ow \ - - Tomato e Disease Guide F aad Rees : 7 r » . —~* i. Seminis. ‘grow forwardI Seminis. Tomato — Disease Guide A PRACTICAL GUIDE FOR SEEDSMEN, GROWERS AND AGRICULTURAL ADVISORS Edited by Brad Gabor, Seminis Vegetable Seeds, Ine. All authors ero rrembers of the Semis Vogatati Ine’ Pan Hoan Departmont. Last Revised in 1997Seminis. Preface ‘This guide provides general descriptions and pictures of the more commion tomato diseases and disorders worldwide. For each disease and disorder, the reader will find the common name, the cause, where it occurs, symptoms, conditions necessary for development and control measures. The photograghs were chosen to illustrate characteristic symptoms of each disease ‘and disorder. Its important to note, however, that the variety grown, cultural practices, environmental conditions, and the pathogen population all influence the appearance and severity of a disease or disorder and, thus, the control measures. The primary audienice for this guide includes tomato producers and those who service these tomato producers. This service group would include agricultural advisors, private consultants, farm managers, agronomists and representatives of food processors, chemical companies and seed companies. We hone this book can be used in the field as a quick Buide to information about some common tomato diseases and their control. However, it should be noted that positive diagnosis of tomato problems by using only this book is not recommended, nor encouraged, and this guide should not be substituted for the professional opinion of a producer, grower, agronomist, pathologist or similar professional dealing with this specific crop. Even the most experienced plant pathologist uses both laboratory and greenhouse techniques to confirm suspicions from the field. Moreover, this guide by no means covers every tomato disease. Rather, an attempt has been made to present those diseases which are prevalent worldwide. The insect pests discussed here are those that are involved in the transmission of viruses. Cloudy spot caused by various stinkbugs is described only because of the unusuel nature of the fruit symptoms. ‘A glossary of words used in the text can be found at the end of the book, along with a lst of references for further disease information. ‘Always read and follow iabel directions for any herbicide, fungicide, insecticide or any ather chemical used for treatment or controThank You Seminis. Special thanks go to the following individuals and organizations Who have contributed photographs for this publication, Max E. Badgley Thomas H. Barksdale | Lowell. slack | saith «. Brown i John cho 1. Pat Crit, James D. Farley L David Gilchrist L Raymond R. Grogan Dennis H. Hall eft Hall John R. Hartman Barry Jacobsen Kenneth A. Kimble L ‘Alan A. MacNab i Albert 0, Paulus Biological Photograph: Moren Valley, Calfonia 92553 (deceased) Nowe Pennsytvania 17241 “Monsanto Vegetable Seeds, DeForest, Wisconsin 52532 University of arizona; Pant sclences Department: Tucson, Arizona 85721 University of Hawalt Plant Pathology Department: Kula, Hawai 96790, (@rotessor Emeritus) Walsh, Colorado 81090, De Ruiter Seed 0, Bergschenhoek, The Netherlands. University of California; Department of Plant Pathology; Davis, California 95616 (Professor Fmeritus) University of California; Department of Plant Pathology, Davis, Calfomia (deceased) University of California; Agriculture Extension Specialist; Davis, California (deceased) University of California; Pant Pathology, Davis, California 95616 University of Kentucky; Department of Plant Pathology, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, (Professor Emeritus) ‘Montana State University; Plant Sciences & Plant Pathology, Hoserman, Montana 89717, Davis, California 95616 Penmsyhania State Univers: Pant Patlog Deparment Univers Par, Penrswvena1ce02 jeceas Unive ‘of California; Department of Plant Pathology; Riverside, California 92521Contents Infectious Diseases 7 Bacterial Canker 8 Bacterial speck Bacterial Spot 10 Bacterial wit 11 Piti Necrosis 42 Syringae Leaf spot 13 14 Atemaria Stem Canker 48 Anthracnose 16 Buckeye Fruit and Root Rot 17 Cercospora Leaf Mold 18 Corky Root Rot 49 pamping-off 20 Didymella Stem Rot 21 arly Blight 22-23 riuitRots 24 Fusarium Crown and Root Rot 25 Fusarium Foot Rot 26 Fusariumvvit 27 Gray Leat Spot 28 Gray Mold 29 Late Blight 30 Leaf Mold 31 Phoma Rot 32 Powdery Mildew (Leveluls) 33 Powdery Mildew (Oxia) 34 Septoria Leaf Spot 35 Souther slight 36 Target Spot 37 Verticilium wat 38 White Mold Ce peed 40 a 43 a4 46 48 a9 50 51 82 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60-63 I Seminis. 39 Northem Reat-Knot Nematode Souter Root-knot Nematode Broomnrape onder sig Bud Alfalfa Mosaic chino del Tomate (Cucumber Mosaic curly Top Tobacco Etch Tomato Bushy Stunt Tomato Double virus Streak Tomato infectious Chiorosis Tomato Mosaic Tomato Motte Tomato Spotted Wilt Tomato Yelow Leaf Cunt ‘common vectors: of Tomato virusesSeminis. Contents Noninfectious Disorders 66 Blossom-End Rot 67 catface 68 Chemical Damage 69 Cloudy Spo! 70 cracking 70 edema 68 Fruit Pox 65 Gold Fleck n 72-73 Nuttient Daticiencies 70 Puttiness 70 sunscaid Glossary References 74-77 78Bacterial Diseases INFECTIOUS DISEASESBacterial Canker Causal Agent: Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis Distribution: Worldwide Symptoms: The first symptom is the downward turning and wilting of the lower leaves of the plant. Leaves may exhibit Lnilateral willing and light colored streaks may extend up and down the outside of the leaf midrib, ptiole and stem These sireaks may break open to form cankers. infected leaves and petioles characteristically remain attached to the stem. internally the stems show light brown or yellow vascular discoloration, which progresses to reddish brown, and often the pith turns yellow, becomes mealy and hollow. A yellow bacterial ooze can be squeezed from the cut end of an infected stem. Fruit infection occurs as small, white lesions, which develop into brow scabby lesions. These are surrounded by white halos, giving the lesions a birds-eye appearance. Iypically, the vascular tissue extending from the stem scar into the fruit wil have a yellow-brown discoloration, and cavities imiay develop in the pith. These frut symptoms are common in the greenhouse Conditions for Disease Development: Infection generally occurs through wounds in the plant tissue, however, it can also occur through the leat stomata or roots, The bacterium can survive for up to five years in the soil and infected plant debris. tt can also survive on weeds, volunteer tomato plants and seed. Secondary spread occurs from splashing water, contaminated equipment and tools used in pruning, clipping and transplanting operations. Moderate (18-24°C, 65-75*F) temperatures and greater than 80% relative humidity favor disease oisture conditions for plant growth, low light intensity and high nutrient concentrations, especially nitrogen, also enhance disease development. Symptoms tend to be more severe in sandy soils than in organic soils. Control: The use of clean seed and transplants, as well as sterilization of the transplanting mix, flats and all equipment used in the transplanting operations can reduce: losses from this disease. Transplants should not be topped or mowed since secondary spread can occur rapidly this way. A rolation fo a non host crop for at least three years can reduce losses from bacterial can \ascua dscoorton ofthe stem, ert onthe sem. ‘canker development on te pti seviniscom Seminis.Bacterial Speck Causal Agent: Pseudomonas syringae py. tomato Two races (0 and 1) have been reported. ribution: Worldwide symptoms: gated ly, fruit le Cay of leaf where sprinkler Bacterial speck itrigation is used, but sel drip or furrow itrigation in those organism can survive on roots or leaves 0 4 weeds, jon is usually Control: The use of resistant varie sontrol this disease ber sprays applied Sprinkler itrig SEMINISBacterial Spot eeu Causal Agent: Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, X. vesicatoria, X. perforans, X. gardneri Five races have been reported Distribution: Worldwide Symptoms: Symptoms can appear on all above ground parts of the plant. The first symptoms observed on the leaves are cark, water soa lar spots that are less than 3 mm in