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Exo Physic

1. The document presents calculations and equations related to radioactive decay and nuclear reactions. It includes calculations of half-life, decay rate, and energy released from various nuclear reactions and decays. 2. Steps are shown to calculate the mass and energy changes that occur during alpha, beta, and gamma decays of various radioactive isotopes. Equations include changes in mass number and atomic number. 3. Calculations are presented for the rate of decay and determining the original number of nuclei based on the half-life and current activity of a radioactive sample. Graphs are used to determine half-life from decay data.
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
53 views

Exo Physic

1. The document presents calculations and equations related to radioactive decay and nuclear reactions. It includes calculations of half-life, decay rate, and energy released from various nuclear reactions and decays. 2. Steps are shown to calculate the mass and energy changes that occur during alpha, beta, and gamma decays of various radioactive isotopes. Equations include changes in mass number and atomic number. 3. Calculations are presented for the rate of decay and determining the original number of nuclei based on the half-life and current activity of a radioactive sample. Graphs are used to determine half-life from decay data.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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t0

(2K ( aq ) S2 O82 ( aq ) )

V1 500 mL
c1 1,5 10 2 mol / L

S1
S2

V2 500 mL

(K ( aq ) I ( aq ) )

c2
[I 2 ( aq ) ]

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

(Ox / Re d)

x
[I 2( aq ) ] f ( t )
8
t 25 mn
9

[I 2 ( aq ) ]
t1

11
2

c2

11

:
1
2
(Ox / Re d)
I ( aq )

S2 O82 ( aq )
S2 O82 ( aq ) 2 e 2 SO24 ( aq )

(S2 O82 ( aq ) / SO24 ( aq ) )

2 I ( aq ) I 2 ( aq ) 2 e

(I 2 ( aq ) / I ( aq ) )
S2 O82 ( aq )

I ( aq )

3
4
5

S2 O82 ( aq ) 2 I ( aq ) 2 SO24 ( aq ) I 2 ( aq )

6
n (S O
2

c1 V1 7,5 10 mol
3

2
8 ( aq ) ) i

n (I

( aq ) ) i

c 2 V2 0,5 c 2 mol

7
1

x
[I 2 ( aq ) ]
x ( t ) g( t )

n ( I ) (t)

n ( I ) (t ) x(t )

[I 2( aq ) ] f ( t )

[I 2 ( aq ) ] f (t )

x(t)

[I 2 ( aq ) ]

t 25 mn
1 d x ( t ) d ( x ( t ) / V) d [I 2 ](t )
(t)

V dt
dt
dt
t 25 mn

(25 min) 8,9 105 mmol L1 min 1

[I 2 ( aq ) ]
[I 2( aq ) ]f 6 mmol / L
x f [I 2( aq ) ]f V 6 10 3 1 6 10 3 mol

n (S O
2

I ( aq )

2
8 ( aq ) ) i

7,5 10 3 mol

S2 O82 ( aq )

xf

t1

11
2

t 1 15 min
2

[ I 2 ]f
2

11

c2

0,5 c 2 2 x f 0
2 x f 2 6 10 3
c2

2,4 10 2 mol / L
0,5
0,5

( aq )

:
1

C 115B .....
139
Cs 139
Ba ........
55
56
210
206
Po 82 pb ......
84
60
Ni 60
Ni ........
28
28
11
6

210
84
226
88

Po
Ra

m( Po) 209,982u
210
84

m N 1,009u

7,66 MeV
m P 1,007u c 3 108 m / s

:
1

11
11
0
C 5 B 1e

6
139
Cs139
Ba 01 e

55
56
210
Po206
pb 42 He

84
82
60
Ni 60
Ni 00

28
28
210
2
Po
84
E m c 2
m ( Z m P (A Z) m N ) m Po
m (84 1,007 126 1,009) 209,982 1,74 u
MeV
c2
E 1,74 931,5 1620,81 MeV
1u 931,5

E 1620,81

7,718 MeV
A
210
226
Ra
88
E
E

A Po A Ra
3


( Z, N)
a bd

A
Z

1
2
3
4

1,5g

13
7

N
t=10 min

13
7

A 13

Z 7 N 6

:
1
a

12
7

A 12

Z 6 N 6

14
6

A 14

Z 6 N 8

A
Z

Z 20

ZN

12
7

2
3

13
N01 e 136 C
7

14
C01 e 147 N
6

ZN

Z N

N(t ) N 0 e
N( t )

m( t )
NA
M

m
m( t )
N A 0 N A e t
M
M
m( t ) m 0 e t
4

4
t

ln 2
t1
2

m(60 min) 1,5 e

ln 2

60
10

2,3 10 2 g

20

Ca

21

SC

Ti

22

t 0

23

24

Cr

25

Mn

52
23

1
2

52

N(t)
N 0 (t)

N( t )
A( t )

t
N

A( t )

N0

dN
dt

ln A(t )

N
t

A( t )

ln A f (t )

N( t )

52
52

:
1

V01 e 52
Cr
24

52
23

N( t )
t 0
N0 t
t
N(t ) N 0 e
ln A(t )
t N0
dN
A( t )
A ( t ) ( N 0 e t )
dt
A(t ) N 0 e t
ln A(t ) t ln N 0
5

N( t )
ln A a t b
ln A(t ) t ln N 0
N( t )
52
a
a
5
a
0,25 min 1
20

t1
2

ln 2
2,77 min

52

:
131
53

8 8j

A(0) 3,2 10 Bq
7

t ( j)
A(Bq ) 107
ln A

16

1
2

t 0

24

32

40

A=f(t)

ln A

1Bq
N0

4
:
1
*

lin 2 0,693

8,66 10 2 j1
t1
8
2

A(t ) A 0 e

t
2

A(8) 3,2 107 e 8, 6610

t ( j)
A(Bq ) 107
ln A

8
1,6
16,58

16
0,8
15,89

1,6 107 Bq

24
0,4
15,2

t 8 j

32
0,2
14,5
A f (t )

4O
0,1
13,8

t 0

11 j
ln A

8,7 10 2 j1

1Bq
N0
7

A0
3,2 10 7
N0

4,26 103 ( )
2
8,7 10 24 3600


(r)

L=1H

i (A) t (s)
(L I 0 t )
t t t 0

i(t ) 12 (1 e 2 t )
1
2
3
:
1

i( t ) 12 (1 e 2 t )

t /
i
(
t
)

I
(
1

e
)

0
1
2 0,5 s

(L I 0 t )
1
1
E L L i 2 L I 02 (1 e 2 t ) 2
2
2

E L (0)

1
L I 02 (1 e 0 ) 2 0
2

3
t 0

1
L I 02 (1 e 1 ) 2 0,287 J
t
2
1
E L () L I 02 (1 0) 2 0,72 J t
2

E L ()

C1 0,1 mF

5 mF

2
U 40 V

:
1

C eq
1
1
1
1

C eq C1 C 2 C 3

C eq
Ceq C1 C2 C3
C eq C1

2
n

Ceq n C1

5 10 3
n

50
C1
10 4
C eq

3
Qeq Ceq U 5 10 3 40 0,20 C

Q1

Q eq
50

0,20
4 10 3 C
50


1
R 50

E 3,8 V

(L, r )
t 0

YB
(I 0 )

1
2

E,L,r,i,

di
dt

3
4

11

YB

:
1

uR R i .

(I 0 )
u R R I0

uR 3 V

2
I0

uR
3

0,06 A
R 50
di
dt

E,L,r,i,

u AM u AB u BM

di
E L r i R
i

dt
u

BM

u AB

EL

di
(r R) i
dt

4
di
0
dt

E (r R) I 0 r R

E 3,8

63,33
I 0 0,06

r 50 63,33 r 13,33

u R u R (max)

20 ms

L
Rr

L (R r) 63,33 20 10 3 1,26 H

11

C
CO

Na

CO

CO ( aq ) 2H 3O ( aq ) C ( aq ) 3H 2 O( l ) C 2 ( g )

11,2

CO

(S1 )

c 2 6,67 10 2 mol / L

(S1 )

22,4 L / mol
1
2
1L
V1
3

c1

(S2 )

(S1 )

HCO

CO

HCO
(HC O / CO )
10,8
(S2 )
CO
HC O

(HC O / CO )

(S1 )

ClO

pH
3,2 10 8

c1

:
1

11,2
n C
22,4
C1

0,5 mol.L1
V
1
2

c1 V1 c 2 V2

n (HC O)

n (HC O)

c 2 .V2 6,7.102 1
V1

13,4.102 L 134 mL
c1
0,5

VH O V1 V2 1000 134 866 mL


2

12

V1 V2 VH O
2

HCO

HC O( aq ) H 2 O( ) H 3O ( aq ) CO ( aq )

(HC O / CO )

H 3 O CO
Ka
HC O

CO

HC O
[CO ]
pH pKa log
[HC O]
[CO ]
log
pH pKa 10,8 log 3,2 10 8 3,3
[HC O]

CO 10

HC O

pH 11

3, 3

1995,3

c1 0,10 mol / L

(S2 )

(S1 )
( NH 3 )

V2 500mL

10
c a 0,20 mol / L

Vb 20 mL

1
2
3
(S1 )
c 2 0,004 mol / L
4
pH
(S2 )
5
(HCl )
6
(S1 )
:
1

[OH ]

cb

c b [OH ]
c b [OH ]
13

pH 11 [H 3O ] 1011 mol/L [HO ] 103 mol/L

c b [OH ]
1
NH 3 ( g ) H 2 O( ) NH 4 ( aq ) HO ( aq )

V2 500mL

(S2 )

(S1 )

c 2 0,004 mol / L
c1 V1 c 2 V2

V1

c 2 V2 0,004 0,5

0,02 L
c1
0,1

4
f

xf
n (OH ) [HO ] V2 [HO ] 10 4
f

2,5%
x max
n0
c 2 V2
c2
0,004

5
pH

Vb 20 mL

c a 0,20 mol / L

(HCl )
(S1 )

c a Va c b Vb

Va

c b Vb 0,1 20

10 mL
ca
0,2


1L

( m)
25C

pH 2,6

1
2
3

pKa 3,8

14

pKa 4,8

HCOOH H 2 O HCOO H 3O

(H 3O / H 2 O)

:
1

(HCOOH / HCOO )
2

Ka

[HCOO ]q [H 3 O ]q
[HCOOH ]q
Ka 10 pKa 103,8 1,58 104

Ka
3

cm

cm c M

c [HCOOH ]q [HCOO ]q
[HCOO ]q [H 3O ] 10 pH 2,5 10 3 mol / L

HO

[HCOOH ]q

[HCOO ]q [H 3O ]q
Ka

(2,5 10 3 ) 2

3,96 10 2 mol / L
4
1,58 10

c [HCOOH ]q [HCOO ]q 4,2 10 2 mol / L

c m c M 4,2 10 2 46 1,9 g / L
4
pKa

pKa (CH 3COOH / CH 3COO ) pKa (HCOOH / HCOO )

15


(C6 H8 O 6 ) C
C

c b 5 10 4 mol / L

Va 10 mL

1
2
3

AH
4

:
1
E
2
pH

pH 7

AH
(H 3O A ) ( Na HO ) 2H 2 O ( Na A )

4
c a Va c b VbE
c V
5 10 4 30
c a b bE
1,5 10 3 mol / L
Va
10
16

m 2 100 g

t1


m1
S1
30
()

S2

t 0

2 1

, S 2 S1
t1

g 10 m / s

17

m1

2 1

1
2
3
4
5

:
1

, S 2 S1
S2
a=g

S1
1
2

S2
S1

t1 6 s

a g sin 5 m s
a 6 m s 2
S2
2

S2

1
4

S2 S1
S1
P1 T1 m1 a 1
P1 T1 m1 a 1 (1)
S2
P2 T2 R f m 2 a 2

P2 sin T2 f m 2 a 2 (2)
a1 a 2
T1 T2
2 1
P P2 sin f
a 1
m1 m 2
a1 g

T2
a 2 g sin

f
m2
f 0,8 N
m1 0,1 kg

18

S1
S2

m1

f
a2
a

(S)
t 0

()
0

O
2

(S)

2 1

sin
AO 1,5 m
(Of )
H
g 10 m / s

3
4
5
6

P R m a
m g sin m a
a g sin

2 1

2
(O , x , y)

P
P m a a g
(O x )
ax 0

d x
0 x 0 x 0 cos
dt

19

dx
0 cos x 0 (cos ) t x 0 x 0 (cos ) t ( x 0 0)
dt
(O x )
x 0 (cos ) t
1
x 3 t
0 x 0 (cos ) 3
(O y )
ay g

d y
dt

g y g t 0 y g t 0 sin
y 10 t 4

0 y 0 (sin ) 4

0 02 x 02 y 32 4 2 5 m s 1

0
sin

0 y 0 sin 4 sin

4 4
0,8
0 5
4

O A
Ec A Epp A W ( R ) Ec O Epp O
1
1
m 2A m O2 m g (AO ) sin 2A O2 2 g (AO ) sin
2
2
A O2 2 g (AO ) sin 7 m s 1
(Of )
Of
OS'
2

t S' t S
y

tf
2

tS

t S 0,4 s

2
t f 0,8 s

(O x )
x f Of 3 t f 2,4 m
H

6
H (x H , y H )

y H (AO ) sin 1,2 m


x 3 t (1)
y 10 t 4
21

1
2

dy
10 t 4 y 5 t 2 4 t (2)
dt
x
1
t
3
x2
x
2
y 5
4 0,55 x 2 1,33 x
9
3
H
y H 1,2 0,55 x 2H 1,33 x H

x H 1 0,6 m ()

