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Chapter 14

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gare Nome Coase ‘+ History 2(0) plain the significance ofthe flowing year 9 turning points 1966-1968 (artn Luther King dr. asassnation and U.S, lands onthe oon), + History 6(A) Analyze causes ad effects of events and socal sues such 45 race relations and the changing role of women. tory 7(6) Explain the opportunities and obstacles for women and ethnic minorities, History 8(A) Describe U.S. responses to Soviet aggression after World War Including Jon F. Kennedy's role inthe Cuban Missile Crisis, History 8(0) Explain reasons and outcomes for U.S. involvement in foreign counties and ther relationship tothe Domino Theory, including the Vietnam War, History 8(€) Analyze the major issues and events ofthe Vietnam Har such a the Tet Dffensive, the escalation of forces, Vietnamisation, and the fal of Saigon, ‘+ History 8(F) Describe the responses to the Viatnam War sich as the daft the 26th Amendment, the role of the media, the credibty gap, the sient majority, and the anti-war movement, History 9(8) Describe the roles of plitical organizations that promoted civil ahs, Including ones fom Chicano, American Indian, women’, and other eh rights movements, History 9(C) Identify the roles of significant leaders who supported various sights ‘movements, including Cesar Chive, Hector P, Garcia, and Betty Frieden, History 9(0) Compare and contrast the approach taken by some civil ights groups such as, the Black Panthers with the nanvolent approach of Martin ther King Dy History 9(F) Describe presidential actions and congressional votes to adress minority eghts in the United States, including the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1964, andthe Voting Rahs Act of 1965, History 9(2) Describe how litigation such asthe landmark cases of Mendez v. Westminster, Heranderv. fexes, Delgado v. Bastrop I.5.0., and Edgewood 1.5.0.1. ity played a fle protecting the rights of the minority during the civil ghts movement. Economics 17(0) Identity actions of government and the private sector suchas the Great Society, affirmative action, and Tite IX to create economic opportunities for itzens and analyze the unintended consequences of each. Government 19(8) Explain constitutional issues raised by federal government policy changes during tes of significant events, including the 1960s, Government 20(A) Describe the impact of events such asthe Gulf of Tonkin Resolution and the War Powers Act onthe relationship Between the legislative and executive branches of government. + Government 21(A) Analyze the effects of landmark U.S. Supeme Cour deicons, ncaing U.S. Supreme tour deisions such as Hemande Ts, Wicansn Yer. and White v. Regt, Gitizenship 23(A) Identify and analyze methods of expanding the right to participate inthe democratic proces, including lobbying, nan-vilent protesting, litigation, and amendments co the US. Constitution Gtizenship 23(8) Evaluate various means of achieving equality of political cghts, including the 24th and 26th Amendment, Citizenship 24(B) Evaluate the contributions of significant poitical leaders inthe United States such as Bary Goldwater — ao rrr | 289 Name —______— 290 MASTERING THE TEKS IN UNITED STATES HISTORY SINCE 1877 ‘culture 25(8) Describe both the positive and negative impacts of significant examples of futur movement in arts, movies and literature such as the Beat Generation, rock and roll, the Chicana Mural Movement... on American society {alture 26(0) ‘Identify the paltical, social, and economic contributions of women suchas Dolores Huerta to American society Culture 26(F) Disease the importance of Congressional Medel of Honor recipients including {aalvidals ofall aces and genders such as Roy Benavider, cioneo, Technology. and Society 28(B) Explain how space technology and exploration improve the quality of fe ‘Thesinties were atime of protest and change, When John F Kennedy took office, he announced that the “torch was being passed to a new generation.” Advances in civil rights spread from. ‘Affican Americans to other minority groups and women, President Johnson dreamt of ending poverty in America, but his hopes were derailed when the United States became involved in the Vietnam Wat. By the late 1960s, a new generation of young Americans began to question the conformity of the 1950s, New forms of art, music and self-expression appeared, |A.. John F, Kennedy brought a new spirit of youthful vigor to the White House. He ‘Supported civil rights, the space program, and freedom around the world. 