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/ 54
APPENDIX A
Fundamental Constants \
and Conversion Factors
A.-L Gas Law Constant R
america Volve Units
1.9872 g cal/g mol-K
1.9872 btu/lb mol °R
82.057 cm} atm/g mol-K
8314.34 Jfkg mal-K
82,057 x 10°? m?-atm/kg mol K.
8314.34 kg-m?/s?-kg mol- K
10.731 fe -Ib,/in.? Ib mol -*R
0.7302 {0 -atm/lb mol -°R
1545.3 ft-Ib,/lb mol-?R
8314.34 m?: Pa/kg mol K.
Ad-2 Volume and Density
1 g mol ideal gas at 0°C, 760 mm Hg = 22.4140 liters = 22414cm?
1 Vb mol ideal gas at 0°C, 760 mm Hg = 359.05 ft?
1 kg mol ideal gas at ©°C, 760 mm Hg = 22.414m?
Density of dry air at 0°C, 760 mm Hg = 1.2929 gfliter
080711 1b, Jf
Molecular weight of air = 28.97 Ib,,/Ib mol = 28.97 g/g mol i
1 g/em? = 62.4310, /ft? = 1000 kg/m?
1 g/cm? = 8.345 Ib, /US. gal
IIb, /ft? = 16.0185 kg/m?
AJ-3. Length
Lin, = 2.540.cm
100 cm = 1 m (meter) J micron = 107° m = 10°* cm = 10-3 mm = 1 wm (micrometer)
1A (angstrom) = 107'° m = 10~* ym
I mile = 5280 ft
1m = 3.2808 ft = 39.37 in,
Add Mass
1 Ip, = 453.59 g = 0.45359 ke,
11by = 16 0z = 7000 grains
1 kg ~ 1000 g = 2.2046 1b,
1 ton (short) = 2000 Ib,,
1 ton (long) = 22401b,,
1 ton (metric) = 1000 kg
A.1-5 Standard Acceleration of Gravity
g = 9.80665 m/s”
g = 980.665 cm/s”
g = 32.174 ft/s”
9: (gravitational conversion factor) = 32.1740 Ib "ft/lb, s?
= 980.665 “m/z, *s?
A.1-6 Volume
L (liter) = 1000 em? 1m? = 1000 L (liter)
1 in? = 16.387 cm? 1 US. gal = 4 qt
1 ft? = 28317 L (lites) US. gal = 3.7854 L (liter)
1 > = 0.028317 m> 1 USS. gal = 3785.4 cm?
1 f= 7481 US. gal 1 British gal = 1.20094 USS. gal
1m? = 264.17 US. gal 1m? = 35.313 17
AAT Force
1 g- cm/s? (dyn) = 107*kg-m/s? = 107° N (newton)
1g: cm/s? = 7.2330 x 10° Ib, ft/s? (poundal)
1 kg-m/s? = 1 N (newton)
1 Iby = 4.4482 N
Ig- cm/s? = 22481 x 1076 Iby
AA-8 Pressure
fbar = 1 x 10° Pa (pascal) = 1 x 10° N/m?
1 psia = 1 Ibyin?
1 psia = 2.0360 in. Hg at 0°C
: I psia = 2.311 ftH,0 at 70°F
i | psia = 51.715 mm Hg at 0°C (py, = 13.5955 g/cm)
© Latm = 14.696 psia = 1.01325 x 10° N/m? = 1.01325 bar
Latm = 760 mm Hg at 0°C = 1.01325 x 10° Pa
Latm = 29,921 in, Hg at 0°C
Latm = 33.90 ft H,0 at 4°C
Appendix A.1 851 1 psia = 6,89476 x 108 glem:s?
1 psia = 6.89876 x 10* dyn/em?
1 dynjem? = 2.0886 x 10> Tb/h?
Ips 6.89476 x 10° N/m? = 6.89476 x 10° Pa
1 Ibyft? = 4.7880 x 10? dyn/cm? = 47.880 N/m?
1 mm Hg (0°C) = 1.333224 x 10? N/m? = 0.1333224 kPa
A.l-9 Power
1 hp = 0.74570 KW 1 watt (W) = 14,340 cal/min
I hp = 550 ft-Iby/s 1 btu/h = 0.29307 W (watt)
1 hp = 0.7068 btu/s 1 3/s (joule/s) = 1 W
A.1-10 Heat, Energy, Work
1} =1N-m= 1kg-m'js?
1kg-m/s? = 1 J (joule) = 10° g-cm*/s?
1 btu = 1055.06 J = 1.05306 k3
1 btu = 252.16 cal (thermochemical)
1 kcal (thermochemical) = 1000 cal = 4.1840 k)
1 cal (thermochemical) = 4.1840 J
1 cal (IT) = 4.1868 3
{btu = 251.996 cal (IT)
1 btu = 778.17 f1-tb,
Thp-h = 0.7457 kW-h
Uhp-h = 2544.5 btu
1 ft-Iby = 1.355825
1 ft-Ibj/lb,, = 2.9890 J/kg
A.l-11 Thermal Conductivity
1 btu/h: ft-°F
I btuyh:ft-°F
1365 x 10° cal/s-cm
73073 W/m: K
AJ-12 Heat-Transfer Coefficient
1 btu/h fi? -°F = 1.3571 x 107* cal/s-em?-*
1 btu/h- ft? °F = 5.6783 x 107+ Wjem?- ©
L btw/h ft? -°F = 5.6783 W/m? -K
1 kcal/h- m?-*F = 0.2048 btu/h ft? °F
A113. Viscosity
852
L ep = 107? g/cm:s (poise)
Lop = 24191 Iby/ft“h
1 ep = 6.7197 x 107*Wajfts
Lop = 1073 Pavs = 107? kg/m-s = 10° N+ sfmm?
1 op = 2.0886 x 10°*Iby-sjft?
1 Pas = 1 N-s/m? = 1 kg/m-s = 1000 cp = 0.67197 Ib,,/ft-s
App. Ad Fundamental Constants and Conversion Factors Al-t4 Diffusivity
Lem?/s = 3.875 ft?/h 1 m*/s = 3.875 x 10° ft2/h
tem#/s= 107% m*/s_ 1 centistoke = 10°? em?/s
1 m?/h = 10.764 f2/h
A.L-15 Mass Flux and Molar Flux
1 g/s+ cm? = 7.3734 x 10° Ib, /h ft?
1 g mol/s: cm? = 7.3734 x 10° Ib mol/h: ft?
1 gmol/s-cm? = 10 kg mol/s-m? = 1 x 10* gmol/s-m?
1b mol/h- ft? = 1.3562 x 10°? kg moi/s-m?
A.1-16 Heat Flux and Heat Flow
1 btu/h- ft? = 3.1546 W/m?
