INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL INTRODUCTION to ELECTRODYNAMICS Third Edition David J. GriffithsChapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 TABLE OF CONTENTS Vector Analysis Electrostatics Special Techniques Electrostatic Fields in Matter Magnetostatics Magnetostatic Fields in Matter Electrodynamics Conservation Laws Electromagnetic Waves Potentials and Fields Radiation Electrodynamics and Relativity 73 89 113 125 146 157 179 195 219Chapter 1 Vector Analysis Problem 1.1 (a) From the diagram, [B + C| cos63 = |B] cos@; + |C| cos. Multiply by [A]. |AI[B + C]cos@s = |Al|B|cosés + |A||C|cos és. So: A-(B + C) = A-B+A-C. (Dot product is distributive.) Similarly: |B + C|sin 05 = |B| sin, + |C|sin@,. Mulitply by |A| fi. |A||B + C|sin 45 A = |Al|B|sin@; & + |Al/C|sin 8, a. If fi is the unit vector pointing out of the page, it follows that Ax(B + C) =(AXB) +(AXxC). (Cross product is distributive.) Bleosé, (Cleos ea (b) For the general case, see G. B. Hay's Vector and Tensor Analysis, Chapter 1, Section 7 (dot product) and Section 8 (cross product). Problem 1.2 The triple cross-product is not in general associative. For example, suppose A = B and C is perpendicular to A, as in the diagram. Then (BXC) points out-of-the-page, and Ax(BXxC) points down, and has magnitude ABC. But (AxB) = 0, 50 (AXB)xC = 0 ¢ Ax(BxC). Problem 1.3 A=+ik+1y—18; A= V3, B=1e4+19 41%; B= V3. AB =+14+1-1=1= ABcosé = V3V3cos8 => cos! (0 = cos? (1) ws 70.5288 Problem 1.4 ‘The cross-product of any two vectors in the plane will give a vector perpendicular to the plane. For example, we might pick the base (A) and the left side (B): A= -1%+29 +08; B= 18409 +38.2 CHAPTER 1. VECTOR ANALYSIS RG! AxB=|-1 2 0|=6%+39+22. -1 0 3 This has the right direction, but the wrong magnitude. To make a unit vector out of it, simply divide by its length: |AxB| = V364944=7. Problem 1.5 §x+ hy + fe & y a Me As Ay A: | (By, ~ B:C,) (B:Cz-BzC:) (BzCy - ByCz) = &[Ay(BzCy — ByCz) — Az(BzCz — BzCz)] + 9() +20, (Pll just check the x-component; the others go the same way.) = 8(AyBsCy — AyByCy ~ ArB,Cz + ArBzC,) + 9() + 2(). B(A-C) — C(A-B) = [Bz(AzCz + AyCy + AzCz) — C,(AzBe + AyBy + A,Bz))%+ ()F+ (08 = %(AyBsCy + A,ByC, — AyByCz — A,BzCz) + 9() + 2(). They agree. Problem 1.6 — Ax(BXxC)+Bx(CxA)+Cx(AXB) = B(A-C)-C(A-B)+C(A-B)-A(C-B)+A(B-C)-B(C-A) = 0. So: Ax (Bx C) - (AxB)xC = —Bx(CxA) = A(B-C) - C(A-B). If this is zero, then either A is parallel to C (including the case in which they point in opposite directions, or ‘one is zero), or else B-C = B-A = 0, in which case B is perpendicular to A and C (including the case B = 0). Ax(BxC} Conclusson: [A x(Bx C) = (AXB)xC > either A is parallel to C, or B is perpendicular to A and G Problem 1.7 a= (48+ 69 +82) —(2+89 +72) =[2R— a= Veer 1=[8 ne Problem 1.8 (a) AyBy + A-B, = (cosdAy + sin 64,)(cos 6B, + sin dB.) + (—sin Ay + cos GA,)(~sin 6B, +05 6B.) ae cos? $Ay By + sin cos $(AyB, + A,By) + sin? $A, Bz + sin? ¢AyBy — sin pcos g(AyB, + AzBy) + fa er o-+sin® ) A, By + (sin? } + cos? 4)A;Be = AyBy + AsBe. V () As)? + (Ay)? + A)? = BLA Ay = Bhan (Dh Rin Ay) (Bhan ReeAe) = Bye (Way Pas) Ayn ‘This equals A? + A? + A? provided | 09, Ry Rat ={ 5 a jek } Moreover, if R is to preserve lengths for all vectors A, then this condition is not only sufficient but also necessary. For suppose A = (1,0,0). Then Dy,t (31 Ray Rix) AyAx = D, Ra Rn, and this must equal 1 (since we want A +A; +Az = 1). Likewise, Bi, RaRy = D3; RiaRag = 1. To check the case j # k, choose A = (1,1,0). Then we want 2 = 5y,¢ (E: RajRan) Aj = 3, Rak + Ds Raha + Bs RaRa + 3, Reha. But we already know that the first two sums are both 1; the third and fourth are egual, s0 5, Rui Ria = Ss Ria Ru = 0, and 80 ‘on for other unequal combinations of j, k. v_In matrix notatio , where Ris the transpose of R.Problem 1.9 y ay JE Looking down the axis: aN z, NN, z ‘a = ‘A 120° rotation carries the 2 axis into the y (= 2) axis, y into x (= 9), and into z (= Ay = As, As = Ay: oon R=(100 o10 Problem 1.10 @ ige.| (Az = Aas Ay (b) [A —+ —A, ] in the sense (Az ys Az = Az) —Ag, Ay = —Ay, As = —Az) (©) (AxB) — (-A)x(-B) = (AxB). That is, if C = AxB, [C —> C] No minus sign, in contrast to behavior of an “ordinary” vector, as given by (b). If A and B are pseudovectors, then (Ax) —> (A) x (B) = (AxB). So the cross-product of two pseudovectors is again a pseudovector. In the cross-product of a vector and a pseudovector, one changes sign, the other doesn’t, and therefore the cross-product is itself a vector. ‘Angular momentum (L = rxp) and torque (N = rxF) are pseudovectors. (a) A-(BxC) — (-A)-((-B)x(—C)) = -A(BxC). So, ifa = A-(BxO) changes sign under inversion of coordinates. |, then [a —r —a;]a pseudoscalar Problem 1.11 (A)Vf = 2k-+ 3p? 9 + 425% ya K+ BatyPat 9 + day 23 B (VF = ef sinyln2& +e? cosylnzy +67 siny(1/z)2 Problem 1.12 (@) Vh = 10[(2y — 6x — 18) & + (22 ~ By + 28) 9]. Va= Peat a }2y-18— 24y-+84=0 at summit, 50 2x — By +28 = 0 => Gr — My +84 =0 2y = 66 => y= 3 => 2-42 =O ‘Top is [3 miles north, 2 miles west, of South Hadley. (b) Putting in ¢ = -2, y=: f= 10(-12~ 12-36 +36 + 84 + 12) = [720 ft. (0) Putting in 2 =1, y= 1: Vh = 10{(2 - 6 — 18) & + (2— 8 + 28) 9] = 10(—22% + 229) = 220(-%+9). |Vh| = 2202 ~ [311 ft/mile} direction: | northwest.4 CHAPTER 1. VECTOR ANALYSIS Problem 1.13 aa (e-a)R4 (yy) Ft (e-2)% a= Vel + -vP + @-2P. (a) VO?) = Fle—2'P + yy)? + 2-271 + HOT + F048 = Awa) K+ Ay—y/) 7 +2(2—2" (&) VG) = Belle 2? + y—VP +(e — 2x4 Z0-F9+ ZOta pire 19-307 joie 28 = (1%. (c) eee ALL 80] Va") = nals, Problem 1.14 +y cos } +2 sing; multiply by sin d: —y sing +z cos¢; multiply by cosé: sing + cos (sin? $ + cos? ¢) So $4 = cos¢; $4 = —sing; $4 = sind; $F $f = Le AS = + coss(Vs), +8indVS). aa. + ae in HV Ay + 008 HV Fs y sin cos $ +2 sin? 9. —y sin gcos + 2 cos? . . Likewise, Joos $ — Zsing = y. cos. Therefore \ So Vf transforms asa vector. ged Problem 1.15 (a)V-va = F(a?) + F (3x2?) + Z(—2ez) = 22+ 0-22 = 0. H2v2) + Z(Bez) =y + 22 + 3. ()V-ve = L(y?) + H(2zy + 2) + F(2y2) = 0+ (2x) + (2y) = Ae +y). Problem 1.16 vv = BS) h(H+R(8) =f [ee ev +2] +8 vert rey t]sg [ere +2y3] = 078 +2(-3/2)()- E20 + ()- 8 + y(—3/2)0~ Hay + (78 + 2(—3/2)()~ hae = Br-$ — 3r-8(a? + y? + 2?) = 3-3 — 3r-8 = 0. This conclusion is surprising, because, from the diagram, this vector field is obviously diverging away from the origin. How, then, can V-v = 0? The answer is that V-v = 0 everywhere except at the origin, but at the origin our calculation is no good, since r = 0, and the expression for v blows up. In fact, V-v is infinite at that one point, and zero elsewher all see in Sect. 1.5. Problem 1.17 a By = c08 4 sings BD, = —sindvy + cosdus. Fe = Se cosd + 9y sind = (S25 + S28) cosd+ (Se GH + 9486) sind. Use result in Prob. 1.14: = (Gz cond + Se sind) vos + (Se cosd + 4 sing) sing. — 3 sing + Be cosg = - (See + #) sing + (8 94 + 9% 82) cos — (Bi ane cos) sing + (—$y sind + et) at e 0 Be + SEs = He cos? + Be singcosd + Bx sin pcos p+ 3 sin? d + Fe sin? ¢— Fe sin gcosd 033 sing cosd + Se cos? $ = 3 (cos? p+ sin? 4) + 9% (sin® 4 + cos? ¢) = Sa + Se. v a oe By Problem 1.18 zy @vxu=|2 & (0 — 6xz) + $(0 + 2z) + 2(32? — 0) =| —6xz%X + 227 + 327%. a? Baz? zy #@ Ovxw=|% & F (0 — 2y) + 9(0 — 32) + (0 — 2) =[—2yR— 325-22. ty 2yz 30z & ay é B&H | = 822-22) + 90-0) + 42-2) = [0 ye (Qxy-+2%) dye Problem 1.19 2 Vv =yR4+29; or v=yzk +229 + cyH; or v = (3x7z — 23) R439 + (2° — 3a2’ or v = (sinz)(cosh y) & — (cos.2)(sinh y) 95 ete. Problem 1.20 () Vso) = Gada Yad g 4 Meda = (798 + off) + (F984 99L) 9+ (138 +09) 2 =F (Bx Ho+ HA) +9( Hae H+ La) = HV) +010). aed (iv) V-(AXB) = £ (AyB, — AcBy) + $ (AsBz — AsBz) + f (AzBy ~ AyBz) = Ay2Be + B, 2x — A, Be — By Ss + A, Os + Be Ms — Az 88s — BL Me “+ Aste + B, the — A, 8a — Be = Be (Me ~ SA) +B, (Se ~ He) + Bs (She — Me) ~ Ae (4h - BP) Ay (BB ~ 2B) — A, ($2 — OB) = B(VXA)—A-(VXB). ged B (0) Vx (A) = (2efsd — 2d) 4 (Aged — 14h) 9 4. (Biff — 266d) = (0A + ARE se — AVL) + (Fe + ABE 1 A) 9 + (50% + Ay SE - 1% - AeSh) = 5 [(e- Se) 2+ Oe - Bo + (Se - HH) 9] ~ [4096 - As$l) 8+ (4.86 ~ 4096) 9+ AeSh — 4, 8£) 4] =f (VxA)~Ax (VS). ged Problem 1.21 (0) (AV) B= (An QB + Ay OB + AsOBt) 8+ (da SEE + Ay t+ ALB) 9 + (eSB + Ay OB + Ac SP) 2. ()t=E= eS Let's just do the x component. Weil. = 2 (eh +08 +28) Jods6 CHAPTER 1. VECTOR ANALYSIS = Efe [at bees] tu [by] + 4 Ap24]} =k-a@ +a +e?) =i F-& (P+ +2) =2(E- Same goes for the other components. Hence: [(F-V) # = (6) (va-V) vo = (7 +322? — Dee fh) (cy R+ B27 + 3x28) = 2? (yX +09 + 328) + B02? (eK + 227 +04) — 2nz(OR4 2H +322) = (ay +3272?) £4 (622° — day2) 9 + (2% — 6272) & = [e? y+ 922) 4 Dez (82? — Dy) 9 ~ Seah “Problem 1.22 (i) (V(A-B)], = £(ALBe + AyBy + AB.) = 9B, + A, Be + ep, + Aye + & [Ax(VxB)], = Ay(VXB); — As(V XB)y = Ay (924 - 988) ~ A, (88 — 98s) (Bx(VxA)], = By (Se — ie) — Ba( Se — ay {(A-V)B},, Aap + Ay B+ Ae) Be = Aa Spe + Ay Bs + A, Obs (B-V)A), = Bee + By Gp + Be So [Ax(VxB) +Bx(VxA) +(A-V)B + (B-V)A], = A, Spe — Ay SBe — A, 28s + A, 28s + BAe — By Ode — BAe + B, She Tal acl ote «by be BM + Aes + By (Sat — fe 2H) + Ay Sat — fe +H ) +Be(—9fe +0fr + fe) +A, (— Spe +98 + le) = [V(A-B)], (same for y and z) OB, B, + A, op: (vi) [Vx(AxB)], = ylAXB): — # oe Ae = FylAsBy ~— AyBs) — Bilas B, — AzB;) = Ben Ath Sen, — 8B See, A.B a, Ae [(B-V)A - (A-V)B + A(V-B) - B(V-A)]e = Bs fs + By Se + BOs — A, 28s — Ay Bs — Ath tA Be + fu + Be) — B, (fa + Ste + Ms) = By Se + Aa (— ile + Me 4 2B + Be) + Ba (fle — Mle — Hr — Oa) + Ay (22+) + As(—228) +B, (SH) =[Vx(AxB)], (same for y and z) Problem 1.23 Vif/9) = HUIS + HUI9) 9 + Bld) = tg ETH g 5 HIE, : hee 3s) - 4 (p+ Sao + Ben)] = SHS aoa V(A/a) = FlAa/9) + F(Av/9) + BeCAs/9) - wall BA ah we = fo (Qe + Se 4 OAs) — (AaB + ay Bb + 4 $8)] = EAGAN ged[Vx(Algle = &(4s/9)~ &(Av/9) Ship att oSih oA tt (ae) (4-8) = AERA ARVs (game for y and z). ged Problem 1.24 zk 9 8 (@)AxB=| 2 dy 32 | = 2x(6xz) + 9(92y) + 2(-22" - oy?) 3y -2e 0 V{AXB) = £(6ez) + Z(Gzy) + (-2c? - 6y?) = 6z +92 +0 = 152 VxA = ($32) - £20) +9(£) - £62) +2 (£Cw - FH) =0; B(VxA) =0 VxB = % ($00) ~ B29) +9 (Gu) ~ ££ (0) +4(£(-22) — £(y)) = -54; ACV xB) = -152 V-(AXxB) 2 B.(V x A) — A(VXB) = 0 — (—152) = 152. ¥ (b) A-B = 3ay — 4ay = —zy ; V(A-B) = V(-zy) = ay) +98 (-ay) = -vk-29 Ro @ Ax(VxB)=|2 2 32 | =8(-10y) +9(52); Bx(VxA) = o 0 -5 (A-V)B = (2£ + 27h +32f) (By - 229) = K(6y) + 9(-22) (BVA = (sug - 22) (wR + 2H +322) = K(5y) + H(—42) AXx(VxB) + Bx(VxA) +(A-V)B+ (B-V)A = lyk + 52 y¥ + 6yR— 2H + 3yK— dey = -yR—29 = V(A-B).V (0) Vx(AxB) = & (£(—22" - 6y?) ~ £(92u)) +9 (F(Gx2) ~ Z(-22 - 6y?)) +2 (PL Ozv) - ¥(6z2)) = 8(—12y — 9y) + 9(62 + 42) + 2(0) = —2lyk + 1029 VA= £(2) + Fy) + (Bz) =142+3=6; VB= Z(3y) + F(-2z) =0 (B-V)A ~ (A-V)B + A(V-B) - B(V-A) = 3y& — 409 — Gy K+ 29 - 18yX+ 1209 = —2yk+ Ory = Vx(AXxB). / Problem 1.25 (a) #| ie i Vf, = -8T; = ~3sinzsinysinz. Ey 1 5 6x oa Viv = 2% + Ory. e8 CHAPTER 1. VECTOR ANALYSIS Problem 1.26 wA00)= (Be) +h OB) +B (BF) = (8% - Se) + (es - Be) + Fete — Eee) = 0, by equality of cross derivatives. 28 > VV xv) = E(w) + B(-32) + A (ts — Sty) + 9( oe — atte) + 2( aby ~ abe) Bette gee =0, by equality of crose-derivatives In Prob. 1.11(b), Vf = 2zy8z! 8+ 327y?24 9 + 42y%2 4, 50 * y a Vx(VS) & i, amet gahhet aahphes R(B dv? y?z9 — 4 - Bx7y? 28) + 7(4- Day, Problem 1.28 (2) (0,0,0) — (1,0,0). 2:09 1,y de fv- ae! fg. 2% de = (22/3))5 = 1/3. a = 2-Aay®29) + £(2 - Saya! ~ 3- 20y2') = 0. (1,0,0) —> (1,1,0). 2 =1,y:0+ 1,2 1y2 dy = 0; (1,1,0) —> (11,1). 2 =y =1,2:0 > Ljdl =dz@jv-dl = y?dz = dz; fv-d= fidz=2h= Total: fv -dl = (1/3) +0+1=[4/3. (b) (0,0,0) —+ (0,0,1). z= y =0,2:0-9 1; : (0,0, 1) — (0,1,1).2=0,y:091z2=1dl= assy. dl = 2yzdy = 2y dy; fv d= Se 2d appeal (0,1,1) + (1,1,1). 2:0 1y eda; fv-dl= f) 2%dz = (25/3)/§ = 1/3. Total: fv -dl=0+1+ (1/3) 4/3. (z= 0-9 1jdz = dy = dz;v -dl = 2? dx + 2yzdy + y? dz Sv-dl= fj 427 de = (425/3))5 = [4/3. (a) fv a= (4/3) - (4/3) = [0 Problem 1.29 Pdr + 2x? de +2? dr = 40° de; yi 04 1,2 = Ojda = dedy2jv-da = y(z — 3)dedy = —3ydedy;[v-da = -3 [Pde [2 ydy = —3(213) (4218) = -3(2)(2) = [12.] Im Ex. 1.7 we got 20, for the same boundary line (the square in the zy- plane), so the answer is [Hi6r] the surface integral does not depend only on the boundary line. ‘The total lux for the cube is 20 + 12 = [32. Problem 1.30 [Tdr = f 2? dzdydz. You can do the integrals in any order—here it is simplest to save z for last: Jef Ya)al« ‘The sloping surface is 2-+y-+z = 1, so the x integral is {{°~¥"") dx = 1—y—z. For agiven z, y ranges from 0 to 1~2, 0 the y integral is {{°"" (1 —y— 2) dy = [(1~2)y—(v?/2IS- = (1-2)? - [= 2)°/2] = (1-2)?/2=(1/2) — 2 + (22/2). Finally, the 2 integral is ff 22( i 1/60. Problem 1.31 T(b) =1444+2=7; T(a) =0. +[T(b)-Th UT = (2 + dy) & + (dar + 225)9 + (6y29)8; VT dl = (2 + dy)de + (de + 20 )dy + (6y2?)de (a) Segment 1: >i, = dy = dz =0.fVT-dl = ff (22) dr = 2’ Segment 2: 1, e=1, 250, de =dz=0.fVTudl = f2(4)dy PPVT-d=7.0 Segment 3: oi, 1, de = dy =0.f[VT-dl = f) (62%) 4 (b) Segment 1: 2:01, g=y=de=dy=0.fvrd= [2 . Segment 2: 1, 2=0,2=1, dr O.fVT-dl = J) (2) dy = 2y)g povrd=7.v Segment 3: 2:0-+1, y=z=1, dy=dz=0.fVT-dl= fj(20+4)de = (2? +42)[)=144 ()2:051, y=, 2=2%, dy =deds = 2zdz. VT-dl = (20 + 4x)d + (40 + 208) + (Gax*)2e dx = (102 + 1428)dz. SP VT dl = J) (10x + 142 )de = (6x? + 207)[) =542=7.0 Problem 1.32 Vv sy 422430 Sevev)dr = fly 22480) dedyds = Jf [Ply +22 +82) de} dyde S [ut 22)2 + $22}3 = 2(y +22) +6 I{eev +4246)dy} dz Sp? + de + Oy] = 4 + 24s +6) = 82416 = f2(G2+16)dz = (42? +162) = 16+ 32 = [28 Numbering the surfaces as in Fig. 1.29: (i) da = dyde&,x = 2. veda = 2y dy dz. fveda = [J 2y dy dz = 2y[3 fi) da = —dy dz Xz = 0. veda = 0. fv-da = 0. i 9,y =2. vida = 4zdedz. fv.da = [f4zdzdz = 16. (iv) da = —dr dz ¥,y = 0. vida = 0. fv-da = 0. (v) da = dr dy%, 2 = 2. v-da = 62 de dy. [v-da = 24, (vi) da = —dedy 4,2 =0. veda = 0, fv-da = 0. = Jveda = 8+ 16 +24 = 48 ¥ Problem 1.33 Vxv = &(0— 2y) + 9(0— 32) + 90 ~ 2) = —2yK— 329 — 28. da = dy dz &, if we agree that the path integral shall run counterclockwise. So (Vxv)-da = —2y dy dz.10 CHAPTER 1. VECTOR ANALYSIS Sevxvjda = ff fo“ (-2v)ay} dz af pt =-@-2) : = S442 4 2%)d2 = (42-2 +4) , = -@-8+)-[F Meanwhile, v-dl (zy)de + (2y2)dy + (322)dz. There are three segments. ‘ —y; de=0, Svedl = fp 2y(2—y)dy ~ tty ~ 2? dy = — or iy (8-3. 0. vedl=0. fvedl f v Problem 1.34 By Corollary 1, f(Vxv)-da should equal 4. Vxv = (42? — 22)% +228. (i) da =dydz&, 2=1; yz: 0-41. (Vxv)-da = (42? — 2)dydz; f(Vxv)-da = [2 (42? - 2)dz = ($29 - 22) = (it) da = ~de dy 2, = (iii) da =drdzy, y Taro an Cae 2,y 0+ 1. (W xv} 2dady; f(Vxv)-da Problem 1.35 (a) Use the product rule Vx(fA) = f(VxA)—A x (Vf): [sv xa) dam [oxitayeaas [tax (vp}-an= f prcas [ta x(Vp)-da, nel (1 used Stokes’ theorem in the last step.) (b) Use the product rule V.(A x B) = B-(VXA) - A. (VxB) [B (oxayir= [ v4a x Byer + [A (xm) dr faxes) dat [ia (VxB)dr. ged. fs » (Lused the divergence theorem in the last step.)ut Problem 1.36|r= V2? +97 +2%; 0 = cos" Problem 1.37 There are many ways to do this one—probably the most illuminating way is to work it out by trigonometry from Fig. 1.36. The most systematic approach is to study the expression: ra2kt-+yF+2%=rsindcospk+rsindsingy + rcosdz. If only vary r slightly, then dr = 2(r)dr is a short vector pointing in the direction of increase in r. To make it a unit vector, I must divide by its length. Thus: iar alee oe el Teal sinBcos % + sinOsin dy +.cos02; ||? = sin? @ cos? $ + sin? Asin? $+ cos? @ = reos8 cos pk +r cosOsin df —rsinda; |25|” =r? cos? Bcos? d +r? cos? Asin? +r? sin? 9 = 1? = —rsin sin o& +rsind cos $9; |$5|? =r? sin? Osin® +r? sin? @cos? @ = r? sin? 0. 4 Be Sree ee sin8 cos@& + sinO sin $F + cos02. +6 = cosd cos pk + cos@sin gy ~sind 2. sing + cos $9. Check: - = sin? 8(cos® } + sin” 4) + cos? 0 = sin? @ + cos?