1B. Fidel Castro came to power in 1959 and turned Cuba into a Communist dic- tatorship. Cuban exiles with U.S. support landed at the Bay of Pigs but were defeated. Castro and the Soviets tried to install nuclear missiles. U.S. spy planes Sav the missile silos and Kennedy ordered a blockade around Cuba. During the | ‘Cuban Missile Crisis the world was on the brink of nuclear war, Under a com- promise, the U.S. would not invade Cuba and the missiles were withdrawn, C.. Soviet leaders began building the Berlin Wall in 1961. In 1963, Kennedy reas- sured West Berliners when he told them “leh bin ein Berliner D. Kennedy was assassinated in 1963. Lyndon B. Johnson, the new President, stecred civil rights legislation and his Great Society programs through Congress, His program gave aid to cities, fought poverty, and established Medicare. Barry Goldwater, who revived conservatism, lost to Johnson in the election of 1964. During the 1960s, gains achieved by the Civil Rights Movement spread to other groups. Betty Friedan focused on the plight of middle-class suburban housewives, ‘During the Women’s Liberation Movement, women sought greater socioeconomic opportunities. Affirmative acti programs and Title IX led to gender equality in | dation. Feminists also drew attention to biased attitudes. The Equal Pay Act required equal pay for men and women doing the same job. F. During the late 1960s, some African Americans became more militant. The Black Power Movement believed African Americans should rely more on themselves. Maleolm X believed that violence might be necessary to achieve ‘equal rights. The Black Panthers demanded equal opportunities and repara- tions for past oppression, In 1968, African-American frustration led (0 rioting in cities after the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr CHAPTER 14: The Sites: A Decade of Protest and Change 294) — IMPORTANT IDEAS (continued) — G_ Mexican Americans also struggled for equal rights, Chicano Wall murals cele- brated their culture. Organizers like Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta fought for the rights of migrant farm workers. most of whom were Mexican Ameri- ccans. Hector Pérez Garefa fought discrimination against Mexican Americans, H. Aseries of various court eases ended the segregation of Mexican-American chil- dren in public schools and the exclusion of Mexican Americans from juries, 1. American Indians organized the American Indian Movement, or AIM, 4. Young people in the sixties sought greater personal freedom. The right to vote toall eitizens over 18 years old was given by the Twenty-sixth Amendment K. In 1954, Vietnam in Southeast Asia was divided in two: North Vietnam came under Communist control, while South Vietnam had the support of the Wes. ‘When South Vietnamese leaders decided to oppose elections to re-unify the ‘country, the Vietcong launched a guerilla war fo win control ofthe county. L. Alter Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964), President John= son sent in thousands of U.S. ground troops. Even so, the Vietcong were able to launch attacks on South Vietnamese cities during the Tet Offensive (1968), M. Inthe U:S.,the war became very divisive, The Anti-war Movement staged demon- sirations throughout the country. President Richard Nixon, elected in 1968, esea- lated the war. He bombed the North and began a policy of Vietnamization to give the South Vietnamese a larger stake in the war. The U:S, signed an agreement with North Vietnam. withdrawing its fores from Vietnam. Fighting continued until the fall of Saigon in 1975, when Vietnam was re-united under Communist rule. N._ Inthe 1960s, American youths challenged the conforming behavior oftheir par- cots, The Beat poets and writers, like Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouae, vere forerunners of this new counter-culture Key TERMS AND PEOPLE IN THIS CHAPTER & John F. Kennedy 1 Black Power Movement m@ White v. Regester 1 John Glenn Black Panthers 1m Vietnam War Bay of Pigs invasion m Chicano Movement Domino Theory 1 Coban Missile Crisis mi Heetor Gareia © Guif of Tonkin Resolution Lyndon 6. Johnson mi Cesar Chavez m Vietnamization 1 Great Society 1 Dolores Hurerta 1m Loy Benavidez 1m Barry Goldwater ‘Am. indian Movement ml Tet Offensive © Anti-war Movement mi Mendez v Westminister m Credibility Gap 1 Feminist Movement m™ Hernandez v. Teras “Silent Majority” Betty Friedan i Pelgado v. Bastrop ISP Fall of Saigon wm Title Ix Edgewood ISP v. Kirby Ww Beat Veneration ume 2 = How did the Cold War continue during the 1960s? © How did the Civil Rights Movement show the way forthe expansion of rights to other groups, including