14 Optimization PDF
14 Optimization PDF
INTRODUCTION
Usually the radiation pattern of a single element is relatively wide and each element provides low values of directivity.
Antenna arrays increase the directivity without enlarging the size of single elements. Antennas arrays have been widely
used in different applications are radar, sonar, and communications and as they are useful in high power transmission,
reduce power consumption and enhanced spectral efficiency. Due to increased usage of electromagnetic spectrum,
radiation pattern synthesis techniques, which allow placing of one or more nulls in the pattern in specified directions,
are gaining technical importance. [1]. Array antennas have high gain and directivity compared to an individual
radiating element [2]. Genetic algorithm (GA) is a powerful optimization method the synthesis of antenna array
radiation pattern in adaptive beamforming. Adaptive beam forming is a signal processing technique in which the
electronically steerable antenna arrays are used to obtain maximum directivity towards signal of interest (SOI) and null
formation towards signal of not interest (SNOI) i.e. instead of a single antenna the antenna array can provide improved
performance virtually in wireless communication [3]. The problem is to finding the weights of the antenna array
elements that are optimum to provide the radiation pattern with maximum reduction in the sidelobe level and provide
the maximum directivity towards the direction by modulating parameter M. The value of modulating parameter M is
varying 0 to 1.the value of M is 0 when maximum directivity to a particular direction. When the value of M goes to
high that time provide the radiation pattern with maximum reduction in sidelobe.
II.
PROPOSED ALORITHM
A. GENETIC ALGORITHM
The genetic algorithm is a method for solving both constrained and unconstrained optimization problems that is based
on natural selection, the process that drives biological evolution. The genetic algorithm repeatedly modifies a
population of individual solutions. At each step, the genetic algorithm selects individuals at random from the current
population to be parents and uses them produce the children for the next generation. You can apply the genetic
algorithm to solve a variety of optimization problems that are not well suited for standard optimization algorithms,
including problems in which the objective function is discontinuous, no differentiable, stochastic, or highly nonlinear.
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kd is then the separation between the antennas in radians. When kd is equal to (or d= /2) the antenna array has
maximum gain with the greatest angular accuracy with no grating lobes. The phase shift between the elements
and is measured from the y-axis, starting from the first antenna, as shown
experienced by the plane wave is
in Fig1. Weights can be applied to the individual antenna signals before the array factor (AF) is formed to control the
direction of the main beam. This corresponds to a multiple-input-single-output (MISO) system. . In the process of
formulation for the fitness function for minimizing the Side lobe level the antenna array [4][5][6], the array factor for N
number of elements were considered and assumed that the elements of an array are spaced linearly and separated by /2
where is the wave length.
Where
the pattern is obtained using our algorithm and
is the pattern desired
To find a set of values which produces the array pattern, the algorithm is used to minimize the following cost function.
F = abs (H) ,
The maximum directive gain is called as directivity of the antenna. The directivity of the antenna is defined as the ratio
of maximum radiation intensity to its average radiation intensity and is denoted by D.
D= (max (F. ^2)/mean (F. ^2))*gain
III. EXPERIMENT AND RESULT
The antenna model consists of 8,16,20,24 elements and equally spaced with d =0.5 along the y-axis. A continuous GA
with a population size 20 and adaptive feasible mutation rate is run for a total of 100 generations unlike 500 generations
as in using MATLAB and the best result was found for each iteration. The cost function is the minimum side lobe level
for the antenna pattern and improving directivity by modulating parameter M. The value of modulating parameter M is
varying 0 to 1.the value of M is 0 when maximum directivity to a particular direction. When the value of M goes to
high that time provide the radiation pattern with maximum reduction in sidelobe.
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Fig 3 shows that the antenna array with N = 8 elements has been normalized for a gain of 2.84dB along the angle 0,
modulating parameter M value is 0(low), the maximum relative side lobe level of -13.05 dB and directivity 13.39.
Figure 3 Optimized radiation pattern with reduced side lobe level of -13.05 db
For N= 8 elements and directivity 13.39
Fig 4 shows that the antenna array with N = 16 elements has been normalized for a gain of 2.84dB along the angle 0,
modulating parameter M value is 0(low), the maximum relative side lobe level of -13.01 dB and directivity 16.53.
Figure 4 Optimized radiation pattern with reduced side lobe level of -13.01 db
For N= 16 elements and directivity 16.53
Fig 5 shows that the antenna array with N = 20 elements has been normalized for a gain of 2.84dB along the angle 0,
modulating parameter M value is 0(low), the maximum relative side lobe level of -13.62 dB and directivity 17.55.
Figure 5 Optimized radiation pattern with reduced side lobe level of -13.62 db
For N= 20 elements and directivity 17.55
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Fig 6 shows that the antenna array with N = 24 elements has been normalized for a gain of 2.84dB along the angle 0,
modulating parameter M value is 0(low), the maximum relative side lobe level of -12.73 dB and directivity 18.38.
Figure 6 Optimized radiation pattern with reduced side lobe level of -12.73 db
For N= 24 elements and directivity 18.38
Table 1. Comparison Table of previous and obtained results for directivity
Number of elements
8
16
20
24
Obtained Result
For Directivity
13.39
16.53
17.55
18.38
Fig 7 shows that the antenna array with N = 8 elements has been normalized for a gain of 2.84dB along the angle 0,
modulating parameter M value is 1(low), the maximum relative side lobe level of -14.14 dB and directivity 13.11.
Figure 7 Optimized radiation pattern with reduced side lobe level of -14.14
db For N= 16 elements and directivity 13.11
Fig 8 shows that the antenna array with N = 16 elements has been normalized for a gain of 2.84dB along the angle 0,
modulating parameter M value is 1(low), the maximum relative side lobe level of -18.24 dB and directivity 15.94.