@ = 1, ¥ 6.6 = —cosdsin pcos + cosdsingcosp=0, V ete. sind f ? @.cos PR + sin? I sin gF + sind cosd z, 0846 = cos? 4. cos& + cos” @ sin dF — sin 9 cosd2. Add these: (1) sind#+cos66 = +cosdk+ sings; (2) G@ = -singdkt+cosoy. Multiply (1) by cos@, (2) by sin ¢, and subtract: R= sind cos F + cos0 cos $6 — sing d. Multiply (1) by sin 4, (2) by cos, and add: gy ind sin dF + cosO sin 66 + cosd: sin cos@ cos 6& + sin cosd sin Y + cos? 02. sin 6 cos8 cos $X + sind cos sin @¥ — sin?” 03. Subtract these: % = cosdf ~ sind.12 CHAPTER 1. VECTOR ANALYSIS Problem 1.38 (a) Vevi = AB (rr?) = ede? = dr SCV-vi)dr = fl4r)(r? sin 8 dr do dd) = (4) fo rr Jo" sin @d8 f2"ap = (4) (#) (2)(2n) -[4nrt Svaeda = fir?#)-(r? sind d9 dg) = r4 fF sin8 dB fo" dd = 4nR* ¥ (Note: at surface of sphere r = R.) 4G (P 4) =0 > | (V-ve)dr =0 Jvo-da = f (rf) (r® sin 9 do dbt) = fsin ddd ap = [4a They don’t agree! The point is that this divergence is zero except at the origin, where it blows up, so our calculation of f(V-v2) is correct. The right answer is 4. 39 (b) Vv; RP? e038) + in @rsin®) + =y Glrsin 8 cosd) i = 431? c0s0 + = 00088 + =di5 rsin 6(—siné) = 3cosd +2cosi— sing = 5cosé — sing I(V-v)dr = J(5c0s6 = sin 4) r? sin 8dr do dd = fr? dr ff [2 (5cose — sin 4) dé] sind —2a(5 038) i (#) (10x) fF sind cosé do pel =e ‘Two surfaces—one the hemisphere: da = R? sin @d0 dt; r= R; 6:04 2n, 0:04 5. Jveda = f(rcos8)R? sin 8 d0.dp = R° J, sin8 cos@ dB fo" dp = R° (}) (2n) = rR. other the flat bottom: da = (dr)(r sin @d4)(+6) = rdrdg@ (here @ = 4). r:0 + R, $:0 2m. Jveda = firsin9)(r dr dg) = fy" 7? dr fo" db = 20. Total: fv-da = wR° + 2nR? = SnR°. ¥ Problem 1.40|ve = (cos@ + sin @cos ¢)# + (— sin@ + cos8 cos4)6 + ae sig sin d)d vir = vv) = eg (r?(cos9 + sind cosd)) + =hrg Fy (sin O(—sin# + cosd cos 4)) + =a H (— sing) = 3 2r(cos6 + sind cos $) + xgizg(—2sin8 cos@ + cos* @ cos $ — sin? cos) — hy cos. Falral2 sind fos@ + 2sin® 8 cos — 2sind fos 6 + cos? @ cos — sin? @cos 4 — cos 4] salag [(sin? @ + cos? 8) cos ¢ ~ cos] = 0. > oO Check: rcos@ = z, rsin@cos@ =a => in Cartesian coordinates t = x + z. Cbviously, Laplacian is zero. Gradient Theorem: JP Vtedl = t(b) — t(a) Segment 1: = $, 6 =0, r:0-¥2. dl =drf; Vt-dl = (cos + sin8.cos $)dr = (0+ 1)dr = dr. [Vtdl = fdr =2. Segment 2:0 = $,r=2,6:0-§%. dl=rsinddpd =2dod. ‘Veedl = (—sin g)(2dg) = —2singdp. [Vtdl = — fF 2sing dg = 2cos4/g—sin8 + cos@ cos $)(2d0) = ~2sin 8 ad. cos Bl =2 Meanwhile, ¢(b) ~ t(a) = Total: f? Vid =2-2+2 2G. +0) - 00) Problem 1.41 From Fig. 1.42, Multiply first by cos, second by sin, and subtract: Scosg — dsin gd = cos’ Hk + cos Psin PF + sin? PX — sin pcos HF = X(sin? $ + cos? g) = So|& = cos #8 — sing d. Multiply first by sing, second by cos @, and add: 8singd + Pcos¢ = sin pcos P* + sin” PF — sin pcos H* + cos* PF = (sin? p + cos* ¢) = ¥. So]¥ =sin d8 + cosdd. Problem 1.42 (a) Vv = 14; (s9(2+sin? 4) + 345 (ssingcosd) + £-(32) 128(2 + sin? $) + } s(cos* ¢ — sin? ¢) +3 44 2sin? ¢ + cos? ¢ — sin? 9 +3 4 +sin? $+ cos? 6 +3=[8. (b) (V-v)dr = f(8)s ds dpdz = 8 [2 sds 3 dé f° dz = 8(2) (3) (5) = [40x Meanwhile, the surface integral has five part da = sdsdpa; v-da = 3z8dsdd = 15sdsd¢. [v-da ~sds dpa; veda = 15 fy sds fF dp = 150. 0. y ssinpcospdsdz = 0. fv-da=0. = sdédz8; vida = 9(2+ sin? $)s db dz = 4(2 + sin? ¢)dodz. Jveda = ie (2-+sin? é)da ff dz = (4)(n + £)(5) = 25r. So fv-da = 15m + 254 = 40m. Vv (© Vxv = (Eg5(82) - (ssingeos¢)) 8+ (F (s(2 + sin? )) - £2) d +h (ge sin cos) ~ 5 (2(2-+sin® ¢))) @ 2s sin $cos $ — s2sin 6 cos 4) =[0.] Problem 1.43 (@) 3(8") ~ 208) (b) cos = =o. (©) [aero (a) m(-2 + 3) = In] = [aero] Problem 1.44 (0) J2_(2e + 3)$4(2) de = 3(0+3) =[ (b) By Eq. 1.94, 6(1 - 2) = d(x - 1),801+342=[6.4 CHAPTER 1. VECTOR ANALYSIS (c) J, 9274 6(e + t)de=9(-1)h= (@ [1 fa>B), 0 fa <8) Problem 1-45 (0) $2, S(0) fase ste] de = 2 J(@) 0 Ey — [2g (2 FC) 5) a ‘The first term is zero, since 6(z) = 0 at oo; £ (x f(z)) =e + fark f. So the integral is — f°, « ae +f) 6(2) dz = 0 - f(0) =-s(0) = ce, f(2)8(2) de. So, ef-6(2)=—d(2). ged (b) S25, He) Bde = f(e)0@)E,, — ei LO la)de = f(00) — fo” Haz = (co) ~ (Feo) — £(0)) =F) = I, F(@)6(2) de. $0 2 = 52). ged Problem 1.46 (2) [a(e) = 96% (e —¥). Sole)dr = qJO%(r—r)dr =a. ¥ (©) Evidently p(r) = Ad(r — R). To determine the constant 4, we require Q=Spdr= Sane (r = R)4nr? dr = AdnR?. SoA= Se. | plr) = grd(r - R). Probier (a) o? + aa +a? = [3a (b) f(r — b) ? f(r) dr = ie? = s(? +3) = 4 (0) 2 =25 +944 = 38 > 36 = 6%, s0 cis outside V, so the integral is [Z2F0.] (d) (e = (2% +29 +28)? = (1% +09 4 (-1)8)? =141=2 < (1.5)? = 2.25, s0 e is inside V, and hence the integral is e-(d — e) = (3,2, 1)-(—2,0,2) = -6 +0+2=[-4. Problem 1.48 First method: use Eq. 1.99 to write Second method: integrating by parts et (4n5%r)) dr = dre e Eq. 1.59). cee = [Benes forge But (e") % Pieingdsdge = an fetdr+e-® [ sinoaade = | gertaret ars f | = 4m (-e77) |? + dne"* = dr (-e- $7) = dV (Here R= 00, soe * = 0.) Problem 1.49 (a) V-Fi = os Z£O+E(#) =O} VR = H+ B+ Ra14141=[3 = VxFi = yf VxFa= ae W 1 g 3 8 Sow ay W Sfos ofew ogee rn15 [Fo is a pradient: F, isz [Fo is a gradient; Fy is a ct 2A, For Ax, we want (2 ~ 98+) = 3 (Fi: = VxAx). (But these are not unique.) would do (F2 = VU2). () VFs = Zz) + Fle) + Flew) = 0; So Fs can be written as the gradient of a scalar (Fs = VUs) and as the curl of a vector (Fs = Vx Ag). In fact, |Us yz | does the job. For the vector potential, we have which suggests Az = jy?2 + f(x.z); A 2? + (zy) sugge: Az = {22a + h(e,y)i As = — 420? + j(u,2) 50 Ay = 12%y +k(y,2); Ae = —}2y? +U(z,y) {2 (2 v8 y (@ — 2) 9 +2 (v? — 2) 8) | (again, not unique). Problem 1.50 (@) > @): VxF = Vx(-VU)=0 (Eq. 1.44 - curl of gradient is always zero). (a) = (©: $F -dl= f(VXxF) -da =0 (Eq. 1.57-Stokes’ theorem). PP -dl+ fe,,F-dl= $F-dl=0, 50 » » [ Fea=[f Fed. Int las (b) > (©): same as (c) = (b), only in reverse; (c) => (a): same as (a)=> (0). Problem 151 (@) > (@): VF = V-(VXW) =0 (Eq 1.46-—divergence of curl is always zero). Fda = J(V-F) dr = 0 (Eq. 1.56—divergence theorem). J, Fda -Jj,F-da= §F-da=0, 50 O40) PF df, Fea [Fa Fda. 1 hs (Note: sign change because for fF - da, da is outward, whereas for surface Il it is inward.) (©) = (©): same as (c) = (b), in reverse; (¢)=» (a): same as (a)= (0) - Problem 1.52 In Prob. 1.15 we found that V-va = 0} in Prob. 1.18 we found that Vxve = 0. So ‘ve ean be written as the gradient of a scalar; vq can be written as the curl of a vector. (@) To find t: @ Lay tayo f(y,z) ae (2) $f = (22y +27) (3) 3 = 2yz16 CHAPTER 1. VECTOR ANALYSIS From (1) & (3) we get $f = Que > f = yz? +9(y) > t= we tyz" + alu), 80 ft = ay + 2? + ‘2xy + 2? (from (2)) => 32 = 0. We may as well pick g = 0; then [t = ay? + y2?. Oe em aete; Mle Be = 200 (b) ‘To find W: 9s ~ 2% Pick Wz = 0; then Whe = act = Wy = So's? + Sy,2) Ow, _ cease : Wes te 3 Wy = 22+ 042) Probelm 1.53 vv = 14s 1 2, = Gtr cos0 + = cos con 6 + ir cos6 + 5 eos + rease [4sin8 + cos 6 — cos] = 4rcos8. a op 7p [owe = [isccotytsinsaraoas=4] ar [coosnods [ 49 = (5) G) = Surface consists of four parts: (1) Curved: da = R? sind dg; r= R. v-da= (R? cos8) (R? sind dé dg) . ap [omen fotmea fan) GQ)7 (2) Left: de (3) Back: da Jv-da=0. —15 cos 0 dr dB. (7? cos sin 4) (rdr dB) (=r? cos@ sin ) (r dr dé) m/f ih das fora fcooan=~ (3x) Gt) a (4) Bottom: da = rsin dr dp; @ = 7/2. v-da = (r?cos¢) (r dr dg) . a) [vcdaq ferar f cosoae = 7H ° a v (ba). So f(Vxv)-da= (b—a)nR?. = (ay& + bef) - (dx + dy 9 + dz%) = ayde + bedy; 2? +y? = R? = 2vdz + 2ydy =0, ~(z/y) dz. So v-dl = ay dz + be(—2/y) de = } (ay? — bz?) dz. For the “upper” semicircle, y = VR = 2%, so v dt = “IS ae, -R 2 (at Bat [va = {2 {a+ bz! de= {on sin 1 R )-@+9[-F woes -R?(a — 6) (sin-*(—1) — sin~*(+1)) = = ima ~b)sin“(a/R)| I. = linte- = 57R(b-<). ‘And the same for the lower semicircle (y changes sign, but the limits on the integral are reversed) so fv F2(b— a). v Problem 1.55 () = 250; dz=dz=0; y:0-91. v-dl=(y +32) dy = yay. 1 = fr}. a (2) 2=0; 2=2—2y; dz = -2dy; y:1-¥0. v-dl = (y +32) dy + 6 de = ydy ~ 12dy = (y — 12) dy. [vas fo-ma--(}-2)- $412 22240. vedl=6de, 6 [vas [oae=—12 (3) s=y =0; de =dy18 CHAPTER 1. VECTOR ANALYSIS Total: $v-dl=}-} 412-125 Meanwhile, Stokes’ thereom says § v - di (V xy) «da. Here da = dy dz&, so all we need is (Vxv)z = £(6) - £y+Se) =0. Therefore [(V xv) -d v Problem 1.56 Start at the origin. (1) @=$, 6=0; r:041. v-dl= (rcos*6) (dr) =0. fv-dl (2) r=1,0= 5; 6:0-r4/2 vedl=(Gr)(rsinodd) =3ap. fv-dl=3'} dp = 3. i = aha dr = gaty cos0 dd, 0:5 45. v-dl = (rcos?@) (dr) — (rcos@sin6)(rd8) = nd -33 iz ~ (coh Set) p= 288 (coegasnte sin®6 ~ sind “sind sin?@ Therefore ate ates L065 ain'O|, 2/3) 2-0) (4) 0=%, $= 8; r:V240. v-dl= (rcos?@) (dr) = $rdr. 8 ° 1 Ir? 1 1 fraey [rea 35] a Total: or 1 fviaqor Sas Stokes’ theorem says this should equal [(Vxv)- da 1 é a al a Vxv = sae [spen999 - FC-rsindconay] e+ 2] Frers)| 6 +t [Ft-rreosdsing) — Flroota)] é - saagltrcosslt + 2 -07)64+ 2-2rcos0 sind + 27 cos ding] 6 = Bcotet—66 (1) Back face: da = —r dr db 6; (Vxv)-da=0. [(Vxv)-da=0. (2) Bottom: da = —rsin@drdg6; (Vxv)- da = Grsin@ drdp. 0 1. wpe [ove da= [ordr [a= a 319 Problem 1.57 v-dl=ydz, (1) Left side (2) Bottom: dz 2=a-2; d: dz; y=0. Therefore fv-dl=0. ‘Therefore fv -dl = 0. () Back: Ly; dz = —1/2dy; y:2a 40. Svea=fy(-bay) = 0 J(7 xv) -da is the projection of this surface on the zy plane = } -a-2a =a". ¥ Meanwhile, V xv Problem 1.58 Vv = 5 (sin 4r? cos0) + 2 (7? tand) 1 rind 6 1g 1 29 —sin?6) = at sind + G4? (cos? @ — sin? @) = ants Ss (sin? @ + cos* @ — sin? 4) 0 cos? @ = 9 =/6 J (3) (P? sind de dd a) = fe « fo va fas ( (RS) (2m) 8 al a 7 sin60°\ _ Rt v3 a (a+ set) 2-4) u f (wey Surface consists of two parts: (1) The ice cream: r = R; 6 :0-+ 2m; 0:0 + 2/6; da = Rsin@d9 db®; v-da = (R? sin@) (R? sind ddd) = Rt sin? 0 d0 dd. x/ [rseu nt Pros [as (at) on) [5 10-4 2m; 7:04 R; da=rsin@dédré = Brdrdg6; v-da = V3r4 drdg ~ 4 sin26] Sa =a (J - jamoor) = (2) The cone: [« aevifoe fa Vi og ‘Therefore f-v-da = #8 (E - $43) =f (27 +3v3). ¥ Problem 1.59 (2) Corollary 2 says §(VT)-dl = 0. Stokes’ theorem says f(VI)-dl = f[V x(VT)}-da. So f[Vx(VT)}-da = and since this is true for any surface, the integrand must vanish: Vx (WT) = 0, confirming Eq. 1.44.20 CHAPTER 1. VECTOR ANALYSIS ). Divergence theorem says $(Vxv)da = ['V-(V xv) dr. So [ V(V xv) dr 0, confirming Eq. 1.46. (b) Corollary 2 says f(V xv) = 0, and since this is true for any volume, the integrand must vanish: V(V XY: Problem 1.60 (a) Divergence theorem: fv -da = f(V-v) dr. Let v = cT, where ¢ is a constant vector. Using product rule #5 in front cover: V-v = V-(eT) = T(V-e) +¢- (VT). But ¢ is constant so V-c = 0. Therefore we have: Je-(VT)dr = fTe-da. Since c is constant, take it outside the integrals: ¢- fVP'dr = c- fT da. But ¢ is any constant. vector—in particular, it could be be &, or $, or 2-80 each component of the integral on left equals corresponding component on the right, and hence [vrar= [tae aed (b) Let v + (v xc) in divergence theorem. Then fV-(v x e)dr = [(v x ¢) da. Product rule #6 => Vv x ¢) = e-(VXxv) —¥+(Vxe) = + (Vxy). (Note: Vxe = 0, since ¢ is constant.) Meanwhile vector identity (1) says da (v x €) = €- (da x v) = ~€+ (v x da). Thus fe-(Vxv)dr = ~ fe- (v x da). Take € outside, and again let e be &, 9, % then: [evonar=— furan. aed (0) Let v = P'VU in divergence theorem: [-V-(TVU) dr = [ TVU da. Product rule #4(5) = V(TVU) = TV-(VU) + (VU) + (VT) = TVU + (VU) (VT). Therefore [evs (v7) ér= farvw)-da. aed (d) Rewrite (¢) with TU: [ (UV°T +(VT)-(VU)) dr = f(UVT)-da. Subtract this from (c), noting that the (VU) - (V7) terms cancel: ih (rvU -U9°r) dr = / (7VU -UVT)-da. ged (@) Stoke's theorem: f(V xv) -da = f'v-dl. Let v = ef. By Product Rule #(7): Vx(eF) = T(Vxe) — ex (VT) = —e x (VT) (since ¢ is constant). Therefore, - f(c x (VT))-da = fTe- dl. Use vector indentity ##1 to rewrite the first term (c x (VT)) -da = ¢-(VP'x da). So — fe-(VP xda) = fe-Tdl. Pull ¢ outside, and let ¢ + %, 9, and @ to prove: [vrxda= fra aed Problem 1.61 (a) da = R? sin 9d dp. Let the surface be the northern hemisphere. The & and components clearly integrate to zero, and the % component of # is cos8, 80 sin? @ )*/2 seer” [ae af as [ Wsinboosededpe = 20k? 2 sin cos8d9 = On R? (b) Let 7 = 1 in Prob. 1.60(a). Then VT = 0,50 fda=0. aed. (c) This follows from (b). For suppose a # ap; then if you put them together to make a closed surface, fda =a; — a £0. (d) For one such triangle, da = }(r x dl) (since r x dl is the area of the parallelogram, and the direction is Perpendicular to the surface), so for the entire conical surface, a = 3 fr x dl.2 (@ Let T = c-r, and use product rule #4: VT = V(c-r) (CVE = (co + ey tee Mak ty. fraz fi sn)dl= Problem 1.62 @ ex (Vxr) + (c- V)r. But Vxr = 0, and aR + Cy ¥ + 2% =e. So Prob. 1.60(e) says foxes [ovr xaa= nex [da=-exanaxe aed ra (se) feet eG is aR For a sphere of radius R: Sv-da = f(}f)-(R?sinedodg#) = Rf sinddddg = 4aR. R So divergence S(V-v)dr =f (jr) (7? sin@ dr dB dé) ([«) (fsin@d0d9) =4mR. [ theorem checks. o Evidently there is no delta function at the origin. Vx ("8 = =[(n+ 9" (except for n = —2, for which we already know (Eq. 1,99) that the divergence is 4x6°(r)). (2) Geometrically, it should be zero. Likewise, the curl in the spherical coordinates obviously gives [22F0.] To be certain there is no lurking delta function here, we integrate over a sphere of radius R, using Prob. 1.60(b): If Vx(r"#) = 0, then f(Vxv)dr = 02 -~fvxda. But v = r"f and da = FP sin @d9 dot are both in the # directions, so v x da =0. ¥Chapter 2 Electrostatics Problem 2.1 (a) [Zero. 1 4Q (b) |F = wo) Ene 2" Explanation: by superposition, this is equivalent to (a), with an extra —g at 6 o’clock—since the force of all twelve is zero, the net fotce is that of —g only. where r is the distance from center to each numeral. F points toward the missing g. (©) [eero. 1 4 | Grea 7" a cancellation in pairs of opposite charges (1 o'clock against 7 o'clock; 2 against 8, etc.), with one unpaired doing the job, then you'll need a different explanation for (4). Problem 2.2 E (a) “Horizontal” components cancel. Net vertical field is: Ez = 7152; cos. pointing toward the missing q. Same reason as (b). Note, however, that if you explained (b) as 1 Qe Heres? = 2? + ($)* ; cos@ = j, 50 |B . ere 2? = 2? + (4) ps meer o ae ‘When z > d you're so far away it just looks like a single charge 2g; the field vega should reduce to E = 74-242. And it does (just set d-> 0 in the formula). (b) This time the “vertical” components cancel, leaving = gi 2b sins, or E agi OR, 1 qd & aro lex(y" From far away, (2 3 d), the field goes like E ~ 2-44 4, which, as we shall see, is the field of a dipole. (If we set d -+ 0, we get E = 0, as is appropriate; to the extent that this configuration looks like a single point charge from far away, the net charge is zero, so E -+ 0.)23 Problem 2.3 = gg ht Af cos; (0? = 2? +27; cond = " tg pha Ta bo Garand t = aa [vetell, wei yete Ez = ae Asin =—g1AS pattie aa’ [vale], Problem 2.4 From Ex. 2.1, with L + $ and z -+ /2? + (3)° (distance from center of edge to P), field of one edge is 1 da Ameo ary a2 fa 4 2 4 ‘There are 4 sides, and we want vertical components only, so multiply by 4cos6 = 4: ae haz 5 dre (248) Jere Problem 2.5 “Horizontal” components cancel, leaving: B= giz { f 4 cos} 2. I Here, 2? = r? + 2?, cos@ = { (both constants), while fdl = 2nr. So fo I 3 1 AQmr)z E= rye. Fre (7? + BYP Problem 2.6 a Break it into rings of radius r, and thickness dr, and use Prob. 2.5 to express the field of each ring. Total charge of a ring is o - 2nr-dr = A+ 2nr, s0 A= odr is the “line charge” of each ring. Brigg = 2 Lodrl2ar224 CHAPTER 2. ELECTROSTATICS For R > z the second term ~> 0, 80 Eptane = For 2> Ry ggiew = (148)? 3 (1-38), sollet-Liye= 8, and B= ee = 18, whereQ= ahs. Vv Problem 2.7 Bis clearly in the z direction. From the diagram, da = oR? sin dd dé, = 2Rzcos8, E.