women, Mexican Americans, and Native Americans? = Why was the Vietnam War so controversial among Americans? “The 1960 Presidential election marked the frst time the major candidates debated cach other on national television. John F. Kennedy narrowly defeated Richard Nixon and became the youngest man ever lected to the Presidency. In his Inaugural Address, Kennedy challenged Americans to “ask not what ‘your country can do for you but what you ean do Tor your country.” His speech sought 10 ignite the spirit of American idealism. Iola F Kenney deivering is nangaral speech Jans 20,1961 DOMESTIC POLICY UNDER KENNEDY Kennedy's New Frontier symbolized the vigor of youth. The President and his wife, Jackie, brought an elegant style to the White House. Kennedy sought to use the powers of the federal government to solve the nation’s problems, He proposed a tax cut to stimulate the ‘economy, the creation of Medicare, civil rights legislation, and increased aid to education, None of these proposals, however, passed under Kennedy. Kennedy did create the Peace Corps, a program in which American volunteers went to developing countries in Afric Asia, and Latin America to share theit skills. The program continues today. ‘The Space Race. To counter the Soviet space progra President Kennedy announced that America would place ‘aman on the moon. In 1962, Jobn Glenn became the first ‘American to ofbit the earth, Few Americans at that time realized that they were just setting olf on a road of explo- ration and discovery that would greatly improve their lives. ‘on Earth, Later Presidents continued the space program, and by 1969, the United States became the first country 0 land two men, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, on the surface of the moon. Jolin HGleam bes fined or yc sip tis fe UNLAWFUL To eHoTOCOrY of MOOD cwarrte 1a the sik Space exploration has fed to advances in technology that have improved the quality of ‘ur lives. For example, a a result of space exploration we now have satellites with improved television and radio signals. These satellites help us communicate faster, predict the weather, and forecast impending tsunamis, cyclones, hurricanes andl tomadoes. They also allow us to ake telephone calls overseas and to use GPS (global positioning systems) ‘A Decade of Protest and Change 293 The space program also has fed to the invention of high-performance solar cells, new lubricants. infrared ear thermometers, enriched baby food, cordless power tools, and tempur-pedic foam for mattresses and pillows FOREIGN POLICY UNDER KENNEDY Like Truman and Eisenhower, President Kennedy staunchly ‘opposed Communism and pledged to contain it, One of the greatest challenges Kennedy faced was in Cuba, only 90 miles from Florida. In 1959, while Eisenhower was President, Fidel Castro led an uprising to overthrow the brutal Cuban dictator General Batista. At first, Americans looked at Castro's revolt tion as an attempt to introduce democracy into Cuba. However, shontly after taking power, Castro made new agreements with the Soviet Union. President Eisenhower reduced the amount of sugar Cuba could sell to the United States, and Castro nation: alized American businesses in Cuba, Then he announced his plans to make Cuba a pro-Soviet Communist nation. Land~ [i holding was limited and opponents were thrown in jail Fidel Castes BAY OF PIGS INVASION (1961) President Eisenhower approved a plan to overthrow Castro. This included secretly training a group of Cuban exiles in the United States and Guatemala to invade the island. When Kennedy became President, he let the plan continue, but he refused to provide air power, Which would openly tic the invasion to the United States. The exiles landed! in Cubs three ‘months after Kennedy took office, but were quickly defeated by the Cuban military. This ‘was an embarrassing foreign policy failure for President Kennedy, APPLYING WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED ¥ If you had been President during the invasion at the Bay of Pigs, would you | -d U.S. airpower to overthrow Castro? Explain your answer. ALLIANCE FOR PROGRESS (1961) ‘To mect the Communist challenge, Kennedy created a program of grants and loans to Latin American nations to promote economic progress, land reform. and ta ft fi paar ipnastenetnnsnstasssesesseeer=sseresiasee 296 MASTERING THE TEXS IN UNITED STATES HISTORY SINCE 1877 THE BERLIN WALL (1961) A fow months after the Bay of Pigs failure, President Kennedy met Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev face-to-face in Vienna, Kennedy did not feel the meeting went well. Only