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Periodic Motion:: A T T X

1. Periodic motion repeats in a definite cycle with a restoring force that acts when a body is displaced from equilibrium. The period T is the time for one cycle and frequency f is the number of cycles per unit time. 2. If the restoring force is directly proportional to displacement, the motion is simple harmonic motion (SHM). In SHM, the angular frequency, frequency, and period do not depend on amplitude but only on mass and force constant. Displacement, velocity, and acceleration are sinusoidal functions of time. 3. A simple pendulum's motion is approximately SHM for small amplitudes, with frequency and period depending only on gravity and length, not mass or amplitude.

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72 views

Periodic Motion:: A T T X

1. Periodic motion repeats in a definite cycle with a restoring force that acts when a body is displaced from equilibrium. The period T is the time for one cycle and frequency f is the number of cycles per unit time. 2. If the restoring force is directly proportional to displacement, the motion is simple harmonic motion (SHM). In SHM, the angular frequency, frequency, and period do not depend on amplitude but only on mass and force constant. Displacement, velocity, and acceleration are sinusoidal functions of time. 3. A simple pendulum's motion is approximately SHM for small amplitudes, with frequency and period depending only on gravity and length, not mass or amplitude.

Uploaded by

sammycat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER

14

SUMMARY
1
T

Periodic motion: Periodic motion is motion that repeats


itself in a definite cycle. It occurs whenever a body has a
stable equilibrium position and a restoring force that
acts when it is displaced from equilibrium. Period T is
the time for one cycle. Frequency is the number of
cycles per unit time. Angular frequency v is 2p times
the frequency. (See Example 14.1.)

Simple harmonic motion: If the restoring force Fx in


periodic motion is directly proportional to the displacement x, the motion is called simple harmonic motion
(SHM). In many cases this condition is satisfied if the
displacement from equilibrium is small. The angular
frequency, frequency, and period in SHM do not depend
on the amplitude, but only on the mass m and force constant k. The displacement, velocity, and acceleration in
SHM are sinusoidal functions of time; the amplitude A
and phase angle f of the oscillation are determined by
the initial position and velocity of the body. (See Examples 14.2, 14.3, 14.6, and 14.7.)

Fx = -kx

T =

2p
v = 2p =
T

(14.2)

x = 2A
x=0
x=A
x,0
x.0
ax y
y
y ax

Fx

ax =
v =
=
T =

(14.3)
A

Fx
k
= - x
m
m

(14.4)

O
2A

k
Am

(14.10)

1
k
v
=
2p
2p A m

(14.11)

1
m
= 2p

Ak

(14.12)
(14.13)

Energy

Simple pendulum: A simple pendulum consists of a point


mass m at the end of a massless string of length L. Its
motion is approximately simple harmonic for sufficiently small amplitude; the angular frequency, frequency, and period then depend only on g and L, not on
the mass or amplitude. (See Example 14.8.)

Physical pendulum: A physical pendulum is any body


suspended from an axis of rotation. The angular frequency and period for small-amplitude oscillations are
independent of amplitude, but depend on the mass m,
distance d from the axis of rotation to the center of gravity, and moment of inertia I about the axis. (See Examples 14.9 and 14.10.)

v =

and

g
AL

g
v
1
=
=
2p
2p A L

2p
1
L
T =
= = 2p
v

Ag

v =

mgd
B I

T = 2p

I
A mgd

k
1
2p A I

(14.24)

E5K1U

(14.21)

k
AI

2T

E = 12 mvx2 + 12 kx 2 = 12 kA2 = constant

v =

x
mg

mg

K
O

2A

Angular simple harmonic motion: In angular SHM, the


frequency and angular frequency are related to the
moment of inertia I and the torsion constant k.

Fx

mg

x = A cos1vt + f2
Energy in simple harmonic motion: Energy is conserved
in SHM. The total energy can be expressed in terms of
the force constant k and amplitude A. (See Examples
14.4 and 14.5.)

(14.1)

Balance wheel Spring

tz
u
Spring torque tz opposes
angular displacement u.

(14.32)
L
(14.33)

u
T

(14.34)

(14.38)
u d

d sin u

(14.39)

mg cos u

mg sin u
mg

mg sin u

cg
mg cos u

mg

461

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