1 btu/h = 0.29307 W
1 cal/h = 1.1622 x 107° W
A.-17 Heat Capacity and Enthalpy
1 buu/lb,, «°F = 4.1868 kJ/ke-K
1 btuflb,,:*F = 1.000 cal/g °C
{ btu/lb,, = 2326.0 J/kg,
1 ft-Iby/lb, = 2.9890 J/kg
Lcal (IT)/g- °C = 4.1868 ki/kg: K
1 kcal/g mol = 4.1840 x 10° kl/kg mot
AJ-I8 Mass-Transfer Coefficient
k, em/s = 107? m/s
1k, fh = 8.4668 x 1075 m/s
1k, gmol/s:cm?- mol frac = 10 kg mol/s- m?- mol frac
1k, gmol/s- cm? - mol frac x 10* g mol/s- m?- mol frac
1k, 1b mol/h- ft? - mol frac = 1.3562 x 107? kg mol/s- m?- mol frac
1 k,alb mol/h- ft? mol frac = 4.449 x 107? kg mol/s-m? mol frac
1 kg kg mol/s: m?- atm = 0,98692 x 10° kgmol/s-m?- Pa
1 kg akg mol/s-m?-atm = 0.98692 x 10°$ kg mol/s- m?- Pa
Appendix A.J asa APPENDIX A.2 i
Physical Properties i
of Water |
A2-1 Latent Heat of Water at 273.15 K (0°C)
Latent heat of fusion = 1436.3 cal/g mol
= 19.724 calig
= 2585.3 btu/Ib mol
013.4 ki/kg mol
Source: O. A. Hougen, K. M, Watson, and R. A, Ragatz, Chemical Process
Principles, Part, nd ed, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1954
Latent heat of vaporization at 298.15 K (25
Pressure (mm Hg) Latent Heat
23.75 44 020 ki/kg mol, 10.514 keal/g mol, 18925 btu/Ib mol
760 44.045 kJ/kg mol, 10.520 kcal/g mol, 18.936 btu/lb mol
Source National Bureay of Standards, Circular 500.
A.22 Vapor Pressure of Water
Temperature Vapor Pressure Temperature Vapor Pressure
K kPa mmHg K kPa mmilg |
23IS 0 = Q6IL «4.58 323.15 50 12333 92.51
283.15 10 1228 92! 333.15 60 19.92 149.4
293.15 2 2338 17.54 343.15 70 3116 233.7
29815 25 3.168 23.76 = 353.15 80 4734 355.1
303.15 30- 4.242 31.82 363.15 90. 70.10. 5258
31315 40 7.375 55.32 373.15 100 101.325 760.0
Source : Physikalish-technishe, Reichsansalt, Holborn, Scheel, and Henning, Warmetabel-
len, Brunswick, Germany: Friedrich Viewig and Son, 1909.
854 Temperature
K
273.15
27715
283.15
293.15
298.15
303.15
313.15
°C
0
4
10
20
25
30
40
Density
glen? —kgjm*
0.99987 999.87
1.00000 1000.00
0.99973 999.73,
0.99823 998.23
0.99708 997.08
0.99568 995.68
0.99225 992.25
Temperature
323.15
333.15
343.15
353.15
363.15
373.15
30
60
70
80
90
100
Density
afem? kal?
0.98807 988.07
0.98324 983.24
097781 977.81
0.97183 971.83
0.96534 965.34
0.95838 958.38
Source: R. H, Petty and C. H. Chilton, Chemical Engineers’ Hordbook, Sth ed. New York
‘McGraw-Hill Book Company. 1973, With permission,
A.2-4 Viscosity ef Liquid Water
Temperature
K
C
Viscosity
[(Pas) 10°,
Ghai) 103,
orcpl
17921
1.6728
1.3674
1.4728
1.3860
1.3077
1.2363
1.1709
LANL
1.0559
1.0056
1.0000
0.9579
0.9142
0.8937
0.8737
0.8360
0.8007
0.7679
0.7371
0.7085
0.6814
0.6560
0.6321
0.6097
0.5883,
0.5683
Temperaure
Kc
323.15 30
325.15 52
327.15 $4
329.15 56
33113 58
333.15 60
335.15 62
337.15 64
339.15 66
341.15 68
343.15 70
345.15 72
34715 74
349.15 16
35115 78
353.15 30
355.15 82
357.15 84
359.15 86
361.15 88
363.15 90
365.15 92
367.15 94
369.15 96
+ 31S 98
373.15 100
Viscosuy
[Pa s) 10°,
tkajm-3) 103,
or ep}
0.5494
0.5315
0.5146
0.4985
0.4832
0.4688
0.4550
0.4418
0.4293
o4174
0.4061
0.3952
0.3849
0.3750
0.3655
0.3565
0.3478
0.3395
0.3315
0.3239
0.3165
0.3095
0.3027
0.2962
0.2899
0.2838
Appendix A2 A25 Heat Capacity of Liquid Water at 101.325 kPa (I Atm)
Temperature
K
0 273.15
10 283.15
20. 293.15
25 298.15
30 303.15
40 313.15
Heat Capacity, ¢,
ealig°C
1,0080
1.0019
0.9995
0.9989
0.9987
0.9987
kak K
4.220
4.195
4.185
4,182
4.181
4181
Temperature
c
50
60
70
80
90
100
K
323.15
333.15
343.15
353.15
363.15
3731S
Heat Capacity, ¢,
0.9992
1,0001
1,0013
1.0029
1.0050
1.0076
ealig-°C
w}kg-K
183
4.187
4.192
4.199
4,208
4.219
Source : N.S. Osborne, H. F. Stimson, and D.C. Ginnings, Bur Standards J, Res, 23, 197
(939
A.26 Thermal Conductivity of Liquid Water
Temperature
CH K
0 32 273.15
378 100 311.0
93.3 200 366.5
3489 300 422.1
215.6 420 588.8
326.7 620 599.9
Thermal Conductivity
bey
Yh fF
0.329
0.363
0.393
0395
0.376
0275
Wim: K
0.569
0.628
0.680
0.684
0.651
0.476
Source : D, L. Timeot and N. B. Vargatlik, J. Tech, Phxs. (USSR).
10, 1083 (1940); 6th International Conference on the Properties of
Steam, Paris, 196
ADT
Vapor Pressure of Saturated Ice~-Water Vapor and Heat
of Sublimation
Heat of
Temperature Vapor Pressure Sublimation
K kPa psia mmHg btwjlb,, ki/kg
2732-32 0 6107 x 10"! 8.858 x 10"? 4.581 1218.6 2834.5
2665 = 20 6.7 3478 x 107 5.045 x 107? 2.609 1219.3. 2836.1
2610 © 10 12.2 2.128 x 107? 3.087 x 10°? 1.596 1219.7 2837.0
255.4 0 1275 x 107! 1.849 x 107? 0.9562 1220.1 2838.0
249.9 10 TAl1 x 107? 1.082 x 10°? 0.5596 1220.3. 2838.4
2443 ~20 3.820 x 10°? 6.181 x 107? 0.3197 1220.5 2838.9
2388 30 —344 2372 10"? 3.480 x 1073 0.1779 1220.5 28389.
2332 40 40.0 1.283 x 107? 1.861 x 1 1220.5 2838.9
07? 0.09624
Source + ASHRAE, Handb00k of Fundamentals. New York: ASHRAE, 1972.
App. A2
Physical Properties of Water A.L8 Heat Capacity of Ice
Temperature ¢, Temperature 4,
K bulb, °F KifkgK K buujlb, like K
3200 2735 0.500 2.093 10 249.85 0.461 1.930
20 266.45 0.490 2.052 —20 244.25 0.452 1.392
10 260.95 0.481 2.014 30 238.75 0.442 1.850
0 255.35 0.472 1976 —40 233.15 0.433 1.813
Source: Adapted from ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals. New York: ASHRAE, 1972.