diameter. These spots be surface may appear greasy with a tr a black margin. sions soon dry and crack, and a yellow halo may surround the ns tent more numerous on the young fol During periods of high moisture (heavy rain, fo leaves will take on a blightec appearance rather that the typical leaf spots. Fruit infection raised specks, which may be surrounded by a white halo hat has @ greasy appearance. These lesions can enlarge to 4-5 mm (0.25 inch) in diameter and become brown, slightly raisec and ave raised margins and bby in appearance. They can sunken in the center Conditions for Disease Development: The bacteriurn can sun in crop debris, on volunte plants, sds and seed. This ads rapidly through seed beds and fields by sprinkler irrigation and wind-driven rains. infectio ally occurs through wounds, such as those m by insects, wind-driven sand and rain, and by high pressure spraying. Warm (24-20°C, 75-86°F) temperatures with sprinkler irigation or heavy or disease dt Control: The use of disease free seed a theo early control of ba provide mode an, 2 ead itigaton. Rotat ontrolirg weeds and volunteer cures. Good sanitation pra leaning equipment used in diseased fields ig under all plant debris immediately after ip reduce losses from this disease. M semnuscom Seminis.Bacterial Wilt syn: soutnem pacteriat witt) Causal Agent: Ralstonia solanacearum Five races have been reported Distribution: Worldwide (subtropical and tropical areas) symptoms: symptoms t allowed 80 yellowing 5 from the cul A longitudinal section of the veals a yellow to light brown vascular discoloration which later turns darker brown and/or hollow as the disease progresses. A quick aid to diagnosis is to place a freshly cut s r Awhite, milky stream of bactena will 007 ui stem, Conditions for Disease Development: This bacterium has a host range of greater than 200 plant ct and survive on. It can also my, gray & , Which it can infe in the soll where it infects roots through natural nds ca formation of secondary roots, used by transplanting, cultivation ing insects may fad in irigat vation equipment and in ise: ™ (29-35°C, 84-95°F) weather and | moisture levels favor the development ofthis or through d soil furnigation, w and crop rotation can all reduce the inciden cutter showing ith scokeation g onto resistant roatstocks or using tolerant varieties can be effective in minimizing lossé rom bacterial wit. Sa sewiniscom Seminis. 1Pith Necrosis Causal Agent: Pseudomonas corrugata P mediterranea Distribution: Worldwide Symptoms: Foliar Symptoms begin as yellowing and wilting of the younger leaves in portions of the plant. As he disease progresses, dark brown to black lesions tm on the st ntire plant may wit 0 infection is seve udinal of the affected stems may reveal a dark brown discoloration of the pith and vascular system. Also, the stem may contain hollow or segmented cavities. Profuse adventitious root evelopment can-occur along th where the pith affected, Conditions for Disease Development: The disease has been ated with cool rig jemperatures, high humidity and excessive nitrogen fetiization. The onset of symptoms wonnear ie fruit reach the m: ae 's are too succutent. , Control: cations of nitrogen uld contribute to i | ne disease can be spreac by pruning and mechanical wounding so these practices should be ded as much as possible, jaily when the foliage . Disinfecting pruning implements can help reduce the rate of spread of the disease. ssi, necrotic pth and fu MS semnscom Seminis. +Syringae Leaf Spot eeu iso Causal Agent: Pseudomonas syringae py. syringae Distribution: Worldwide Symptoms: Symptoms on leaves may vaty from brown spots hat lack a halo, to dark brown or biack spots with bright yellaw halos that look very similar to those of bacterial speck The leaf spots from syringae leaf spot can be larger than those of bacterial speck. However, itis necessary to isolate the bacterium and conduct laboratory tests to cetermine which pathogen is involved. Conditions for Disease Development: The bacterium is known to survive on both host and ‘non-host plants in a non-parasitic state, and can spread from these plants when cooi and wet environmental conditions favor disease development. Wounding ‘required for infection and the pathogen may invade lesions already caused by another disease. The causal bacterium is a weak pathogen, and the overall dise: evelopment may be less than that caused by bacterial speck. Control: Control may be obtained with copper sprays, but with this disease, spraying is usually not necessary since economic damage is not common. if disease oc it should be determined whether the symptoms at caused by syringae leaf spot and not by another ba isease which might require more stringent contr erial sewiniscom Seminis,Fungal Diseases INFECTIOUS DISEASESAlternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici USA (California) rings form sites These cankers may enlarge, eventually girdiing the stem {killing the plant. A brown, dry rot develops and brown streaks can exte v above and below ling of leaf mai . Fruit symptoms initially appear as y flecks which later enlarge and become dark with the char ic concentric ring mptoms may not be present on mature green fruit, ever, they can develop rapidly in transit The fungus can survive in the soil and crop debris for a year. Rain, overhead irrigation and dew spment of this diseese, and its conidia are ne wind, Stem we eated nfe pruning al also occur without icult to control this disease with fungicides so resistant varieties should be used n can MS semmiscom Seminis. 1Anthracnose Causal Agent: Control: Colletotrichum coccodes, C. dematium, ‘A Tungicide spray program initiated at the first green fruit C. gloeosporioides and other species. stage anid continued to harvest can be used to control (teleomorph: Glomerella cingulata) this disease Crop rotation to a non-hast can prevent the buildup ofthe fungus in the soll and reeiuce losses from Distribution: this disease Broad-spectrum fumigants and avoiding root Worldwide injury can also reduce losses from black dot root rot symptoms: Infection can occur on the fruits, stems, leaves and ots, with the fruit and root infections being the most serious. Athough the fruit is readily infected when it is green, symptoms do not appeer unti itripens. The initial lesions are sunken and circular and become Gepressed with concentric ring markings as they expand, The lesion centers become tan anc many dark specks (microsclerotia) develop. in wet weather numerous Conidia are produced in a siimy, pink, gelatin-ike mass on the lesion surface. Infected roots develop brown lesion: with microsclerotia developing on the root surface. ‘his symptom has given rise to the common name for this tisease, black dot toot rot. Root infection is commonly associated with corky root caused by Pyrenochaeta Iycopersici. Leaf infection is rarely a problem and is characterized by small bi cular lesions surrounded bya yellow halo Conditions for Disease Development: This fungus is generally considered a weak pathogen, however, it has a wide hast range (68 species) and in Survive in the soil on decaying plant material for several years. Free moisture and temperatures between 10-30°C (50-86°F) favor host infection. Fungal conidia and microsclerotia can infect host tissue directly in contact with infested soil or they can be disseminated to host tissue by splashing rain and overhead igation. They then penetrate the tissue directly or enter through Wounds, Root infection generally occurs when the fungal inoculum is high and the plants are nutritionally stressed ue to unfavorable growing conditions or infection from another pathogen, especially Pyrenochaeta Iycopersicl ‘sunken cular fat lesens, sunken cea Black dt rot of" not the nictstlrotia on the oss. semmiscon Seminis. 1 am(syn: Phytophthora Root Rot) Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica P. capsici P. dreshsleri Worldwide june can int a damping off of seedlings, a blight and a fruit rot ked brown through oloration of the vas rely in water-soaked irregular shaped lesions that and dr an develop at any i but are ty ar the soittine. The ark green and wat cd, and ever As the lesions expand they ca he stern ith becoming b fruit syruptor ayish-bro1 that can expand rapidly, emble a bu These fungi have a relatvely wide hast range and can survive in the so plant debris for at least years. They can be spread through irrigation rur n farm equipment. intial infectio moisture Fungicides can help reduce losses fromm this disease. In addition, cultural practices thet can he include sing a three-year rotation to nort-hostc improving sol drainage, avoiding soil compaction, usin raised beds to improve drainage and using shorter irrigation irres to avoid extended periods of soil saturation reduce losses mniscom Seminis. 1Pseudocercospora fuligena (syn: Cercospora fuligena) Africa, China, India, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Philippines and USA joration on the ‘0 form @ brownish This fungus can survive on infested plant debris and black nightshade. High humidity , 81°F) temperatures fave opment and sporulation. Wind, sp 1 irigation and rain, as well as \d cultivation eg 1gal spo! as We s pruning and rovide adequate air movement, also Seminis.Corky Root Rot Causal Agent: Pyrenochaeta lycopersici Distribution: Canada, Europe, New Zealand and USA ptoms: Infected plants may be stunted and generally lack vigor. As the disease progresses the plants may show diumal velting ana premature defoliation. The first symptoms on the roois are small elliptical ight brown areas on the thin Toots. This stage of the disease is frequently called brown Toot rot. As the disease progresses the larger roots are infected and develop extensive brown lesions that are somewhat swollen and cracked along their length, giving them a corky appearance. By this stage the smaller roots can be completely rotted away, and the tap root and stem base eventually tum brown and rot. Conditions for Disease Development: This fungus is pathogenic on several agricultural crops, and its microsclerotia can survive in the soil and plarit debris for several years. Disease is most severe under cool (15-20°C, 89-68°F) soll temperatures and relalvely CAIRSORMOTEE Peau INNO high soil moisture, however, strains from warmer climates were found to be pathogenic at soil temperatures between 26-30°C (79-86°F). Spread of the fungus probably occurs on contaminated farming implements. Control: Soil fumigation is generally the most effective means of controlling this disease. Grafting onto corky root resistant rootstocks has been used effectively for greenhouse tomato production semmiscon Seminis. 1» amDamping-Off Causal Agent: Pythium species and Phytophthora species Rhizoctonia solani (teleomorph: Thanatephorus ‘cucumeris) Distribution: Worldwide Symptoms: Seeds may rot before germinating and seedlings may Gecay belare emergence (preemergence damping of, gving the appearance of poor germination. After emergence (postemergence damping. off) the seedlings Gevelop lesions at the base of the stem, and the tissue becomes soft, constricted, and the plants wilt and fall over Pythium species and Phytophthora species Preemergence damping-off commonly occurs with these fung' and typical symptoms are a soft mushy rot and dark brown to black water-soaked lesions that rapidly spread over the entire seedling. Postemergence damping-off is characterized by dark colored water-soaked lesions that start on the roots and spread up the stem to above the soiL-line. The lesions continue to expand above the soil Tine, eventually giling the stem, causing the plant to wilt and die. Rhizoctonia solani — Preemergence damping-off is characterized by tan to reddish-brown lesions developing, on the seedling and by the death of the growing tip. Postemergence damping-off symptoms include reddish brown to black lesions developing on the roots and the lower stems at or below the soil-line. The stem becomes constricted and infected seedlings quickly wilt and die. Older plants can become infected, however, 2s the plant matures it becomes more tolerant to infection and the lesions are usually restricted to the cortical zone. Conditions for Disease Development: These fungi generally survive for long periods in soil and may persist in plant debris or on roots of weeds. Damping.off tends fo be mast severe under conditions of high soll moisture, overcrowding, compaction, poor ventiiation and cool, damp, cloudy weather. In Ereenhouses, damping off can be more common when improperty pasteurized soil or previously used seeding trays are used for planting Water splash can move infested soil from diseased to healthy piants and spread this disease Control: Crop rotation with cereal crops and soil fumigation or solarization may help reduce damping-o'f in fields, Improving soil drainage by using raisec beds and regulating soil moisture by avoiding excessive irrigation help to reduce disease. in greenhouses, g00d sanitation, including using sterilzed planting trays and proper soil pasteurization, helps reduce damping. off. some fungicide. seed treatments or soil drenches can help prevent setious damping. off pag mb cticedseon Putin damp at SI sewinisco Seminis. 2Didymella Stem Rot Causal Agent: Control: Didymella lycopersici Fungicide spray programs can be effective if properly (anamorph: Phoma lycopersici) ‘applied in a timely manner. A good sanitation program, including the removal of al infected plant debris and Distribution: alternative hosts, as well asa three-year rotation Denmark, Morocco, New Zealand, Romania, Russia between tomato crops, can reduce losses from this and United Kingdom. disease. Avoid overhead irrigation and provide adequate ventilation when growing plants in the greenhouse Symptoms: Infection ustially o¢curs on the stem at or above the soil line, however ll foliar parts of the plant can be affected. Dark brown, sunken lesions form at the base of the plant and eventually expand to girdle the stem, resulting in yellowing and wilting of the oider leaves. As the wilting progresses, the plant may eventually die. Numerous black specks (pycnidia), which are the fruiting structures of the fungus, frequently form in the darkened stem lesions. Splashing water spreads the fungal spores from the pycnidia to the fruit, eaves and stems resulting in additional infections and disease spread. Frutt infection typically occurs at the calyx end and starts as a water- soaked lesion that progresses rapidly into a sunken black lesion with concentric rings. Leaf infection begins as small spots, which develop into brown lesions with Concentric rings. Pycnidia may develop in the center of these lesions with the leaf eventually taking on a shot- hole appearance, or dying Conditions for Disease Development: The fungus can survive in the soil, in infected plant debris and seed, as Well as on nightshade and other related hosts. Didymella stem rot occurs over a wide ranige of conditions, however, 20°C (60°F) accompanied by splashing water from rain or overhead irrigation is optimum for disease development and spread. Plants become more susceptible as they mature, and deficiency of Soll nitrogen and phosphorus can contribute to cisease severity, Sensing tack ster canker, Lage tac sta caro,Alternaria solani Worldwide Symptoms may occur as leaf, stem or fruit lesions. lly, they appear first on older leaves as irregt Nn, necrotic areas, These lesions expand as he disease progresses and they eventuially develop concentric, black rings, which give them a target-board appearance. yellow chlorotic area often surrounds the leaf lesions, and if there are numerous lesions the whole leaf turns yel quickly dries up. Comp! efoliation of the plant can occur when conditions ar favorable for disease development. Lesions may af sunken areas on the stem anc petiole. ent at the soil line can result in collar rot that. les the stem. Fruit lesions often occur at the calyx end and are dark, leathery and sunken with the characteristic target-board appearance. fungus generally survives from season to season on d plant material in the soil, Volunteer tomatoes potatoes and other solanac set inoculum sources. infect spore production riod of warm (24-29°C, 75-B4°F) and sather. The fungal spores are then the wind and rain. This disease can spread rapidly when favorable conditions persist. It can also be serious in arid ssf there are frequent de eriods, or if sprinkler irrigation is used, ‘fungicide spray program combin forecasting system Is generally the of controlling early blight. ha bligh having cncontirrgs eapacon semnuscom