Pole Simple: If Integrands Have Branch Cuts and Branch Points On The Real Axis?
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Ammar AjmalPole Simple: If Integrands Have Branch Cuts and Branch Points On The Real Axis?
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Ammar AjmalComplex Variables 6.
8 Contour Integrations Involving Branch
Points and Branch Cuts
If integrands have branch cuts and branch points on the real axis?
Log x x
EXAMPLE 1 Find
Logx dx
;
x2 4
dx
x x2 4
4 dx . We have to define the integral as:
Solution. Consider the principal branch of log z and integral
contour:
log z dz
around the closed
C z2 4
simple pole
This reads:
Complex Variables
First integral (principal branch of the logarithm:Log z Log z i arg z; arg z ): z x ; arg z
Or
Now:
Consider:
If: z ei ; 0 ; L and M is defined as:
we obtain
For 0 1 : 2 e 2i 4 3 we have
and
Complex Variables
Combining our results:
M
So:
Log 0
0
For the fourth integral similarly:
R
R2
And
Log R 0
R
1
Log 2 i 2
4i
gives
This finally gives
EXAMPLE 2 Evaluate
where >1 and
for 0 x . The
integrand is thus real and nonnegative within the limits of integration.
Notice that as in the previous problem the integrand has a discontinuity at x = 0.
3
Complex Variables
Solution: The contour of integration can be chosen as
Advantages:
Integrations along the positive semi-x-axis
present the given integral.
z -1
We can choose a specific branch : z1 r ei ; 0 2
which is analytic when the branch cut is along: y 0; x 0
We can exclude the branch point by a circle
of a radius around z = 0.
So, our integral
is presented by four items along:
1
i
I. z r x; dz dr dx; z r e 0 x
III. z rei 2 r x; dz dr dx; z1 r ei 2 xei 2
SIMPLE POLE ! z = -1
II. z Rei ; dz iRei d ; z1 Rei
i
i
1
i
IV. z e ; dz i e d ; z e
Complex Variables
So, we have a collection of integrals:
Now, for the second integral (|I| ML): L = 2R and let
For large R >1:
And:
Similarly for the fourth integral ( 0)
21 0
So:
Or:
Complex Variables
EXAMPLE 3 Using residues, find 1 x 13 1 dx
0
Solution. Consider
around the contour:
We made the cut to define the branch log z log z i arg z
Then:
I. arg z 0
and z x; dz dx; log z Log x
III. arg z 2
and z x; dz dx; log z Log x i 2
So, for
f ( z) log z
z 1 1
3
Taking 0; R we obtain:
Which leads to:
6
Complex Variables
So:
Simple poles:
z 13 1 0 z 1 11 3 z 1 ei ik 2 1 3 ; z1 2; z2 ei 2 3 ; z3 ei 4 3
Residues (RULE IV)
Res[]
Log z
3z 1
1
Log 2 i ; i 1 i 3 ; i 2 1 i 3
3
9
9
Note this is not the principal branch of the logarithm so for z3 ei 4 :3 arg{log} = i4/3
Finally:
