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Transition Metals: REVISION

1) Transition metals are d-block elements that form stable ions with partially filled 3d sub-shells. They show variable oxidation states in compounds and form colored solutions and complex ions. 2) When transition metal ions bond with ligands, the 3d orbitals split into two levels. Electron transitions between these levels absorb specific wavelengths of light, determining the color of the metal complexes. 3) Common transition metal ions like copper(II), chromium(III), and iron(II) form complexes with characteristic colors that change based on pH, ligands present, and redox reactions.

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74 views

Transition Metals: REVISION

1) Transition metals are d-block elements that form stable ions with partially filled 3d sub-shells. They show variable oxidation states in compounds and form colored solutions and complex ions. 2) When transition metal ions bond with ligands, the 3d orbitals split into two levels. Electron transitions between these levels absorb specific wavelengths of light, determining the color of the metal complexes. 3) Common transition metal ions like copper(II), chromium(III), and iron(II) form complexes with characteristic colors that change based on pH, ligands present, and redox reactions.

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© © All Rights Reserved
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A2 CHEMISTRY UNIT 5- PIGUY

T R A N S I T I O N M E TA L S
>>REVISION>>

TRANSITION
M E TA L S
Transition metal - d-block

element which forms one


or more stable ions with
partially filled 3d sub-shell.

ELECTRON
C O N F I G U R AT I O N S

Fe 2+

3d

4s

[Ar]
T R A N S I T I O N M E TA L

- show variable oxidation

number in compounds
- form coloured solutions
- form complex ions
- act as catalysts, both as

elements and as
compounds

Zn 2+

3d

[Ar]
N O T A T R A N S I T I O N M E TA L

4s

COLOURED
IONS
ligands around ions cause 3d-

orbital to split into two levels

SPLITTING THE
D - O R B I TA L

3d
[Ar]

transition of electrons between

the levels occurs

when electron is promoted to a

higher level, energy is absorbed

a specific frequency of light is

associated with this energy

frequencies not absorbed

appears

blue & green


not absorbed

4s

T H E N O TAT I O N U S E D L AT E R
Y
X

X
X
X

colour (co-ordination number)

acid-base reaction
ligand exchange
redox

Y
Y
Y

precipitates have co-ordination numbers such that they are uncharged.


acid-base reaction with NH3 also produces NH4+; CO2 with CO32-.

SUMMARY OF COLOURS
dilute

excess

NaOH (aq) or NH 3 (aq)


Chromium (III)
Nickel (II)

green ppt.

NaOH

green soln. (6) purple soln. (6)

green ppt.

blue soln. (4)

Iron (II)

green ppt. (later brown)

Iron (III)

brown ppt.

Copper (II)

Zinc (II)

deep blue
soln. (4)

blue ppt.

Manganese (II)

NH 3 (aq)

off-white ppt.
white ppt.

colourless soln. (4)

COPPER (II) REACTIONS


YELLOW

YELLOW

[CuCl4]2-

CuCO3 (s)
H2O
CO32-

BLUE

[Cu(H2O)6]2+
OH-

BLUE

H+

Cu(H2O)4(OH)2 (s)
conc.
NH3

R O YA L
BLUE

[Cu(H2O)2(NH3)4]2+

HCl

CHROMIUM (III) REACTIONS


YELLOW

CrO4

H+
ORANGE

Cr2O72GREEN

2-

OH- / H2O2
GREEN

OH-

[Cr(OH)6]3-(aq)
conc.
NaOH

H+ / Zn
OH- / CO32-

[Cr(H2O)6]3+(aq)

Cr(H2O)3(OH)3 (s)

H+

conc.
NH3

H+ / Zn
2+
[Cr(H2O)6] (aq)

BLUE

GREEN

PURPLE

[Cr(NH3)6]3+(aq)

IRON (II) REACTIONS


Fe(H2O)3(OH)3 (s)

BROWN

O2 / H2O

Fe(H2O)4(OH)2 (s)
OH-

GREEN

H+

2+
[Fe(H2O)6] (aq)

GREEN

CO32-

FeCO3 (s)

GREEN

IRON (III) REACTIONS

Fe(H2O)3(OH)3 (s)
OH- / CO32-

BROWN

H+

3+
[Fe(H2O)6] (aq)

YELLOW

SUMMARY OF SHAPES
OCTAHEDRAL

TETRAHEDRAL

SQUARE PLANAR

LINEAR

co-ordination
number

bond
angle

90

109.5

90

180

often with Cl -

Pt 2+ and Ni 2+
complexes

Ag +
complexes

occurs

most complexes

Cl-

H2O
H2O
shape

OH2
Cr 3+

H2O

H2O

OH2

ClCl-

Cu 2+
Cl-

NH3
Pt 2+

Cl-

Cl-

NH3
Ag +

NH3

NH3

YOURE
DONE WITH
INORGANIC
CHEMISTRY

REVISION!

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