A.2-9 Properties of Saturated Steam and Water (Steam Table),
SI Units
Specific Volume Enthalpy Entropy
Temper. Vopor (kg) (ki/kg) (kJ/kg: K)
ature Pressure §
(OC) (kPa) Liquid Sat'd Vapor Liquid Sat'd Vapor Liquid Sat'd Vapor
0.01 0.6113 0.0010002 206.136 0.00 2501.4 0.0000 9.1562
3 0.7577 0.001001 168.132 12.57 2506.9 —0.0457.-9.0773
6 0.9349 00010001 137.734 25.20 25124 0.0912 9.0003
9 1.1477 00010003 113.386 3780 25179 0.1362 8.9253
2 1.4022 0,0010005 93.784 5041 25234 0.1806 8.8524
15 1.7051 0.001009 77.926 62.99 2528.9 0.2245 «8.7814
18 2.0640 0.001014 65.038 7558 2534.4 0.2679 8.7123
21 2.487 0.001020 54.514 88.14 2539.9 0.3109 8.6450
4 2.985 0,0010027 45.883 100.70 2545.4. (0.3534 8.5794
25 3.169 0.001029 43.360 © -104.89 2547.2 0.3674—8.5580
2 3.567 0.0010035 38.774 113.25 25508 03954 8.5156
30 4.246 0.001043 32.894 125.79 2556.3 0.4369 8.4533
3 5.034 0.010053 28.011 138.33 2561.7 0.4781 8.3927
36 5.947 0.0010063 23.940 150.86 2567.1 0.5188 8.3336
40 7.384 00010078 «19.523. 167.57 25743 0.5725 8.2570
45 9.593 0.001099 15.258 188.45. 2583.2 0.6387 8.1648
50 12.349 00010121 12.032 -—-209.33--25921 0.7038 8.0763
55 15.758 0.010146 9.568 230.23 2600.9 0.7679 7.9913
60 19.940 00010172. 7.671-—-251.13 2609.6 0.8312 7.9096
65 25.03 00010199 6.197-272.06 2618.3 0.8935 7.8310
w 31.19 00010228 5.042-292.98 2626.8 © 0.9549 7.7553,
5 3858 0.010259 4.131 313.93 2635.3. «1.0155 7.6824
80 47.39 00010291 3.407 334.91 2643.7 1.0753 7.6122
85 5783 00010325. 2828-35590 26519 1.1343 7.5445
90 70.14 0,0010360 2.361 376.92 2660.1 «1.1925 7.4791
95 84.55 00010397 1.9819 397.96 2668.1 «1.2500 7.4159
100 101.35 0.0010435 1.6729 419.04 2676.1 1.3069 7.3549
Appendix A.2 857 A2-9 SI Usits, Continued
Specific Volume Enthalpy Entropy
Temper- Vapor (Jka) (ka/kg) (kifkg: K)
ature Pressure St
(CC) (kPa) Liguid — Sat‘d Vapor Liquid Sat'd Vapor Liquid Sat'd Vapor
105 120.82 0,0010475 «1.4194 440.15 26838 1.3630 7.2958
110 143.27 0.0010516 1.2102 461.30 2691.5 14185 7.2387
115 169.06 0.0010559 1.0366. 48248-26990 1.4734 7.1833
120 198.53 0.0010603 0.8919 503.71 2706.3. 1.5276. 7.1296
125 232.1 0,0010649 0.7706 524.99 27135 1.5813 7.0775
130 270.1 0.001697 (0.6685 546.31 27205 1.6344._—7.0269
135 313.0 0.0010746 «0.5822. $67.69 -2727.3.—«1.6870 6.9777
140-3163 —-0.0010797 0.5089 589.13 27339 1.7391 6,929
145 4154 0.0010850 0.4463. «610.63.-2740.3.—«1.7907 6.8833
150 4758 — 0.0010905 0.3928 27465 18418 6.8379
155 543.1 0.001096}. -——0.3468, 2752.4 1.8925 6.7935
160 617.8 ~—0,0011020 0.3071 2758.1 1.9427 6.7502
165 700.5 0.001080 (0.2727 2763.5 1.9925 6.7078
170 -791.7—Q.0011143 (0.2428 2768.7 2.0419 6.6663
175 892.0 0,0011207 0.2168 2773.6 2.0909 6.6256
180 1002.1 0.001274 0.19405 763.22 -27782 «2.1396 6.5857
190 1254.4 0.001414 0.15654 807.62 27864 ~—2.2359 6.5079
200 15538 0011565 0.12736 85245 2793.2 23309 6.4323
25 2548 0.001992 0.07849 966.78 28033 2.5639 6.2503
250 3973 0.0012512 0.05013 1085.36 2801.5 2.7927 6.0730
215 5942 0.013168 0.03279 1210.07 2785.0 3.0208 5.8938,
3008581 0.0010436 0.02167 2749.0 3.2534 5.7045
1344.0
Source: Abridged from J. H. Keenan, F.G. Keyes, P. G. Hill, nd J, G. Moore, Steam Tables—Metric Units. New
New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
A.2-9 Properties of Saturated Steam and Water (Steam Table),
English Units
1969. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Specific Volume Enthalpy Entropy
Temper- Vapor (GP Nb,) (buy/lb,) (brujlb,-"F)
ature Pressure —_——__.