= Jap = 2n. wea | te Reos6) Greg | (RP +2 = 2Rz cos? (2— Roost) sind ag Lat = 805 du = —sind a { = Doone = yee | Te aR rous-l Osua4 } 5 Ru . Ane ‘i 7 ae 2) f GET camaajon™ Integral can be done by partial factions—or look i up 1 nk’ ro) [5 auee |: = oe (EP Sea Ri + 2? —OReu}_, 4meq 2? Problem 2.8 According to Prob. 2.7, all shells interior to the point (i.e. at smaller r) contribute as though their charge ‘were concentrated at the center, while all exterior shells contribute nothing. Therefore: where Qin: is the total charge interior to the point. E tia Qe = dens? = BS Problem 2.9 (a) p = 0 V+B = code ® (r?-kr®) = cosek(Or*) = [Beokr”(b) By Gauss’s law: Qene = €o $ E+ da = €9(kR*)(4nR?) =| dmegk RO. By direct integration: Qene = [pdr = Jg'(Seokr?)(4nr2dr) = 20meok fi" rtdr = 4megkR°.V Probiem 2.10 - Think of this cube as one of 8 surrounding the charge. Each of the 24 squares which make up the surface of this larger cube gets the same flux as every other one, so: Problem 2.11 = hQme = 0 [BHO } (As in Prob. 2.7.) Problem 2.12 fE-da = E- amr? Fab 4nR2p, B= 7h S# (as in Prob. 2.8). t ak Gaussian surface x Since Qtot Problem 2.13 Gaussian surface ~ ma fE+da=E-2ns-1= 2 Qenc = ZN. So 8| (same as Ex. 2.1). Problem 2.14 Gaussian surface $E-da= E-4nr? = LQune = 2 fodr = 2 f(ki)(F? sind dr d6 dd)26 CHAPTER 2, ELECTROSTATICS Problem 2.15 (i) Qene = 0, 80 [E = 0. (i) $B-da = E(4ar®) = Ath fo dp = SE (y a) #(55t)e IB| © 1 f AF? sin @dF d0d phi (iii) E(4nr?) = 424 f? ar = 424(6 —a), 50 i _E (be). | ~@ \ ir —— Gaussian surface —Guunan surface 0] |] §$E-da=E-2s-l=2Qenc =) a Ss IE (ii) On the «2 plane E = 0 by symmetry. Set up a Gaussian “pillbox” with one face in this plane and the other at y. Gaussian pillbox SE-da=E-A=2Qene= LAypi E= us (for |yl < d).27 Qoae = Adp => |B Pay (for y > d). Problem 2.18 From Prob. 2.12, the field inside the positive sphere is E,. = 32-4, where ry, is the vector from the positive center to the point in question. Likewise, the field of the negative sphere is —2r_. So the total field is But (see diagram) ry. — Problem 2.19 1 4 1 4 ‘ VxE= 55 vx f Soar = z=! [rx (3) pdr (since p depends on r’, not r) =0 (since Vx (3) =0, ftom Prob. 1.62). Problem 2.20. Ry 2 Qvxm=kz 2 Z [&(0 - 2y) + 9(0 - 32) + 2(0 - 2)] 40, zy 2y2 322 so E; is an smpossible electrostatic field. y a (2) VxE2 =k & & | = h[R(2z — 2z) + 70-0) + B(2y - 2y)] =0, Qey +2? 2ye| s0 B, is a possible electrostatic field. i Let's go by the indicated path: Bedi = (y? dz + (22y +2*)dy + 2yzdz)k (0, ¥o, 20) Step I: y = z =0; dy = dz =0. E-dl = ky? dr =0. i Step Il: & = 2, y :0 + yo, z= 0. dx =dz =0. 1 ———— y Ee dl = k(2zy + z?)dy = 2kzoydy. SpE +d = keg fy? y dy = krous. Step IIT: © = 29, y = yo, 2: 0-9 20; dz = dy w28, CHAPTER 2. ELECTROSTATICS EB. dl = Qhyzdz = 2kyoz de. Suir EB dl = 2yok f3° zdz = kyo28. (20.40.20) V(z0,40,20) = — J E-dl = —k(zoyg + yozs), or |V(z, (ay? + 2") Check: v1 Problem 2.21 i? 8+ (2ay+2") 94-2921 Beau? 4-y2?) 4 $e (ay? tye") 9+ $e (2v" +92") 4] V(r) = Outside the sphere (r > R) Ed Inside the sphere (r< R): B= giz prt. So for r > R: V(r) = fo (ates) a= aea(h[, =|go2, Sn (atest?) a = at [ha (“3®)] and for r < Ri V(r) =~ J (ag) oF Oo B=-WV = odtv When r > R, VV = 7-2 (1)F ire OF When r < R, WV = goskd (3- fer) t aigah (~#e) f= - gg ft 90 B= -WV = prt Problem 2.22 E = 4,248 (Prob. 2.13). In this case we cannot set the reference point at oo, since the charge itself extends to co. Let’s set it at s = a. Vio) =~ ff (sag) a5=|- A -aain (2). (In this form it is clear why a WV =~ ang (In(# lem 2.23 an V(0) = ~ SJB dl =~ fo,(E ES )ar — (ERA dr — 2O)dr = £452) — K (In(g) +0(2- 9) £(1-g-in(g)-14 9} = £m(2). Problem 2.24 Using Eq. 2.22 and the fields from V(0) -V(0) =~ (E-d =~ ff Ea - [bva=—ig fest ~ 4 Snide ECG) =- (4) S[f+ 2 insti =|- Problem 2.25 (a)29 O)V = ag i hie = ag et VP, ‘ a L+vP+DP 2 7 \ 0 ee agin (4EH2) |eo = (0 V= aby ERE = hg ono (VIPERS =| (V+ ez). Ineach case, by symmetry 3% = SY = 0. i 2gz =| ———" 372 | (agrees with Prob. 2.22). reo (22 + ($))°? x L 1 1a ly as (avers bate ~ Crees bts) =a gelnn {ER aPEE} 0 = BEA _1_s Teo VST AP) reg zz? + TF (agrees with Ex. 2.1). @E=-£ {ype 2-1} a= =a 1- pts] (agrees with Prob. 2.6) If the right-hand charge in (a) is —9, then [V = 0], which, naively, suggests E = —VV = 0, in contradiction with the answer to Prob, 2.2. The point is that we only know V on the z azis, and from this we cannot hope to compute B = —8¥ or By = 3%. That was OK in part (a), because we knew from symmetry that E, = E, = 0. But now E points in the « direction, so knowing V on the z axis is insufficient to determine B. Problem 2.26 An vIn 1 o2nr no 1 a Va) = oe) = vIn) = ©) = Fe Jo ( % )e Fre V3 = 96 (where r = 2/V2) ChE Yan vey = ge (BE) on, wheres ie + — Vin, \Z4 ano 1 pve =e a 4meoV2Jo iP +2? — V2 ~ vit ae Vere Vite + Fyincay ht 08 Vain +26 ~ VI] " 0 0 go h ooh “ie lm +a In(2h+2V3h—V3h) — h—- (an—V30] wie fi [in(2n-+ Vn) — in@n—V3n)} oh, (2+v2 -E" (24 ¥) In( + v3). ..|V(a) - V(b) $4 fits +v5))-30 CHAPTER 2. ELECTROSTATICS Problem 2.27 Cut the cylinder into slabs, as shown in the figure, and use result of Prob. 2.25¢, with 2 + 2 and o -» pdm: aL) vax f (VP ¥a?-2) de eb = sf} [eV RETR + RP ne + VR a) — 2 Problem 2.28 Orient axes so P is on z axis. Here p is constant, dr = ag Shar. pi wa She { Becpecopt oe ey y a sin 16. Pt ae V = oe J aaa i Lo" ao = 20 i 2 (ve 2? = Brzc088)|0 = 2 (ve? +P Ore — VrP a Ore) Dz, ifr <2, 2fr ifr >z. So yap itaes Y = kete-t-ay={31 oe LV = he On af Lrtdrs fle vinl=e But p= gfgs, 80 V(z) = shape (RP - Problem 2.29 ? f(8)dr = z- fole’)(V24)dr (since p is a function of r', not r) = rg Jole)[-48%(r = #)) dr = ~ hole). Problem 2.30. (@) Bx. 24: Exnove = 3281 Bnetow = —32;fi (8 always pointing up); Extove ~ Eneiow = £8. ¥ Ex. 2.5: At each surface, E = 0 one side and E = £ other side, so AE Prob. 2. : Bou = S8ef = £8; Bin =0; 80 AE = Z8.V ® (fh Outside: $8 da = B(2n8)l = LQmme= L(@nR)I-> B= £8— £4 (at surface) F Inside: Qene = 0, 80 B= 0. », AE . (at surface); Vin = BE 5 80 Vout = Vin ¥ Bo © (at surface); Sia = 0 ; so Sys — Sin = ©) W, =0, Wa = ZAG ( Wa = a {-32 CHAPTER 2. ELECTROSTATICS Problem 2.32 (2) W =} foVdr. From Prob. 2.21 (or Prob. 2.28): (b) W = 9 fE*dr. Outnde (r > R) E= GA SF Inside (r < R) B= Goyer? Lae (fit 7 reais f° (&) *entan} tae CS) = ae Caan) ~ (©) W = #{ $,VE-da+ f, Hdr}, where V is large enough to enclose all the charge, but otherwise arbitrary. Let’s use a sphere of radius a > R. Here V = zi 4. 1 1 a s{1( ae!) (sah) ranomaer [eters f° Be8)' antanh Ae ot ran wear? (-7) |} le As a ~ 00, the contribution from the surface integral (<2) goes to zero, while the volume integral (aH (ER —D) Picks up the slack, Problem 235° (q= charge on sphere of radius r) tal charge on sphere). =%, pe = pre ta) 1S (8 ar) = a 1 3gProblem 2.34 ()W=9f Bd, B= ahah (0 a), Ba= Gott (r>s). So By-Br=(qiz)’ Si, (r > 8), and hence Bh -Ba dr = ~ (ghz) fp? fedartar = ~ gh, Wo = Wi + Wa + eo Bs -Badr = gig? (E+ }- Problem 2.35 lon = FR Gat) = Gait (0) VO) = ~ [QB = ~ fo, (agi )dr ~ Sar ~ J (ategh) ae — Jude = 7 ; a 1 (a_4 (©) [0-90] (the charge “drains off”); V(0) = - [2 (O)dr — J. (az &)dr — J2(O)dr = ea (aoa) Problem 2.36 a ~ te [, 2 @_|[,, - a @loa Fad |] 6 = ~ ype ||°* = “ae Teta, (6) | Bou = ats where r = vector from center of large sphere. ine (@ [Zero. Problem 2.37 Between the plates, E = 0; outside the plates B = o/eo = Q/eoA. So oF Problem 2.38 Inside, outside, E= 25 Ewe = dqig Ki fe = o(Eave)si 0 = 7S Fr ffeda= J(qSee) 3 (aig He) 0088 R? sin 8 a0 dd = shy (aa) "2x fo” sin 8 cose do = -(,)” ($sin? 4) |g”34 CHAPTER 2. ELECTROSTATICS Problem 2.39 Say the charge on the inner eylinr is Q fora length L, The field is given by Gauss law JE-da = E-275-L = 2Qune= +8, Potential difference between the cylinders is V(t) - V(a) = LL Qneok J, 3° As set up here, a is at the higher potential, so V = V(a) ~ V(b) = x, In(£). C=$= on 80 capacitance per unit length is Problem 2.40, (a) W = (force) x (distance) = (pressure) x(area) x (distance) = Sete. (b) W = (energy per unit volume) x (decrease in volume) = (« e energy lost is equal to the work done. Problem 2.41 (4e). Same as (a), confirming that the From Prob. 2.4, the field at height z above the center of a square loop (side a) is Spee 4daz * tra (a8) Jae (a+ §) ae ae ee FG. a Here \ + 042 (see figure), and we integrate over a from 0 to a: i : i aa B= to: |) —*4 ___. tet u= 5, s0 ada = 2d, deo So (24 8) free du oz 1 aya = 402 eenete eee! ame L (ut 2Wiute? Teo B24 22 = 2 (ow (LEE) «a a~+ 00 (infinite plane): E = 24 [tan¥(00) — => a (point charge): Let f(a) = tan“! VI+2 ~ &, and expand as a Taylor series: He) = 100) +270) + B22" 4Here f(0) = tan“*(1) - $ = F- $= 0; f'(2) = bbb = ee OO =H ‘Thus (since 2y =2 <1), Bx 22 (te) == aoa! Problem 2.42 Problem 2.43 From Prob. 2.12, the field inside a uniformly charged sphere is: E = z2- fer. So the force per unit volume is f= pB = (79) (qoqs)r = 2 (qSq)"s, and the force in the z direction on dr is: dF, = f.dr = 2 (#s) rcos@(r? sin 8 dr d8 d¢). ‘The total force on the “northern” hemisphere is: R= [ie =2(4&) [ir ar" *cosasinea de 2 (ae) (&) (821°) on-air] Problem 2.44 1 fe lo le oR =F faa= + Zor’) = Gree | = Teg B 2e = 2a R si Yon = L fs an, won ft 2nR? sin 8 dB, ane Veenter = = RP + R? — 2R? cos = 2R°(1 - cos8). 1 oer?) 7? _sindd /r=wes8) “are RYE fo Yt=cos8~ Hig = A oR oR == FF. +. Vpote — Veen =| $= (VE — 1). Fig = Fag Vion” Voor =] (72D Problem 2.45 First let’s determine the electric field inside and outside the sphere, using Gauss’s law: fo fda = colnr?B = Qune = foar= los? sinear andy = ark [ar = ee er36 CHAPTER 2. ELECTROSTATICS SoE= frt(rR). Method! wat [ xter (e5.245)= 8 [" (M2) sertars 3 f° (HE) sore aan (é) { [ease [30-2 {Eee (2) TERT Te Method IT: =} i eV dr (Bq. 2.43). rrenvons [oan [()e es :-8)-£ (0-2) af ne Isle ~G))ere BE (we 2k? {wR RA RT } akRE (2) _nPRI 3e0 a Tee Problem 2.46 ies ‘or —— Ae(L+ an). p=) V-E = cA {o-(1 + Ar) Ve (4) + eV (e" (+ Ar) }. But V- (4) = 4n°(r) (Bq. 1.99), and "(1 + Ar)6%(r) = 6°(r) (Eq. 1.88). Meanwhile, V (e"(1 + Ar) =F (CM (1 + Ar) = F{—Ae"(1 + Ar) + EA} = B(— re). So + (e*(14 An) = Q= [oar= eA {er [ew ar-» [Fare} =A («« a ¥4r [" re*rar) : But fg°re-Mdr = 3, 80 Q = dno (1-9 Bem, and| p= ed [arse im Xe al Problem 2.47 ), where s4 is distance from Ay (Prob. 2.22). (a) Potential of +2 is V; ), where s_ is distance from 1. Potential of — is V-37 Total v=sdcie (=) Now 2, = (=a? FH, and ee Fay +z, so a, Hoh (RE =) = [=|] V(e.us2) = gaeq in ES Ky a) =|aGe (y — ay tears) | . _ (b) Equipotentials are given by eget = = el4neo¥o/*) = & = constant. That is: y+ 2ay +a? + 2? = k(y? — 2ay + a? + 2) => y2(k — 1) + 29(k — 1) + (hk — 1) — 2ay(k + 1) =0, or +2 +0? — 2ay (444) = 0. The equation for a circle, with center at (yo,0) and radius R, is Yer (wo)? +2? = RP, or y? +2? + (y3 — R?) — 2yyo = 0. Evidently the equipotentials are circles, with yo = a ($+) and 2 (kt s2kp ime 2b—1 a eam R= 324 ; or, in terms of Vo: erneave/r R= 2a eareeVels - Problem 2.48 (@) VV = -£ (Bq. 2.24), so T] (constant). (Note: p, hence also I, is negative.)38 CHAPTER 2, ELECTROSTATICS ma, | CV z —day/aie >| Se = v1"), where 8 = - 2h /B @) GF =-2e= (Wote: 1 is negative, 60 f is positive; ¢ is positive.) (©) Multiply by v= Ww gy [van =a [tars Wt =apv'P WE = pvi0E = [v'av' =p [v-iPav = fv? = 2p"? + constant. But V(0) = V(0) = 0 (cathode is at potential zero, and field at cathode is zero), so the constant is zero, and V2 24avil > Y wo Bvilt 2 v-Mav = 2V Bde; [vrisar = 298 [ac > $y" = 2B + constant. But V (0) = 0, so this constant is also zero. vok= tye ve = (8B), ov Intorms of Vo (instead of 1): | V(2) = Vo @” (cce graph). Without space-charge, V would increase linearly: V(z) = Vo (4). vy ev mean ses 4a V9 Sete area eet eearet eo age ONES 3 ene without, os V 2a yy “i ade apm \? o/s 3 simd* OV@=Vo= (BE) a > V8 = BE? P= Seavey V3 coA/a 13/2 (3/2 AoA | [2 T= Baty = ve", where| K = 25, Problem 2.49 maf? (5 (b) [¥es.] The field of a point charge at the origin is radial and symmetric, so VE = 0, and hence this is also true (by superposition) for any collection of charges. © Ve- [ea geo fat ie reg’ J, 7 ened aee/ieed Ndr = a Leap = mal (14 pear = ae [satis tad (a) |E eds39 a oa Now fdre"/*dr = -£—" — } fdr «— exactly right to kill the last term. Therefore qe” tre i @ (€) Does the result in (d) hold for a nonspherical surface? Suppose we make a “dent” in the sphere—pushing a patch (area R? sin 0 dd dé) from radius R out to radius $ (area S? sin 6 dd dd). a feedn= {5 (149) 9s" sinoande) ~ 3 (14 eee 5) sa R) 0-81) oi = gle [(ve See (142) a ansanan, ) oP RR sino aoao)} ra 1 eo asi payee aes 1p +? sind ,dr dod Pie nodoas [ red inne (eo? (14 I ou $8) e-sia_ (14.2) en) oi ce [O+5)¢ 14-2) e-”]sinoanap. i | Sothe change in 3 fV dr exactly compensates for the change in $E- da, and we get 4g for the total using | the dented sphere, just as we did with the perfect sphere. Any closed surface can be built up by successive distortions of the sphere, so the result holds for all shapes. By superposition, if there are many charges inside, | the total is LQenc. Charges outside do not contribute (in the argument above we found that © for this | volume fE-da+ 3 fV dr = 0—and, again, the sum is not changed by distortions of the surface, as long as q remains outside), So the new “Gauss’s Law” holds for any charge configuration. (f) In differential form, “Gauss’s law” reads: or, putting it all in terms of E: 1 1 Since B= VE~ 55 [B-d= Zp. Since B=40 CHAPTER 2, ELECTROSTATICS Problem 2.50 p= V-E=eo2 (az) = [ka] (constant everywhere). ‘The same charge density would be compatible (as far as Gauss’s law is concerned) with E = ay§, for instance, or E = ($)r, etc. The point is that Gauss’s law (and VxE = 0) by themselves do not determine the field—like any differential equations, they must be supplemented by appropriate boundary conditions. Ordinarily, these are so “obvious” that we impose them almost subconsciously (* must. go to zero far from the source charges”)—or we appeal to symmetry to resolve the ambiguity (“the field must be the same—in magnitude—on both sides of an infinite plane of surface charge"). But in this case there are no natural boundary conditions, and no persuasive symmetry conditions, to fix the answer. The question “What is the electric field produced by a uniform charge density filling all of space?” is simply ill-posed: it does not give ‘us sufficient information to determine the answer. (Incidentally, it won't help to appeal to Coulomb's law (B= ag Jo&dr)—the integral is hopelessly indefinite, in this case.) Problem 2.51 Compare Newton’s law of universal gravitation to Coulomb's law: Now, G = 6.67 x 10-1! N m?