Seminis.Fruit Rots Distribution: Worldwide Symptoms: Bacterial Soft Rot — Causal Agent’ Frwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora The first symptom is a light to dark colored, sunken lesion. As the rat progresses the lesion expands, causing a slimy rot, and bacteria may oo7e through cracks in the epidermis, Black Mold Rot Causal Agent: Allernaria alternata and ‘Stemphylium species Symptoms can range from superficial flecking to brown-biack dry, sunken lesions which may extend into fruit cavities. V-shaped lesions often develop on, the stem scar, and with adequate humidity a dense layer of black fungal conidia cevelops on the lesion surface. Pythium Fruit Rot Causal Agent: Pythium species. Lesions start as water soaked spots on both green and ripe fruit. The lesions quickly expand, engutfing the entire fruit, giving it a water balloon appearance. When the epidermis is Tuptured, the fruit quickly collapses When humicity is high, aa white cottony growth will cover the lesion surface. Rhizoctonia Fruit Rot — Causal Agent: Rhizoctonia solani. Begins as a fin rot, which rapidly becomes a Watery soft rot. it usually occurs on ripe fruit, which are in contact with the soil, and is characterized by rings that form in the infected area. brown fungus growth frequently occurs over the surface of the infected fruit. Rhizopus Rot — Causal Agent: Rhizopus stolonifer. Lesions develop rapidly and have a puffy, water-soaked appearance. A white fungal growth interspersed with tiny black spheres (fungal spores masses) on raised stalks may spread over the surface of the affected area Rhizopus rot tends to have a fermented odor compared to the putrid odor of bacterial soft rot and sour rot. Sour Rot — Causal Agent: Geotrichurm candiduen. This rot may occur on mature green as well as ripe tomatoes. ‘The rot usually begins at the stem scar and may extend in sectors down the side of the fruit. A dull white fungal growth may occur where the epidermis cracks. The fruit often remains firm until the rot is advanced, and then 2 sour ador develops. Under favorable conditions infection can proceed rapidly on ripe fruit Conditions for Disease Development: Both bacteria and fungi will enter through natural ‘openings lke the stem scars or through growth cracks and wounds caused by insect feeding and mechanical damage. Generally, warm temperatures and high humidity provide adequate conditions for bacteria and fungi to infect the Fruit, Control: ‘Avoid fruit injury, especially at harvest. Cultural methods, which keep fruit from coming in contact with the soil, help prevent many ofthe fruit rots. Improve air ‘Movernent in the field by orienting planting rows in the direction of prevailing winds, and use proper row and plant spacing to shorten the length of time that the frutt remains wet. Schedule sprinkler irrigation to minimize the length of time that free water remains on the fruit. Fungicides may offer some protection against some fruit rots, Firm frulted, crack resistant varieties may escape infection by some fruit rots. sewiniscom Seminis. 2Fruit Rots (continued) oil Doe GIFusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici Worldwide more com e ntire root system tums brown en rots away. Chocolate brown ar the soitine end exte the vascular typically does the soll-line, which helps to distinguish this Raha Wer LAPT SN sporulaton may be observed on the exposed The fungus can survive in the soil, on infected plants and on the roots of alternative hosts (eggplant, pepper and a number of legume crops) for several years. Fungal nidia can be spread in soll, on farm machinery, in irrigation water and through the air. infection takes place through feeder roots and wounds caused by secondary 1. Disease development is favored by coal ally the most effect this disease. Sl ith fungicide renches may also Fumigation does not appear to be an effective veasure due to rapid ri oxysport £ sp. radicis-lycapersici ‘rma crown rat lesion. M semnscom Seminis. >Fusarium solani (teleomorph: Nectria haematococca) Australia, India, Israel, Ivory Coast, Turkey and USA Fusarium foot ri ilar fo thos Buckeye toot ro on mature ple interveinal chlorosis and necrosis of the leaves. in severe and col A the Reddish dark brown k main lateral roots up intemal vascular di in) This fungus can survive in the soil fo favor d Ip reduce a four-year rotation to a losses front this disease. Seminis.Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Three races (1, 2 and 3) have been reported. Worldwide wv, producing symp ive in the soil for several y ‘farm machinery, in DUridS causec root formation and nematode feeding, and the disease develops quickly when soil temperatures are warm (28°C, 82°F), Fusarium wiltis enhanced by high levels of phosphorous anc ammonia nitro micronut The use of resistant varieties effect to control th Seminis.‘Stemphylium solani '. lycopersici (syn: S. floridanum) S.botryosum f. sp. lycopersici Worldwide Leaf lesions initially appear as small, brownish -biack specks. These lesions develop into grayish brown, glazed angular lesions approximately 3mm (0.13 in. in diameter a ften surrounded by a yellow ar ually they dry up and develop cracks in their centers. yellowing of the leaf occurs, entually, defoliation of the d by this vive in the soil and on plant debris he next. In addition, volunteer tornato pl serve as inoculum sources. In thought to be an important in transplants a tulun source. The furlgus spores are spread from the surface of infected tissu nd and splashing water. Warmn, humid or wet weather is favorable for disease development. Th eas wher t also bea resistant varieties has reduce Fungicides should b semnuscom Seminis. 28Botrytis cinerea (teleomorph: Botryotinia fuckeliana) Worldwide This fungus can infect all above ground paris of the plant and typically enters through wounds, On the stem, initial infection appears as elliptical, water soaked lesions These lesions develop under high humidity into a gray, moldy growth, which can girdle and kill the plant. Stem lesions often show concentric banding, Leaf infection usually begins at a point of injury and develops into a V-shaped lesion, whicn is covered with gray fungal sporulaton. This fungus commonty infects the calyx end of the fruit where it can spread rapidly, forming ray-Drown sporulating lesions that later develop into fatery rot. Ghost spot, an unusual fruit symptom often observed, is chatacterized by sinall white to pale yellow or green rings developing on green or red fru. These result when the fungus infects the fruit but furthe isease development is halted when the fruit is exposure direct sunlight and high temperatures. Ghost spat does ot develop further, but spots reduce market quality This fungus has a wide host range, is an efficient saprophyte and can survive in the soil and infected plant debris for long periods in the form of sclerotia.ttis considered a weak parasite and typically infects the plant issues through wounds. When humidity is jal spores are produced and inated. Overcast, cool and humid conditions are development. Close spacing Agood ventilation t applying a fu ngic 3s from this disease. semnuscom Seminis. 29Phytophthora infestans Four races have been reported. Worldwide The first symptom of the disease Is a bending down of the petiole of infecied leaves. Leaf and stem lesions are large, irregular, greenish, water. soaked patches These palches enlarge and turn brown and paper like. During Wet weather, the underside of the leaf may have a white sporulating fungal growth. A rapid biighting of the entire foliage may occur during moist, warm periods. Entire fields can have extensive foliar and fru't damage. Fruit lesions are firm, large, irregular, brownish green blot The surface of the frult lesion has a greasy, rough appearar This fungus can survive on volunteer and home garder potatoes and tomatoes, in potato cul piles anid on solanaceous weeds. Spores of the fungus can be carrie long distances by storms. Cool, wet weather favors the velopment ofthis disease. Under these conditions, the Gisease progresses rapidly and can completely destroy a mature tomato field in a few days. Control ‘fungicide spray program combined with a blight forecasting system is generally the most effective means controling fate blight. Avoid planting on land previously ped to potatoes or close to a potato field becaus this disease is frequently associated with potatoe: Rough brown fut esc Lange necrotic SEMIN expanding lea evo, SI com Seminis. 