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DX X X: If Integrands Have Singularities Are On The Real Axis?

This document discusses calculating integrals involving indented contours to handle singularities on the real axis. It provides a theorem for evaluating integrals along an arc contour around a simple pole using Laurent series. Examples show finding the Cauchy principal value of integrals with singularities by indenting the contour around the singular points and applying the residue theorem. In general, indenting the contour allows treating singularities as poles to evaluate integrals that would otherwise be improper.

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Ammar Ajmal
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52 views5 pages

DX X X: If Integrands Have Singularities Are On The Real Axis?

This document discusses calculating integrals involving indented contours to handle singularities on the real axis. It provides a theorem for evaluating integrals along an arc contour around a simple pole using Laurent series. Examples show finding the Cauchy principal value of integrals with singularities by indenting the contour around the singular points and applying the residue theorem. In general, indenting the contour allows treating singularities as poles to evaluate integrals that would otherwise be improper.

Uploaded by

Ammar Ajmal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Complex Variables 6.

7 Integrals Involving Indented Contours


If integrands have singularities are on the real axis?

cos x
x 1 dx

More general on the contour ?


Use (for a simple pole)
and modify the contour appropriately.
THEOREM 6 Let f(z) have a simple pole at z0. An arc C0 of radius r is constructed using
z0 as its center. The arc subtends an angle at z0.
Then

where the integration is done in the counterclockwise direction. (For a clockwise


integration, a factor of -1 is placed on the right).
1

Complex Variables
Laurent series about z0
g(z) is analytic at z0 and
Thus:

Applying ML inequality for the second integral


(the function is bounded, so: g z M , and L = r) :
or
For the rest: z z0 re i ; dz iei d and

Now we can take care about the following integrals:

Complex Variables
DEFINITION Cauchy principal value of an integral containing a singularity

where f(x) is continuous for a x < p and p < x b and shrinks to zero through
positive values.
2

EXAMPLE 1 Find the Cauchy principal value of

1 x dx
1

Solution. By the definition

So:

If BOTH DEFINITIONS of the Cauchy principal value are required:

If MORE POINTS of discontinuity:

Complex Variables
Indentation of contours

EXAMPLE 2 Find the Cauchy principal value of


Solution: Consider
contour:

cos3x x 1dx

ei 3 z z 1dz but with some modifications (indentations) in the

z 1

f ( z) ei 3 z z 1 has a simple pole at z =1. Now around the contour:

By Jordans lemma

Complex Variables
In the indentation of the contour
Now: r ;

z0 1

f ( z) ei 3 z z 1; z0 1;

i e3i
We can write

The Cauchy principal value:

Thus:

For the EXAMPLE:

and more:
5

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