(CF) psa) Liquid Sat'd Vapor, Liquid Sat'd Vapor Liquid Sat'd Vapor
32.02 0.08866 0.016022 3302 0.00 10754 = 0.000 2.1869
35 0.09992 0.016021 2948 3.00 1076.7 0.00607 2.1764
40 0.12166 0.016020 2445 802 1078.9 0.01617 2.1592
45 0.14748 0.016021 2037 13.04 1081.1 0.02618 2.1423
50 0.17803 0.016024 1704.2 18.06 1083.3 0.03607 2.1259
55 0.2140 0.016029 1431.4 23.07 1085.5 0.04586 2.1099
858 App. A.2 Physical Properties of Water A2-9 English Units, Continued
Specific Volume Enthalpy Entropy
Temper- Vapor (fyb) (btu/lb,) {btu/lb, -°F)
ature Pressure
CF) (psi) Liquid Sar'd Vapor Liquid Sat'd Vapor Liquid Sat'd Vapor
60 0.2563 0.016035 12069 28.08 1087.7 0.05555 2.0943
65 0.3057 0.016042 1021.5 33.09 10899 0.06514 2.0791
70 0.3622 0.01601 867.7 38.09 10920 0.07463 2.0642
15 0.4300 0.016061 739.7 43.09 1094.2 0.08402 2.0497
80 05073 0.016073 6328 48.09 1096.4 0,09332 2.0356
85 05964 0.016085 543.1 $3.08 1098.6 0.10252 2.0218
90 0.6988 0.016099 467.7 58.07 1100.7 0.11165 2.0083
95 08162 0.016114 4040 63.06 1102.9 0.12068 1.9951
100 09503 0.016130 3500 68.05 1105.0 0.12963. 1.9822
110 1.2763 0.016166 265.1 78.02 1109.3. -0.14730 1.9574
120 1.6945 0.016205 203.0 88.00 11135 0.16465 1.9336
130 2225 0.016247 «157.17 «97.98 «1117.8 0.18172 ‘1.9109
140 2892 0.016293 12288 = 107.96 «1121.9 0.19851 1.8892
150 3.722 0.016343 9699-11796 1126.1. 0.21503 1.8684
160 4745 0.016395 77.23 12796 1130.1 0.23130 1.8484
170 5996 0.016450 62.02-:137.97 1134.2 0.24732——1.8293
180 7515 0.016509 5020 147.99 1138.2 0.26311—1.8109
190 9.343 0.016570 4095 158.03 1142.1 0.27866 1.7932
200 11.529 0.016634. «336316807 11459 0.29400 1.7762
210 14.125. 0.016702. -2782 178.14 1149.7 0.30913 1.7599
212 14698 0.016716 26.80 = 180.16 1150.5 031213—1.7567
220 17.188 0.016772 «23:15 18822 1153.5 0.32406 1.7441
230 20.78 (0.016845 19.386 198.32 1157.1 0.33880 ‘1.7289
240 24.97 0.016922. 16.327 208.44 1160.7 0.35335. 1.7143
250 2982-01701. «13.826 218.59 1164.2 0.36772 1.7001
260 35.42 «0.017084 «11.768 228.76 1167.6 0.38193 1.6864
270-4185 0.017170 10.066. 23895 11709 0.39597 1.6731
280 49.18 0.017259 8650 249.18 1174.1 0.40986 1.6602
290 $7.33 0.017352 7.467 259.44 1177.2 0.42360 1.6477
300 66.98 (0.017448 6472 269.73 1180.2 0.43720 1.6356
310-7164 ~— (0.017548 5.632 280.06 1183.0 0.45067 ‘1.6238
320 89.60 (0.017652 4919 290.43 1185.8 0.46400 1.6123
330 103.00 0.017760 4312 30084 1188.4 0.47722_—_—‘1.6010
340 «117930017872 3.792 311.30 11908 0.49031 1.5901
350 134.53 0.017988 3.346 32180 1193.1 0.50329 1.5793
360 152.92 0.018108 2961 33235 «1195.2 0.51617 1.5688
370,173.23 0.018233 2.628 342.96 © 1197.2 0.52894, 1.5585
380 195.60 0.018363 2339 353.62 «(1199.0 0.54163. 1.5483
390 2202 0.018498 2087 364.34 12006 055422 1.5383
400 247.1 0.018638 18661 375.12 1202.0 0.56672. 1.5284
4102765 0.018784 16726 385.97 1203.1 0.57916 1.5187
450 422.1 0.019433 1.1011 430.2 1205.6 © 0,6282-——1.4806
Source : Abridged from J. H. Keenan, F. G. Keyes, P. G. Hill and J. G. Moore, Steam Tables—English Units.
‘New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1969. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Appendix A.2
359 A210 Properties of Superheated Steam (Steam Table), SI Units (v, specific volume,m?/kg; #7,
enthalpy, kJ/kg; s, entropy, kJ/kg - K)
Absolute
Pressure,
kPa
(Sat. Temperature (°C)
Temp, § $$
°C) 100 I 200 250 300 360 420 500
17.196 19.512 21.825 24.136 26.445 29.216 31.986 35.679
10 H 2687.5 2783.0 28795-29773 3076.5 ~=—3197.6 3320.9 3489.1
(45.81) 5 84479 8.6882 8.9038 9.1002 «9.2813 9.4821 9.6682 9.8978
v 3418 3889 4.356 4.820 5.284 5.839 6.394. 7.34
50 H 2682.5 2780.1 2877.7 29760-30755 31968 3320.4. 3488.7
(81.33) s 7.6947 7.9401 8.1580 83556 8.5373. «8.7385 8.9249 9.1546
v 2.270 2587 2.900 3.211 = 3.520 3.891 4.262 4.755
75 H 26794 2778.2 2876.5 29752 3074.9 31964 3320.0 3488.4
(91.78) s 7.5009 7.7496 7.9690 8.1673 83493 «8.5508 8.7374 8.9672
v 16958 19364 2.172 2.406 = 2.639 2.917 3195 3,565
100 2672.2 2776.4 «2875.3 29743-30743 3195.9 3319.6 3488.1
(99.63) s 73614 7.6134 7.8343 8.0333 8.2158 8.4175 8.6042 8.8342
» 1.2853 1.4443 1.6012. 1.7570 1.9432 2.129 2.376
1s0 oH 2772.6 2872.9 2972.7 3073.1. «3195.0 3318.9 3487.6
(111.37) 74193 7.6433 7.8438 8.0720 8.2293 8.4163 8.6466
» 0.4708 0.5342 0.5951 0.6548 (0.7257 0.7960 0.8893
400 «+ 27528 2860.5 2964.2 3066.8 3190.3. 3315.3 3484.9
(143.63) 69299 7.1706 7.3789 7.5662-7.7712- 7.9598 8.1913
» 0.2999 0.3363 03714 0.4126 0.4533—_(0,5070
700 oH 2844.8 2953.6 3059.1 3184.7 3310.9 3481.7
(164.97) s 68865 7.1053 7.2979 7.5063 7.6968 7.9299
> 0.2060 0.2327 0.2579 (0.2873 «-0.3162—0.3541
1000 2827.9 2942.6 3051.2 3178.9 3306.5 3478.5.
(179.91) s 6.6940 6.9247 7.1229 7.3349 7.5275 7.7622
> 0.13248 0.15195 0.16966 0.18988 0.2095 0.2352
1500 2796.8 2923.3 3037.6 3.1692 3299.1 3473.1
(198.32) 6.4546 6.7090 69179 7.1363 7.33237.5698
> O.11144 0.12547 0.14113 0.15616 0.17568
2000 -H 29025 3023.5 3159.3 3291.6 3467.6
(212.42) 65453 6.7664 6.9917 7.1915 7.4317
> 0.08700 0.09890 0.11186 0.12414 0.13998
2500 H 2880.1 30088 = 3149.1 32840 3462.1
(223.99) s 64085 6.6438 «6.8767 -7.0803-—7.3234
> 0.07058 0.08114 0.09233 0.10279 0.11619
30g. 28558 2993.5 3138.7 3276.3 3456.5
(233.90) s 6.2872 6.5390 6.7801 -6.9878-—7.2338
Source: Nbridged fromJ. H, Keenan, F. G. Keyes, P. G. Mill, and J. G. Moore, Steam Tables—Metric Units. New York: John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1969. Reprinted by permission of Sohn Wiles & Sons, Inc.