2eaf Mold ausal Agent Fulvia fulva (syn: Cladosporium fulvum) Many physiological races have been reported. Distribution Worldwide symptoms: The first symptoms appear as light green to yellowish areas on the upper surface of the older leaves This coincides with the development of masses of olive green fungal conidia on the lower leaf surface. As the isease progresses, the lower leaves tum yellow and drop off. The fungus typically occurs on leaves, but the stems, blossoms and fruit may also become infected. Infected fruit develop a black leathery rot on the calyx end, Aithough this disease occurs in the fied, itis mainly a problem in greenhouses where it can spread rapidly under favorabie conditions Conditions for Disease Development: This fungus isan efficient saprophyte and can survive as conidia and sclerotia in the soil and plant debris for at least one year. The conidia are readily dispersed by \Wwind and rain, Dissemination can also occur on workers" Clothing and equipment. High (90%) relative humility and warm (24°C, 75°F) temperatures are optimal for disease velopment. However, disease can occur between 10-22°C (50-90°F). Leaf mold will not develop ifthe relative humidity is less than 85%. Control ‘A good fungicide spray program, as well as providing adequate air movement and heating to reduce the relatve humidity to less than 85%, can be effective in reducing losses from this disease. Resistant varieties should be used when possible, however, the extreme Civersity of the fungus often makes this difficult. urgal sporulation on the loa lower surface sewiniscom Seminis. aPhoma destructiva India, Italy, Pacific Islands, Russia, United Kingdom and USA The disease can affect all abo On leaves, it causes nume s, wich may ground parts of ‘us, small dark ontain numet (pycnidia). Dark browr id both the greer fruit can he calyx end into sunker black, leathery lesion enter The fungus can survive from one season in the soi, in infected plant debris and on p and closely related weeds. Injury to tr pruning, insect feeding, mechanical damage or cracking provide openings for invasion by the fungus. When the temperature (20°C, 68°F) and humidity are optimum, conidia are exuded from the pycnidi spread by rain, overhead irrigation Jothing and equipment. Low soil phosphorus ay contribute to plant at fungicide program couple prac an help Avoiding fruit injury at cory fru te container: atvest, and picking minimize the spread of the disease in packing an also help reduce losses. soil fertility, using long crop rotatior uch as nightsh.Leveillula taurica (anamorph: Oidiopsis sicula) Worldwide The first symptoms include a light green to bright yellow lesion developing on the upper leaf surface. Eventually, light powdery fungal sporulation forms on the lower leaf surface. Under ideal conditions, white powdery masses Of conidia will develop on both surfaces of the leat the disease progresses the lesions become necrotic, anc if itis severe the whole leaf dies. Affected plants may be efoiiated, resulting in reduced yields, smaller fruit sizes and sunbumed fruit. This fungus has @ wide host range on which it survive and spread to tomatoes. Powdery mildew coni can travel long distances on air currents and are able to germinate under low (62-75%) relative humidity lopment is favored by warm (27°C, 80°F) however, the fungal conidia can germinate C (60-90) ‘A good fungicide spray program can help reduce losses from this disease. SI sewiniscom Seminis,Oidium neolycopersicum Australia, Canada, Europe, Japan, UK and USA Thi rst appears as small circ whitish fungal growth with sponul mainly on the upper leat surta dis ming brow the u Sporulation nguishing ulation will cover th tiole, stem and calyx, however, <. Although this fungus itis mainly a probi yield reductions result from This fungus has @ relatively wide host range on whiich it can survive, and the fungal conidia are readily issemninated for long distances by air movernent. Optimum conditios lopment include humidity. However, infection can occur at a lower (50%) relative humidity. s ingicides, including sul introling this disease if good foliage coverage obtained and they are applied in a timely mann SEMINIS u Seminis. «Septoria Leaf Spot Causal Agent: Septoria lycopersici ‘At least two races have been reported. Distribution: Worldwide symptoms: Symptoms frst appear as small, dark, water soaked lesions on the older leaves. These enlarge to form citcular lesions about § mm in diameter with black oF brown borders and gray centers peopered with small black fungal sporulating structures (pycnidia). Lesions on the stem, petiole and calyx tend to be more elongated, with pycnidia developing in the center. When disease is severe the lesions coalesce, resulting in the leaves collapsing and eventual defoliation ofthe plant. Stem area esors Necro are hori eat sions Conditions for Disease Development: This fungus can survive on debris trom previous crops, as well as on several weeds including: nightshade, horse nettle, jmson weed and ground cherry Extended periods of high (100%) relative humidity and temperatures between 20-25°C (68-/7°F) favor infection and disease evelopment. Numerous fungal conidia are exuded from the pycnidia when the humidity is high. they can then be spread by wind and splashing water from rain or overhead irigation, on workers’ clothing and tools, on cultivation equipment and by insects. ‘Stem lesions wth back margins Control: ‘A good fungicide spray program in conjunction with cultural practices, such as removing or turning under al plant debris and a three-year crop rotation, can help reduce losses from this disease. Pygnida in ason ces Necro leaf esiors sewiwiscow Seminis. amSouthern Blight Causal Agent: Sclerotium roltsii (teleomorph: Atholia roltsii) Distribution: Worldwide symptoms: s fungus can cause a damping-off, crown and root truit rot, The first symptom on seedings is a Garic brow lesion ator below the soiLline. Stem tissue is invaded completely, causing tf iants to quickly damp- ind die. On older plants the the s causing the plants to wilt yout a change in foliage color. Severely in nay eventually die. The lesion continue pand, causing a root rot below the al centir bove the jequate, a whitish fungal growl and tan sclerotia 1-2 mm (0.06 in) in diameter are readily produced. Fruit coming into contact with the fungus are quickly invades, resulting in sunken, ye eri Awhile fungal growth and scierotia are formed on the lesion surface. Conditions for Disease Development: fungus is an efficient saprophyte and can survive and piant debris for several yeers. can din surface water and by the movement of fested soil on cultivation equioment. High temperatures 86-95°F) and high moisture levels favor disease lopment, Control: Cultural practices, ‘ful regulation of soil moisture and deep plowing of residue, anc a good sanitation program, which includes remaval and burning of all infected plants, can help reduc es from this Also, fungicides, fumigation and a three year h crops such as com and sorghum can help ses from thi ich as reduce SEMINISTarget Spot Causal Agent: Corynespora cassiicola Distribution: Europe, India, Nigeria, the Caribbean and USA Symptoms: Al above ground parts ofthe plant may become infected Symptoms begin on leaves as tiny lesions, which rapidly enlarge and develop into light brown lesions with distinct yellow halos. Often, the lesions grow together, causing : the infected tissue to collapse. Symptoms on stems ties sons Spi HanESOrS also begin as small lesions, which rapidly eniarge and elongaie. these lesions may eventually become large enough to girdle the stem, resulting in the collapse of the tissues above that point. When disease is severe, ‘numerous leaf and stem lesions form on plants, causing extensive collapse of tissues and, eventually, the death of the plant. Infection of immature fruit begins as minute, ark brown sunken spots, which enlarge as the disease progresses. Large brow circular lesions with cracked Centers develop on mature fruit. Fungel sporulation commonly occurs in these lesions. Conditions for Disease Development: This fungus