a few weeks afler that, Soviet officials actually began construction of the Berlin Wall, cut ting off access to the West for East Berliners. CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS (1962) The exiks invading the Bay of Pigs hal been instructed to say they were acting independently, but disobeyed their orders. Castro and! Khrushchev became aware that the United States had been behing the invasion, and took steps to protect Cuba. In 1962, U.S. spy planes flying ‘over Cuba discovered that Cubs was seeretly preparing Silos for missiles with nuclear warheads. At this time, Soviet missiles sill could not reach the United States ‘easily from Europe or Asia, Now, they would be able to launch missiles trom only 90 miles away. President Ken rnedy was determined to prevent this from happening. But 5 ps pote ofa acear warkeat a how could he stop them without causing a nuclear war? ner comsrosin in Cuba crisis: 1962 Eimear) In October 1962, Kennedy gathered a ‘group of his top officials to form a spe- cial committee in the White House, He ‘encouraged them to consider every option to find a way out of the crisis. In good decision-making, one examines all of the alternatives and weighs the pros and cons (advantages and disadvantages) of each option, Some urged an immediate sirike on the missile silos. After a week of intense debate, Kennedy decided t0 ‘announce « naval blockade around Cuba to prevent the arrival of any additional Soviet weapons. One Soviet ship was ‘even stopped and boarded. Kennedy also threatened to invade Cuba ithe offensive missiles were not withdrawn, How would Khrushchev reaet? Kennedy put U.S. armed forces at their highest state of alert, while Soviet commanders in Cuba prepared to defend the island. For a brief moment, the Cuban Missile Crisis became the closest the world has ever come to a nuclear war. Aer several days of extreme tension, Khrushchev agreed to withdraw the missiles fora plede thatthe United States would not invade Cuba, Kennedy also agreed to pull U.S, missiles out of Turkey. After the Cuban crisis, U.S. and Soviet leaders set up a special “hot fine” tle phone. They also agreed to a treaty banning further nuclear testing except for underground. UNLAWFUL To PHOTO Coreen CHAPTER 14 The Sixties: A Decade of Protest and Change 295, ACTING AS AN AMATEUR HISTORIAN Fn October 2 “This secret and extraordinary buildup of Communist missiles — in an area known to have a special relationship to the United States and the nations of the Westem Hemisphere, in violation of Soviet ‘assurances, and in defiance of American and hemispheric policy — this decision to station weapons forthe first time outside of Soviet soil — is fied change in the status quo which cannot be accepted by this country .- In your opinion, did President Kennedy choose the right course of action during the 2 ‘Cuban Missile Crisis? Explain your answer. 1962, President Kennedy spoke to the nation: unjust President Kennedy reiterated his commitment to resisting Communism when he visited West Berlin in 1963. He told its citizens “Ich bin ein Berliner” (am a Berliner) reassuring West Germans of the U.S. commitment to thei safety and freedom, THE JOHNSON PRESIDENCY, 1963-1968 ‘The nation was shocked when Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas on November 22. 1963, Vice-President Lyndon B, Johnson became the next President. THE GREAT SOCIETY ‘Soon after becoming President, Johnson proposed the most far-ranging program of social legislation since the New Deal, Johnson proposed federal legislation designed to transform American society. Johnson's goal was to tum the nation into a Great Society by opening up ‘opportunities and improving the quality of life forall Americans, His Great Society programs, included equality of opportunity, enrichment of urban life, restoration of natural beauty, expan. sion of education, ending poverty, health care for the elderly, and greater racial equ nrg, te Ci Rights Act (64) ae! the eting Rights et Medicare Aet of 1965, Soci Name an aaa Te aE 296 MASTERING THE TEKS IN UNITED STATES HisToRY since 177 NAMALSGAMAUGI0Og Fanaa Changes in Immigration Policy. Johnson also proposed important changes in immi- ‘ration policy. The post-war MeCarren-Walter Act (1952) had kept immigration quotas ‘a 1920 levels, favoring Westen Europe. Asian countries had received only token imini- gration. The Immigration Act of 1965 aimed to be less biased. Each country was given fan identical quota for its number of legal immigrants. Preference was given to those with relatives already in the United States or with valuable skills. The act also