/kg?, and for the sun M = 1.99 x 10° kg, R = 6.96 x 10 m, so the sun’s gravitational energy is W = 2.28 x 10 J. At the current rate, this energy would be dissipated in a time 1.87 x 10” years. W _ 2.28 x10" ieee t41 Problem 2.52 First eliminate z, using the formula for the ellipsoid: ——————————— Grab Jaa) + Oy /08) +1 — (28/0) — (F/P) Now (for parts (a) and (b)) set ¢ + 0, “squashing” the ellipsoid down to an ellipse in the zy plane: (zy) = oC = Fab Ta OT (multiplied by 2 to count both surfaces.) (a) For the circular disk, set a = b= Rand let VF +H. |o(r) 1, witho= a Amac® /x? fat + 2] ‘The charge on a ring of width dz is dg = o2nrds, where ds = de? + dr? = de/1 + (ray __er _ dat 8 aoe > =i wo ds = dey tS = de alah + r7/eh. Thus = Xone 2 2 eae =| 2. Ne) = = er ia emrareaiat c VIE PTE =| (Constant!) i om ‘o(r) | 7 © oF i Ma) @ @Chapter 3 Special Techniques Problem 3.1 The argument is exactly the same as in Sect. 3.1.4, except that since z < R, V+ M—2aR = (R-2), - a ee eee ter eee ee| mses i instead of (z — R). Hence Vive = Gt-5 gle + R)~(R—2)] =| FF. | If there is more than one charge Tene inside the sphere, the average potential due to interior charges is v Fra Hr? and the average due to exterior charges is Veonter, 60 Va Problem 3.2 A stable equilibrium is a point of local minimum in the potential energy. Here the potential energy is qV. But we know that Laplace's equation allows no local minima for V. What looks like a minimum, in the figure, must in fact be a saddle point, and the box “leaks” through the center of each face. Problem 3.3 Laplace's equation in spherical coordinates, for V dependent only on r, reads: Venter + 2th Wie ¢ (constant) > >= > W_e es Gah 2 Weemsre Example: potential of a long wire. Problem 3.4 Same as proof of second uniqueness theorem, up to the equation 5 VsEs «da = — f,(Es)°dr. But on each surface, either Vs = 0 (if V is specified on the surface), or else Es, = 0 (if 9% = By is specified). So Jy(Es)? = 0, and hence Ey = Ex. ged Problem 3.5 Putting U =’ = Vp into Green’s identity: [VaV?Ve + VV: Vs] dr vy - VV, fda. But VV%4 Is so [ Eldr = -§ VsBp -da, and the rest is the same as before. y [Is 2 42[ 43 Problem 3.6 Place image charges +29 at z = —d and —g at z = —3d. Total force on +4 is 2q ia 1), +a _— =)® (4a Ineo? \ 2" 8 36 Problem 3.7 (a) From Fig. 3.13: 4 = VF? Fa? = Bracesd, Vit +P =2rbc0s8. Therefore: R ——_—_—_—_—_—— 3.15), while b = — (Eq. 3.16). y a VE Theos EA 9.15), whi a (Ea. 3:16), q _ g = 2 cos / (9)? + RP — 2racosé “(yer ‘Therefore: oF EEE Vn) = Te (£+8) these /R? + (ra]R)? — 2racos® Cleatly, when r = R, V + 0. (vb) o=—eo$% (Eq. 2.49). In this case, 9) = % at the point r = R. Therefore, = 4 {-w+e — 2Racos6)~*/2(R — acos8) + (R? +a — 2Racos6)~*” (G-acse) } @ 4 (R? +a? — 2Racosé)-*/? [R—acose- F +0004] = ae ~a")(R? + a? — 2Racosé)-*/2, Ginduced = [ow geo) [wt +e 2Racos6)~*/? R? sin@ d0 db = “RQ of) 2 1/2 = an a?)2nR [ jal +e 2Racosé) | lo = L@- Re a —— = 3,{¢ ”) eae VP ra al: But a> R (else q would be inside), so VR? +a? — 2Ra =a—R. =i wl ame ere =4 = fer) [og - pig] - fle - m= Loama CHAPTER 3. SPECIAL TECHNIQUES (c) The force on g, due to the sphere, is the same as the force of the image charge q’, to wit: La 1 (8 ‘) i @Ra inéo (ab)? deg \ a? ‘To bring q in from infinity to a, then, we do work eR f Amen Problem 3.8 Place a second image charge, ", at the center of the sphere; this will not alter the fact that the sphere is an equipotential but merely merease that potential from 2er0 to Yo = ee ai q" = 4reqVoR at center of For a neutral sphere, q’ +” = 0. - 4(4+-%,)-#(-1+4, P= Gre! ot ay) Acq \ a? * (a0 aq’ b(2a~b) _ g(-Ra/a) (R?/a)(2a ~ R?/a) ep a?(a—)? 4ney (a — F/a)? ~|#_ (2 | Sr (Drop the minus sign, because the problem asks for the force of attraction.) Problem 3.9 ~ (a) Image problem: A above, —A below. Potential was found in Prob. 2.47: V2) Fao intea sou) = A et (4) Linn x nfeeergey 7 a tre" + (e— a? Y av av _ av _ (0) @ = ~eo 5. Here 5 = FE, evaluated at «= 0. o) = -o (ahr - apie ow) = ~OT aera Pre- sl, = 2 wie-pea}- a_i ~ ee Pre Pees “| we Check: Total charge induced on a strip of width ! parallel to the y axis 28 [ba ae 1 ys oma = 8 f Stew = =A. Therefore Xing =45 Problem 3.10 ‘The image configuration is as shown. ven = =f { : +e | | treo | Vea + yop +t Vetar ty tyre 1 1 Ve@rarg-yte Se was}: | For this to work, [0 must be and integer divisor of 180°.] Thus 180°, 90°, 60°, 45°, etc., are OK, but no others. It works for 45°, say, with the charges as shown. (Note the strategy: to make the # axis an equipotential (V = 0), you place the image charge (1) in the refiection point. ‘To make the 45° line an equipotential, you place charge (2) at the image point. But that screws up the 2 axis, so you must now insert image (3) to balance (2). Moreover, to make the 45° line V = 0 you also need (4), to balance (1). But now, to restore the « axis to V = 0 you need (5) to balance (4), and s0 on. why at works for 0 ‘The reason this doesn’t work for arbitrary angles is that you are even- 185° Tine +8 cee tually forced to place an image charge within the original region of 2 interest, and that’s not allowed—all images must go outside the re- 2 gion, or you're no longer dealing with the same problem at all.) Problem 11 From Prob. 2.47 (with yo +d): and acoth(2neoVo/A) = d . { acsch(2req¥o/A) = Rf = (Aividing) Probiem 3.12 V(z,y) = J Cne7""*/*sin(nmy/a) (Eq. 3.30), where Cn 2 f Voly)sin(nmy/a)dy (Eq. 3.34), ° +M%, for 0 sin(nay/a). O nai tbe Or, using the closed form 3.3" Meg (lee) * sinh (e/a) < cosh(nz/a)| s V(x) 0 Vo 1 ( Srteule) -q@h___1 _ 1+ samy; \sinb? (2/0) [23 a sin(ay/a) 20 _ sin(my/a) cosh(w2/a) @ sin®(my/a) + sinh? (n/a) leno ‘Summation of series Bq. 3.36 ‘D 2 "82/2 sin(nmy/a). V(x,y) =4 I, where I Now sinw = Zm (e™), so =m Fr Le-neslagineule — Im F Lge, eons me we-W/2, Now 1 ot 2 IS E be = Eten [Sarl awaT where Re"? = LZ. Therefore I am {Fcar+io} S = Lhectila(ertle = greta) —e-tra/0 14 afe-t/*sin(ry/a) — Jim erew/ap? [im eee] _ 2en*#/*sin(ry/a) __2sin(ny/a) - in (ny /a) Taetesye h(wzJa)” sin(ry/a) M6, 3 ( sin(ry/a) (enetyas) me |e = Fw (Se). tand ‘Therefore Problem 3.14 ey av U (@) ge + Bx =O) with boundary conditions (i) Gai) . (iv) As in Bx. 3.4, separation of variables yields V(z,y) = (Ae* + Be“) (Csin ky + Dcos ky). Here (i)=» D = 0, (iii) B= —A, (ii) ka is an integer multiple of m: V(z,y) = AC ("4/2 — ernts/e) (nty/a) = (2AC) sinh(naz/a) sin(nmy/a). But (240) is a constant, and the most general linear combination of separable solutions consistent with (i), (i), (i) is ¥> Casinh(naa/a) sin(nay/a). Vey) It remains to determine the coefficients C, so as to fit boundary condition (iv): Ya sinh(n6/a) sin(nmy/a) = Vo(y). Fourier’s trick => Cy sinh(nxb/a) = f Vo(y)sin(nmy/a) dy. ‘Therefore Vo(y) sin(nmy/a) dy. asinh(nxb/a)48 CHAPTER 3. SPECIAL TECHNIQUES 2 2Vo 0, if nis even, (b) Cn = TSaremb a) aainh(nxb/a) { 22, if nis odd. } % f sin(nry/a) dy = a Vo sinh(nmz/a) sin(rery/a) 2 Se View) = ‘nsinh(nnb/a) Problem 3.15, Same format as Ex. 3.5, only the boundary conditions are: @) 0 when Gil) 0 when (iii) 0 when (iv) 0 when @) 0 when (vi) Vo when ‘This time we want sinusoidal functions in = and y, exponential in 2: X(z) = Asin(kx) + Beos(kz), Y(y) =C'sin(ly) + Deos(ly), Z(z) = BeV™*"* 4 Ge-VPFP:, > D = 0; (iv) 1 = mn/a; (v)=> E+G =0. Therefore 2(2) = 2Bsinh(n Vn? + mAz/a). Putting this all together, and combining the constants, we have: ()> B =0; (ii) k= na/a; V(e,42) = > > Crm 8in( nm /a) sin(mry/a) sinh(w Vn? + m*z/a). tel met It remains to evaluate the constants Cn,m, by imposing boundary condition (vi): Vo= 0D [Cum sinha Va? +m) sin(naz/a) sin(mry/a). According to Eqs. 3.50 and 3.51: sn (VRB) | i 0, ifnormiseven, Crm sinh (w/a? + m8) -( y’ vo ff ase ira) dy = 16¥ ic both anv oda, 33 nm Therefore sinh (nV? s/o) Vez) = YY Lain(nee/a) sin(may/a) neh Rb yocmat aby sinh (mn? +m?49 Problem 3.16 Ae) = som =i Sse@-1" wal fae -1 = izle ~1)? +20 (22 “oe] = r ((@? =) (2? -1 + 42%)] shl@-y (62-1) = j [2e( 52? — 1) + (2? - 1) 102] = 5" ~2 452-52) = + (102-62) We need to show that. Ps(cos ) satisfies 14 (sino 5nd 8 @ where Ps(cos8) = 4 e080 (5 cos? @ — 3) . aPy 1 wo = ab ~ sine (6c0s*9 -1). -IL+1)P, with I= 3, sin@ (5 cos @ — 3 + 10cos” 4) | " sin@ (5 cos” @ — 3) + cos @(10.cos 6(— sin @)] = ) = ~ ZS [sin? 6 (5 cos? # ~ 1)] =~ [asin cos0 (Sens*@ — 1) + sin? #(~ 10 cosé sin 6)] = ~3sin6cos6 [5cos* 9 ~ 1 - 5sin? 6] . no) = 3086 [5 cos? -1 ~ 5 (1 — cos? ¢)] = -3 c0s6 (10 cos? @ — 6) = =8-4+ J cos0 (5cos?@ - 3) =-UL+1)Ps. aed [ Perrede (@)} (62! — 82) de-=} (ob —24)[', = 2a-141-=0¥ a Problem 3.17 a (2) Inside: V(r,@) = > Air'P:(cos@) (Eq. 3.66) where im A= GM [ve 7 (cos) sina (Eq. 3.69). In this case Vo(@) = Vo comes outside the integral, 80 = BS [tone ) sina.50 CHAPTER 3. SPECIAL TECHNIQUES But Fo(cos@) = 1, so the integral can be written [Poco 8)F(cos®) sind dd = { Otel } (Eq. 3.68). 3 ‘Therefore tgo aa{ Yo, ttze} Plugging this into the general form: V(n8) = Aor Po(cos#) = [Va The potential is constant throughout the sphere. = Bi Outside: V(r,6) = >> arFi(cos®) (Eq. 3.72), where = B= PED pit [ v7 (cose)sin9 48 (Eq. 3.73). 3 +1) aay, . , i = GED ue % | Pieose)sinaae = { un neatle 3 Therefore|V(r,8) = Vo= | (Le. equals Vo at r = R, then falls off like d. ) . VA! A(cosé), forrR (Eq. 3.79) i= where B= R14, (Eq. 3.81) and 1 Ac = grt | 20(0)P(cos8) sinadd (Eq. 384) 3 1 r 7 0, if140 = aegis» | P(cos@) sino ao ae fl eal a Therefore Feo torr eR © Vin=9 eel oer DR or51 ‘Note: in terms of the total charge Q = 4xRa0, V(r, 8) = Problem 3.18 Vo() = kcos(38) = k [4cos* 8 — 3.cos6] = k[aPs(cos@) + BP, (cos8)] (know that any 3" order polynomial can be expressed as a linear combination of the first four Legendre polynomials; in this case, since the polynomial is odd, I only need P, and Ps.) 4.008 @ — 3.cos@ = } (cost @— 3088) + 6080 = 5 costo + (2-32) cose, © = oan', 32 6-Sanp-3.8 42 Bank, -2=6-fa2p-3.3 ‘Therefore k Vo(0) = $ 18Ps (0088) — BF, (c0s8)].- Now 0 SVaAir'Fi(cosé), forr< R (Eq, 3.66) V(re)=4 2 B, , {-Py(cos8), forr>R (Eq. 3.71) where A = oon Vo(0)Fi(cos#) sind (Iq. 3.69) 3 = che {i[ntmoncansoras /nnnicnn sora} kQ1+1) 2 2 kl a {ear 5 ba Sqr} 57g Boa ~ 36a] © itl= = { ees piety } (ero ote) ‘Therefore V0) = ~ BrP, (cos8) + Sr Ps (e088) ot ) cose} + £ {8 (Z)’ j fcos'@ 20000] -252. CHAPTER 3. SPECIAL TECHNIQUES (for r < R). Meanwhile, By = A,R™+! (Eq, 3.81—this follows from the continuity of V at R), Therefore BKRY/5, if 1=3 a={ Seen a } (zero otherwise). So or (for r > R). Finally, using Eq. 3.83: 20) = © Se + 1)ALRI*P,(c0s8) = €0 [341 Pi + 7AgR? Pa] aa [a a) 01(ae) #5) = ae 9P, (cos) + 56P4(cos0)] sok 5R = a cos 6 [140 cos? @ — 93] . cos + 8 7 8 (5 e088 9 — seone)] = St ook os O[—9 + 28 - 5.cos? @ — 28-3) Problem 3.19 +1 Use Bq. 3.83: o(8) = eo )(2/-+1)A:R'~"P;(cos 6). But Eq. 3.69 says: Ay = ar / Vo(6)Fi(cos®) sin 8a, Putting them together: (8) = SRLe+ 1)°C,P;(cos@), with C, = t=0 Vo(8)Fi(cos)sin@dé. ged Problem 3.20 Set V = 0 on the equatorial plane, far from the sphere. ‘Then the potential is the same as Ex. 3.8 plus the potential of a uniformly charged spherical shell: ; V(0.8) =~ (r= 2) cond + 2-8.53 Problem 3.21 (@) V(r,8) glvere-]. V(r8) = i 1 Eres - ae (for r > R). a. 1 = hier (800s? — 1) + (b) V(r,0) = S> Air" Pi(cos4) (r < R). In the northern hemispere, 0 < 6 < =/2, = V(r,0) = SoA! = 3 Vee r. t=0 ‘Therefore Since r < Rin this region, Vr? + FE = RVTEGTRE = efi 7 (© R)? — He) RY + o ir? art yar = =e +h5-i5+ aa @ ° pe Aa ee Be’ “? ~ BeoR’ Comparing like powers: Ay = Ee A=- 0 Yn = [R= PPL (co8e) + 35 (e088) +] : (for r < R, northern hemisphere). oR = Eb (Roveed (FY Coste) +...], In the southern hemisphere we'll have to go for @ =m, using P:(—1) 1). Virn) = Sara = aa [vt+R—r].54 CHAPTER 3. SPECIAL TECHNIQUES (I put an overbar on A; to distinguish it from the northern A,). The only difference is the sign of Ay = +(0/2¢0), A = Ao, Ay = Aa. Sor V8) = 3 [+ rP (cot) + sgr* Falcone) +...], (for r < R, southern hemisphere) = Elis (Gomesd (2) Goat) +...], Problem 3.22 SPAir!Alcos@), (F< R) (Ba. 3.78), V(r.) =4 |? y PE A(cos0), (r > R) (Ba. 3:79), | where By = A,R%+! (Eq. 3.81) and | A= ron [ wMACse) sae (Eq. 3.84) xp = pe ” {fn (C088) sin@ do — fr (cos) ava} (let 2 = cos) “A = wiz {frie [roel 3 -1)!Pi(z), since Fi(2) is even, for even 1, and odd, for odd I. Therefore ¢ J Pieae= 4 Now Pi(-2) PU) d(-2) = (-1)' [ P(e) ae, and hence : 0, if Lis even A= aR ben) [Ate | cops | Fle)de, if Lis odd \So Ay = Ay = Ag = Ap =0, and all we need are Ai, As, and As, 1/.,2° a z\| 51003 a = 70% +15 (630° — 702° + 152) dx = 5 (6s GO +15 ) A By 3) = l0o- 35) = Therefore and Thus V(r,8) = Problem 3.23 ~~ mT ad ti 30s Sas) * Fae Look for solutions of the form V(s, $) = S(s)®(¢): (si) +3s8# =o, ds) Page Multiply by s? and divide by V = eran (goo eer Sv as Yas) * Bags ~* Since the first term involves s only, and the second ¢ only, each is a constant: fake (eo Sas Pas) = Cr, with C +r56 CHAPTER 3. SPECIAL TECHNIQUES Now Cz must be negative (else we get exponentials for &, which do not return to their original value—as geometrically they must— when ¢ is increased by 2m). ee =-K. Then 5 r= -K. Then Ter 2h => & = Acoskd + Bsin kd. Moreover, since (@ + 2m) = &(¢), k must be an integer: k = 0,1,2,3,... (negative integers are just repeats, but k= 0 must be included, since = A (a constant) is OK). d (4S s<(s<) = KS e solved by S = s*, provided n is chosen ri £(-2) #5 can be solved by $ = 3”, pr n ight: Pas"? = ns" = KS > n= +h. Evidently the general solution is S(s) = Cs* + Ds™*, unless k = 0, in which case we have only one solution to a second-order equation—namely, S = constant. So we must treat k = 0 separately. One solution is a constant—but what's the other? Go back to the differential equation for S, and put in O: of () =05 a constant = C => s g as =o% = S = Clns + D (another constant). So the second solution in this case is Ins. [How about ©? That too reduces to a single solution, @ = A, in the case k = 0. What's the second solution here? Well, putting k = 0 into the ® equation: eo sar = 0 S = constant = B> ag? dp But a term of the form B¢ is unacceptable, since it does not return to its initial value when ¢ is augmented by 2n.] Conclusion: The general solution with cylindrical symmetry is de = B+. V(s,9) = co + bins +35 [s* (ax cos ko + by sin kd) + s~ cosk + dy sink¢)]. Yes: the potential of a line charge goes like In s, which 1s included. Problem 3.24 Picking V = 0 on the yz plane, with Ep in the x direction, we have (Iq. 3.74): @ v=o, when = R, (i) V+ —Ey2 = ~Eyscosg, for s > R. Evidently ay = bo = by = de = 0, and ax = cr = 0 except for k = 1: V(s,¢) (us 2) cos. (= cy = -a,R%; (i)+ a = —Ep. Therefore V(s,0)= (mast) cos, ot= [eo cos ¢-| Problem 3.25 . Inside: V(s, 4) = ap + )> s* (ay coske + by sin kd). (In this region Ins and s~* are no good—they blow mi wpat s=0) Outside: V(s,4) =a + D> a (ch. cosk@ + d, sin k@). (Here Ins and s* are no good at - 00). imi (Bq. 2.36). Thus asin 5¢ = -6 {- giv (cones dy sink) -— KRY (oxcoské + sinks) Et Evidently ay = ce = s be = di = 0 except k= 1 7 (a +8). Also, V is continuous at s = Rt 09+ R°bs sin 5p = T+ ze sin 5g. So a9 = (might as well choose both zero); R°bs = R-Sds, or ds = R!bs. Combining these results: a = Sey (Ibs + R*bs) = 10eoR4bs; bs = ——; _ asin5d { s°/R*, forsR. } | Problem 8.26 Monopole term: Q [oar = anf [308 2")sing] r? sin 0 dr d0 dd. But the r integral is a [@-mar= (Rr-1)|2 = R- RP =0. $0Q 3 Dipole term: [resstpar =kR [c cos) [z@ = 2r) sing} 1 sind dr dB do, But the 6 integral is f sin? 60080 d8 a 1 70-0) =0. So the dipole contribution is likewise zero. Quadrupole term: [> (Rowe ) par = perf [? (3cos? @— 1) [502-2 sing] sind dr dB.58. CHAPTER 3. SPECIAL TECHNIQUES integral: 8 integral: ¢ integral: ‘The whole integral is: (Quadrupole.) Problem 3.27 p = (39a ~ qa) + (-2qa ~ 2q(—a)) 9 = 2ga3. Therefore © Eneg 7? and p-# = 2ga8-# = 2gac0s8, s0 =| 20088] vel ee | Dipole.) Problem 5.28 (a) By symmetry, p is clearly in the z direction: p = p2; p= f zpdr > f z0da. . jeaeael 3, (cost a)" p= (Rcos6)(kcos@)R® sin @ dé dg = 2nR*k | cos” @sin8 dd = 2x R*k > J 0 4nRek. 4nFok 7 OP 2 grr — (= () w 1 4nR%k cos8 _| KR cosd " Gra 3? =| Seq | PiPote)59 ‘This is also the exact potential. Conclusion: all multiple moments of this distribution (except the dipole) are exactly 0. Problem 3.29 Using Eq. 3.94 with r! = d/2: x(é) [Pa(cos8) — Pa(—cos8)] = 2g 1d qdcos6 . Treg rari (0080) = Gea? while 2g Bi ae 1 3 Free Bag (.008" 6 ~ 3088) =| 7 55 (Sos? 8 — 3c086) Problem 3.30 @)@Q=[2a] (i) p ve [¢ + Bl = = 1 |? Senge ‘ , aren 1 [2 ? 