has @ broad host range on which it can survive. Infection occurs readily during periods of mild temperatures between 16-32°C (61-90°F) and high moisture. Fungal spores, which often form abundantly on the surface of infected tissues, are spread by ait movernent and rainfall ‘rc fut lesions with cracking centers Control: ‘A good fungicide spray program initiated prior to the onset of symptoms can help reduce iosses from this cisease. Stem lesionsand leaf eolise, Close upof sprution ona lesion SI sewiniscom Seminis. ayVerticillium Wilt Causal Agent: Verticillium albo-atrum Verticillium dahliae Two races (1 and 2) have been reported. Distribution: Worldwide symptoms: Witing of older leaves begins at the let margin and progresses into a yellow. then-brown V-shaped pattern. Older leaves eventually turn yellow and dry up. Diseased Plants are stu ng plain to fl 1, do not respond to fertlizer or water king on sunny days. When the iu Of the main stem is cut, a light tan discoloration can bas be seen in the vascular system and across the pith at the mn. This discoloration usually does not extend far up the plant. However, under severe disease pressure, it can be found nearer the shoot tips. Conditions for Disease Development: The fungus has an extremely wide host range and car survive in the soll and plant debris as microsclerotia for several years. Disease development is favored by cool peratures (21-25°C, 70-77°F), The fungus can enter the plant through root wounds caused by cult secondary root formation and nematode "yrcal shaped le 2¥ Control: The use of resistant varieties is generally the bes Wiay to reduce lasses from this disease. Soil fumigation mn have been shown to reduce t “ypc tan vase sent seviniscom Seminis. asWhite Mold cyn;timber rot or Sclerotinia stem Rot) Causal Agent: Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Sclerotinia minor Distribution: Worldwide Symptoms: This fungus can infect the leaves, stems, occasionally the fruit. Intaly, water soaked lesions Gevelop on the stem, eventually causing a softening of the infectec area. Typically, a white fungal growth Gevelops on the lesions. A progressive soft decay of extemal tissues is followed by an internal hollowing of the pith. Large areas of the stem eventually die, becoming cry and tan-gray. Irregular shaped black pebble bodies called sclerotia can be found on the surface and inside tne stems, and are diagnostic for this disease. Infected fruit develop grayish lesions that quickly tum into a watery rot with white fungal growth and sclerotia Geveloping on the lesion surface. Conditions for Disease Development: This fungus has @ wide host range and it can survive as sclerotia in the soil and infested plant debris from one season to the next. Sclerotia are the main source Of inoculum for this disease. Conditions of prolonged moistute from high humidity, frequent rains, dews and ind nperatures between 16-21°C 70°F), favor disease development White ture roth onthe seein. Control: Fumigation or steam sterilization of the soil, and the time'y application of fungicides, can help reduce losses from this disease. Also, good cultural practices such sanitation, crop rotation and providing good drain ventilation will help reduce losses. Avoid planting in fields that have previously had this disease when possible. Fuga grovel and back sceraua on thet. sewiniscom Seminis. <» amNematode Diseases INFECTIOUS DISEASESNorthern Root-Knot Nematode (syn: root-knot or Root call) Causal Agent: Meloidogyne hapla Distribution: Worldwide symptoms: 1 Seminis. «Southern Root-Knot Nematode ¢yn: root-knot or Root call) Causal Agent: Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica, M. arenaria At least four races have been reported Distribution: Worldwide Symptoms: The first above-ground symptoms are stunting, wilting general off colored appearance of the affected ides of the leaves develop a purple joration, smile symptoms ca phosphate de n diseased plants are pulled regular swellings of the roots, referred to as galls or en, These galls tend to be larger nan ed by Meio smal ete galls with roats developing adjacent to them. Conditions for Disease Development: These nematodes ha fe host range th encompasses many agricultural crops as well as we ‘on which they can grow and survive, Disease is more severe in ateas where there is a lon th mild winters. Although these nematodes can cause disease in many soil types, root damage is most serious on lighter, sandier soils. Wariner (27°C, 81°F) soil jemperatures favor disease develoomenL. Meloidogyne ta is by far the most widely distributed of the three species that cause this disease. Control: The use of resistant varieties is generally the most effective way of controlling this disease. These varieties should be used in combination with cultural practic that reduce nematode populations because the continued use of resistant varieties alone may result in the breakdown of this resistance. oil pasteurization, furnigation and using diseas n ice losses from thi SEMINISParasitic Plants INFECTIOUS DISEASESOrobanche species Asia, Central America, Europe, India, Mediterranean region, Middle East, Pakistan and USA The first noticeable sign of broomrape is the appearance of whitish-yellow shoots at the base af the infected lant When the soil is removed, the broomrape roots are found to be attached to the roots of the tomato plant. Li hese yellow snapdtagon-ike parasitic plants will produce lowers, and as the plant matures it tums brown and the seed capsules release tiny, black seeds. Broomrape seeds may lie dormant in the soil for more. than 20 years, The root exudates from host plants stimulate germination and the young seeding attac! its roots to the roots of its host, from which it extracts nutrients to grow and reproduce. Afier lowering, very small seeds are produced that can be distributed or cultivation equipment and in irrigation water, both between and within fields. Conditions favorable fo tomato plant growth also favor broomrape growth and parasitism, Fumigation and crop rotation, in conjunction with good sanitation practices such as removing and destroying any affected plants along with the braomrape, can help reduce losses from this parasite mato FOS sewiniscow Semini is.Cuscuta species Worldwide Dociter isa whlsh yellow parasitic plan that lacks chorophyl leaves and rools, and therefore must derive iisnutfient from other pants It fest becomes noticeable a8 2 yellow thread ike vine that wands around the stem and branches of the infected plant. Later, it can spread own the row, covering other plants with a mass of vines. and giving a yellowish color to the affected area of the field. Dodder produces small, inconspicuous flowers. {often white), which mature and produce thousands of ‘small seeds. When the seed germinates, the emerging vine twists in a counter-clockwise fashion until it comes: into contact with its host. Attachment to the plant is by ‘sucker-iike projections (haustoria), through which the dodder extracts nutrients from its host plant. Dodder has a very wide host range, including many cd and crop species, and its seed can survive in the soil for up to 10 years. Dodder seeds can be spread on cultivation equipmerit and in irigation water between and within fields. Conditions favorable for tomato plant growth also favor dodder growth and parasitism, Removal and destruction of dodder along with infected plants reduces subsequent spread by seed. Herbicides, either contact or pre-plant, along with crop rotation can help reduce lasses from dodder parasitism, Dvir et ard seed apse. SI sewmiscom Seminis. ssPhytoplasma Disease INFECTIOUS DISEASESBig Bud Cee) DS 7 ia Phytoplasma Brown Leafhopper (Orosius argentatus) Distributior Australia, Brazil, India, Israel, Russia and USA The primary symptom of this disease, and the one for vibis named, is the nent and abnormal separate swollen and green. Other symptoms include a thickening of stems, proliferation of small side-shoots ano aerial root initials. jortening of the internodes, ar owth habit and e development of an overall yellowish appearar of the plant may also occur. Fruit may be small and ceformed, onditions for Dise evelopment This phytoplasma can survive in crops such as hot pepper, lettuce, eggplant and potato, as well as wr such >, lamb’s-quarter, nightshade, sowthistle and jimsorweed. itis readily transmitted to tomato by the ‘common brown leafhopper. Transmission occurs when leafhoppers carrying the phytoplasma migrate to tomato and f asional importan ‘to tomato plants and controlling the leafhopper vectors with an insecticide program are usually sufficient. I sewiniscom Seminis. «Viral Diseases INFECTIOUS DISEASESAlfalfa Mosaic Causal Agent: Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) Vector: Aphids (Aphis gossypii, Myzus persicae and others) Distribution: Worldwide Symptoms: Typically, yellow and purple areas develop in the young leaves, resulting in the follage developing an overall yellow brorzing. infected plants stop growing and leaves curl downward. The main stem has a dark brown iscoloration of the phloem at the soll line, which can be seen by lightly scraping the epidermis from the stem. This discoloration may extend into the upper shoot tips. Irregular, brown streaking in the stem pith is characteristic of this disease. Roots often show this red-brown phloem discoloration. Depending on the age of the plant at the time of infection, developing fruit show vatious degrees of external and intermal brown spotting and distortion. Generally, the disease incidence is greater the closer tomatoes are to alfalfa fields and gradually citninishes with increasing distance from the source. e Conditions for Disease Development: This virus has a wide host range on which it can survive, and is typically found in older afalfa fields or permanent pastures. Aphids carty AMV in a non-persistent manner, and transmission occurs during feeding or probing of the plant. During hay mowing, winged aphids carry the Virus from alfalfa to nearby tomato fields. Little or no secondary spread occurs within afield eat interehalyelorarg andres Control: Locating fields away or upwind from alfalfa is a possible means of avoiding this disease. Spraying for aphids will generally not eliminate primary infection of to Daribronm lesions onthe sewiniscom Seminis. .»Chino del Tomate Mc Sco Causal Agent: Chino del tomate virus (CdTV) Vector: Whitefly (Bemesia tabaci) Distribution: Northern Mexico and Southeastern USA Symptoms: Chino (curting) and rolling of leaves, interveinal yellowing, of newly ink ves and purpiing of older leaves are symptoms of this disease. Plants may ely stunted and distorted if infected at an early stage, and dramatically reduced fruit set may result Conditions for Disease Development: This virus has a relatively wide host range that includes beans, peppers and tomatoes, as well as malvaceous and is. Peak transmission of the disease tefly populations are high. Whitef can acquire the virus from neerby infected plants and transmit it to healthy tomatoes, sometimes resulting in up to 100% of the plants becoming infectec. Mectianical transmission of the disease has not been demonstrated. Intervainal choca of the ave Control: Previous efforts to control whitefly populations with non systemic insecticides have generally been unsuccessful, ‘cue *o the difficulty in getting good coverage of the lower leaves where the insects congregate. However, the more re ed systemic insecticides dem cts ir help redui resistance to insect ose up of for yr SI seminiscom Seminis. soCucumber Mosaic Causal Agent: Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) Several strains have been reported Vector: Aphids (Aphis gossypii, Myzus persicae and many others) Distribution: Worldwide Symptoms: symptoms of this dis Virus strains invow he chlorosis or symptom in ral rib of imilar to the sever ction, However, string symptoms, de of the leaflet is usually more suppressed. Fruit are ed in size and often misshapen. Conditions for Disease Development: This virus has a wide host range (800 species) fro whic it acquired by aphids and transmitted anner. CMV is mainly a problem ernative hosts survive year round as ¢ introduced it can nt by aphids. CMV can. also be mectar pecause itis an unstab of transmission by enous W less than with a virus tke To Control: In nouse trolling the aph greatly of this di olimination plants that harbor the virus, a 4 plants, can help incidenceCurly Top Causal Agent: Curly top virus (CTV) syn: beet curly top virus (BCTV) Many strains have been reported. Vector: Beet Leafhopper (Circulifer tenellus and C opacipennis) ribution: Canada, Mediterranean Region, Mexico and USA Symptoms: Typically, appearant rect and stunted in ings may die. ard tum a dull of their veins. ed, and those that set befo Fruit affected by th with a dried out apy Very few fruit are prod infection ripen p are dull, small an Conditions for Disease Development: er vein puri o the fl This virus has a wide host range of 300 species from ich it can be transmitted in @ persistent manrier only by the beet leaffopper. Sugar beet is a common host for both the virus and leafhoppers. Virus-carying leafhoppers can be moved by wind into adjacent tomato fields and can also migrate from their overwintering 0 tomato fields in the spring. Patterns tion in the field indicate a “raining” of virus-carrying ndary S| rs within Other common hasts for this virus are elon, cantaloupe, squash, pepper, spinach and water beans. Control: Ww planting of fully in areas where CTV igh itis not known this practice actually discourages leathopps visiting plants or whether it allows more individuals t ape infection. Spraying tomato fields for leathopy vail generally not control curly top:Tobacco Etch Causal Agent: Tobacco etch virus (TEV) Vector: Aphids (Myzus persicae and others) Distribution: North and South America Symptoms: Disease symptoms have been reported on tomato that range from a mild mottling and slight distortion of the foliage to a severe motting and crinkling of the foliage. Fruit are often reduced in size, mottied and misshapen. Usually, the earlier the plant is infected, the greater the effects on plant stunting and yield Conditions for Disease Development: Many species of weeds can act as a host for the virus, and it can be transmitted by at least 10 species of aphids. TEV is transmitted in a non-persistent manner by virus- carrying aphids moving into tomato fields from nearby solanaceous weeds, peppers and other tomato fields that are already infected. Secondary infection may be caused by aphids, or the virus may be mechanically transmitted through staking, pruning or handing of infected plants. Nid ctting and cistorted fokage symm. Control: Removing weed hosts that may harbor the virus is important. Avoid locating toriato productions near Pepper crops because peppers can be a major source: of the virus. Reducing the spread of the disease by controlling the aphid vector population is very dificult and generally not practical SI sewiniscom Seminis. ss EsTomato Bushy Stunt Causal Agent: Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) Vector: Mechanically transmitted Distribution: Argentina, Britain, California, Mexico, Morocco and Tunisia Symptoms: Initial symptoms may vary from irregular white banding pattems on the leaves to necrotic lesions or rings. Leaves soon tum from green to a pale yellows, which may have interspersed green areas. Eventually, the affected leaves ‘may fall from the plant. New leaves frequently are twisted and have necrotic tips. An abundance of side shoots occurs, giving the plant a bushy, stunted appearance. Lower leaves become chlorotic and purple as the disease progresses. Excessive fertilizer on young plants can result in Soft stems that, when infected, may develop lesions at the soibline. the seedling may be girdled at that point, resulting in death of the plant. Fruit symptoms can vary from chlorotic blotches to rinigs or line patterns. Conditions for Disease Development: TBSV is a very stable virus with a very diverse natural host range. itis soi-borne and readily transmissible in Water. A natural vector of the virus is currently unknown, but itis believed that the virus infects plants through wounds in the roots, This virus has been found in river Water, so its possible that it is spread in irigation water. Control: Avoid planting in soils known to contain the virus. Once present in the soll, this Virus is difficult to control ini oer synptas showing, the ett bending peters SI semmiscon Seminis. ssTomato Double Virus Streak ¢yn: vouble streak) Mc Sco