14.2 Calculate the equilibrium constant, expressed as logieK, for CO; = CO ++ 40. at (2) 500 K, (b) 1800°R, Compare with values from Table A-27 14.3 Calculate the equilibrium constant, expressed as logioK, for the water-gas reaction CO + Hj0(g) * CO; + Hy at 4 (4) 298 K, (6) 1000 K. Compare with values trom Table A-27 | 44.4 Calculate the equilibrium constant, expressed @ losiok, for HO = Hy +40» at (2) 298 K, (b) 3600°R. Compare th values from Table A-27 145 Using data from Table A-27, determine logig at 2500 K. for (6) H,0 = Hh + 10, (b) He +10, # H,0, (©) 24,0 2 2H +O: Ett In ble A27 Jon is nent ner in 1/7 lok = C) + Gy/T, where C, and Care constants. For selected reac~ 2 tions listed in the table (@) verify this by plotting logioK versus W/T for temperature cS ranging from 2100 to 2500 K : (b) evaluate C; and C for any pair of adjacent table entries A in the temperature range of part (a. 2 147 Determine the relationship between the ideal gas equi Tibrium constants Ky and K, for the following two alterna- tive ways of expressing the ammonia synthesis reaction: S 1. IN, + JE & NF a 2. Np + 3H © 2NH 14.8 Consider the reactions 1, CO + H,0 # Fh + COz : 2. 20, #200 + Op 3. 2H.0 # 2H + Op Show that Ky = (Kyi), 44.9 Consider the reactions 1. COr + Hy # CO + HO 2. CO. # CO +10, 3. HO = Hy + 40. (2) Show that Ky = KalKs. (b) Evaluste logiok at 298 K, 1 ate using the expression form pat (a), together with logigk data from Table A-27. (©) Check the value for logiok; obtained in part (b) by applying Eq, 14.31 to reaction 1. 1440 Evaluate the equilibrium constant at 2000 K for CH, + 1,0 # 3H, + CO. At 2000 K, logiok = 7.469 for C + 402 # CO, and logioK = ~3.408 for C + 2H, # CH, 44.44 For each of the following dissociation reactions, deter- rine the equilibrium compositions (@) One kmol of NO, dissociates to form an equilibrium ideal gos mixture of NO, andl NO, at 25°C, 2 atm. For NiO, = 2NO;, AG" = 5400 kW/kmol at 25°C () One kmol of CH, dissociates to form an equilibrium ideal gas minture of CH,, Hy, and C at 1000 K, 5 atm, For C+ 2H; & CH, logioK = 1.011 at 1000 K 142 Determine the extent to which dissociation accu in the following cases: One lbmol of HO dissociates to form an equilibrium mixture of HO, Hs, and O; at 4740°F, 1.25 atm, Problems: Developing Engineering Skills 809 One Ibmol af CO; dissociates to form an equilibsium mixture (of CO;, CO, and O, at the same temperature and pressure, 4443 One lbmol of carbon reacts with 2 Ibmol of oxygen (On) to form an equilibrium mixture of COs, CO, and Os at 4940°F, 1 aim. Determine the equilibrium composition 444 The following exercises involve oxides of nitrogen (@) One kmol of N;O, dissociates at 25°C, 1 atm to form an equilibrium ideal gas mixture of NjOy and NO in which the amount of NO, present is 08154 kmol. Determine the amount of N,O, that would be present in an equ librium mixture at 25°C, 0 atm. (b) A gaseous mixture consisting of 1 kmol of NO, 10 kmot Of O., and 40 kmol of N> reacts to form an equilibrium ideal gas mixture of NO;, NO, and Op at 500 K, 0.1 atm, Determine the composition of the equilibrium mixture For NO + $0, # NO,, K = 120 at 500 K. (©) An equimolar mixture of O; and Nz reacts to form an equilibrium ideal gas mixture of O,, >, and NO. Plot the ‘mole fraction of NO jn the equilibrium mixture versus equilibrium temperature ranging from 1200 to 2000 K, Why are oxides of nitrogen of concern? a5 One kmol of CO; dissociates to form an equilibrium ideal gas mixture of CO, CO, and O, at temperature T and pressure p. (a) For T= 3000K, plot the amount of CO present, in kmol, versus pressure for 1 = p = 10 atm, (b) For p = Latm plot the amount of CO present, in kml, versus temperature for 2000 = 7 = 3500 K 14.86 One Ibmol of HO dissociates to form an equilibrium ideal gas mixtuce of HO, He, and O; at temperature T and pressure p. (@) For T= SA00°R, plot the amount of Hz present, in Tbmol, versus pressure ranging from 1 to 10 ati, (b) For p= 1 tm, plot the amount of H; present, in bmol versus temperature ranging from 3600 to 6300°R. a7 One Iomol of HO