00=fa] cop =[ma] wy va| A [eee 1 ae) (iii 1 [2 3 ind sin . . ©Meg (i) p=[Bgay,] (iit) V = = [# 2, Sansingsing) ea, Problem 3.31 (a) This point is at r = a, 0 = § (b) Here r = a, 0 = 0, 80 B= 7 2 a a, = os(0) — cos (2)] =| —P2 (©) V =q{V(0,0,2) ~ V(a,0,0)] I [co (0) cos ( 9) fea Problem 3.32, 7 5 Q = ~4, 80 Virono = P=9a%, 90 Vaip= ——“". Therefore ineo +5 (2eoser+sin06)].60 CHAPTER 3. SPECIAL TECHNIQUES Problem 3.33 P=(p- #4 (p-8) 6)6 cond — pein (Fg. 3.36). So(p-#)t — p= Speosdt — peosds + psindd = apcesd tt ps 104 At height 2 above the plane, the force on q is given by Eq. 3.12: F = ? dz du Ads a (1 {| Multiply by v me 4523 (i where = Téneom™ Bor = 0 wha # = 6 comtans = ~A/6 al me @ = 24 (2 ‘Therefore ‘The image configuration is shown in the figure; the positive image charge forces cancel in pairs. The net force of the negative image charges is: r-i¢ {meae ot ty, 4neo° | [2(a-2)P Po +2(a [4a + 2(a-2)? eS Gat 227 ( I} @a-ay * Ga-ay wat (le When a + 00 (i.e. @ 3 2) only the 1 term survives: F = Eq, 3.12). When z = a/2, -1¢ 1 1 1 Pe {ear went Bem61 Problem 3.36 Following Prob. 2.47, we place image line charges —A at y = b and +A at y = —b (here y is the horizontal axis, z vertical). A In the solution to Prob. 2.47 substitute: a-b a+b + Yo + <= 80 2 = > fn($ ty) A v= aa la(Z) (2) =a" ar wa {oror elo +e © Gre" y= a + AY FO as S92 (#3) 22 83 }, on, using y= soon, == axing, A iq § @ Ha? + 20s c0s6)[(as/R)? +R? - aescosdl | = | ire” { (@ ¥ a? — 2ascos4)|(as/R)? + R? + 2ascos¢] J” Problem 3.37 Since the configuration is azimuthally symmetric, V(r,8) = > ( ()r>b Ay =0 for all I, since V +0 at oo. Therefore V(r, 0) = So PI Pi(cos8). a> (cir + zr) Pi(cos@). r DPA (eos) => (cut + #) Pi(cos8); Bee = Obl + aa = [B= 10, + Di.| (1) Dy Gal + =0, if040, |{ p= -oC,, 140, Do = a — aC a Coa? + 0D (Ge! + Fh) Pcoss) = vs a a =M ifl=0; Putting (2) into (1) gives By = 010, — 1G), 140, By = bCo + ao — ap. Therefore By = (8 — a1) Gy, 1 £0, a (i) > Sat-+ DigesA(c0s8) a (cus + oe) Pi(cos 6) = Fn (cose) So Oe = (cat + n=959) =0, if 41;62 CHAPTER 8. SPECIAL TECHNIQUES (+1) By ~ 10" + (U4 1)D, = 0; (14+1)(Br ~ Dy) = -1"1G,. 1 =2)\_k Bit) + (a a) » fort 2 i Oh + (Bi - © ‘Therefore (4 1)(B: = Dy) + OG; = 0, for 11, 2 k 1+ (Bi — Dr © Plug (2) and (1) into (3): For! 40 or 1: (1) [08 = 2) Crt tC] 4G =O; C41 C HBC, js (2+1)C = 0 > Ch Therefore (1') and (2) + [Bi = Cr = Di =0 for! > 1. For! = 1: a+ 2 e- Y)C,+0°C)] =k C1420, = k > [Cr =k/3e0;] Di = ~a8'C, > Dy = =aPk/Beos] Bi = (6° - a) Cy + [B, = (@ = 0°) k/Beo For! = 0: By—Do = 0 > Bo = Do + (b—a)Cp +aV = aVo—aCy, 80 BOy = 0 + [Cp = 0; Do = alo = Bo. eee a) | Mk Conclusion: Fe er Bb [Vin = a a% (6)24(0) =~ SY] = eo |-S a E (n= fa Problem 3.38 Use multipole expan: (4. 8.95): par + Ads = Beds, and r+ = elegant @ VO= aa be if 2P,(cos6) 2 dz. ‘The integral is Q fae =2 aart 2 (cone) f 2 c= 2p, = ZPx(c0s0) 22 for m even, zero for n odd. ‘Therefore ae (2)" Paton] ged Problem 3.39 ‘Use separation of variables in cylindrical coordinates (Prob. 3.23): V (4,4) = 00 + bln + 5 [st(an coskg + be sin kp) + 5“#(cu cos kp + de sin g)]63 (We may as well pick constants so V + 0 as s -+ oo, and hence ap = 0.) Continuity at s = R > YRMax coskd + be sinkd) = D> R7K (cy coskd + dysinkd), 80 ce = Ray, dy = Ry. Eq. 2.36 says: ov ev 1 —a. Therefc Galas Oe |g eo Therefore yo Bi (cx cos kp + dy sinkd) ~ J>kRE- (a, cos kg + by sin ke) or: So 2kR** (0, coskd + by sinks) = { len oy } Fourier’s trick: multiply by (cos 14) dé and integrate from 0 to 2x, using 2p on Joinkocosiods =o; feos bocosido={% E41} a Then UR na, = 2 J costed — [oneal] = ea) « |J © Multiply by (sin 16) dé and integrate, using [sin kdsinig dé = { Oe }: a ke Rnb, =|] sinlg dd — five» 2-H) x [/aea- fovea] 2-5 T o 2n sel} Te (2— 2eostm) = fo iliseven }_ 4 {0 if Lis even = doo/leo, if Lis odd "1 200/meol?R!, if Lis odd Conclusion: (s/R)* } | eo (R/s)* (s>R) Problem 3.40 a Use Eq. 3.95, in the form V(r) k i cos (=) dz = Mz) v(n8) = ds (*) + (Monopole.) @h64 CHAPTER 3. SPECIAL TECHNIQUES ) b= 0 h = 3 3 i we la 7 “le la k { (2) toingr) ~ sing) £ cone) - £ cow(—n) Ven = ge (HE) Foose} int) Jana emigle Problem 3.41 (a) The average field due to a point charge q at r is, 1 1 Bae = eaonay [BH where B= 7 eo 4 eee fed in = £ © En GES (Here r is the source point, dr is the field point, so 4 goes from r to dr.) The field at r due to uniform the field charge p over the sphere is By = z*— / pa dr. This time dr is the source point and ris the field point, s0 4 goes from dr to r, and hence carries the opposite sign. So with p = —g/ ($rR®), the two expressions agree: Bae = Ey () From Prob. 2.12: pa Ee Beg?! ~~ neg RS ~~ Greg? (c) If there are many charges inside the sphere, Eave is the sum of the individual averages, and Prot is the sum of the individual dipole moments. So Bare =—q-Pas. ged (4) The same argument, only with q placed at r outside the sphere, gives $xR%p) GE’ (Geld atx due to uniformly charged sphere) = 57> 3 F65 But this is precisely the field produced by q (at r) at the center of the sphere. So the average field (over the sphere) due to a point charge outside the sphere is the same as the field that same charge produces at the center. And by superposition, this holds for any collection of exterior charges. Problem 3.42 | ® = <2 os OF + sind 6) Bap = Gaps (ess +singd) = non [2cos6(sin 8 cosp& + sin @sin dF + cos8%) +sin 6(cos6 cos $& + cos 8sin 6# — sin 8 4)] P rer L Foe = Teeny [Pos ar Senile Is [ssin@ cos@(cos gx + sing 9) + (30s? @ — 1) 4] r? sin 8 dr do ag. TaP8) \Gneo) JF a oe J snoao=0, so the # and 9 terms drop out, and [df = 2n, 20 a a 3sin @ cos cos $X + 3sinO cosdsin dF + (2cos”@ — sin? @) & aaa) =Beot oi Bat f eased a bar J (cos? 0 —1)sinoae : 2 {______ (ceo Foon at Bvidntly [Byve = 05] which contradicts the result of Prob. 3.41. (Note, however, that the r integral, fdr, Blows up, since Int —> —co as r+ 0. If, as suggested, we truncate the r integral at r = «, then it is finite, and the @ integral gives Envy = 0] (b) We want E within the e-sphere to be a delta function: E = Aé*%(r), with A selected so that the average fold is consistent with the general theorem in Prob. 3.41: 1 A ay | Aber = By P P SAa and hence ie R> 3e0° : Ps). 0 Probiem 3.43 @) [oovy-cvpar. But V- (ViWVo) = (WVi) « (WV2) + Va(V2Va), 60 1 t= [v-mavnar- [vivm)= J mev)-das & f vierdr. But the surface integral is over a huge sphere “at infinity”, where Vi and V2 +0. So I = 2 J Vipo dr. By 0 1 the same argument, with 1 and 2 reversed, I a | vndr. 80 [ Vioadr= [von dr. qed 066 CHAPTER 3. SPECIAL TECHNIQUES | ha { Situation (1): Qa = f,mrdr=Q; Qe= urd =0; Vis = Ves | j (b) Situation (2): Qa = J, p2dr =0; Qo = f,p2dr =Q; Voa eee ees \ S Vapi dr = Vea J, px dr + Vas fpr dr = Via. Green’s reciprocity theorem says QVas = QVay 80 Vas = Via. _aed Problem 3.44 (a) Situation (1): actual. Situation (2): right plate at Vo, left plate at V = 0, no charge at 2. v=o v=o dake [ Viveds = Vis Qe + Ve1Qea + VO: But Vi, = Ve, = 0 and Qs, =0, 80 [Vipodr =0. [Vopr ds = Vets + Vere + VnOn- But Vis = 0 Qa, = 4% Vea = Vor Qrr = Qa, and Vex = Vo(e/d). So 0 = Vo(@/d)q + VoQz, and hence Q yx /d. Situation (1): actual. Situation (2): left plate at Vo, right plate at V = 0, no charge at 2. J Yiesdr=0= [Varia = VQu + Ve Qes + Vir =VoQs + Ven +0. But Vs, = Vo (1-5), 80 Qi = ~a(l - 2/d). (b) Situation (1): actual. Situation (2): jer sphere at Vo, outer sphere at zero, no charge at r. J ¥i0sde = Vir Qe + VnQn + Vine But Va, = Vi, =0, Qrp = 0. So f Vipzdr =0. J Vio dr = Vana, + Vries + Vine, = QaVo + Ven +0. But V;, is the potential at r in configuration 2: V(r) = A+ B/r, with V(a) = Vo = A+B/a = Vo, or aA +B = avo, and V(t) = 0 > A+B/b = 0, or DA+B = 0. Subtract: (b-a)A = —avy > A= —aVo/(b~ a); B(E - }) = Vo = BES2) = B = abVo/(b— a). So V(r) = ofldy (2 - 1). Therefore eragaty (Fa) =o [267 Now let Situation (2) be: inner sphere at zero, outer at Vo, no charge at r. [Vieadr=0= f Vaprdr=VexQe, +¥nQn + Vinh, =04 ea + QV ‘This time eaten) = Ave ae ne ) =0> A+B/a=0; V(b) = Vo > A+ B/b=Vo, 0 Yo) = rts (1 $). Teens, ams (1-2) +Q.¥0=0; [r= -G% (1-2). ore | 1 88,04 = 1 Pere yes =(r? Diss par! | But "pce =r! cos = oe 3 Dias = = oat, =f-8=1. So [wang f (toate 109) pd= oS fo Rlosipd (hen 2 team in Ba 398 (b) Because 2? = y? = (a/2)? for all four charges, Qaz = Qyy = [3(a/2)? — (v2a/2)"] (g- q—- +9) =0. Because z = 0 for all four charges, Qs, = —(V3a/2)*(q— g— q+ 4) = 0 and Qez = Qyz = Qez = Qey = 0- ‘This leaves only Gey = Ove =3[(5) (5) 2+ (3) (-3) 0+ (9) G) -o+ C5) C9) 30°q. © a = ti [a(r: — 44)(0rj — ds) — (r — )*4yj] pdr (I'L drop the primes, for simplicity.) = Hi [arty — 7265] pdr ~ 34; f ype — 8s f ripar + 3a [oar +2d- [drs - #5, [oar = Quy — 3(dip + dsp.) + 3d, Q + 25,d-p - P5,,Q. Soifp=0 and Q=O then Q,,=Qy. aed (@) Eq. 3.95 with n = 3: Veet = Bek [err coseypar’ Py(cos0) = 5 (5c08" @ — 3.c088) - fLQue) Define the “octopole moment” as One = f (Srnjrh = (PLE rhb + hb) ale) dt.68 CHAPTER 3. SPECIAL TECHNIQUES Problem 3.46 i Loa v= =--= {{—--— walls ate x} a = VP +a Pracosd, a Jr? +a + 2racosd, a5 = Vr 41 = 2rbcos8, Vit £8 + Db c088. ai » raging asin B810 (2) w 8c ro wun > ran > (z - 2) = Faso (hece we want 5 Cn cosh(nnz/a) sin(nzy/a), and it remains to fit condition (ii): = Cn cosh(nmb/a) sin(nay/a) = —Vo(y/a). Invoke Fourier’s trick: YC cosh(nnd/a) [ sin(rony/a) sin(n'ny/a) dy = ~# [ * ysin(n'zy/a) dy, $C, cosh(nnt ja) = 4 i * ysin(nmy/a) dy. ~ satay (Ey worn - (2) eon Ba () cos(na) = 2¥0_(-0" = Peosh(nxb/a) ‘nm cosh(nnb ja)” View) = [et 5 7 cosh(nmb/a) sora) | Problem 3.48 (@) Using Prob. 3.14b (with 6 = a): (nrz/a) sin(nery/a) 4% Veey) ima: nsinh(nm) _ Mo ‘nny cosh(nnz/a) sin(nry/a) ow) = 8 FF lee Om alas) nsinh(nm) an Hs sin(nay/a) 2, sinh(nm) * AeoVo_ 1 + A= vi ota) y= Satay ff soto le) ty But ie sin(ny/a) dy = —* cos(nny/a) |p = 11 — cos(nn)] = 22(since m is odd). Beo¥ > __1__ | x 2g, asinh(on) oo In, {Ihave not found a way to sum this series analytically. Mathematica gives the numerical value 0.0866434, which agrees precisely with In 2/8.]70 CHAPTER 3. SPECIAL TECHNIQUES Using Prob. 3.47 (with b = a/2): Yow) =o [ta 25 CU omiesaeeleat] wy 1, Zen ney (-1)" cosh(nxa/a) cos(nzy/a) o@) = -aF|,_,=-sM% [: eae) sreoshtnn Ne ‘ 1, 2y(-1)"cosh(nnz/a)] __ eo¥ (C1) cosh(nz/a) mele [2x eash(nn/2) aT He fi oe cosh (em /2) | he ie o(e)de = 2% betel cosh(nnz/a). a. of? But ie pcos) de = Zsentorstal = 2 sinninn/2), -a [et 7 e «aur wohl] ees I A ty ae — Hine, [Again, T have not found a way to sum this series analytically. The numerical value is -0.612111, which agrees with the expected value (In 2 — x)/4,] (b) From Prob. 3.23: V (3,4) =a9-+ tolns+ S> (aust bu z = < ee {cx cos(hsd) + de sin( kg). In the interior (s < R) by and by must be zero (In and 1/s blow up at the origin). Symmetry = dk = 0. So V (5,8) = a9 + D> a4" cos(k). i At the surface VeR9) = Sreanteotte) ={ OP Sueentan 71 0 . “ Fourier’s trick: multiply by cos(’) and integrate from —n to n: co ox | t pees 7 " itk’ Saunt [” cos(hg) costs) 25 = wf cos(k!§) d6 = { Vosin(a's)/a |, = Wo/B!) sin(h'/4), 1H 0, 80 ” i Vor /2, if k' = 0. Bu : 0, ifkee cos(hed)cos( kg) db = 4 2m, if k= K =0, ad x, itk=h £0.i n So 2nay = Vorr/2 = ag = Vo/4; may R* = (2Vo/K)sin(kx/4) = ax = (2Vo/wkR*) sin(kr/4) (k # 0); hence 1 2S sin(kn/4) Vie = Volpe aL | | I Using Eq. 2.49, and noting that in this case A = 010) = oe = an? Sink! 4) 9h-1 cos(k6)| _ 2e0Vo fe = Lesinter/4) costes) R We want the net (line) charge on the segment opposite to Vo (—1 < $< —3n/4 and 3/4.<@ <7): e0Vo 7 Dae fotonas=an f” a(eas= ‘thy snter g in(kn/4) | costs) dp yen 1 [ext | __ deoVo = sin(ken/4) sin(3kn/4) fan] =e, Sa nes. E sin(kr/4) sin(Skx/4) product 1 1/vz 1/v2 12 2 1 al a 3 ve v2 1/2 4 0 0 0 5 -l/v2 Ave 12 6 Bt 1 -1 TT -Alve Av 1/2 8 0 0 0 Ouch! What went wrong? The problem is that the series S>(1/k) is divergent, so the “subtraction” 00 — oo is suspect. One way to avoid this is to go back to V(s,4), calculate ¢(V/ds) at s # R, and save the limit2 CHAPTER 3. SPECIAL TECHNIQUES ¢> R until the end: o(¢.8) = age = 20 2 oe is a * cos(kd) pat Siz sin(kr/4) costké) (where 2 = o/R-> 1 at the end). Me) = old.s)Rdd= seo > ie sin(kx/A) sin(3km /4) ~ SEER (+S+ ~ at [(¢ +e4Es dade J, (Lez : x, ra (2™\i— Vo, [(+z2)"], ~Sbn [3 7 Problem 3.49 2 _ Be B mg Now consider the pendulum: F energy) mgl cos $ = (1/2)rmu => v? cos $= mga —T, where T — mgcos$ = mv?/l and (by conservation of 2gl cos G (assuming it started from rest at ¢ = 90°, as stipulated). But 088, 50 T = mg(—cosé) + (m/l)(~2gl cos) = -3mgcos8, and hence F = —mg(cos0# — sin@ 6) + 3mgcosO# = mg(2cos6# + sin 06). ‘This total force is such as to keep the pendulum on a circular arc, and it is identical to the force on q in the field of a dipole, with mg « gp/4neol®. Evidently q also executes semicircular motion, as though it were on a tether of fixed length l.Chapter 4 Electrostatic Fields in Matter Problem 4.1 E=V/x = 500/10-9 = 5x 10%. Table 4.1: a/4neo = 0.66 x 10-™, so a = 4-n(8.85 x 10-"*)(0.66 x 10-%) = 73x10", p=aE=ed = d= aB/e = (7.34 x 10-)(5 x 10°)/(1.6 x 10-19) = 2.29 x 10-1 m. dR = (2.29 x 10-18) /(0.5 x 10-19) = [4.6 x 10-*.] To ionize, say d= R. Then R=aE/e=aV/ex >V = Rezfex = (0.5 x 10-1°)(1.6 x 10-"9)(10-*)/(7.34 x 10-*) = [10° V. Problem 4.2 First find the field, at radius r, using Gauss’ law: [E-da = 2 Qene, or B = ghz eQene- eI eras (Far 5) Qene Wote: Qene(r + 00) = q.] So the field of the electron cloud is Be proton will be shifted from r = 0 to the point d where Ey = aim [1 etl (@ +o +28)] . ave Expanding in powers of (d/a): cr = a (3)3(8)'-3(8)"* we (1424 428) bai 3) oes) 1-2 - -2% Go eG oa 3 ) + higher order terms. ai [1- et" (1428 +28)]. The ® (the external field): 73.74 CHAPTER 4. ELECTROSTATIC FIELDS IN MATTER dq (4) _ 1 4 k wad (55) = mate = reo? aS [Not so different from the uniform sphere model of Bx. 4.1 (see Bq. 4.2). Note that this result predicts gga = $02 = $(0.5 x 10-)® = 0.09 x 10-9m’, compared with an experimental value (Table 4.1) of 0.66 x 10-% m®. Ironically the “classical” formula (Eq. 4.2) is slightly closer to the empirical value] Problem 4.3 pr) = Ar. Electric field (by Gauss’s Law): $Bda = B(4nr?) = L Que = 2 ff AFAnt® dr, or B= 2 rr a z aan = x. This “internal” field balances the external field E when nucleus is “off-center” an amount nr 0 ad? /4e) = E_=> d = V/4coB/A. So the induced dipole moment is p = ed = 2eV/eo/AVE. Evidently |p is proportional to E'/?, ‘For Eq. 4-1 to hold in the weak-field limit, E must be proportional to r, for small r, which means that p must go to a constant (not zero) at the origin: [p(0) # 0] (nor infinite). Problem 4.4 i‘ . Field of g: zz 4#. Induced dipole moment of ato: q reget ; aa ; fF 11 (_20q Field of this dipole, a location of @ (9 = m, in Bg. 3103): B= FI (BS 7 Force on q due to this field: | F = 2a (4%) 7 (attractive). ino) Problem 4.5 Field of p; at po (9 = /2 in Eq. 3.103): BE, = wre (points down). or Pipa ‘Torque on pa: Na = pa x Ex = pal sino" = pal =| Pes (points into the page). Field of p2 at p: (9 = 7 in Eq. 3.103): E: = —2 (-22) (points to the right). Ameor> Torque on py: Ni = pr x Ba =| 72% | (points into the page). Problem 4.6 i: Saal Soeeeneeennnn (a) Use image dipole as shown in Fig. (a). Redraw, placing p, at the origin, Fig. (b) Trectaay Peas F + sin); p= pcos dF + psindd. ireo(2e Z A N= Px EL = Ga paps [(cosd# + sind) x (2eos08 + sin0d)] za (b) P Tao 3) 0 = rea caay (08880 9$ + 2sinBcos(—8)] B in 9 cos a = Fant ese (4) (out ofthe page). | |But sin 8 cos@ = (1/2) sin 28, so (cut of the page). ~ Grep(1625) For 0 < 6 < 1/2, N tends to rotate p counterclockwise; for r/2 < @ < x, N rotates p clockwise. Thus the [table orientation is perpendicular to the surface—either t or J. Problem 4.7 Say the field is uniform and points in the y direction. First slide p in from infinity along the x axis—this takes no work, since F is 1 dl. fF (if E is not uniform, slide p in along a trajectory 1. the field.) Now | 5 rotate (counterclockwise) into final position. The torque exerted by E is N = pxE = pEsin0&. The torque we exert is N = pE sin x clockwise, and d@ is counterclockwise, so the net work done by us is raga: PE (~ 00s) |e _ = ~PE (e050 ~ cos § u=s) np PEsind Problem 4.8 U = -pr-Ea, but Ep = Problem 4.9 ‘(3 (po-t) # — pa]. SoU si [pr-p2 — 3(Pr-)(P2-f))._ ged a et+ug tee @) P= (p- VIE (Fa. 45); B ho@ty tae r= (no 42+ a e = Prag Pvay +P Oe) ane tw + PP ee |e cee a = Fre (Gaya? 2 aR Py ras 3 2 a7 [Ps _ 32, 9 [Pp _ 3r(p-r) } i F = |7oaP-30 AF] 1 WES m= (ip -(-8)1(-8) - p} = 3 Bep-#)F - pl. (This is from Ba, 8.104; the minus signs oy are beenuse # pelts toward p, in this problem) =ob =| 4 pap-#)8- PoaB=| 7-4 (0p-8)8—p)- (Note that the forces are equal and opposite, as you would expect from Newton’s third law.] Problem 4.10 (0) 0 = Pet = [KR (t) Forr < R, E= gLprf (Prob. 2.12), so E = [=(k/eo) Fr. Forr > R, same as if all charge at center; but Qrot = (kR)(4mR?) + (-3k)(40R° = 3K. 0, so [B=0.76 CHAPTER 4. ELECTROSTATIC FIELDS IN MATTER Problem 4.11 ps = 0; a = P-fi= +P (plus sign at one end—the one P points toward; minus sign at the other—the one P points avay from). (i) L> a. Then the ends look like point charges, and the whole thing is like a physical dipole, of length L and charge Pra®, See Fig. (a). (ji) L R), = (78) a i | Press Be ( E = (p/2«)s. For two such cylinders, one plus and one minus, the net field (inside) is E = Ey +E_ = (p/2e0)(s}—s-). But 81. —8_ = —d, s0 E=[=pd/(2éa),| where d is the vector from the negative axis to positive axis, In this case the total dipole moment of a chunk of length @ is P (ra%) = (ora*é) d. So pd = P, and[E = —P/(@0) | for E = $2 By +B. = (8 —#), where | sh = 9F E(s) = ES kr -as-Pl, for s >a. Problem 4.14 Total charge on the dielectric is Qtot = fz 00 da + J, pxdr = f,P-da~ f,V-Pdr. But the divergence theorem says f, sd Problem 4.15 1 @m=-vp=-4 = o=Pea= { i Gauss’s law > E = gi; See #. For r b, Qene = 0 (Prob. 4.14), 80 £) (4na?) + f° (SE) AnPtdr = —dmka — Ank(r — a) = =(k/eor) Ankr; so Fora ); [B= —(K/eor)# (fora =Do ~ P, so[D = Dy —P. (©) Same as Eo minus the field of a parallel-plate capacitor with upper plate at o = P. The latter is -(I/6)P, s0]E = Eo + 2 P.