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Figure 8 Optimized radiation pattern with reduced side lobe level of -18.24
db For N= 16 elements and directivity 15.94
Fig 9 shows that the antenna array with N = 20 elements has been normalized for a gain of 2.84dB along the angle 0,
modulating parameter M value is 1(low), the maximum relative side lobe level of -18.82 dB and directivity 16.56.
Figure 9 Optimized radiation pattern with reduced side lobe level of -18.24 db
For N= 20elements and directivity 16.56
Fig 10 shows that the antenna array with N = 16 elements has been normalized for a gain of 2.84dB along the angle 0,
modulating parameter M value is 1(low), the maximum relative side lobe level of -18.24 dB and directivity 15.94.
Figure 10 Optimized radiation pattern with reduced side lobe level of -12.73 db
For N= 24 elements and directivity 18.3
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Table 2. Comparison Table of previous and obtained results for side lobe level (SLL)
Number of Elements
8
16
20
24
Obtained Result
For SLL(in db)
-14.14
-18.24
-18.82
-17.15
IV.CONCLUSION
In this paper Genetic algorithm Solver in Optimization toolbox of MATLAB is used to obtain maximum reduction in
side lobe level relative to the main beam on both sides of 0 and improve the directivity by modulating parameter M.
The genetic algorithm is a method for solving both constrained and unconstrained optimization problems that is based
on natural selection, the process that drives biological evolution. Adaptive feasible mutation with single point crossover
showed the performance improvement by reducing the side lobe level below -10dB in most of the cases and also
improves the directivity. The best result of -18.82.05 dB sidelobe is obtained for 20 elements in 100 generation of GA
with best fitness value of 88.2984 and means fitness value of 91.2427and the best result of 18.38 directivity is obtained
for 24 elements.
REFERENCES
[1] Padmaja, N.Bala Subramanyam, N.Deepika Rani, G.Tirumala Rao, Linear Array Geometry Synthesis Using Genetic Algorithm for Optimum
Side Lobe Level and Null, ISSN: 2277 9043 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Electronics Engineering
Volume 1, Issue 3, May 2012.
[2] C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition, John Willy & sons Inc, New York, 1997.
[3] Shraddha shrivastava and Kanchan cecil,Optimatization of radiation pattern of linear antenna array using genetic algorithmRecent Trends in
Control, Communication and Computer Technology 25th Nov.2012, Nashik, ISBN: 978-93-82208-40-2.
[4] G. S. N. Raju, Antennas and Propagation, Pearson Education, 2005.[5] Stephen J.Blank, Antenna Array Synthesis Using Derivative, NonDerivative and Random Search Optimization, IEEE Sarnoff Symposium, DOI 10.1109/SARNOF. 2008.4520115, pp 1-4, May 2008.
[5] Stephen J.Blank, Antenna Array Synthesis Using Derivative, Non-Derivative and Random Search Optimization, IEEE Sarnoff Symposium,
DOI 10.1109/SARNOF. 2008.4520115, pp 1-4, May 2008.
[6] R.S.Elliott, Antenna Theory and Design, Prentice-Hall, New York 1981.
[7] Peter J.Bevelacqua and Constantine A.Balanis, Optimizing Antenna Array Geometry for Interference Suppression, IEEE Transaction on
Antenna And Propagation, Vol.55, no.3 pp 637-641,March 2007.
[8] Peiging Xia and Mounir Ghogho, Evaluation of Multiple Effects Interference Cancellation in GNSS using Space- Time based Array
Processing, International Journal of Control, Automation, and Systems, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 884- 893, December 2008.
[9] B.Widrow et.al. Adaptive antenna system, IEEE.Proc 55(12) pp2143-2159 Dec 1967.
[10] T .S.Jeyali Laseetha, Dr. R Sukanesh Synthesis of linear antenna array using Genetic Algorithm to maximize side lobe level reduction
International Journal of Computer Application (0975 -8887),Volume 20- No 7,April 2011.
[11] T.T Taylor, Design of line source antennas for narrow beamwidth and low side lobes, IRE AP Trans 4 pp 16- 28 Jan 1955.
[12] Y.Lu and B.K Yeo, Adaptive wide null steering for digital beam forming array with complex coded genetic Algorithm, Proc.IEEE Phased
Array System and Technology Symp pp 557-560 May 2000.
[13] R.L.Haupt, An introduction to genetic algorithm for electromagnetic, IEEE.
[14] E.T.Bayliss, Design of Monopulse Antenna difference Patterns with low sidelobes, Bell Syst. Tech.J.47 pp623- 650May-June 1968.
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BIOGRAPHY
PALLAVI JOSHI D/O was born in Indore ,M.P. she has completed his B.E. in electronics & communication
engineering in 2009 (RGPV University Bhopal, (M.P.) India M.E. in digital communication from IPS Academy, India.
At present he is in 4th and final semester of M.E.
Asso Prof. Nitin Jain is working as an Asso. Prof (electronics & communication) in IPS Academy, Indore (M.P.)
India. he has received his B.E. and M.E. degree in Electronics & communication engineering. He has published many
papers in various reputed journals, national and international conferences.
Prof. Rupesh Dubey is working as an Associate prof. and head of the department (Electronics & Communication) IPS
Academy, Indore (M.P.) India. He has received his B.E. and M.E. degree in electronics & communication engineering.
He has more than ten years of experience as associate prof. and head of the department. He has published many papers
in various reputed journals, national and international conferences.
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