together wth «toma of Ns Gen) forsan equim mire a 0°R, tatmconssing ot FiO, Ha Os and Ne Plt the amount of present inthe eqoiitrium mire, in fo, vests ranging fom 002 so equimoar mint of CO and Oy rece to form an ‘uit tue of CO, CO, and 0.300 Dee, Wee tine th tet of peste on te conposton othe eu vim mire. Wl lowes the prsure wile keeping the tempers fed ire or dene toe out of 6, pee” Blin sag An equimolr mie of CO and HO) reat form tn eulibam mire of CO, C0, 0, and Heat 12, Tam (@) Will lowering the temperature increase or decrease the amount of His present? Explain (b) Will decreasing the pressure while keeping the temper- ature constant increase or decrease the amount of Hy present? Exglain, 44.20 Determine the temperature, in K, at which 9% of diatomic hydrogen (H,) dissociates into monatomic hydso- ‘gen (H) at & pressure of 10 atm, For a greater percentage of810 chapter? Chemical and Phase Equilibrium Hy, at the same pressure, would the temperature be higher cof lower? Explain | t4.at Two kmol of CO; dissociate to form an equilibrium tninture of COs, CO, and Oy in which 1.8 kmot of COs is present, Plot the temperature of the equilibrium mixture, in K, versus the pressure p for 05 =p = 10atm. 414.22 One kiol of H,O(2) dlssocites to form an equilibrium mixture of H,0(g), Hy, and O> in which the amount of water vapor present is 0.95 kinol. Pot the temperature of the equilibrium mixture, in K, versus the pressure p for Tsp slam. 14.23 A vessel initially containing 1 kmol of H,O(g) and = Kamo of No forms an equilibrium mixture at atm consisting ‘of Hs0(¢), Ho, O:, ad Ns in which 05 kmol of Ha0(g) i pres cent, Plot x versus the temperature 7 for 3000 = 7 = 3600 K 14.24 A vessel initially containing 2 Ibmol of No and 1 lbmat ‘f Op forms an equilibrium mixture at 1 atm consisting of Nz, Oa, and NO. Plt the amount of NO formed versus tem- perature T for 3600 = 7 = 6300°R 44.25 A. vessel initially containing 1 kmol of CO and 476 Knol of dry air forms an equilibrium mixture of COs, CO, s, and Ny at 3000 K,1 atm, Determine the equilibrium composition 14.26 A vessel initially containing 1 kmol of Ox 2 kmol of Na, and 1 kmo! of Ar forms an equilibrium mixture of Os, Nz,NO, and Ar at2727C, 1 atm, Determine the equilibrium composition 14.27 One kmol of CO and 05 kmol of O; react to form a rixture at temperature T and pressure p consisting of CO, CO, snd Oy If 0.35 kimol of CO is present in an equilibrium aixture when the pressure is 1 aim, determine the amount of CO present in an equilibrium misture atthe same tem- perature if the pressure were 10 atm, 14.28 A vessel initially contains 1 kmol of Hp end 4 kmol of 'Nz-An equilibrium mixtare of Hp, H, and Nz forms at 3000 K, 1 atm, Determine the equilibrium composition. I the pressure were increased while Keeping the temperature fixed, would the amouat of monatomic hydrogen in the equilibrium mixture increase or decrease? Explain, & 14.29 Dry air enters a heat exchanger. An equilibrium mix- ture of No, Os, and NO exits at 2882°F, 1 atm. Determine the mole fraction of NO in the exiting mixture. Will the amount of NO increase or decrease as temperature decreases at fixed pressure? Explain, 14,30 A gaseous mixture with a molar analysis of 20% CO:, 40% CO, and 40% O; enters a heat exchanger and is heated at constant pressure. An equilibrium mixture of CO, CO, and O; exits at 3000 K, 1 bar. Determine the molar analy- sis of the exiting mixture, 44.31 An ideal gas mixture with the molar analysis 30% CO, 10% CO>, 40% H;0, 20% inert gas enters a reactor oper- ating at steady state. An equilibrium mixture of CO, CO>, HO, Hi, and the inert gas exits at 1 atm. (@) Ae the equilibrium mixtuse exits at 1200 K, determine on a molar basis the ratio of the Hp in the equilibrium mix- lure to the H,O in the entering mixture. (b) If the mole fraction of CO present in the equilibrium mixture is7.5%, determine the temperature of the equi- librium mixture, in K. 1432 A mixture of 1 kmol CO and 0.5 kmol O; in a closed ‘esse, initially at atm and 300 K, reacts to form an equi- librium mixture of CO, CO, and Os at 2500 K, Determine the final pressure, in atm, 44.33 Methane burns with 90% of theoretical air to form an equilibrium mixture of CO:, CO, H,O(g), He, and Nz at 1000 K. 1 atm. Determine the composition ofthe equilibrium mixture, per kmol of mixture. 