860 App. A.2 Physical Properties of Water eee
A210 Properties of Superheated Steam (Steam Table), English Units (v, speci-
fic volume, ft*/Ib,,; 7, enthalpy, btu/lb,,;5, entropy, btu/lb,, - °F)
Absolute
Pressure,
sia (Sat. Temperature (*F)
Temp, —§ ——__$$$—$————
°F) 200-300-400» 500-600-700» 00 900-=—«1000
v 3925 4523. S119 S715 631.1 690.7 750.3 809.9 869.5
10H ALSO. 1195.7 1241.8 1288.5 1336.1 1384.5 1433.7 1483.8 1534.8
(101,70) s 2.0508 2.1150 2.1720 2.2235 2.2706 2.3142 2.3550 2.3932 2.4294
bv 78.15 90.24 102.24 114.20 126.15 138.08 150.01 161.94 173.86
5.0 HH 1148.6 1194.8 1241.2 1288.2 13358 1384.3 1433.5 1483.7 1534.7
(162.21) s 1.8715 1.9367 1.9941 2.0458 2.0930 2.1367 2.1773 2.2158 2.2520
bv 3885 44.99 51.03 57.04 6303 69.01 7498 8095 86.91
100 H 11466 1193.7 1240.5 1287.7 1335.5 1384.0 1433.3 1483.5 1534.6
(193.19) s 1.7927 1.8592 1.9171 1.9690 2.0164 2.0601 2.1009 2.1393 2.1755
> 3052 3467 38.77 42.86 4693 51.00 5507 59.13
14.696 11926 1239.9 1287.3 1335.2 13838 1433.1 1483.4 1534.5
(211.99) s 18157 1.8741 1.9263 1.9737 2.0175 2.0584 2.0967 2.1330
» 2236 2543 2846 31.47 34.77 37.46 40.45 43.44
20.0 H 1191.5 1239.2 1286.8 1334.8 1383.5 1432.9 1483.2 1534.3
(227.96) s 1.7805 1.8395 1.8919 1.9395 1.9834 2.0243 2.0627 2.0989
> 7.260 8.353 9.399 10.425 11.440 12.448 13.452 14454
60.0 H 11819 1233.5 1283.0 1332.1 1381.4 1431.2 1481.8 1533.2
(292.73) s 1.6496 1.7134 1.7678 1.8165 1.8609 1.9022 1.9408 1.9773
v 4.934 5.587 6216 6.834 7.445 8.053 8.657
100.0 H 1227.5 1279.1 1329.3 1379.2 1429.6 1480.5 1532.1
(827,86) s 1.6517 1.7085 1.7582 1.8033 1.8449 1.8838 1.9204
v 3.221 3.679 4.111 4531 4944 5353 5.759
150.0 H 1219.5 1274.1 1325.7 1376.6 1427.5 1478.8 1530.7
(358.48) s 1.5997 1.6598 1.7110 1.7568 1.7989 1.8381 1.8750
v 2.361 2.724 3.058 3.379 3.693 4.003 4.310
200.0 H 1210.8 1268.8 1322.1 1373.8 1425.3 1477.1
(381.86) s 1.5600 1.6239 1.6767 1.7234 1.7660 1.8055
v 2.150 2.426 2.688 2943 3.193
250.0 H 1263.3 1318.3 1371.1 1423.2 1475.3
(401.04) s 1.5948 1.6494 1.6970 1.7401 1.7799
v 1.766 2.004 2.227 2442 2653
300.0 H 1257.5 1314.5 1368.3 1421.0 1473.6
(417.43) s 1.5701 1.6266 1.6751 1.7187 1.7589
v 1.2843 1.4760 1.6503 1.8163 1.9776 2.136
400 A . 1245.2 1306.6 1362.5 1416.6 1470.1 1523.6
(444.70) 5 1.5282 1.5892 1.6397 1.6884 1.7252 1.7632
Source: Abridged from J. H. Keenan, F. G. Keyes, P. G. Hill, and J. G. Moore, Steam Tables—Metric
Units. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1969. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Ine,
Appendix A.2 861 A2-11 Heat-Transfer Proper
Water, SI Units
x10 (obp?/u)
Tr pt, Pasor Bx 10% x 10”
(°C) 1K) thal) (RdRp K) hg/m=s) (W/mK) Ny, IK) (I/K-m?)
0 273.2 999.6 4.229 1.786 0.5694 13.3 —0.630
15.6 288.8 998.0 4.187 1.131 05884 8.07 1.44 10.93
26.7 299.9 996.4 4.183 0.860 06109 589 234 30.70
37.8 311.0 994.7 4183 0.682 0.6283 4.51 3.24 68.0
65.6 3388 9819 4.187 0.432 06629 2.72 5.04 (256.2
93.3 366.5 962.7 4.229 0.3066 0.6802 1.91 666 642
121.1 394.3 943.5 4.271 0.2381 0.6836 1.49 8.46 1300
148.9 422.1 917.9 4312 0.1935 0.6836 1.22 1008 2237
204.4 477.6 858.6 4.522 0.1384 0.6611 0.950 14.04 5308
260.0 333.2 784.9 4.982 0.1042 0.6040 0.85% 198 11030
315.6 588.8 679.2 6.322 0.0862 05072 1.07 315 19260
A211 Heat-Transfer Properties of Liquid Water, English Units
p ener Oar
- (9Bp?/e)
T ( bu) (is) btw Reais
cr) Ge) br) Ves) ier) oN, UPR) PRS)
32 624 1.01 1.20 0.329 13.3 —0.350
60 623 1.00 0.760, 0.340 8.07 0.800, 17.2
80 62.2 0.999 0.578 0.353 5.89 1.30 48.3
100 621 0999 0458 0363 4511.80 107
150 61.3 1.00 0.290 0383 -2.72 2.80403,
200 60.1 101 0.206 0393 «191 = 3701010
250 589 102 0.160 0395 1494.70 2045
300 573 103 0.130 0.395 1,22 5.603510
400 53.6 1.08 0.0930 0.382 0.950 7.80 8350
300 49.0 1.19 0.0700 0349 0.859 11.0 17350
600 424 151 00579 0293 1.07 17.5 30300
862 ‘App.A.2 Physical Properties of Water A212 Heat-Transfer Properties of Water Vapor (Steam)
at 101.32 kPa (1 Atm Abs), ST Units
ux 10
T T ° c, (Pa-sor ok Bx 10 — ofp'yn®
CO) 1K) kal) (kd/kG--K) Kajms) (Wim-K) Np, (IK) (d/K mm)
100.0 373.2 0.596 1.888 1.295 0.02510 0.96 2.68 0.557 x 10®
1489 422.1 0.525 1.909 1.488 0.02960 095 2.38 0.292 x 10°
204.4 477.6 0.461 1.934 1,682 0.03462 0.94 2.09 0.154 x 10°
260.0 5332 0413 1.968 1,883 0.03946 0.94 1.87 0.0883 x 10°
3156 5888 0.373 1997 2.113 0.04448 0.94 1.70 52.1 x 108
371.1 644.3 0.341 2.030 2.314 0.04985 093 1.55 33.1 x 10°
426.7 699.9 0314 2068 2.529 0.05556 092 143 21.6 x 108
A.2-12. Heat-Transfer Properties of Water Vapor (Steam)
at 101.32 kPa (1 Atm Abs), English Units
anes ><] Osea
Gh) (a) .
0451 0.870 0.0145 0.96 1.49 0.877 x 108
0.456 1.000 0.0171 095 1.32 0.459 x 108
0.462 1.130 0.0200 0.94 116 0.243 x 108
0.470 1.265 0.0228 0.94 104 0.139 x 108
0477 1.420 0.0257 0.94 0943 82 x 10?