restricted inmmi- gration from Latin America for the first time. Johnson’s Landslide Election. In 1964, Barry Goldwater (1909-1998), a Senator from Arizona, won the Republican nomin tion for President. Goldwater helped fevive conservatism at a time ‘when it seemed out of fashion, He called fora tough stance in dealing with the Soviets, opposing arms-conttol talks, He also attacked John- son’s Great Society programs for extending the reach of the gover ‘ment too farinto our lives, His slogan “that extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice,” actually hurt Goldwater in the election. Many “Americans feared that Goldwater was an “extremist” who might lead ‘the nation into a nuclear war against the Soviet Union. oar GOLeE TAGTING AS AN AMATEUR HISTORIAN In 1960, Goldwater helped revive Conservative political thoug ‘with his book, Conscience of a Conservative. Here he detines what 1e sees a the key principle of American Conservatism: [T]he Conservative looks upon politics as the art of achieving the [most] freedom for individuals consistent with [maintaining] social onder... the Conservative recognizes that the ulmost care is required to keep political power within its proper bounds, The delicate balance that exists between freedom and order has long since tipped against freedom everywhere on earth. In some countries, freedom is down and order holds absolute sway. In our country the trend is less advanced, but gaining momentum. Thus, for the American Con- ‘ervative, there is no difficulty im identifying the day’s real challenge: to preserve ‘and extend freedom, As he surveys the institutions and laws that currently preva the Conservative’ first concem is always: Are we maximizing freedom? I suggest ‘ve [Took at] the issues Facing us today with this question in mind.” According to Goldwater, what two forces are in constant conflict? 4x What issues facing Americans today illustrate this same conflict? FAILURE OF THE GREAT SOCIETY Despite Johnson's Great Society programs, many Americans remained in poverty. The cost ‘ofthe Vietnam War eventually forced Johnson to withdraw much of the funding from these domestic programs. Because of the growing divisions inthe nation aver this war, Johnvon did not seek another term as President in 1968, iam ener PROJECT WITHOUT PERMISSION CHAPTER 16: The Sixties: A Decade of Protest and Change 297, APPLYING WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED SEALEARNING WITH GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS gid ‘Complete the graphic organizer below by describing some of the key events ofthe Kennedy and Johnson Presidencies, ‘The Space Race Bay of Pigs Invaston Cuban Missile Crisis a ‘ENNEDY AND JOHNS‘ PRESIDENCIES Berlin Wall The Great Society Name SSsssEEESs 298 MASTERING THE TEKS IN UNITED STATES HISTORY SINCE 1877 THE WOMEN’S LIBERATION MOVEMENT One of the most important events of the 1960s was the Women's Liberation (or Feminist) Movement. Inthe 1950s and early 1960, most American women had occupied traditiona roles as wives and mothers, Working class women worked outside the home, but middle class women were often restricted tothe houschold, Movies, television, and magazines rein- forced this stereotype, Married women who did not conform to the ideal housewife were even regarded as outcasts, Although they could now vote, women still had not achieved full equality either at work or in the home. Unlike the earlier Suflrage Movement. which Focused on securing the vote, the Women’s Liberation Movement was directed at achieving, greater economic and social equality REASONS FOR THE EMERGENCE OF THE WOMEN'S LIBERATION MOVEMENT Influence of Civil Rights Movement. Hany women leadrshadben active nthe Ci Rights Movement Ts success spied: them to adopt the sane techniques to promote womers ight — lobbying sitins denonivations, boycetis, and trikes, Impact of Social Scenes. Soci scans, epe women such ab anthropologist. Margaret Head began to see wore ow sats in Western cacey asthe creation ofa male-dominated power The “Sena Revolution.” Sex edcation courses gan to be taught inthe school ith corto pile protected women fam pegrany The Womers Women ebjected to being trated arson objects instead of 5 il han beg Dynamic Leadership ighy educated ard lentes women provided dram eadership. Feminist Stine funded Me, Mogeine, devoted to cerns and viewpoints seeded cient In 1963, Betty Friedan (1921-2006) wrote The Feminine Mystique. Her book galvanized middle class ‘women. It challenged the belief that educated subur- ban housewives were happy doing nothing more than Keeping their homes clean and preparing