14:34 Octane (C,H) burns with eit to form an equilibrium ‘inture of COs, H;, CO, HyO(e), and Nz at 1700 K, 1 atm Determine the composition of the products, in kmol per kmol of fuel, for an equivalence ratio of 1.2 14.35 Acetylene gas (CoH) at 25°C, 1 atm enters a reactor operating at steady state and burns with 40% excess air entering at 25°C, 1 atm, 80% relative humidity. An equilib rium mixture of COs, HO, O,, NO, and Ny exits at 2200 K, 09 atm. Determine, per kmol of CoH entering, the compo sition of exiting misture. Chemical Equilibrium and the Energy Balance 14.36 Carbon dioxide gas at 25°C, 5.1 atm enters a heat exchanger operating at stcady state. An equilibrium mixture Of COs, CO, and Os exits at 2527°C, 5 alm. Determine, per mol of CO; entering, (@) the composition of the exiting mixture. (©) the heat transfer to the gas stream, in ki Neglect kinetic and potential energy effects 1437 Satorated water vapor at 15 Ibtin? enters a heat ‘exchanger operating at steady state. An equilibrium mixture ‘of H,0(g), Hs, and O, exits at dO40°F, 1 ate, Determine, per kemol of steam entering, (2) the composition ofthe exiting mixture (©) the heat transfer to the flowing steam, in Bra Neglect kinetic and potential energy effects 1438 Carbon at 25°C, 1 atm enters a resctor operating at steady state and burns with oxygen entering at 127°C, Lat. “The entering steams have equal mola flow rates. An equi libri mixture of CO>, CO, and Op exits at 2727°C, I at Determine, per kmol of carbon, (2) the composition of the exiting mixture. (b) the heat transfer between the reactor and its surround: ings, in Kd Neglect kinetic and potential energy effects 4,39 An equimolar mixture of carbon monoxide and water vapor at 20°F, 1 atm enters a reactor operating at sieady state, An equilibrium mixture of CO;, CO, HzO(g), and Hy lexis at 2240°F, | atm. Determine the heat transfer between the reactor and its surroundings, ia Buu per Ibmol of CO centering, Neglect kinetic and potential energy effects. 14.40 Carbon dioxide (CO,) and oxygen (Os) in 2 12 molar ratio enter @ reactor operating at steady state in separate streams at I aim, 127°C and 1 atm, 277°C, respectively. An equilibrium mixture of CO,, CO, and O, exits at T atm. & &If the mole fraction of CO in the exiting mixsure is 0.1, determine the rate of heat transfer from the reactor, in kI per kmol of CO; entering Ignore kinetic and potential energy effects. [LL tt Methane gas a 25°C, 1 atm enters reactor operating at steady state and bums with 80% of theoretical air enter- ing at 227°C, 1 atm, An equilibrium mixture of CO;, CO, H,O(g), Hy, and Ny exits at 1427°C, 1 atm. Determine, per kmol of methane entering, (a) the composition of the exiting mixture, (b) the heat transfer between the reactor and is surround- ings, in KX Neglect kinetic and potential energy effects 14.42 Gaseous propane (CH) at 25°C, 1 atm enters a reac: tor operating at steady state and burns with 80% of theo: retical air entering separately at 25°C. 1 atm. An equilibrium mixture of CO>, CO, H,O(g), Fa, and N; exits at 1227°C, 1 atm, Determine the heat transfer between the reactor and its surroundings, in kJ per kmot of propane entering, Neglect kinetic and potential energy effects DL 2 Gaseous propane (C3H,) at 7", 1 atm enters arene {or operating at steady state and burns with the theoretical amount of air entering separately at 240°F, 1 atm. An equi- librium mixture of CO», CO, HzO(g) O;, and N; exits at 3140°F, 1 atm. Determine the heat transfer between the reactor and its surroundings, in Btu per Ibmol of propane entering. Neglect kinetic and potential energy effects. 