
Answer :
Logging Conditions DLLT
a. Fresh water-based muds
b. Non-conductive boreholes
c. Highly conductive saltwater-based drilling fluid
Logging Conductions MSFL
a) Saltwater-based mud
b) Fresh water-based mud
Ratio Rmf and Rw for DLLT and HRID

7. How does the DLLT or MSFL work?

Answer :
DLLT & MSFL relates to ohms law and describes the resistivity of a material in
terms of current flow and voltage drop. Simply demonstrated using a cylindrical
core sample of porous rock that is completely saturated with conductive saline
water. Metallic electrodes are placed on both ends of the rock, and are attached to
a voltmeter.

8. What is the component of ohms law that constant in the DLLT measurement
concept?
Answer : Current Flow
9. How many types of electrodes in DLLT?
Answer : DLLT Electrodes Along Sonde, DLLT Current Return Electrode
10. How many types of electrodes in MSFL?
Answer : MSFL Tool, MSFL Pad

HIGH RESOLUTION INDUCTION TEORY (HRI) QUIZ

Questions:
1. What is the difference between lateralog and induction logging?
Answer :

2. What is the logging condition for induction logging?

Answer :
a) Air-drilled boreholes
b) Oil-based mud
c) Fresh water-based mud
3. Explain Faradays law!

Answer : magnetic field variase time can produce electrical field from of to electrical
current.
4. Explain Amperes law!
Answer : current electrical produce magnetic field
5. Explain how HRI works!
Answer : make use these laws of physics to measure resistivity of the environment
surrounding the tool. A transmitter coil establishes an electromotive force in the
formation that induces a ground loop. The magnitude of the current flow in his ground
loop is inversely proportional to formation resistivity
6. What is mutual coupling and mutual signal?
Mutual coupling is receiver coil may be thousands of times greater than the
signal generated by primary ground loops magnetic field.
Mutual signal is employ multiple transmitter coils and/or receiver coils.
7. What is depth of investigation and vertical resolution?
Answer :
Depth of investigation
Defined as the distance from the tool beyond which 50% of the measured signal
originates
Vertical resolution
Defined as the minimum bed thickness that is capable of being observed (or
resolved) from a particular tools response
8. What are the voltages reads by the receiver?
Answer :
a) The mutual signal can be largely eliminated through the use multi-coil tools
b) The phase relationships of the R-signal and X-signal allow them to be
differentiated
9. Explain R-Signal and X-Signal!
Answer :
R-Signal is the voltage induced by primary ground loops magnetic field is the
main signal of interest
X-Signal is these secondary ground loops produce their own magnetic field, and
therefore induce another voltage in the receiver
10. What is skin effect?
Answer : skin effect is the single largest influence on induction tool measurement in very
low resistivity formation.

SPECTRAL DENSITY LOGGING TOOL (SDLT) QUIZ

Questions:
1. What is the SDLT measured?
Answer : measure to electron density and gamma ray absorption properties of a
formation.
2. What are the primary objectives of SDLT?
Answer : determine formation porosity and lithology.
3. What is the result of SDLT in the log?
Answer :bulk density and photoelectric factor of the formation
4. How does the SDLT work?
Answer : gamma rays interact with the electrons of atoms and are either scattered or
absorbed, losing energy in each collision. Gamma rays that return to the detectors of the
tool, therefore, exhibit a wide range of energy levels depending upon type and how many
collisions they suffered
5. How to calculate porosity density from Rhob?
Answer :

D= ma b
ma fl
6. What are the applications of SDLT?
Answer :
a) Determination of volume of shale (VSh)
b) Determination of overburden pressure
c) Identifications of gas-bearing formations with DSNT
d) Enchanced evaluation of shaly sandstone reservoirs

e) Estimation of hydrocarbons density

f) Estimation of rock mechanical properties with acoustic waveform data
7. Gamma ray absorption ability of formation is related to
Answer : the average atomic number (Z) of atoms present in that formation
8. How are the logging conditions that capable for SDLT?
Answer :
a) Fresh water-based mud
b) Salt water-based mud
c) Oil-based mud
d) Air-drilled boreholes
9. How many types of corrections apply for SDLT?
Answer :
a) Density correction for stand-off
b) Density correction for mudcake lithology
10. What kind of source that employs in SDLT?
Answer :
1.5 Curie chemical source of cesium-137

DUAL SPASED NEUTRON TOOL (DSNT) QUIZ

Questions:
1. What kind of measurements that DSNT is designed for?
Answer : measure the abundance of low-energy neutrons in a formation
2. What element that is very efficient at slowing down the neutron?
Answer : element hydrogen
3. What kind of source that employs in DSNT?
Answer : 18.5 Curie chemical source of americium and beryllium (AmBe)
4. How does the DSNT work?
Answer : hydrogen most efficient element at causing this energy loss; therefore, the
measurement made by the tool is a function of the amount of hydrogen present in the
formation.
5. What is the unit of neutron porosity?
Answer : counts/second or cps
6. What kind of neutron that is detected by DSNT detector? How much is the energy
level?
Answer :
NEUTRON
ENERGY LEVEL
Fast
10 MeV 1 MeV
Intermediate
1 MeV 10 eV
Epithermal
10 eV 0.1 eV

Thermal

< 0.1 eV

7. What are the factors that give effect to the count rates in DSNT detector?
Answer :
a) Slowing down cross section
b) Thermal neutron capture cross section
8. What is the result of DSNT in the log?
Answer : neutron porosity
9. Why DSNT measurement is a function of hydrogen concentration?
Answer : hydrogen is mainly present in oil, gas, and water, which occupy pore space of a
formation
10. What are the factors in the borehole that influence the count rate of a thermal
neutron detector?
Answer :
a) Boreholes salinity
b) Boreholes size
c) Detector stand-off
d) Boreholes temperature
e) Boreholes pressure
f) Mud weight
g) Mudcake thickness