dinner for their families, Friedan wrote that women were as capa- ble as men and should be permitted to compete for the same jabs, In 1966, Friedan helped form the National ion of Women (NOW). which became the Bey Friedn tsa fein demons CED cnc Sana Lf CHAPTER 14: The Sixties: A Decade of Protest and Change 299 ACTING AS AN AMATEUR HISTORIAN n her book, Friedan challenged the belief that all women were con- tent leading lives as mothers and housewives: h suburban wife struggles with it alone. As she maxde the beds, shopped for groceries, matched slipeover material, ate peanut butter sandwiches with her children, chauffeured Cub Scouts and Brownies, [and] lay beside her husband at night — she was afraid to ask even of herself the silent question — ‘Is this all? iome criticized Betty Friedan for limiting her focus to middle-class, educated women. hey claimed she ignored other women’s voices, Do you think this was a valid eri sm? Explain your answer. ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE WOMEN’S LIBERATION MOVEMENT Feminist goals were far-reaching. Women sought greater freedom and a fuller social and economic life Education. As a result of affirmative action, universities receiving federal support could ‘no longer discriminate on the basis of sex in their axmissions policy. Most colleges became co-educational and hired women professors. In fact, they had to hire more women faculty quickly because most professors were males. Greater gender equality was alo achieved in admissions to military academies, law schools, and medical schools, Employment. Feminists sought to end discrimination in hiring, to establish equal job ‘opportunities for women, and to place women in positions of greater responsibility. In 1963. Congress passed the Equal Pay Aet, roquiring comp wages as men for the same work, cs 10 pay women the same [women a THe LaBon Fonce ~ @C68® enous Eye New Attitudes. Feminists objected to beauty contests and introduce replace “Miss” and “Mrs.” They opposed ‘policeman , the use of women as sex objects in advertising, or the idea that men cannot do housework Women’s leaders opposed sexual discrimination in textbooks that ignored women’s contri- butions. They lobbied for more funds to research women's diseases, like breast cancer Name Sse oe me SS SOT 300 MASTERING THE TEKS IN UNITED STATES HISTORY SINCE 1877 hE Roe v. Wade (1973). Many states had laws that prohibited abortion, Feminists believed that a woman should have the right o decide for herself whether to end her pregnancy. “Pro-choice” became a rallying cry for the Women’s Movement. In Roe v. Wade, the U.S. Supreme Court held that a woman had a constitutional right to privacy. This gave her the right to end her pregnancy in the first three months if she chose 10 do so. The decision over- turned all those state laws prohibiting an abortion in the first three months. TITLE IX (1972) A major landmark in women’s rights in education was reached with the passage of Title IX, part of the Edu: cational Amendments Act (1972). Tithe IX banned sex. dliserimination in educational institutions. Title IX pro: ‘moted gender equity by guaranteeing girls in school the ame opportunities as boys. By linking enforcement of the act to federal funding, lawmakers created a powerful financial incentive for schools to provide gender equal- ity to keep from losing federal a Title IX has had an major impact on American soci- ety. For example, before Title IX, only one in 27 girls played varsity high schoo! sports. By 2001, that figure had risen to one in 2.5. Title IX helped women to pursue higher degrees, compete in sports, and enter jobs and ‘educational fields that had previously been dominated by men, Before Title IX, the number of women attend= Tie IX pened sede ing colleges was significantly lower than men. Today, asin por ‘more women than men are in college. E'ACTING AS AN AMATEUR HISTORIAN ‘The excerpt below is from Title IX of the Educational Amendm Act: ‘No person in the Urite States shall, on the bass of ex, be cxclued from partepation in be dei the benchts of ore Ae Sanjcted to discrimination under any education programy or activity revolving Federal nancial assistance, “4 Why is ivimportant for women and mento enjoy equal opportunities for participa Tim in school activities? Explain your answer. “de Inerview your parents or grandparents and ask them how opportunites for women uve changed tet etme. Then write up the resus of your interew aod share them with your classmtes oR fla CHAPTER 14: The Sixties: A Decade of Protest and Change 301.

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