44.44 One kmol of CO; initaly at temperature T and 1 atm is heated at constant pressure until a final state is attained con. sisting of an equilibrium mixture of CO,, CO, and O; in which the amount of CO, present is 0.422 kmol. Determine the heat transfer and the work, each in KK if Tis (a) 298 K, (6) 400 K. GL, 45 Hetogen gus (Hy) 125°C 1 atm enters an inuated reactor operating at steady state and reacts with 250% excess oxygen entering at 227°C, 1 atm. The products of combustion exit at 1 atm, Determine the temperature of the products, in K, if (@) combustion is complete. (b) an equilibrium mixture of HO, Ha, and O, exits Kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible. 144.96 For each case of Problem 1445, determine the rate of ‘entropy production, in KI/K pcr kmol of Hy entering. What can be concluded about the possibility of achieving complete ‘combustion? 44.7 Hydrogen (Hh) at 25°C, 1 atm enters an insulated reac tor operating at steady state and reacts with 100% of theo retical air entering at 25°C, 1 atm. The products of eombus tion exit at temperature T and 1 atm. Determine T, in K, if (2) combustion is complete, (b) an equilibrium mixture of HsO, Ho, O>, and Np exits 14.48 Methane at 77°F, 1 atm enters an insulated reactor ‘operating at steady state and burns with 90% of theoretical air entering separately at 77°F, { atm. The products exit at 1 atm as an equilibrium mixture of CO;, CO, H,O(g) Hi, and Np, Determine the temperature of the exiting products in °R. Kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible. Problems: 814 eveloping Engineering Skills 44g Carbon monoxide at 77°F, 1 aim enters an insulated ‘cor operng uray at nd buss ha etrng Me at TPE, 1 atm. The products exit at 1 atm as an equilibrium nixtuze of COp, CO, O», and Ny. Determine the tempera ture of the equilibrium mixture, in °R, ifthe combustion coceurs with (2) 80% of theoretical ai (©) 100% of theoretical a, Kinetic end potential energy effects are negligible 1450 For each case of Problem 14.49, determine the rate of exergy destruction, in kd per kmol of CO entering the reac: tor, Let Ty = S3PR. 1451 Carbon monoxide at 25°C, 1 atm enters an insulated reactor operating at steady state and burs with excess oxy- gen (O;) entering at 25°C, 1 atm. The products ext at 2950 K, 1 atm as an equilibriim mixture of CO,, CO, and Op Determine the percent excess oxygen. Kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible 1452 A gascous mixture of carbon monoxide and the theo- Teil downto a at 20°F, 15 am enters an insulated We reactor operating at steady state An equilibrium minture of COs, CO, Os, and Ne ents at 15 atm. Determine the tem poratute of the exiting mixture in °R. Kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible. 44.53 Methane at 25°C, 1 atm enters an insulated reactor Sperting a sendy state and burn wth oxygen entering at We 127°C, 1 alm, An equilibrium mixture of CO,, CO, O;, and H,0@) exis at 3250 K, 1 atm. Determine the rate at which oxygen enters the reactor, in kmol per kmol of methane. Kinetic and potential energy elfcts are neglisible. 1454 Methane at 77°F, 1 atm enters an insulated reactor operating at steady state and burns with the theoretical amount of air entering at 77°F, 1 atm. An equilibrium mix- ture of CO;, CO, Os, H,O(g), and N; exits at f atm. (@) Determine the temperature of the exiting producti °R. () Determine the rate of exergy destruction, in Blu per Ibm of methane entering, for To = 537°R Kinetic and potential energy elfets are negigible, 1455 Mothane ges at 25°C, 1 atm enters an insulated reactor operating at steady state, where it burns with xtimes the the retical amount of air entering at 25°C, 1 atm. An equiib- rium misture of CO;, CO, O;, H,O, and Ny exits at [atm For selected values of x ranging from 1 to 4, determine the temperature of the exiting equilbrium mixture,in K. Kinetic and potential energy etfocts are negligible. 