| D =coE = «Eo +P, s0[D =78 Problem 4.17 Gu P ‘ E 2 (uniform) (field of two circular plates) (Same as E outside, b continuous, since V- Problem 4.18 : asa (@) Apply [D-da = Qjq. to the gaussian surface shown, DA = oA = metal plate.) This is true in both slabs; D points down. CS— CHAPTER 4. ELECTROSTATIC FIELDS IN MATTER ut lines “D=0) (Note: D = 0 inside the (b) D =€B > E=o/er in slab 1, E = o/c in slab 2. But € = cor, 50 €1 = 2e0; €2 Fa = 2a] (0) P = eaxeB, 80 P = coxed/ (coer) = (xe/er) @-13P=(1-@1)o. [Pi =o/2,|| Pe =o/3. (d) V = Bia + Epa = (0/6e9)(3 + 4) = [70a/6e0. _q,| ov = +P, at bottom of slab (1) = 0/2, || oy = +Pp at bottom of slab (2) = 0/3, (©) pe =O) Gy = —B, at top of slab (1) = —o/2; | || a4 = Py at top of slab (2) = —0/3. total surface charge above: o — (0/2) = 0/2, eo (f) Im lab 1: { total surface charge below: (7/2) - (a/3) + (o/3) -o = -0/2, } serrata Das total surface charge above: o — (0/2) + (0/2) — (0/3) = 20/3, — 20 daaleb2i { total surface charge below: (0/3) - ¢ = -20/3, } err ies anigagelea Problem 4.19 With no dielectric, Co = Aeo/d (Ba. 2.54). In configuration (a), with +a on upper plate, —0 on lower, D = o/eo (in air) and E = o/e (in dielectric). SoV = £4 + #4 = Co wi (1+ 2). A Ber oA C= 3 =f (setree) = In configuration (b), with potential difference V: =V/d, 80 6 = &0H = 6V/d (i between the plates. in air).79 coxeV/d (at top surface of dielectric). €oV (1 + xe)/d = eo€rV/d (on top plate above dielectric). VM.) = Ato (Iter) [Ge _ ite aig d a aerated a deg (e)imtee 14 Pee tte tee — Ome? = aes = Geeky = tatty = fie > 0. 80 @ > o. P @ (top surface) J| #7 (top plate) TR z 0 le eid 7 wine (2) delecesie | aye ® apa | Tan es = (b) air | = * 0 ‘aF (left) (6) dielectric are |e -1aes | SE (right) Problem 4.20 [Duda = Qj. = Dénr® = pf oR /3r? = E = (pR° /3eor”) #, for r > R. “p= OY -éf [ean Boa slat (pr/3e), for r < Rj Dane? = p$xR® > D = forte (prey (eee +e5 [Se (tm v Problem 4.21 Let Q be the charge on a length £ of the inner conductor. fd-da = 8 coat (<9 a), subject to the boundary conditions zs (i) Via = Vout ats =a, ¢ (i) ia =e Mam ats=a, (ii) Vou. > —Eoscos@ for s > a. From Prob. 3.23 (invoking boundary condition (fii)): Vials, 8) = D> s* (ar cos kp + dysinkd), Vous(s,4) = —Eoscos d+) s~*(cy cos kp + di sin k¢). = it80 CHAPTER 4. ELECTROSTATIC FIELDS IN MATTER ({ eliminated the constant terms by setting V = 0 on the y plane.) Condition (i) says ¥ ak(ay cos kd + by sin kd) = —Eyscosg+ J a~* (cy coskd + di sin ke), says + J) kat" (a cos ko + by sin k) = —Eo cos d — J ka-*-"(cy coskd + de sin kd). Evidently by = dy = 0 for all k, ax = cy = 0 unless k = 1, whereas for k aa, = -Epa+a-*ey, a, = —E ~ Solving for a1, Basar DOSeeeattt cree tg ateseete ooseeete es eteaneeee teeeae Sie vt cctrenerrrt mate nee Tm [As in the spherical case (Ex. 4.7), the field inside is uniform. Problem 4.23 g = 1p, = % By = -35Pi = Eo - Po = 0Xel 3 Evidently Ep, ‘The geometric series can be summed explicitly: by ab so |E crab which agrees with Bq. 4.49. (Curiously, this method formally requires that xe < 3 (else the infinite series diverges), yet the result is subject to no such restriction, since we can also get it by the method of Ex. 4.7] Problem 4.24 Potentials: Vou(r,8) = —Eprcos6 +S Pir Pi(cos ), (r > b); { Vea(ts8) = X(Aur!+ Bir) Pi(cos®), (a ~Febe080 + EA (cos) =P (at oo) P(cos 8}; (i) => oD [as - anges] A (£080) = ~Bo cos - U+ FE M(cos0); = Bi 7 1 ii) => Aa! + ar =0 > B= HT Ay, Port #1 a1 0 Be= (at SEAS) aim a (a 2) git y or [auto +n aa | Urns = = -eA[(5 ) pa] => A= B,=0. Forl= — Bob? = Ay2 (6° — a); ) a= > -2B, — Bob? = 6A; (8° +20°). ae=35 ee 2 — (@Oy5] + eel + 2(0/6)9} So -3Eyb* = A, [2 (b° — a*) +e, (6° +205)]; Ar = —3Eo a “oul = a=anfrear eno ('~ 72) 8 E(r,@) = —VWVenea = Problem 4.25 | ‘There are four charges involved: (i) q, (ii) polarization charge surrounding g, (iii) surface charge (a) on the top surface of the lower dielectric, (iv) surface charge (o}) on the lower surface of the upper dielectric. In view of Eq. 4.39, the bound charge (Ji) is gp = —g(x,/(1+ xz), 80 the total (point) charge at (0,0,d) is = 4+ q =4/(1+ x.) = a/c). As in Bx. 48, _ -1 ade _ _ . @o = ire at = PA = +P, = oxels); 1 adje, (bo, = eoxe wale ~e0xeEs). Tre (2 +a) Solve for os, 04: first divide by xe and x (respectively) and subtract: zn wey82 CHAPTER 4, ELECTROSTATIC FIELDS IN MATTER Plug this into (a) and solve for op, using ¢, = 1+ x: =1_adfe, ieee Ke(1+X6) ~ Flxe + Xe)s 80/0 : ,[rt__ad 1 1 _adjé, 1 ad ent x{z (+e lt Oe tx” Ets}: 10 ae Gay UT Oe tT ‘The total bound surface charge is = 96 +04 = de Mop am seeRya| (which vanishes, as it should, when Xz = Xe). The total bound charge is (compare Eq. 4.51): page aa )gaeee } 2e. [1+ (xe +24)/2] eter) % and hence (for z > 0). Meanwhile, since a+ ge 4 5 | (for = <0) Problem 4.26 From Ex. 4. o83 Problem 4.27 Using Eq. 4.55: W = 9 J FE’ dr. From Ex. 4.2 and Eq. 3.103, apa, (rR) — @(P)4 25 _ 2 PPR Weer = ) gee na Wen = $(2) Jntarrrsinrereen - eer ; (RP)? seit (EYP - Qn nh (1 + 3.08 oysinoa f 3, ip = TEE (— cos ~ cos? 0)I5 (-#) , _ ney 4nR8P? ~~ 90 a7 Wen” Woe = This is the correct electrostatic energy of the configuration, but it is not the “total work necessary to assemble the system,” because it leaves out the mechanical energy involved in polarizing the molecules. Using Eq. 4.58 W =} fD-Edr. For r < R, D = cE, so this contribution is the same as before. Yorr V = 4; In(b/a), aN ‘ slat Nels Oil part: D = By => B= 2 V = Biin(/a), an “ Q=NA+AE—h) = Ah — Ah + MC= Ale — hh +4] = AKeh + €), where Cis the total height. QL Mh ED, one (xeh +8) ~V~ 2xln(b/a) “"in(b/a) * ‘The net upward force is given by Eq. 4.64: F = 4V742 = Lv7inaae ‘The gravitational force down is F = mg = px(? — a)gh.84 CHAPTER 4. ELECTROSTATIC FIELDS IN MATTER Problem 4.2 4 Py, Pa v | Ey 3pu or [Fa = a (upward). To calculate F,, put pz at the origin, pointing in the 2 direction; then pi is at —r&, and it points in the -¥ direction, So Fy = (p:-V)E2 = OB, —p, SE 3 we need Ey as a function of 2, y, and =. OY leaya0, 22-7 From Eq. 3.104: By = 4 [See - », where r = 2X +y9 +28, pr = —m9, and hence arate Po -F = ~pay. s po [—3y(ek+y9 +28) + (a? +? +27)9] _ pa [—SeyR+ (0? — 2y? + 29) 9 - Byzd 2 deg (+p + rr * dre (ayes pe? OB, _ pm {51 Be Gtetag ttt ot gare (sonnei Dy Frag Last + Co? — By? +22) 9 — Bye] + (Bok — v9 — B28) OB2) pa = Spe 5 @y |oo) Ste 7 reor’ ‘These results are consistent with Newton's third law: Fy = —). (b) From page 165, No = (p2 x Ey) + (r x Fa). The first term was calculated in Prob. 4.5; the second we get from (a), using r = rf: 3pupe Pipa pox Ei = gos 2prPa g No = Gren * 80 Fx Fs = (9) x ( ) SpiPa g, Aregr® *) = Greqrs ‘This is equal and opposite to the torque on pi due to pa, with respect to the center of pi (see Prob. 4.5). Problem 4.30, Net force is[to the right] (sce diagram). Note that the field lines must bulge to the right, as shown, because E is perpendicular to the surface of each conductor. Tq ,85 Problem 4.31 Pakr=k(xk +y9 + 2%) => p = —V-P = -k(1+1+1) =[-3k. ‘Total volume bound charge: | Qvot = —3ka®. 05 = P-it. At top surface, ii = &, 2 = a/2; 0 oy = ka/2. Clearly, (oy = ka/2] on all six surfaces. Total surface bound charge: | Qsurr = 6(ka/2)a? = 3ka®.| Total bound charge is zero. / Problem 4.32 foa-a ane 2D = GG : E PoxB= Ameo(1 + Xe) 7" Me eae Te) 5 (7 1) aX F0) (Eq. 1.99); 0 = a=-V-P Qaact = 06(40R?) ‘The compensating negative charge is at the center: [oar= Bl is continuous (Eq. 4.29); D, is continuous (Eq. 4.26, with of = 0). So Ez, 4B, = €By_, and hence Xe 14x. xe [59 on I Se) dr Problem 4.33 xx; Dy, = Dy, > tan®, _ Exs/Ey _ En _ @ : tand, ~ Ex /Ey Ey If is air and 2 is dielectric, tan @2/tan6, = ¢2/¢p > 1, and the field lines bend away from the normal. This is the opposite of light rays, s0 a convex “lens” would defocus the field lines. Problem 4.34 ~ aed In view of Eq, 4.39, the net dipole moment at the center is p’ = p— Xp = hcp = Lp. We want the potential produced by p! (at the center) and o» (at R). Use separation of variables: Outside: V(r,6) = D> PE-Pi(coso) (Ea. 3.72) . “L poosd Ay 2 Inside: V(0,0) = +) Air'Pi(cos0) (Eqs. 3.66, 3.102) By Rt = RHA AL pee = Ae, or By= RA, (1 #1) V continuous at R => B Ad : 3 = Fegan tA or Bim ala + A 1_2pcosd 1 = - Deen (cos 8) + arene 1 P,(cos6) ae = -tp---1 8) = x, 1 = ip t (coxeB-f) = xe 5 Dar Poona}86 CHAPTER 4. ELECTROSTATIC FIELDS IN MATTER n+ DB TAR = xetAiRt (U4 1); oF = BEE DARN = xd AR! = A, = 0 (C41) Poets 27 ia oe an (we Pa +) elias a a ale, ton 7A + be a Ak = atte Btxd= 75 xe 2 An gomeGie) meReGry! ee [ i 7 = gece V(r.) = (22) (5) (2R). 1_poosd , 1 preosd 2(¢~1) Gey er? * Greg Re (6 +2) Meanwhile, for r < R, V(r,0) = p.cosd. arene, Problem 4.35 Given two solutions, Vj (and Ey = -VV;, Dy = eB) and V> (By = ~WVp, Do = cB), define V5 = Ve—V (By = Ey — Ey, Dy = Da ~ Dy). Jy V-WaDs) dr = fg Vas “da = 0, (Vs =0 on S), 80 f(VVs) “Ds dr + J Va(V-Ds) dr =0. But V-Ds = V-D2 ~ V-Ds = py ~ py = 0, and V5 = WVa— [Bat Bi = Es, 90 [Bs Ds dr =0. But Ds = Do - Dy = By ~ eB; = Bs, so f e(Bs)? dr = 0. But > 0, so Es = 0, 80 V3 Vi = constant. But at surface, Vs = Vi, so Vo = Vi everywhere. ged Problem 4.56 i R Re lin whi R (2) Proposed potential: | V(r) = Vo. If so, then |B = ~VV = Vo-3 | in which case | P = coxeVo-p8, (Note: A points out of dielectric => fi = -#.) This op is on the surface at r = R. The flat surface 7 = 0 carries no bound charge, since i = @ 1 #. Nor is there any volume bound charge (Bq. 4.39). If V is to have the required spherical symmetry, the net charge must be uniform: CuarATR? = Quoe = Area RVo (since Vo in the region z < 0. (P = 0 for z > 0, of course.) Then op = eoxeVo pe (FA) Not/4n€oR), 80 Trot = €oVo/R. Therefore ~ { (co¥o/R), on northern hemisphere 4 ~ \_(€Vo/R)(1 + Xe), on southern hemisphere +07 = €oVo/ Ris uniform (on the northern hemisphere oy = 0, of = €oVo/R; (b) By construction, oot Vo/R). ‘The potential of a uniformly charged sphere is, on the southern hemisphere a5 = —eoXeVo/R, 80 7 = Ga _ colin’) oR yk, ~ Gmeor ~~ Aegr Ror Tr R, V +0 at oo) are met, (0) Since everything is consistent, and the boundary conditions (V = Vp at Prob. 4.35 guarantees that this is the solution,87 (4) Figure (b) works the same way, but Fig. (a) does not: on the flat surface, P is not perpendicular to A, so we'd get bound charge on this surface, spoiling the symmetry. Problem 4.37 Bat = a - eoXe +Xxe/3 rin) (65) (6s) = (rn) (6s) (6) (=) Problem 4.38 8, Since the sphere is tiny, this is essentially constant, and hence P = Box. (Ex. 4.7) ‘The density of atoms is V field over the sphere due to the atom itself. ‘The macroscopic field B is Pyeir + Ecise, where Byeit is the average P= AE qe > P= Nob eye (Actually, it is the field at the center, not the average over the sphere, that belongs here, but the two are in fact equal, as we found in Prob. 3.41d.] Now Sites) Bact =~ Greg FB (Ba. 3.105), s0 la @ Na Gag ePove + Base = (1 55) Bame= (1-22) Ba, 7 Ne a Towa TOKE, and hence Solving for ar eee Kem GeXe= or a=2 Xe. But xe= 6-1, s0a= N B+Xe" Problem 4.39 For an ideal gas, N = Avagadro’s number/22.4 liters = (6.02 x 10”*)/(22.4 x 10-3) = 2.7 x 10. Na/eo = (27 x 10%)(4meo x 10-9) 8 /eq = 3.4 x 10-8, where f is the number listed in ‘Table 4.1. (34 x 1074)(0.67) = 2.3 x 10-4, xe = 2.5 x 10-4 (3.4 x 10-4)(0.21) = 7.1 x 10-5, Xe = 6.5 x 10-5 (3.4 x 10°4)(0.40) = 14x 10-4, Xe = 1.3 x 10-4 (84 x 10~4)(1.64) = 5.6 x 10-4, xe = 5.2 x 10-4 agreement is quite good.88 CHAPTER 4. ELECTROSTATIC FIELDS IN MATTER Bein ue VT du _ (KT) [-(u/KP) ~ 115 [ree WP du Kew |PE Problem 4.40 (a) pe of (ecPRAT = ePBMAT] 4 [(pE/uT)enPBMT + (pE/RT)@PEMT a ees] eae) PENT 4 @~PE/AT: pE evETT — @=9E eT KT, KT. = erp = 41 — pBcotn ( (u) (B/ 2); P=N(p); p= (peos0)f = (P-B)(B/E) Let y = P/Np, 2 = pE/kT. Then y = cothr-1/z. Ast 0,y 0, so the graph starts at the origin, with an initial slope of 1/3. As z —> oo, y -> coth(oo) = 1, so the graph goes asymptotically to y = 1 (see Figure) 2 y + | pe/kT (b) For small, y = 42, 80 385 % #5, or P ss MEI = eoxeE = P is proportional to E, and] xe ne a For water at 20° = 293K, p= 6.1 x 10° Cm; N = molecules — molecules x males x SATS, IN = (6.0 x 10) x () x (10%) = 0.33 x 10°; xe = raya Gatti ert a=ehjcaaay = [12_] Table 4.2 gives an experimental value of 79, so it’s pretty far off. For water vapor at 100° = 373K, treated as an ideal gas, "M* = (22.4 x 10-*) x (#2) = 2.85 x 10-? m3 Ec) 6.0 x 10% os AL 10*)(61 x 10-7 Bax 19-2 AXIO X= ByRgs x 10-)(138 x 10-™7B) ‘Table 4.2 gives 5.9 x 107, so this time the agreement is quite good.Chapter 5 Magnetostatics Problem 5.1 Since v x B points upward, and that is also the direction of the force, q must be [positive. | To find R, in terms of a and d, use the pythagorean theorem: Dad (R-@? +0 =F? > R-2Rd+ P+ C= RK oR oe The cyclotron formula then gives R. _oprulop@ t+) p= qBR=|qB FE). Problem 5.2 The general solution is (Eq. 5.6): y(t) = Cr cos(wt) + C2 sin(wt) + es Caj 2(t) = C2cos(wt) — C; sin(wt) + Cy. (@) u(0) = 2(0) = 0; 4(0) 0. Use these to determine Cy, C2, Cs, and Cs. y(0) =0= C, + Cs =0; 9(0) /B => Cz =0; 2(0) =0 > Cp + Cy = 0 > Cy =0; i(0) =0 = C, =0, and hence also Cs = 0. So[y(t) = Et/B; 2(t) =0.] Does this make sense? The magnetic force is q(v x B) = —q(E/B)B% = —qE, which exactly cancels the electric force; since there is no net force, the particle moves in a straight line at constant speed. ¥ (0) Assuming it starts from the origin, so Os = —Ci, Cy = —C2, we have £(0) = 0 = C, = 0 > Cs EB. E aap Smet) + Let 6 = E/2uB. BIi— costwi)]; (w— 2Bwt) (wt), (@ = B) = ~Bcos(wt) > (y-2h0t)? + (2 — 8)? = 6. This is a circle of radius 8 whose center moves to the right at, constant speed: w= 2but; z = B. E E Cut B= Bea Cs: 90 CHAPTER 5. MAGNETOSTATICS _ u(t) = F costut) + # + 4. 2(t) = 3 sin(t). | = t+ wt — cos(wt))s 2) = Z siniwn, Let 6 = E/wB; then [y — A(1 +ut)] = ~Beos(wt), z i(1 + wt)? + 2? = 6. This is a circle of radius 8 whose center is at yo = 8(1 +t), 29 =0. 4 Al aes (b) Problem (a) From Eq. 5.2, F = g[E + (v x B)] =0> E=vB > ae 4.2 [2 (b) From Eq. 5.3, =qBR> = oR =| BR Problem 5.4 Suppose I flows counterclockwise (if not, change the sign of the answer). The force on the left side (toward the left) cancels the force on the right side (toward the right); the force on the top is IaB = Iak(a/2) = Tka?