()

x H 2 3 m
x H 3 m

y H 1,2 m


S1
S1

m1 m 2 100 g

S2

S1

m
( S S 2 S1

S
S
1

2
3
4
5
g 10 m / s

21

1
t [0 , 2] (s)
f (t )
a 0
0

a 0

a 0

t [2 , 6] (s)
f (t )

te

v 4 0

2 m.s 2
t 0 2
v 4 4
a2

0 m.s 2
t 2 7
d
d
a1

4 2
4m
2

1
y a t vO t y0
2

t 2s

1
d y y 0 2 2 0 4m
2
3

(S S1 )

T1

P1

P1 T1 (m1 m) a 1
P1 T1 (m1 m) a 1 (1)
( S2 )

T2
P2 T2 m 2 a 1
P2 T2 m 2 a 1 (2)
22

P2

T1 T2

2
P1 P2 (m1 m 2 m) a 1 a 1

m
g
m1 m 2 m

(S1 )

T1

P1

P1 T1 m1 a 2
P1 T1 m1 a 2 (1)

( S2 )

T2

P2

P2 T2 m 2 a 2
P2 T2 m 2 a 2 (2)

T1 T2

P1 P2 (m1 m 2 ) a 2 a 2 0

m
g 2 m s 2
m1 m 2 m
a (m m 2 ) 2 (0,1 0,1)
m 1 1

0,05 kg
g a1
10 2
a1

23

30


m 100 g
S
(OE)
60

(AO )

(AO )

s
41

32

24

16

(cm)

0,2 s

O a

AO 2,24 m

1
2

O
(AO )
(J)
O

(OE)
(OJ)

3
4

S
S

:
1

r 0,08
2
O a
a
r a 2

r
0,08

2 m s 2
2
2

(0,2)
0

1
x a t 2 A t x A
2
t

x xA

1
x x A a 2 A
2
x xA 1
0,08
A
a
0,2 0,2 m s 1

2
0,2
2
2
O A 2 a (AO )
O2 2A 2 a (AO ) O 2A 2 a (AO ) 3 m s 1
(AO )
24

R
P R m a
a g sin 5 m s 2

a 2 m s 2
f

P R f m a
m g sin f m a
f m(g sin a ) 0,1 (5 2) 0,3 N

P m a
(Ox )
ax 0

d x
0 x 0 0 x 0 cos
dt

dx
0 cos x 0 (cos ) t x 0 0 (cos ) t
dt
x 0 (cos ) t
x 2,6 t (1)
ay g

d y
dt

g y g t 0 y g t 0 sin

25

(Oy)

dy
1
1
g t 0 sin y g t 2 0 (sin ) t y 0 g t 2 0 (sin ) t
dt
2
2
1
y g t 2 0 (sin ) t
2
y 5 t 2 1,5 t (2)
x
2
1
t
y 0,74 x 2 0,58 x (3)
2,6
3
O
J x J (OJ) cos , y J (OJ) sin
3
J
2
2
y J 0,74 x J 0,58 x J (OJ) sin 0,75 (OJ) cos 0,58 (OJ) cos
2
0,87 (OJ) 0,188 OJ 0,29 OJ (OJ) 3,1 m


(S)

(k )
m 200 g

(S)

(x)
4 10 4 J

(m)
t

EC
k

26

:
1

a (t ) 02 x(t )
a
t 0

max

02 X m

x ( t ) X m

t T0 2s
t 0

T0 2s

2
rd s 1
T0

max 0 X m 0,02
X m 0,02 m
2
2
a max 0 X m 0,02 0,2 m s 2

4 10 4 J

(m)

1
1
Ec m 2max 0,2 (0,02 ) 2 4 10 4 J
2
2

3
1
Ec m 2
2
0,5
1,0

t (s)

(m s 1 )

0,02

Ec (J)

4 10 4

27

1,5

2,0

0,02

4 10 4

m
4 2 m
T0 2
k
2 N m 1
2
k
T0

1
2

uR

2
i( t )

u BM 1

u AM

u R (t)

I I 0 (1 e t / )
t

i 0,63 I 0

28

u BM

:
1
u AM
2

u BM u R
u R (t)
u (t)
i (t) R
u R (t ) R i (t )
R

3
R

i 0,63 I 0

I() I 0 (1 e

) I 0 (1 0,37) 0,63 I 0

u R (t ) E
20 s 20 10 6 s

L
R

L R 1000 20 10 6 0,02 H

29

31

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