14.56 A mixture consisting of 1 kmol of carbon monoxide (CO), 0 kmol of oxygen (0,), and 1.88 krnol of nitrogen (Np) initially at 227°, 1 atm, reacts in a closed, rigid insu lated vessel, forming an equilibrium mixture of CO», CO, Ox, and Ny, Determine the final equilibrium pressure, in atm 1457 A mixture consisting of 1 kmol of CO and the theoret: ical amount of ai, initially at 60°C, 1 atm, reacts in a closed, Tigd, insulated vessel to form an equilibrium mixture. An analysis of the produets shows that there are 0808 kmol of CO,, 0.192 kmol of CO, and 0.096 kmol of O, present. The temperature of the final mixture is measured as 2465°C. ‘Check the consistency of these data812 chapter /4 Chemical and Phase Equilibrium Using the van"t Hoff Equation, tonization 14,58 Estimate the enthalpy of reaction at 2000 K, in ki/kmol, for CO, # CO + 40, using the van’t Hoff equation and , O;, HeO(g). and Hy exits at 227°C, | atm. Determine the molar analysis of the exit ing equilibrium mixture, BR 1470 A closed vessel initially contains a gaseous mixture con- sisting of 3 Ibmol of CO:, 6 fomol of CO, and 1 tool of Ha ‘An equitibriam mixcure at 4220°P, | atm is formed contain ing COs, CO, H:0, Hy, and Om Determine the composition ofthe equiltrism mixture 44,74 Butane (CH) Duras with 100% exoes aie to form an ‘sulibrium mixture at 1400 K, 20 atm consisting of COs, Os H,0(2) Ny, NO, and NO>, Determine the balanced reaction ‘equation. For N; + 20; # 2NO; at 1400 K, K = 8.4 x 10°™, 44,72 One tbmol of H,O%g) disociates to form an equilibrium misture at SOI0°R, I atm consisting of H:0(3) Ha, Op and OH, Determine the equilibrium composition 2.73 Steam enters a heat exchanger operating at steady state “An equilibrium mixture of FO, Hy, O2, H, and OF exits at temperature , 1 atm, Determine the molar anayss ofthe exiting equiltbrium minture for (a) T= 2800 tb) T= 3000K Considering Phase Equilibrium 34.74 For a two-phase liquid-vapor mixture of water at 100°C, use tabulated property data to show that the specific Gibbs functions ofthe saturated liquid and saturated vapor are equal. Repeat for a two-phase liquid-vapor mixture of Refrigerant 134e at 20°C. 1475 Using the Clapeyron equation, solve the following problems from Chap. 11: (a) 11.32, (b) 11.33, (€) 11.34, €) 11.35, (€) 1140. 14.76 A closed system at 20°C, 1 bar consists of a pure liquid ‘water phase in equilibrium with a vapor phase composed of water vapor and dry oir. Determine the departure, in per cent, of the partial pressure of the water vapor from the sat- tration pressure of pure water at 20°C. 14,77 Derive an expression for estimating the pressure at Which graphite end diamond exist in equilibrium at 25°C in terms of the specific volume, specific Gibbs funetion, and isothermal compressibility of each phase at 25°C, 1 atm, Discuss, 14.78 An isolated system has two phases, denoted by A and B, each of which consists of the same two substances, denoted by 1 and 2, Show that necessary conditions for equi librium are 1. the temperature of each phase is the same, 7 2. the pressure of each phase is the same, pa = po 3. the chemical potential of each component has the same value in each phase, uf} = pf = yf 414.79 An isolated system has two phases, denoted by A and B, each of which consists of the same two substances, denoted by 1 and 2. The phases are separated by a freely ‘moving thin wall permeable only by substance 2. Determine the necessary conditions for equilibrium. 44,80 Referring to Problem 14.79, let each phase be a binary mixture of argon and helium and the well be permeable only to argon. If the phases initially are at the conditions tabu lated below, determine the final equilibrium temperature, pressure, and composition in the two phases. Te XL LR & &Design & Open Ended Problems: Exploring Engineering Practice TUS) p(MPa) —_n(kmol) yar Ye Phase A300 02 6 0s 05 Phase B 400 oa 5 oa 02 14.81 Figure PLA.81 shows an ideal gas mixture at tempera- ture T and pressure p containing substance k, separated from a gas phase of pure k at temperature T and pressure p’ by a semipermeable membrane that allows only k to pass through. Assuming the ideal gas model also applies to the pure gas phase, determine the relationship between p and for there to be no net transfer of K through the membrane Membrane permeable ‘lyk a gus a7 Male Met a trator Ceataince | ste Tome pal iG ese Fig. P1g.81 1482 What the maximum number of homogeneous pheses that can exist at equilibrium for a sjstem involving (2) one component? (©) two components? (6) three components? 