/2, (pointing upward), and the force on the bottom is IaB = —Ika?/2 (also upward). So the net force is ¥ =[Tka? Problem 5.5 (a) | = 54, because the length-perpendicular-to-low is the circumference. a 1 I I= Se1= ftda=a f tsdsd6= 20 f d= 2a a= Problem 5.6 (a) v =r, so[K =owr.] (b) v=ursindg > pur sin Od, | where p = Q/(4/3)nR3. Problem 5.7 2 4 [ per = J (#) rdt= -[« « Jrdr (by the continuity equation). Now product rule #5 says V+ (J) = 2(V-J)+J3-(Vz). But Vr 80 V+ (2) = 2(V -J) + Je. Thus f,(V-J)edr = [ V (ad) dr — f Je dr. The first term is [[, 23 - da (by the divergence theorem), and since J is entirely y » inside V, it is zero on the surface S. Therefore f,(V-J)edr = — ff, Jedr, ot, combining this with the y and dq x components, fy(V +I)rdr =~ fy Jdr. Or, referring back to the first line, SP i Jar. ged Problem 5.8 V2! (a) Use Bag, 5.35, with z = R,@) = —6; = 45°, and four sides: Tol 5, and n sides: B =| 24% sin(a/n) () z= R, = aa 6;a1 (c) For small 0, sin 0 = 0. So as n -> 00,8» RHO (% ) | ot (same as Eq. 5.38, with z = 0). 2R | Problem 5.9 ‘4 . fli (a) The straight segments produce no field at P. The two quarter-circles give B @ i) (out). Jt ol (b) The two half-lines are the same as one infinite line: a the half-eircle contributes 42, 80 et (+ Bi jae the page). Problem 5.10 I r 12 (6) The forces on the two sides cancel. At the bottom, B= 52 => F (24) Ja = “2 (up). At the 01 — bol _ pola fe ts top, B= oe pa) = Salata) (down). The net force pol , (b) The force on the bottom is the same as before, o!?/2n (up). On the left side, B Sey 5 2 dP = I(d x B) = I(de& + dy 9 + de®) x (# 2) = eh (ary + dy). But the x component cancels the (s/v3+0)/2) f ; de. Here y = V3z, so (V3 . The force on the right side is the same, so the net “avin force on the triangte is | “°— [ - Problem 5. Use Bq. 5.38 for a ring of width dz, with I -+ nf dz: PO (cos 82 — cos). For an infinite solenoid, @2 = 0, @1 = 7, 80 (cos 62 ~ cos) =1-(~1)=2, and B v92 CHAPTER 5. MAGNETOSTATICS Problem 5.12 Magnetic attraction per unit length (Bqs. 5.37 and 5.13): fn = Blectric field of one wire (Eq. 2.9): E 2 Ja=_ 1 they balance when poo’ = +, or Bre ze ve never get the wires going fast enough; the electric force always dominates. Problem 5.13 Putting in the numbers, 1 This is precisely the speed of light(!), so in fact you eould [_ (0, tre Hol §, fore >a. 5 a 7 (b) J = ke; F ={ Jda =[ ka(2ma) de = 2the fo lo 2 aks 8 3 sfor 8 a. So|B Problem 5.14 By the tight-hand-rule, the field points in the —9 direction for z > 0, and in the + direction for z <0. 0, B=0. Use the amperian loop shown: fe +dl = BI = polene = polzJ = [B= —poJz¥|(-a <2 0, lene = [tolad, Jag, for z> + i amperian loop al { tuoJay, for z> } oO Laine 7 ro : 1 Problem 5.15 ‘The field inside a solenoid is yon, and outside it is zero. The outer solenoid’s field points to the left (—2), whereas the inner one points to the right (+8). Sor (i) [B = ol (nx — na) &, | (ii) [B = —polna4,] (ii) [B=0.] Problem 5.16 From Ex. 5.8, the top plate produces a field joK/2 (aiming out of the page, for points above it, and into the page, for points below). The bottom plate produces a field oK’/2 (aiming mto the page, for points above it, and out of the page, for points below). Above and below both plates the two fields cancel; between the plates they add up to oX, pointing m. (@) in) | betweem the plates, [B = 0] elsewhere (b) The Lorentz force law says F = [(K x B) da, so the force per unit areais f = K x B. Here K =v, to the right, and B (the field of the lower plate) is uoov/2, into the page. So[ fr = woo?v?/2 (up)93 ) The electric field of the lower plate is #/2ep; the electric force per unit area on the upper plate is j. = o [Rea (down)-| They balance if uov* = 1/eo, or [v [v= 1/ eat =e] (the speed of light), as in Prob. 5.12. Problem 5.17 ‘We might as well orient the axes so the field point r lies on the y axis: at (2',y',2’) on loop #: 0, y,0). Consider a source point + V)9 = 21a Al = de! Ry’ H; z gy dxa2=| de’ dy! (2! dy!) & + (2! da") ¥ + [(y — y!) da! + 2° dy']2. -c (y-y) ap, = Mat dl x _ nol (=z! dy) 4 (2d) + ly ~v) da! + aay lt an Sn (eo)? + Wve)? Now consider the symmetrically placed source element on loop #2, at (2!,y',-2!). Since 2! changes sign, while every- thing else is the same, the % and 9 components from dBy and Bp cancel, leaving only a % component. qed With this, Ampére’s law yields immediately: (the same as for a circular solenoid—Ex. 5.9). Por the toroid, N/2ns = n (the number of turns per unit length), s0 Eq. 5.58 yields B = onl inside, and zero outside, consistent with the solenoid. (Note: N/2xs =n applies only if the toroid is large in circumference, so that 5 is essentially constant over the cross-section,] Problem 5.18 It doesn’t matts boundary line, provi According to Theorem 2, in Sect. 1.6.2, [ J-da is independent of surface, for any given that J is divergenceless, which it és, for steady currents (Eq. 5.31) Problem 5:10 ; : , 1 "charge _ charge atoms moles grams Cn (@)0= cchume ~ “atom” mole” gram "volume ~ (0) Ga) (d), where charge of electron = 16x 10°C, Avogadro's number 6.0 x 10% mole, atomic mass of copper. = 64gm/mole, density of copper = 9.0gm/cm’. = (1.6 x 107") (6.0 x 10”) 3 7) =|14x 10C/em I 1 W)s= aa pose is astonishingly small—literally slower than a snail’s pace. (©) From Eq. 5.37, n= #2 (48) (ext) 2x 10-7 N/em. ip ~ WOTRIO HAA KIO) 91x 10~* cm/s, | or about 33 cm/hr. This4 CHAPTER 5. MAGNETOSTATICS marine at (#e) t1 (hh) _ Ah) _¢ (@) B= ea fe ira ( a )- Fax ( a )= (5 3) (Af a 10 | Jee = 8.00 x 10" m/s. Here = & (ey = [11x10 ce Je = (Ll x 107)(2 x 10 Problem 5.20 ‘Ampére’s law says V x B = jioJ. Together with the continuity equation (5.29) this gives V - (V x B) = wo - J = ~p00p/8t, which is inconsistent with div(curl)=0 unless p is constant (magnetostatics). ‘The other ‘Maxwell equations are OK: V x E = 0. V-(V x E) =0 (v), and as for the two divergence equations, there is no relevant vanishing second derivative (the other one is curl(grad), which doesn't involve the divergence) Problem 6.21 At this stage I form and jo). The curl of E becomes ['V x B= BoJm,] where Jm is the magnetic current density (representing the flow of magnetic charge), and lo \t. Presumably magnetic charge is conserved, 50 pm and Im satisfy a continuity equation: V- Im = —@pm/Ot. As for the Lorentz, force law, one might guess something of the form ga[B + (v x E)] (where dm is the magnetic charge). But this is dimensionally impossible, since E has the same units as vB. Evidently we need to divide (v x E) by something with the dimensions of velocity-squared. The natural candidate is 2x 10!" N/em expect no changes in Gauss's law or Ampére’s law. The divergence of B would take the where pm is the density of magnetic charge, and ap is some constant (analogous to ¢ 2 = Veouo: [F = 4e[B +(v x BY] 44m fp a Se x »). In this form the magnetic analog to Coulomb's law reads F = 7277" 9, so to determine ap we would first introduce (arbitrarily) a unit of magnetic charge, then measure the force between unit charges at a given separation. (For further details, and an explanation of the minus sign in the force law, see Prob. 7.35, Problem 5.22 = Hol afin (2+ Pre) Cc. L 1 4 lat Vay re Verret nt fayre cada +e _pols [ 2 ~ JP rs? 1 - Vara? 1 an | GP [e+e] Vey oleae Varre “pols (1 Paneer pomi[_a in a [ lars” Tayrre as 2 aPae Seale or, since sind, = —t 2a. Jers Oo" Se as wl (sin, — sin) J (as in Bq. 5.38)Problem 5.23 AgskoBaVKA * | nos™ Problem 6.24 1 Vea = 50 (ex B) = -5B (Wxn)-n(y xB) = 0, since V x B = 0 (B is uniform) and Vxr=0 (Prob. 1.62). Vx A= 3V (xB) 2(B-V)r-(r-V)B+1(V-B) ~B(V-1)). But (-V)B = 0 and V-B = 0 (since B is uniform), = oe 2 =14141=3. Finally, BVyr= (Ga +B, vi + Be &) (@Rty9 +22) = B.R+ByI+B, 4 =B, SoVXA = ~3(B-3B) = aed Problem 5.25 (@) A points in the same direction as I, and is a function only of s (the vol 3 coordinates, then, A = A(s)#, 50 B= Vx A= = $2} (the field of an infinite wire). Therefore istance from the wire). In cylindrical oA = -, and | A(x) (the constant a is arbitrary; you could use 1, but then the units look fishy). V+ A= =plgaBy rien I 3? (b) Here Ampére’s law gives f B. dl = B2ns = polene = HoI 78° = boars? a OA __wol 5 _ vol ag , we eas-- ee —0)8, Here b is again arbitrary, except that since A must be continuous at R, Ht In(R/a) = - 4° (R? — 2), which means that we must pick a and b such that co — R?)%, fors B= 242 9 (plus for z <0, minus for z > 0). z Ais parallel to K, and depends only on z, s0 A = A(z) oie B=VxA=|d/d2 d/dy 0/02 |= Fo 9 =a Az) 0 0 iB WE “i 4 Lh wok [21 | will do the job—or this plus any constant. ‘K Probiem 6.27 7 nN 7 @va=% fv. (2) art v-(2) = (V-+T-0 (3) But the first term is zero, because J(r') is a function of the source coordinates, not the field coordinates. And since + -eo()=w96 CHAPTER 5. MAGNETOSTATICS v-(2) =-3-V' (3) But V' (3) iS 5" D+5-V' (2)-ana V'.J = 0 in magnetostatics (Eq. 5.31). $0 Vv (2) =-v! (2). ana hence, by the divergence theorem, V-A. aha (2) ar’ =~ z al, Lf where the integral is now over the surface surrounding all the currents. But J ~ 0 on this surface, so V/A. (o) x A [vx (2) ar! @ /[ (Vx 3)- sxv(F ) dr, But V x3 =0 (since J is not 1% 2 s a function of r), and V (4. 1101), 50.V x A= Be fant =Bv () VA= fv (2 ) dr’. But V? (2) =JV? (3) (once again, J is a constant, as far as differenti- L ation with respect to r is concerned), and V? 3) 4163 (2) (Eq. 1.102). So V2A = 8 fae) [-4n6*(a)] dr’ = pod (r). v Problem 5.28 b iol = f Bed = f ‘VU -dl = -{U(b) ~ U(a)] (by the gradient theorem), so U(b) # Ula). ged For an infinite straight wire, B = pot ole would do the job, in the sense that 118 vi) = ws $=B. But when ¢ advances by 27, this function does not return to its initial value; it works (say) roe’ 9 <2, but ab 2x it “jumps” back to zero, Problem 5.29 Use Eq. 6.67, with RF and o + pdf: mop sin8 5 fo agg HOP, cing G poe Of ars MePrsina } se) me ( 7 _ Howe a Fe a m= wea (atte =) A 2 94 i Ros) os (# Q = soon [(H -F) cosor - (E But p= Gra #0 — [Hw [(, _ 3 a ~ [4258 [(1- 3) omar (1 Problem 5.30 (= By Woes) =~ fF Bens) ae! + Cilysa eB Wylne) = + fp Fula a2) de! + Calera) ‘These satisfy (ii) and (iii), for any C; and Cp; it remains to choose these functions so as to satisfy (i)_ [7 Fle! 2) yy aoa _ OF, , OFy f ae + ce (asyy2). But Ge + Fh 4 Oe [ Bone) Now “f PLU) da! = Fy(2,y,2) — Fa(0,u2), 90 ee =0, Cy2 -[ F,(0,y',2)dy', and we're done, with Wz = 0; wy = [Rle'y2)de' WwW, =f 0u'2)ay'~ [ Rylernayae lb _ (OW: _ OW, . | (OWe OW.) (OW, _ We) , Oe (Fe at) a+ (He Te) 9+ (Fe oy )* 5 [Ftoune) ~ fea [EG aes + (0+ Fylay.2)19 + (Felay,2) —O)2. But VF =0, so the & term is [a0 wae Fal oR Us M2) ae] oVxW=F.v v.w = oe Oy , OW -0+ [ SEe a af AF .(0,4', fo Oz * by * Oe Oz af a = j— 2dz! = 2-22. fy [ 2 z x @ fox a[dy —a/dz 0 2/2 (y?/2-22) 72(0,y 2) + Fe(2,y,2) — F.(0,y,2), * aFy(2',y.2) 2) ay ~ oe ax! £0, in general, © Wy [2'as! = VxWs Problem 5.31 (a) At the surface of the solenoid, Bayove = 0, Bretow = wont ® = poK 8; fi Evidently Eq. 5.74 holds. (b) In Eq. 5.67, both expressions reduce to (Wo R?wo/3)sin@ at the surface, so Eq. 5.75 is satisfied. PAL woh? ( 2) 4 snag; SA) = HOR sing d. So the left side of or le OF Ine | : : H Eq. 5.76 is —poRwo sind d. Meanwhile K = ov = ow xr) = awRsind ¢, so the right side of Eq. 5.76 is ~HoawRsin Og, and the equation is satisfied. Int 8 roblem 5.32 pon Because Aasove = Atsiw at every point on the surface, it follows that [=~ and > are the same above and below; any discontinuity is confined to the normal derivative. Ayo 4 PAnaue) g 4, (OAzrine OAev oz azz 1A, —oK. Thus the normal derivative of the com- BAavove _ OAvelow _ on on OK. )s. But Eq. 5.74 says this equals ponent of A. parallel to K suffers a discontinuity —poK, or, more compactly: Problem 5.33 (Same idea as Prob. 3.33.) Write m = (m-#)# + (m-6)6 = mcos@# — msinO6 (Fig. 5.54). Then 3(m-#)# — m = 3mcos## — mcos@# + msin@ 6 = 2mcosO# + msinG6, and Eq. 5.87 Eq. 5.86. ged98 CHAPTER 5. MAGNETOSTATICS Problem 5.34 (a) m= Ta = [TrBPe (b) Be [wee (2cos0# + sind). = (c) On the z axis, 0=0, r= we is the same, with |z[° in place of z*). The exact answer (Eq. 5.38) reduces (for z >> R) to B pol R?/2l2)°, so they agree. Problem 5.35 For a ring, m = Inr?. Here I+ ov dr = owr dr, som = fo! nrawr dr =[nowR*/4. = (for z > 0), s0| Be | (for 2 <0, 0 =m, # = 8, so the field Problem 5.36 ‘The total charge on the shaded ring is dq = o(2mRsin 9)R dd. The time for one revolution is dt = 2n/w. So the current in the ring is 1 = “4 = gwR*sinOdd. The atea of the ring at ; is m(Rsin9)?, so the magnetic moment of the ring is dm = i. men (owR? sin @ d)n R? sin? 9, and the total dipole moment of the Px RB shell is 7 m= ouxR! [i sin? 9d0 = (4/3)own RS, or |m = “ouRt a, if a = er ie a ae The dipole term in the multipole expansion for A is there- dr pesind g _ moa 30 5, areea fore Asin = He SowRt also the ezact potential (Eq. 5.67); evidently a spinning sphere produces a perfect dipole field, with no higher multipole con- tributions. Problem 5.37 : ‘The field of one side is given by Eq. 5.35, with s JETTOTF an sinty = no = 0 sot viru) dr JF To pick off the vertical (w/2) component, multiply by sin = Fei B+ (w/e paint w Qn (2 + w/A) Ve + 08/2 wolw* 5 22> w, Ba Sg. The field of a dipole [m = Tw,] for points on the 2 axis (Eq. 5.86, with r > 2, #94, 0=0) is for all four sides, multiply by 4: For Problem 5.38 ‘The mobile charges do pull in toward the axis, but the resulting concentration of (negative) charge sets up .. Equilibrium is reached when the electric repulsion on [E+ (vx B)] = 0 => E = ~(v x B). Say the current an electric field that repels away further accumu: a mobile charge q balances the magnetic attractio99 is in the z direction: J = pv’ (where p_ and v are both negative). Ho) fe dl = B2ns = wns? > B= [Poda= Banal = 204 +p-)n81 > B= a 0 1 2 Hop-vs 5° Ho a Ca Fyloe + eek =~ [lva) x (PEE A] = Hp vPe8 + 94 +0- = paleonov?) = e- (3). Evidently p= —p_ ( as 4 2 or p- = —7"ps. In this naive model, the mobile negative charges fill a smaller inner cylinder, leaving a shell of positive (stationary) charge at the outside. But since v E = 0B > V = Et =[0Bt] with the bottom at higher potential. (c) If negative charges flow to the left, they are also deflected down, and the bottom plate acquires a negative charge. The potential difference is still the same, but this time the top plate is at the higher potential. | Problem 5.40 From Eq, 5.17, F = 1 (dl x B). But B is constant, in this case, so it comes outside the integral: F = (fal) x B, and dl = w, the vector displacement from the point. at which the wire first enters the field to the point where it leaves. Since w and B are perpendicular, F = Bw, and F is perpendicular to w. Problem 5.41 ‘The angular momentum acquired by the particle as it moves out from the center to the edge is v= [Ga= [war= [exeyar= frxqvxnyat- afrxtaxn)=a|fe-ma— foe a]. dd(x-r) = $d(r?) = rdr = (1/2n)(2ar dr). 4 ,| where @ = f B da is the total flux. In particular, if = 0, then L = 0, and the charge emerges with zero angular momentum, which means it is going along a radial line. ged -dr But r is perpendicular to B, so r-B = 0, and r-dl £ Hf Bada. It follows that |L Problem 5.42 From Eq. 5.24, F = f(K x Byye) da. Here K = av, v = wRsin@ ¢, da = R? sind dé dg, and Baye = }(Bin + Bout). From Eq. 5.68,100 CHAPTER 5. MAGNETOSTATICS Bn = Fuoo Rut = 2uos us(cos# ~ sin06). From Bq. 567, i ay x (MoRiwosind 3) _woRtwo[ 18 (sin?@\ 18 (sind) oy ( 3 3 [rand ag \r? ) Far 4] i a = Ho? (2eos0 + sind) = HohWO (0 cos + sin 96) (since r = R). Bue = Woh? (acos08 sin96) KX Bae = curso (822) [8 x (40508 — sin#)] FO (owR)*(A.cos0 6 + sin 0F) sind. Picking out the z component of 6 (namely, ~-sin 8) and of # (namely, cos), we have (K x Bave)s = — 42 (ouR}? sin® 0080, 80. int 9 f°? (our)? f sin? boost dod = 2 (owk?)