0.485 1.555 0.0288 0.93 0862 52.1 x 10°
0.494 1.700 0.0321 0.92 0.794 34.0 x 10°
Bx 10 ober
UPR) UPR fe)
Source : D. L. Timrot and N. B. Vargattik, J. Tech. Phys. (USS.R.), 10, 1063 (1940); R. H,
Perry and C.H. Chilton, Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, Sth ed. New York: McGraw-Hill
Book Company, 1973; J. H. Keenan, F. G. Keyes, P. G. Hill, and J. G. Moore, Steam
Tables. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1969; National Research Couneil, Internation-
al Critical Tables. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1929; L. S. Marks, Mechani-
cal Engineers* Handbook, Sth ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1951
Appendix A.2 APPENDIX A.3
Physical Properties
of Inorganic
and Organic Compounds
A.3-1 Standard Heats of Formation at 298.15 K (25°C) and 101.325 kPa (1 Atm
Abs), (c) = crystalline, (g) = gas, (/) = liquid
AH; Any
Compound —ks/kg mol) 10°? kealfg mol Compound (kifkg mol)10> kealfg mot
NH) —46.19 =11.04 — CaCO4(c) — 1206.87 ~288.45
NOI) 490.374 421.600 CaO(e) -6355 1519
H,O0), = 285.840 — 68.3174 CO(g) 110.523 —26.4157
01) 241.826 —57.7979 COAg) 393.513 —94.0518
HCNiy) +1301 +311 CHYG) =74848 —17.889
HCIGg) =92. 063 CHdg) — 84.667 —20.236
H,S0,() 81132-19391 CyHely) — 103.847 —24.820
HjPO(Q — -1281.1 —306.2 CHSOH(D) —238.66 — —57.04
NaCito) =411.003 98.232. -CHyCH,OH() 27761 —66.35
NHC) -31539 —75.38
Source: J. H. Petty and C, H, Chilton, Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, Sth ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book
Company, 1973:and O. A. Hougen, X. M. Watson, and R.A, Ragatz, Chemical Process Principles, Patt I, 2nd ed,
New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1954 A.3-2 Standard Heats of Combusti
yn at 298.15 K (25°C) and 101.325 kPa (1 Atm Abs)
= gas, {!) = liquid, (5) = sotid
au?
(kd fk
Compound Combustion Reaction kealjg mol mol 10-*
ls) Cls) + $0.(g)-» COlg) ~264157 — 110.523
COW) CO(g) + $0. xi) COdly) ~ 676361 — 282.989
cs) 3) + OL) CO4(9) ~940518 — 393.513,
HA) Hy(g) + 0,0) H,0() 683174 = 285,840
Ho) H lg) + $O,1a)~» H,019) ~S77979 — 241.826
CHG) CH,(@) + 20,(g)— CO,(g) + 24,009 =212798 890.346
CaHelo) CzHglg) + 40,(g) + 2CO,1g) + 3H,0(), 372820 — 1559879
CHa) CsHlg) + 50,(g)-> 3CO3(9) + 41,019 — 530.605 = 2220.051
é-Glacose
(dextrose)
CeHy2048) CgH 0468) + 60y(a}-+ 6CO(g) + 6H, 01) -613 2816
Lactose
(anhydrous)
CysHy:0. 65) Cy2H 3201 {s) + 120,(9)- 12COAg) + 11H,O() — — 1350.1 — 56488,
Sucrose
Cy H 4204445) CygHy,0 466) + 120,(9)-+ 12CO,{g) + HO] 13489 — 5643.8
Source: R. B. Perry and C, H. Chilton, Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book
Company, 1973; and O. A. Hougen, K. M. Watson, and R. A. Ragatz, Chemical Process Principles, Patt I, 2nd ed,
New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ine, 1954,
16-C2 He
So:
(CoHs
u
2
3B 10)
MS 9
cl
8 Heap
"0~400"-*'1200~«=~«2000~=~*~«SRDS*=“C*RSC«wSCSC«S 200
Temperature (°F)
Figure A.3-L. Mean molar heat capacities from 77°F (25°C) to 1°F at constone pressure of 101.325
KPa (1 atm abs). (From 0. A. Hougen, K. M. Watson, and R. A. Ragatz, Chemical
Process Principles, Part I, 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1954. With
permission)
Appendix A3 fees 33 Physical Properties of Air at 101.325 kPa (1 Atm Abs), SI Units
Bx 10)
> (Pa-sor“” & Bx 10 9Bp%)>
CC) KX) (kg/m) (ks/kg- K) kg/m’) (Wym-K) Np, UK) (Km)
T T
~17,8 255.4 1.379 1.0048 1.62 0.02250 0.720 3.92 2.79 x 108
0 273.2 1.293 1.0048 1.72 0,02423 0.715 3.65 2.04 x 10°
10.0 283.2 1.246 1.0048 1.78 0.02492 0.713 3.53. 1.72 x 10°
318 311.0 1.137 1.0048 1.90 0.02700 0.705 3.22 1.12 x 108
65.6 338.8 1.043 1.0090 2.03 0.02925 0.702 295 0.775 x 10°
93.3 366.5 0.964 1.0090 215 0.03115 0.694 2.74 0.534 x 108
121.1 3943 O895 1.0132 2.27 0.03323 0.692 2.54 0.386 x 10°
148.9 422.1 0.838 1.0174 2.37 0.03531 0.689 2.38 0.289 x 108
176.7 449.9 0.785 1.0216 2.50 0.03721 0.687 2.21 0.214 x 10®
204.4 477.6 0.740 1.0258 2.60 0.03894 0.686 2.09 0.168 x 10°
232.2 505.4 0.700 1.0300 2.71 0.04084 0.684 1.98 0.130 x 108
260.0 533.2 0.662 1.0341 2.80 0.04258 0.680 1.87 0.104 x 10°
A.33 Physical Properties of Air at 401.325 kPa (1 Atm Abs), English
Units
Bx 10° gfp?/?
CF) (centipoise) GPR) UPR?)
0 0.0162 0.9130 0.720 218 4.39 x 10
32 0.0172 0.0140 0.785 203 3.21 x 10
50 0.0178 0.0144 0,713 1.96 2.70 x 10°
100 0.0190 0.0156 0.705 1.79 1.76 x 108
v 0.0203 0.0169 0.702 1.64 1.22 x 10°
200 0.0215 0.0180 0.694 1,52 0.840 x 10°
250 0.0227 0.0192 0.692 1.41 0.607 x 10°
300 0.0237 0.0204 0.689 1.32 0.454 x 10°
350 0.0250 0.0215 0.687 1.23 0.336 x 108
400 0.0260 0.0225 0.686 1.16 0.264 x 108
450 0.0271 0.0236 0.674 1.10 0.204 x 10°
0.0280 0.0246 0.680 1.04 0.163 x 10°
Source: National Burcav of Standards, Circular 461C, 1947; S64, 1985; NBS-NACA,
Tables of Thermal Properties of Gazes, 1949; F. G. Keyes, Trans, AS.M.Eq 73, 590, 597
(951); 74, 1303 (1952); D. D. Wagman, Selected Values of Chemical Thermodynamic
Properties, Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, 1953
866, App. A.3 Physical Properties of Inorganic and Organic Compounds A34 Viscosity of Gases at 101.325 kPa (1 Atm Abs) [Viscosity in
(Pa - s) 10°, (kg/m - 5) 10°, or ep]
Temperature
aera Hy 0, N, co co.