1483 Determine the number of degrees of freedom for sy tems composed of (a) ice and fguid water. (©) ice, liquid water, and water vapor. (© liquid water and water vapor (8) water vapor only (@) water vapor and dy ae 813 (®) liquid water, water vapor, and dry aie (@) ice, water vapor, and dry air. (h) Np and O, at 20°C, 1 atm, aliquid phase and a vapor phase, each of which contains ammonia and water. liquid mercury, liquid water, and a vapor phase of mer- coury and water, (W) liquid acetone and a vapor phase of acetone and Ny. 24,84 Develop the phase rule for chemically reacting systems, 44:85 Apply the result of Problem 14.84 to determine the number of degrees of freedom for the gas phase reaction: CH, +H. @ CO + 3H; 44.86 For 2 gas-liquid system in equilibrium at temperature T and pressure p, Raoult’: law models the relation between the partial pressure of substance jin the gas phase, p,, and the mole fraction of substance J in the liquid phase, y,, as follows: Pi= ¥Psus(T) where po,A7) is the saturation pressure of pure i at tem- perature 7: The gos phase is assumed to form an idea! gas moisture; thus, p; = 2p where x; isthe mole fraction of fin the gas'phase. Apply Raoult’ law to the following eases, which are representative of conditions that might be encoun tered in ammonia-water absorption systems (See. 105) (@) Consider a two-phase, iguid-vapor ammonia-water sys- tem in equilibrium at 20°C. The mole fraction of armo~ sia inthe liquid phase is 809. Determine the pressure, in bat, and the mole fraction of ammonia in the vapor phase (6) Determine the mole fractions of ammonia in the liquid and vapor phases of a two-phase ammonia-water ss tem in equilibrium at 40°C, 12 bat Design er open ended problems: exploring engineering practice 14D Using appropriate software, develop plots giving the ‘variation With equivalence ratio of the equilibrium products of octane-air mixtures at 30 atm and selected temperatures ranging from 1700 to 2800 K. Consider equivalence ratios in the interval from 0.2 t0 1.4 and equilibrium products includ. ing, but not necessarily limited t0, COs, CO, H,0, Os, O, Hp, N;, NO, OH. Under what conditions is the formation of nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO) most signifi cant? Discuss 14,20 Spark ignition engine exhaust gases contain several air pollutants including the oxides of nitrogen, NO and NOs, collectively known as NO,. Additionally, the exhaust gases ‘may contain earbon monoxide (CO) and unburned or par- tially burned hydrocarbons (HC) (a) The pollutant amounts sctuslly present depend on engine design and operating conditions, and typically differ significantly from values calculated on the basis of chemical equiibriuea. Discuss both the reasons for these discrepancies and possible mechanisms by which such pollutants are formed in an actual engine. (©) For spark-ignition engines, the average production of pollutants upstream ofthe catalyst, in x per mile of vehi cle travel, are nitric oxides, 1.5; hydrocarbons, 2; and ear bon monoxide, 20. For a ity in your locale having & pop ulation of 100,000 oF more, estimate the annual amount, in kg. of each pollutant that would be discharged if auto mobiles had no emission control devices. Repeat if the vehicles adhere to current US. government emissions standards 3430 The Federal Clean Air Act of 1970 and succeeding Clean Air Act Amendments target the oxides of nitrogen NO and NO», collectively known a NO, a8 significant air pollutants NO, is formed in combustion via thee primary mechanisms: thermal NO, formation, prompt NO, forme- tion, and fuel NO, formation. Discuss these formation mech- anisms including a discussion of thermal NO, formation by the Zeldovich mechanism. What isthe role of NO, in the formation of ozone? What are some NO, reduction strategies? 44,40 The amount of sultur dioxide ($O;) present in off gases, from industrial processes can be reduced by oxiding the