? On (=) F, 2 2 L? or Problem 5.43 7 (a) F = ma = q-(v x B) = Bete ww x) a= BE (b) Because a Lv, a-v =0. Buta-v= en © a = m(v x v) + m(x x a) — Hodedn, SE ) =o 4x = tate {Tv —(e-wyl- 2+ SS em} toga | @) @) Q-6=Q6-) =merxv)-d ral ). But #-¢ =#-4 =0, s0 (rx v)-¢ =0. But r=rf,andv= 7 =#F+r00+rsinOdd (where dots denote differentiation with respect to time), so 6 ¢ 7 i r oO 0 = (-r? sin 04) 6 + (776) 6. F 6 sind ‘Therefore (r x v) 6 = 176 =0, s0@ is constant. ged m(r xv) — Bote #). Buta = — Hoke in is is Hofeder, or Q = — Fotede. And since 0 is constant, 50 too is Q. ged Q-6 = QG-6) = mixx v)-6— MAI @.6), But 2-6 = ~sind, #-8 = 0, and (r xv)-0 = -r* sind = 0080, and (r x v) L r= (r x v)-#=0, 90 (from (i)), so —Qsin@ = —mr? sind¢ > k sin? @ ia (c) v? =F? 4 126? +r? sin? 9g, but d=101 () 2 ot tanthe? (yard, [ey a. ° | eae” [003 0 o0= sgeeet (Ep); seello- 0) sin 6] = 1) = ——4__. | where 4 = — Hoge tnd cosl(é = a sind)’ 4nmu Problem 5.44 mano Pat the field point on the x axis, so r = (s,0,0). Then B= be [a da = Rdddz, K = KO K(csing + cond 9}:0 = (2 Reosd) 3 Rsinoy — 2% 2 Kxa = K| —sng css «60 |= | («= Reos¢) (-Rsing) (-2) K [(-zcos g) & + (—zsin$) 9 + (R — sos ¢) 4]; = 27+R*+s?—2Rs cos. The x and y components integrate to zero (z integrand is odd, as in Prob. 5.17). ie oe aaa ae 7 wER f S (Races) { [ ain} where d? = R? + s?—2Rscos¢. Now Loewvann avaceh *# = woke was (R- scos 4) = le-4 + (R? +s? — 2Rscosd)] ele of eotmant l') P ates oa me ? tan(d/2)] |* ly a+bcosd lo a+bcosd — atb 1 [VF tan(n/2) © atb- ~ Vat —# \2 = RY + 2R?s? +54 — ARs? = RY ~ 2Rs? +s! = (RP — 5)? =P =|R - a]. woK [(R? - 5?) uoK ( RP - s® os Ess 1). B= [ regan + 2] = + Inside the solenoid, s < R, 80 B, Here K = nI, s0[B = pon102 CHAPTER 5. MAGNETOSTATICS Problem 5.45 Let the source point be r! = Reosd& the field point be r = Reos& + Rein R{(cos@ — cos $) X + (sin @ + sin ) #] and dl Reosddy = Rdg(sin 6% + cosd9) Rsingy, and then sing dd + IN j g 9 a dix, = Rdg] sing cos: 0 (cos@ — cos) (sind+sind) 0 = R%(sin dsin@ + sin? ¢ — cos@ cosd + cos $) dpe = FP(1+sindsin ¢ — cos cos 4) db % = R? [1 — cos(@ + ¢)] dea. = bol fdlxe _ pol pag [”___[1=cos(0 +4)] a w% ae fall ean Le eee *= TORR Sy YimeosO +o) = mol, [” de, Hol o+e =| Hol, [2] = Been J, Visnle+0)/2) 16k 2 {ate [tan ( 4 Y= aR 2 a Problem 6.46 ~ Se (a) From Eq. 5.38, |B OB _ pol R® 3 /2)2(d/2 + 2) 3/2)2(d/2 — z) a 2 + (d/242))? * [RP + (a/2- 27°" — Suolh? -(d/2+42) (d/2- z) 2 [R? + (d/2+ 2p)? © [R24 (d/2— 2p]? J” eB _ SuolR? =d/2 d/2 a 3 leno 2 Utne + (ajay? © [re + (a/2)9°” (b) Differentiating again: eB _ Su0F Rf (d/2 + z)(—5/2)2(d/2 + z) oz 2 Urey (a@/2+2 [RP + (d/242)7" 7 (d/2 — 2)(—5/2)2(d/2 — } (R? + (a/2- 2)? {RP + (4/22)? i 2B) _ Sol -2 2(5/2)2(d/2)?2 | ___ Sol R? (--4+%) OP tao 2 Re (ayy? Re + cayayey J me + (aay? a Spot R® gq 4 a = es aay (# - B®). Zero if [d = R, | in which case _ nol RP 1 1 - ot Bo) = 4 fare dane oar} nol Saar =| BPR103 Problem 5.47 (@) The total charge on the shaded ring is dq = o(2ar) dr. The time for one revolution is dt = 2n/w. So the current in the ring ist = @ = ourdr. From Bq, 5.88, the magnetic field of this i is = Bours dra, tng (for points on the xis) is dB = our 5 rary dr, and the total field of the disk is Ros oow Par, B= oe f eee Let u=r’, so du=2rdr. Then i: nome f° udu woow [y (u+22? | uoow (24+22") 9) 4 Urey 4 Vute/}|p i (0) Slice the sphere into slabs of thickness t, and use (a). Here t= [d(Reos 6)| = Rsin 0 a8; : o + pt = pRsinO dd; R > RsinO; z +» 2 — Reosd. First ae rewrite the term in square brackets: a [422 a] = MED I & Vie 2 VBa2 Jae ross ’ R/2 | = 2|/m+e- 2... [ErF a But R? + 2? + R? sin? @ + (z? —2Rzcos0 + R? cos* 4) = R? + “ Tq 2? —2Rzcos8. So B= won sino do | Vi +H = Bcd —(z—Reos0) Let u = cos0, s0 du=~sinOd9; 6:04 5 = u:1- =I; sind 1 2 2 (n?/2y(1= w*) ] = + — Rea - NO) + ul a vote f | ie ee Spee + Re = ophes[t— Fe -2) n+]. f VP +2 BRzudu = — (+ 2? - 2Reu)*? |) Bs SR: 4 1 52 _ (pe 4 92 3/2 1 3 3 = ~ apy [+ 2? - 22) — (R? +27 +2R2) ]= ang (@-) (2+ R)] = mae (2° - 327A + 32K? ~ RP - 2 — 32? R- 32R? - BR) = 20" +R). 1 7 1 Vi +2 — 2a se lle-R)- h VE POR f Ale R)-(@+R))104 1 w eee ae th Ripa? DRau 1 2 = ~ gorags [+277 +4 ami GORS25 {[8(R? +2 + CHAPTER 5. MAGNETOSTATICS (R? + 2)2Reu + 3(2Rz)*u] VIP +P Pea 8R2(R? + 27) + 12R2”] (z - R) — [S(R? + 22)? —8Re(R? + 24) + 12R*2"] (2+ B)} 4 1 ~ wre { 1 22? 4 98 qa aapeton (Re +2 = " pats po Rew (2 —Rsin $d + Reos sdb & [tere (R? + 2*)] — R[16(R? + 2)? + 24R?2]} — Rt 2RP2? ~ je) 2 [dunt = Rf udu=o. Reo4 Zot+e)-2248 (#43 3) -2 227 21 oR? RP? 2Rt RP EE Gt) 2 7 HoQuRe = Gpajare |B = “ones {= 2 = —Reosg& + (y — Rsing) 9 +z (For simplicity IM drop the prime on ¢.) ? cos? $ + y? — 2Rysin 6 + R? sin ¢ + 2? satisfy 2! = Reosd = de! = —Rsingdd; y ? + y? +2? — 2Rysing. The source coordinates (2', y',z’) Raing => dy! = Reosédgj2' = 0 = dz! = 0. So di = go a d'xa=| -Rsingdp Reosdds 0 | = (Rz cos ddd) & + (Rzsingdd) ¥ + (—Rysin dg + R? dd) 3. -Reoss (y—Rsind) z p, = Hole tf cos} de Mol Rz 1 ean Sy (4 yt —2Mysingy” Ry / +y +2 2hysind| = nd since sin g = 0 at both limits. The y an of elementary functions. \d z components are elliptic integrals, and cannot be expressed in terms Bz p, = wolRe ite (H+ y? ) do sing dd wolR [?* (R= 3B, ; [ (Rey + 2 — Rysing)? +22 —2Rysin gd)?” an Problem 5.49 From the Biot-Savart law, the field of loop #1 is B 7 Hf ces th X4. the force on loop #2 is Fah fdhxB=fhh ff@ees (dh x4) Now aly x (dl, x4) = dh (dls -4) ~ (dl, dla), 80105 nlf fhia-ay- ff 9} The first term is what we want. It remains to show that the second term is zero: a= (m-m)8+(a-m) $+ (a-ak Wilh)= Je lea + ew eae + gp lea + a P + Ga ayPs see (ena +n +¢ @-ayy a tp ~ 21) 5 a) g_ (22 a a 1 ¢ a (ew) 5 (2-41) = so f 5a, =~ f v2 (2) ty =0 ty Coratary 2in Sect. 1.3.3). ged Problem 5.50 Poisson’s equation (Eq. 2.24) says V?V = ? For dielectrics (with no free charge), pp = —V-P (24.412), and the resulting potential is V(x) = 77 x f 2}* POY 4 ay! tn generah, p = eV - B (Gauss’s law), so the analogy is P > ~eoB, and hence V(r} Be) 4 dr’. qed am [There are many other ways to obtain this result. For example, using Eq. 1.100: 3)- 416° (2) = 4165 (r -r'), [vers G 5) or'= bf [vive] dt f ve ns. -da! 1 fees 4n ae Ve) = [Vesey ar (Eq. 1.59). But V'V(c!) = -E(“), and the surface integral -> 0 at 00, so V(r) = before. You can also check the result, by computing its gradient—but it’s not easy! dr’, as Problem 5.51 (@) For uniform B, fj(B x dl) = B x fp dl = (B= $b, 20 J Bx a= (= pore ()A=-rxBfy Add @B= ble x g). But r here is the _ yector from the origin—in cylindrical coordinates r = s8 +28, So A = wt [ov x 6) + 2(@ x 4), and (6x) =, (@x g) =-8. So[A poles | ‘The examples in (c) and (d) happen to be divergenceless, but this is not the case in general. For (letting 5 fp ABOe)dA, for short) V+ A = -Ve (ex L) = —[b.(V x2) — (7 xL)] =r-(V x L), and VxL= {2 MV x Br} Ad = [22179 x BOr)] dA = po fo 2F(Ar) dX, 80 VA = por fo X25(Ar) dA, and it vanishes in rogions where J = 0 (which is why the examples in (c) and (4) were divergenceless). To construct an explicit counterexample, we need the field at a point where J # 0—say, inside a wire with uniform current.106 CHAPTER 5. MAGNETOSTATICS Here Ampére’s law gives B 2x8 = jolene = Hons? => B= A= ore ['r(482) rsan Zens 2c] = Conclusion: [(ii) does not automatically yield V_ Problem 5.52 (a) Exploit the analogy with the electrical case: Hod Li mae #0 _(3(m-#)#—m] (Eq. 5.87) =—VU, (Eq. 5.65). (Eq. 3.102). [3(@-#)#-p] (Bq. 3.104) = -Vv, E ba 4n Evidently the prescription is p/¢o + om: (b) Comparing Eqs. 5.67 and 5.85, the dipole moment of the shell is m = (41/3)woR' @ (which we also got wa RE cos in Prob. 5.36). Using the result of (a), then, | U(r) = 4 on ose Inside the shell, the field is uniform (Eq. 5.38): B = FuoowR 2, so U(r) = —fyoowRz + constant. We may iuoowRr cos] for r < R. forr > R. as well pick the constant to be zero, so[U(r) [Notice that U(r) is not continuous at the surface (r = R): Uin(R) ugawR? cos® # Uou(R) = }yoowR? cos 4. As I warned you on p. 236: if you insist on using magnetic scalar potentials, keep away from places where there is current!] © — p90 [fy _ 2 aad OU, 1, 1 B= 1200 [(: 3) cose - (1 Or? 700 8 sind Ob aU Be = OF U(%8.8) = UCrO) 100 _ (wow BP) 7(r,0) = 20u = (428) 0-% sind > U(r,0) a ae i - (4228) ( ~ 3) cose + v07.0) = - ( Equating the two expressions: z (22) ( z =) 0088 + f(r) = (2) ( BB =) rcos0 +.9(8), or (3) 1080 + f(r) = 9(0)- an107 But there is no way to write r?cos@ as the sum of a function of @ and a function of r, so we're stuck. The reason is that you can't have a scalar magnetic potential in a region where the current is nonzero. Problem 5.53 J (a) V-B=0, Vx B= poJ, and V-A=0, VxA=B sa=f [Lars V-A=0, Vx A=B, and V-W =0 (we'll choose it so), Vx W=A =>|W ef (b) W will be proportional to B and to two factors of r (since differentiating fice must recover B), so I'll tay something of the form W = ar(r - B) + 6r®B, and see if I can pick the constants a and # in such a way that V-W = 0 and Vx W= A. V-W=al(r-B)(V +r) +r V(r-B)} +8 [r°(V-B) +B-V(r)]. Vr 414153; V(r-B) = rx (V xB) +B x (V xr) +(r-V)B+(B- V)r; but B is constant, so all derivatives of B vanish, and V xr = 0 (Prob. 1.62), s0 V(e-B) vem (BF + Big t Bape) (@R-t yd +28 Vir?) = (te +95 tag) ty +2?) = 2k + 9 +228 = Or. So V-W = a[3(r-B) + (r- B)} + B[0 + 2(r -B)] = 2(r- B)(2a-+ 6), which is zero if 2a + B= 0. vxw [@- By(V xr)-rx Ver B+ 4 [rv x B) -B x V(r") =a([0-(r x B)]+8[0 - 2(B x r)] = -(rx B)(a— 28) = —4(r x B) (Prob. 5.24). So we want a—28 = 1/2. Evidently a —2(-2a) = 5a = 1/2, ora = 1/10;6 = —2a = -1/5. Conclusion: | W = 4 [r(e- B) — 2r?B] .| (But this is certainly not unique.) ()VxW=A5 f(V xW)-da=fA-da OrfWedl= JA-da. Integrate around the amperian loop shown, taking ie 'W to point parallel to the axis, and choosing W = 0 on the j— ais: wre [ (222) tpge = BOREL ou p WI [ ( “ ea eS (using Eq. 5.70 for A). ZA, w= nde (6 R, -WI= wont if +f cs ia on et d moni wor TRl 3 (6/R); he Fi | (8 > R). Apply the divergence theorem to the function [U x (V x V)], noting (from the product rule) that V-[U x (V x V)] = (V x V)-(V x U)-U-[V x (Vx V)} [vwx (vxv)] ér= [vxv) (Vx U)-U-[V x (Vx VI} di = f(U «(7 x vy} da. As always, suppose we have two solutions, B; (and Ai) and Bz (and A2). Define Bs B, — B, (and As = Aa ~ Ai), so that V x Ay = Bs and V x Bs = V x Bi ~ V x Bo = plod — od = 0. Set U=V=As in the above identity:108 CHAPTER 5. MAGNETOSTATICS fw x Ag) «(WX As) — As -[V x (7 x Ag)]} dr = / {(Bs)- (Bs) — As -[V x Bs]} dr= [ere = fds x (VX Ag)]-da= firs x Bs) -da. But either A is specified (in which case Ay = 0), or else B is specified (in which case By = 0), at the surface. In either case f(A3 x Bs) “da = 0. So f (Bs)? dr = 0, and hence By = By. ged Problem 5.55 From Eq, 5.86, Bios = Bo ~ “°F (2cos0# + sin06). There- fore B-# = Bo(@-#)— 22050 = (Bo ~ HP) cos0. ‘This is zero, for all 0, when r = R, given by By = Sper 1 = (ome vi 0 field lines cross this spher n= (282) vd ald ics hi phe Problem 5.56 (a) l= won =F; m= Sara L= RMv = MoR?;L = MR? 4. m_Q wR _ Q@ paaenens aa T= Fifer? = I 3a7) Ee] and the gyromagnetic ratio is| 9 = 557 (b) Because g is independent of R, the same ratio applies to all “donuts”, and hence to the entire sphere 2 (or any other lution): |g = (or any other figure of revolution): | ¢ = 57. (1.60 x 10719) (1.05 x 10-*4) “(0.11 x 10-31) 4.61 x 10-% Am? Problem 5.57 1 3 (@) Boe = Gatae [Ber = gig [0 x Mer = 3 eaeeeSeriine(e/\Jiry lene tans wgig fa xda = Salt f {far} xa = ~anie [1 {#2 da} dr!. Note that J depends on the source point r’, not on the field point r. To do the surface integral, choose the (2, y, 2) coordinates so that 1’ lies on the z axis (see diagram). Then + = /R? + (2')? — 2Rz c0s0, while da = R°sindd0dp#. By symmetry, the # and y components must integrate to zero; since the z component of F is cos8, we have109 1 cos si cos0 sind da = SP sin db dg = 2 PG | —— dB. fi ES GP Then Oat lo JR + (2)? — 2Rz cod Let u = cos6, so du = sin Odd. anita f —— Ly VRB + (2)? — 2Rzu J 2 [2(R? + (2")) + 22" = on Re {22S see ee ve +H | ha Qn R22 = BER {Ue + 0? + Re] VRRP ORE — [00 + Re] VPS PATE} ee ser 4] {[R? + (2)? + Rel] |R- — [RP + (2? — Re'] (R+2)} ry (' < R); ~\ anRt 4x BS sere apt? PR) Now m=} f(exJ) dr (b) This time r! > R, 50 Bave f (a x a) ar = He / Tar, where 4 now goes from the source point to the center (2 = —r’). Thus Bave = Been: ed Problem 5.58 ~ : (@) Problem 6.51 gives the dipole moment of a shell: m = SowR* a. Let R > r,0 -> pdr, and integrate: os Ome eaters me Hope [" Maro na But p= cag so |m = ZOUK. (Bq, 5.91), 80 Baye = TE. ged = Ho 2m _| Ho 2Qu (0) Bave = 4n RS an BR x Hay msind as 4n or? (@) Use Bq. 5.67, with F : Aq owesng g ee ‘This is tdentical to (c); evidently the field is pure dipole, for points outside the sphere. ing to isB = 2228 202 (1- 2 (© According to Prob. 5.29, the field is B = 4° [(- 3) oe oF (0110 CHAPTER 5, MAGNETOSTATICS obviously points in the z direction, so take the z component of # (cos@) and 6 (—sin@): ue < wt [[(-2 3) cata (1- $5) snta] ?sinadraoas ~ Bh [ [Ga)aers (Ean _ $y pa [ * (Heo = Suwa [” (7+ 90 sno a8 = BO (tease ~ scos?e) |! = LOS 20) = HO%S (came as (0). ¥ Problem 5.59 ‘The issue (and the integral) is identical to the one in Prob. 3.42. The resolution (as before) is to regard Eq. 5.87 as correct outside an infinitesimal sphere centered at the dipole. Inside this sphere the field is a delta-function, Ad°(r), with A selected so as to make the average field consistent with Prob. 5.57: - = o2m |, 4 _ 2uom 2a Bow = RE sam | AS ear = 8 aah = HOF a= PHO he added term is] #2 ms%(e Problem 5.60 OO (a) Lal dr, 50 [A Bian [err (cos6)J dr. io db an = LE® rob. 5.7), where p is the total electric dipole moment. In magne- tostatics, p is constant, so dp/dt = 0, and hence Amon =0. ged (©) ms Ia= 1 f(r xdl) + m=} f(rxd)dr. ged Problem 5.61 For a dipole at the origin and a field point in the x2 plane ( = 0), we have B FEE (2co8 07 + sina) $7 [2 cos (sind & + cos0z) + sin O(cos0 — sind 2)] = ao [3sin@ cos8 & + (2cos? 4 — sin? 0) Here we have a stack of such dipoles, running from z = -L/2 to z = +L/2. Put the field point at s on the z axis, The % components cancel (because of symmetzical- ly placed dipoles above and below z = 0), leaving B Poorgy [i? (Bcos?8-1) ; 4 Homa i Geor9—2 as, where M is the dipole mo- rent pe unit length m = IZ? = (oul)? = ow Rah => M = 7 = nouR®. Now sind = 2, so + = S08, h r —scot? => dzui in in? om = © q@owR)2 2g 1)sma_s poowR® Oye B 5 (now) [osees 0-1) ag aa [ , Bes 6 —1)sin@dd _ MoowR® _ 3 im _ pgowR® . coe? _ HoowRS 40 @ = CRT a (- cos 9+ cos0)|7, = Fi 0088 (1 ~ C08" Bog) 2 = MOE cos sin” On 2 L/2) Moow RL, so|B But sin Bm and 6080m = + (L/2)7FChapter 6 Magnetostatic Fields in Matter Problem 6.1 Nem xB; B= 24 nF ig mamg mim. 2 Stein eaalas n= -!2 a :&, Here m; = na?I, ma = 71. So| Final orientation : a OX dx 7s Here a downward] (2). Problem 6.2 dP = Idi x B; dN =r x dF = Ir x (1x B). Now (Prob. 1.6): r x (dl x B) + dl x (BX r)+Bx (x dl) = 0. But d{r x (rx B)] = dr x (¢ x B) +r X (dr x B) (since B is constant), and dr = dl, 30 dix (BX r) =r x (dl x B) ~ d[r x (r X B)], Hence 2r x (dl X B) = d[r x (r x B)] ~ B x (r x dl). = 41 {d{r x (ex B)] -B x (rx d)}. «. N= ET {fdlr x (eX B)] —B x fir x dl)}. But the first term is zero (fd(-+-) = 0), and the second integral is 2a (Eq. 1.107). SoN = -1(B Xa)=mxB. qed Problem 6. @ ” to Eq. 6.2, F = 2rIRBoosd. But B= and Beos@ = B-§, so Beos® = 9)-(m-9)]. But m+ ¥ = 0 and 7 = sing, while m,-# = m,cosd. .. Beos = 42 3m, sin pcos}. TRE 33m; sin pcos. Now sing = £, cos = Vr? — R2/r, But Rx = mp, s0 F = 4 ana while for a dipole, R K ©) =] K This time the bound currents are small, and far away from the center, 0 [B= Be, while H = By =H) +M=>([H=Ho+M. [Comment: In the wafer, B is the field in the medium; in the needle, H is the H in the medium; in the sphere (intermediate case) both B and H are modified]