0 -17.8 0.00800
32. «0 =~ 0.00840
50 10.0 0.00862
100 37.8 0.00915
150 65.6 0.00960
200 93.3 9.0101
250 121.1 0.0106
300 148.9 © O.0111
350 176.7 = 0.0115
400 204.4 0.0119
450 232.2 0.0124
500 260.0 0.0128
0.0158 0.0156 0.0128
0.0166 0.0165 0.0137
0.0171 0.0169 6.0141
0.0183 0.0183 0.0154
0.0196 0.0195 0.0167
0.0208 0.0208 | 0.0179
0.0220 0.0220 0.0191
0.0230 0.0231 0.0203
0.0240 0.0242 0.0215
0.0250 0.0251 0.0225
0.0260 0.0264 0.0236
0.0273 0.0276 0.0247
Source: National Bureau of Standards, 1987; 564, 1955; NBS-Ni
Tables of Thermal Properties of Gases, 1949; F. G. Keyes, Trans. AS.M.Eq 73, 590,
(1951): 74, 1303 (1982); D. D. Wagman, Selected Vulues of Chemical Thermodynamic
Properties. Washington, D.C.: Nasional Bureau of Standards, 1953,
Appendix A3
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Appendix A3
Sc A37 Prandtl Number of Gases at 101.325 kPa (I Atm Abs)
Temperature
°F K Hy; 0; N, co co,
“118 02554 -0.720 07200720 0.740 0.775
0 32-2732) «OTIS O71 0.720 0.738 0.770
10.0 50-2832 0.710 0.710 0.717 0.735 0.769
378 100 311.0 0.700 0.707.710 0.731 0.764
65.6 150 3388 0.700 0.706 0.700.727 0.755
93.3 200 366.5 0.694 0.703 0.700 0.724 0.952
121.1 250 3943 0.688 0.703 0.696 0.720 0.746
148.9 300 422.1 (0.683 «9.703 0.690 0.720 0.738
176.6 350 449.9 (0.677, 0.704 0.689.720 0.734
2044 400 -477.6 (0.670 0.706 * 0.688 = 0.720 0.725
2322 450 505.4 0.668 0.702 0.688 0.720 0.716
260.0 500 533.2 0.666 0.700 0.688
0.702
Source : National Bureau of Standards, Circular 461C, 1947: $64, 1955: NBS-NACA, Tables of
Thermal Properties of Gases, 194%, FG. Keyes. Trans. 4.5 ME, 73, 590, $97 (1951); 74, 1303
(1952); D, D. Wagman, Selected Values of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties. Washington,
D.C: National Bureau of Standards, 1953,
870 App-A.3_ Physical Properties of Inorganic and Organic Compounds Temperature Viscosity
CC) CF) [kg/m - s)10? or ep]
~100 4 ol
L. f- 0.09
0.08
j- 0.07
0.06
ust
F 0.05
is
A
100
E 0.04
8
!
f 0.03
0.02
600 —f— 1300
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
900 =
1000 —~ 1800 © o.00s
FIGURE A3-2. Viscosities of gases at 101.325 kPa(I atm abs), (From R. H. Perry and C. H, Chilton,
‘Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company,
1973. With permission.) See Table A.3-8 for coordinates for use with Fig.
A32
Appendix A.3 871 A38 Viscosities of Gases (Coordinates for Use with Fig. A.3-2)
No. Gas x oY No, Gas x oY
1 Acetic acid 77 143° 29° Freon-113 113° 14.0
2 Acetone 89 130 30° Helium 109 205
3 Acetylene 9% 149 31 Hexane 86 118
4 Air 11.0 200 32. Hydrogen 11.2 12.4
5 Ammonia 84 16.0 33 3H, + INy 11.20 17.2
6 Argon 10.5 224 34 Hydrogen bromide «8820.9
7 Benzene 85 132 35 Hydrogen chloride 8818.7
8 Bromine 89 192 36 Hydrogen cyanide 98 149
9 Burene 9.2 137 37 Hydrogen iodide 9.0 21.3
10 Butylene 89 130 38 Hydrogen sulfide 86 180
11 Carbon dioxide 9.5 187 39 Iodine 9.0 18.4
42 Carbon disulfide 8.0 16.0 40 Mercury 5.3 22.9
13 Carbon monoxide 11.0 200 41 Methane 99 15.5
14 Chlorine 90 184 42 Methyl alcohol 85 15.6
15° Chloroform 89 157 43. Nitric oxide 109 20.5
16 Cyanogen 9.2 152 44 Nitrogen 10.6 20.0
17 Cyclohexane 9.2 12.0 45 Nitrosyl chloride 8.0 176
18 Ethane 9.1 14.5 46 Nitrous oxide 88 19.0
19 Ethyl acetate 85 132 47 Oxygen 11.0 213
20 Ethyl alcohol 9.2142 48 Pentane 70 12.8
21 Ethy] chloride 8.5 15.6 49 Propane 97 129
22. Ethyl ether 89 13.0 50 Propyl alcohol 84 13.4
23. Ethylene 9.5 15.1 St Propylene 90 138
24 Fluorine 73 238 52. Sulfur dioxide 96 170
25 Freon-Il 10.6 151 53. Toluene 86 124
26 Freon-12 M1 16.0 54 2,3,3-Trimethylbutane 9.5 10.5
7 Freon-21 10.8 15.3 55 Water 8.0 16.0
28 Freon-22 10.1 17.0 56 Xenon
ar App.A3 Physical Properties of Inorganic and Organic Compounds ep = calla+°C = tu/lbyy «°F
E40
‘Temperature Ean
(Cc) CF) E
04
100 iss
200 c
300
400
7
500 Zz Lo
600 3 5 6 ea = 09
700 a8 O90 - og
800 On 12 gels b
900 Woo 8 14 tr 07
a 8 sw Bes
1200 or Eos
1300 WA E
1400 We ag 20 Fos
1500 US Oo 19 4, 0 E
1600 1D o 26
1200 n 230) 6e
Chlorine 0.00744 293 0.0138
Sulfur dioxide 273 0.0087
373 0.0119
Source : (1) Moser. dissertation, Berlin, 1913; (2) F. G. Keyes, Tech. Rept, 37, Project Squid,
‘Apr. 1.1952; 3) W. B, Mann and 8. G. Dickens, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), ALM, 77 (1931): (8),
Inernarienal Critical Tables, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1929; (5) T. H.
Chilton and R. P. Genereaus, personal communication, 1946; (6) A. Eucken, Physik, Z. 12,
NOt 1911}; 14,324 1913): (7) B. G, Dickens, Proc. Roy. So. (London) AU43, 517 (1934
ABIL Heat ki/kg » K)
Liquid K oc, Liquid K
Acetic acid Hydrochloric acid (20 mol %) 273. 2.43
293 2.474
Acetone Mercury 293 0.01390
Methyl alcohol 293 2.512
Aniline 313 2.583
Nitrobenzene 283 1.499
Benzene 303 1.419
363 1,436
Butane um chloride (9.1 mol %) 293 3.39
&Butyl alcohol 303 2.525 330 3.43
Ethyl alcohol 273 2.240 Sulfuric acid (100%) 293 1.403
298 2.433 Toluene 273° 1.616
Formic acid 273 1.825 323 1.763
289 2.131 o-Xylene 303° (1.721
Giycerol 288 2.324
Source: N.A. Lamge, Handbook of Chemistry, LOth ed, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1967:
National Research Council, International Critical Tables, Vol. V. New York: McGraw-Hill Book
Company, 1929; R. H, Perey and C. H. Chilton, Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, Sib ed. New York:
McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1973,
Appendix AS
875 Temperature
@c) CF)
200 —- 390
| 380
woo 38
180 350.