Causal Agent: Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) with Potato virus x (PVX) Vector: Mechanically transmitted Distribution: Worldwide Symptoms: Symptoms occur on young leaves as small, brown Hille dcumertouiresrten. —_Necrolic steaks ctw patil. spots and on petioles and stems as narrow, dark brown § streaks. Lesions may coalesce to form large, dead areas, and leaves curl downward, Lesions on the fruit are small and only skin deep, but may run together, forming large lesions. These lesions give @ greasy appearance to the fruit, which eventually may become rough and misshapen. Conditions for Disease Development: Individually, TOMV and PVX are easily transmitted mechanically by greenhouse workers, their tools and on cultivation equipment. However, for this disease to occur, both viruses must be present in the same plant. If young plants already infected with ToMV become infected with PVX, double streak occurs. Severity of symptoms are affected by virus strains, plant age and day length. Control: The use of ToMV-resistant Varieties in combination with the cultural practices of roguing infected plants and avoiding handling of potatoes prior to working with tomatoes will reduce losses from this disease ‘Aso, not planting in fields that were planted to tates the previous season and sterilizing workers’ tools after handing infected plants can help reduce tisease incidence sewiniscom Seminis. «Tomato Infectious Chlorosis Mc bps IY Causal Agent: Tomato infectious chlorosis virus (TICV) Vector: Whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) Distribution: USA (California) Symptoms: Symptoms first appear on older leaves as interveinal yellow blotches while the veins themselves remain green, Symptoms progress to the younger leaves, and Gepending on the variety, the interveinal yellowing can become bleached: white or necrotic. The affected leat tissues are brittle and can be easily crushed, and the fruit Color may be affected. Severe losses due to poor fruit set have been reported in Southern California. Symptoms caused by this disease can easily be mistaken for problems caused by poor growing conaitions, aging or nutrient deficiency. Conditions for Disease Development: First reported in 1993, TICV has been found to be transmitted in a sermi-persistent manner by the greenhouse whitefly. This virus is spread in the greenhouse whien virus-carrying whiteflies move from infected to healthy plants. The virus is not seed- bore, nor can it be transmitted by touching or pruning plants, Grice aoquited by the whitefly, the virus remains infectious in the insects body for a few days. Plants begin to develop symptoms a few weeks after infection Early infection can result in severe yield loss in certain varieties plained dioessof thee Severe for ntoneinal chlorosis Contro! Since the greenhouse whitefly is the only vector for this Virus, controling the insect is generally the most effective control practice. A routine spray program in combi with covering openings to prevent the whitefly from entering the greenhouse should be implemented to keep the insect’s population low. When the crop is finished, al plant materials should be removed from the greenhouse anda plant free period should be implemented. Transplants should come from a whitefly free greenhouse. (Close up othe fle ntervenal chlor sewinisco Seminis. ssTomato Mosaic isyn: tobacco mosaic) Mc Sco Causal Agent: Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) Several strains have been reported Vector: Mechanically transmitted Distribution: Worldwide symptoms: Typical symptoms include a light and dark green mottling ‘the leaf tissue and stunting of the plant. Foliar symptoms can vary from a chlorotic matting to necrosis Jpward leaf roling and ste streaking, depending ‘on which strain of ToMY infects the plant. During cool leaves may develop a “fernleaf” appearance where the leaf blade is greatly reduced. During high foliar symptoms may be masked. sionally the fruit will show disease symptoms, which vary from an une fipening to an internal browning the fruit wall (brown wall). Brown wall typically occurs on fruit of the first two Clusters and appears several days: prior to foliar symptoms Under certain ervironimental condttions, some varieties with resistance (heterozygous) AV will show ne streaks or spots on the stem pet and foliage a 38 on the fruit, Conditions for Disease Development: ToMV has a wide host range including many agricultural and weeds, all of which can serve as inoculum es. [tis realy transmitted by machinery or workers irom infected to healthy plants during handling. infested cebris from a previous to infection whi he roots of the new tomato plants come in contact with debris, Chewing insects can transmit the vius, but TE are not considered @ major source of infection. Tomato seed can carry the virus, but actual infection is thought tc ‘occur when plants are thinned or iransplanted. Control: The use way to well VV-resistant varieties is generally the best losses from this disease. Avoid plantingiin ol fr that were infected with ToMV. Steam sterilizing the potting soil and containers as well as all equipment after each crop can reduce disease Before handling containers or plants all workers wash with soap and ttensils or snapping off suckers without plant instead of knife pruning help reat incidence. Direct seeding in the field can help reduce th spread of TOMY, seminiscom Seminis. sv ‘Necro mutesionsTomato Mottle Mc Sco Causal Agent: Tomato mottle virus (ToMoV) Vector: Whitefly (Bemesia argentifoli Distribution: Southeastern USA Symptoms: This is @ new disease that is caused by a geminivinus, which was first recognized in Florida in 1989. Symptoms are more pronounced when pants are infected at an early stage. Stunting and reduced growth, upward curing and distortion of the upper and middie leaves, and chlorosis or yellowing of leaves are typical of this disease. Yield from infected plants is lower due to lack of frult set and reduced fruit size. Conditions for Disease Development: Tomato Mottle Virus is transm d by the silverlear whitefly. The virus has a fairly narrow host range, which includes common bean, tropical soda apple and a few solanaceous wee but not bell pepper. The virus is easily and efficiently spread by the whitefly, and sever outbreaks of the disease can be associated with large populations ofthe insect. tis not easily mechanically transmitted, however, secondary spread by whiteflies is common within th Control: Control solanacesus weeds and other alternative hosts in the vicinity of tomato fields. tf possible, plant the crop uring a time of the year to avoid the highest whitey populations. Regular use of mineral oll sprays may reduce the rate of disease spread by reducing virus acquisttion and infection by the whitefly vector. The use of na regular basis may provide som ies can develop resistan cessively SI sewiniscom Seminis,Tomato Spotted Wilt Causal Agent: Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) Several strains have been reported Vector: Thrips (Thrips tabaci and Frankliniella species) Distribution: Worldwide Symptoms: ‘The first visible symptom is small, orangish-yellow flecks cn the older leaves. Later, the leaves develop small, dark, more or less cir which gives them a bronzed appearance. The growing tips of the leaves may die as the disease progresses. Dark, shiny streaks are often seen along the stem and petioles. Severely infected plants are stunted with yellowish drooping foliage, which Imparis a wilting appearance to the plant. Fruit usually show characteristic green, yellow and red, slightly raised Concentric rings, although some strains can cause severe necrosis, Conditions for Disease Development: This virus thas a very wide host range from which it can be transmitted in a persistent manner by thrips. Although the virus is acquired at the larval stage, itis only spread by the adults that are wind blown to lomatoes from infected weeds or ornamental plants. Usually, there is very litte spread within a tomato crop. Control: Elimination of thrips and host weeds through insecticide and herbicide applications is important for disease control. Resistant varieties should be used when ible role Hrs on tert Whe concesitic rings onthe at ee Deformee fut ith iis rings. satis SEMINISCOM