170 340
Fy
160 320
310
10 1300
fF 290
Wag) 280
mo
v0 -f 270
120} 250
240
no + 330
[220
100-1. 210,
| 200
90-1 190
go + 180
| 170
70 + 160
| 50
co + 140
fp 130
50 120
f 110
40 +100 5
30 99
- 80
20 70
+ 60
so
40
30
+ 20
“OL 10
~20 °
-10 °%
-30 1-29
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Viscosity
[Gkg/m + )10° or ep}
190
90
80
70
60
50
40
E30
E 20
rreryy
T
Food
0.2
T
Loa
Figure A3-4, Viscosities of liquids. (From R. H. Perry and C. H, Chilton, Chemical Engineers’
Handbook, Sth ed. New ¥ork : McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1973, With permission.)
See Table A.
816 App. AS
12 for use with Fig. A3-4,
Physical Properties of Inorganic and Organic Compounds ae
Liquid
Acetaldehyde
Acetic acid, 100%
Acetic acid, 70%
‘Acetic anhydride
Acetone, 100%
Acetone, 35%
Acetonitrile
Acrylic acid
Allyl alcohol
Allyl bromide
Allyl iodide
Ammonia, 100%
Ammonia, 26%
Amyl acetate
Amyl alcohot
Aniline
Anisole
Arsenic trichloride
Benzene
Brine, CaCL2, 25%
Brine, NaCl, 25%
Bromine
Bromotoluene
Butyl acetate
Butyl acrylate
Butyl alcohol
Butyric acid
Carbon dioxide
Carbon disulfide
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chloroswlfonic acid
Chlorotoluene, ortho
Chlorotoluene, meta
Chlorotoluene, para
Cresol, meta
Appendix A3
13.1
124
10.2
18.1
13.3
12.5
125
20.8
ies of Liquids (Coordinates for Use with Fig.
Liquid
Cyclohexanol
Cyclohexane
Dibromomethane
Dichloroethane
Dichloromethane
Diethyl ketone
Diethyl oxalate
Diethylene glycol
Dipheny!
Dipropyl ether
Dipropyl oxalate
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl acrylate
Ethy) aleohol, 100%
Ethyl alcohol, 95%
Ethyl alcohol, 40%
Ethyl benzene
Ethyl bromide
Z-Ethyl butyl acrylate
Ethyl chloride
Ethyl ether
Ethyl formate
2-Ethyl hexyl acrylate
Ethyl iodide
Ethyl propionate
Ethyl propyl ether
Ethyl sulfide
Ethylene bromide
Ethylene chloride
Ethylene glycol
Ethylidene chloride
Fluorobenzene
Formic acid
Freon-Il
Freon-12
Freon-21
Freon-22
29
98
12.7
13.2
146
13,5
11.0
5.0
12.0
132
10.3
137
12.7
10.5
98
65
13.2
145
112
148
14.5
142
9.0
14.7
132
140
138
119
12.7
60
141
13.7
10.7
144
16.8
15.7
172
16.4
24.7
18.3
8.6
177
on
10.4
13.8
143
16.6
us
82
14.0
6.0
53
84
15.0
103
99
7.0
BS
157
12.2
23.6
"87
10.4
158
90
15.6
15
47
877 12 Viscosities of Liquids, Continued
Liquid x oy Liquid x oY
Freon-113 125 114 Octyl alcohol 66 21
Glycerol, 100% 20 30.0 Pentachloroethane 109 173
Glycerol, 50% 69 19.6 — Pentane 149 5.2
Heptane 141 84 Phenol 69 208
Hexane 147 7.0 Phosphorus tribromide 13.8 16.7
Hydrochloric acid, 31.5% 130 166 Phosphorus trichloride 16.2 10.9
Todobenzene 128 159 Propionic acid 128 138
Isobutyl alcohol 7.1 18.0 Propyl acetate 13.1 103
Isobutyric acid 122 144 Propyl alcohol 9.1 165
Isopropyl alcohol 82 160 — Propyl bromide 145 96
Isopropyl bromide 141 92 Propyl chloride 14475
Isopropyl chloride 138 7.1 Propyl formate 131 9.7
Isopropyl iodide 13.7 112 Propyl iodide 14.1 116+
Kerosene 102 169 Sodium 16.4 13.9
Linseed oil, raw 75 21.2 Sodium hydroxide, 50% 3.2. 258
Mercury 184 164 —— Stannic chloride 13.5 128
Methanol, 100% 124 105 —— Succinonitrile 101 208
Methanol, 90% 123 118 Sulfur dioxide 152 74
Methanol, 40% 78 15.5 Sulfuric acid, 110% 12 214
Methyl acetate 142 82 Sulfuric acid, 100% 80 25.1
Methyl acrylate 130 95 Sulfuric acid, 98% 10 248
Methyl butyrate 123° 9.7 Sulfuric acid, 60% 10.2 213
Methyl n-butyrate 132 103 Sulfuryl chloride 15.2. 124
Methyl chloride 150 38 Tetrachloroethane 11.9 15.7
Methyl ethyl ketone 139 8.6 Thiophene 13.2 110
Methyl formate 142 75 Titanium tetrachloride 14.4 123
Methyl iodide 14393 Toluene 13.7 104
Methyl propionate 135 9.0 Trichloroethylene 148 105
Methyl propyl ketone 143 -9,5._——Triethylene glycol 47 248
Methyl sulfide 153 64 Turpentine 1S 149
Naphthalene 79 18.1 Vinyl acetate 140 88
Nitric acid, 95% 128 138 Vinyl toluene 13.4 120
Nitric acid, 60% 108 17.0 Water 10.2 13.0
Nitrobenzene 106 16.2 Xylene, ortho 135 121
Nitrogen dioxide 129 86 Xylene, meta 13.9 106
Nitrotoluene 110 17.0 Xylene, para 139 109
Octane 13.7 10.0
878 App.A.3 Physical Properties of Inorganic and Organic Compounds Temperature
Cc) CF)
200
Gp = callg> °C = btu/lb
Bas
2
@ 86
o®
460 047
— -100
~100— el ae
Figure ASS
1
2A
3 66 2G
093A
4° 04a
so £
60
os, OE
% % yo
| BS 6g 0
Ul 6}2,
| O\o!o13A
114 013
1SSGrO2
21
Rooir 1907 69g
25 Fos
a, 3008 E
1
2 298031 54 E
30 2 oes 33
31
oe
48
3 40
049
050 Slo
52 33
6
Heat capacity of liquids. (From R. H. Perry and C. H. Chilton, Chemical Engineers’
Handbook, 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1973. With permission)
Appendix A3
879 A.313 Thermal Conductivities of Liquids (k = Wim - K)*
Liquid k k Liguid Kok
Acetic acid Ethylene glycol 273 0.265
100% 293 0.171 Glycerol, 100% 293 0.284
50% 293 0.346 n-Hexane 303 0.138
Ammonia 243-258 0.502 333 0.135
n-Amyl alcohol 303 0.163 Kerosene 293 0.149
373 0.454 348 0.140
Benzene 303 0.159 Methyl alcohol
333 0.151 100% 293 0.215
Carbon tetrachloride 273 0.185 60% 293 0.329
341 0.163 20% 293 0.492
n-Decane 303 0.147 100% 323 0.197
333 0.144 n-Octane 303 0.148
Ethyl acetate 293 0.175 333 0.140
Ethyl alcohol NaCl brine
100% 293 0.182 25% 303 0.571
60% 293 0.305 125% 303 0.589
20% 293 0.486 Sulfurie acid
100% 323 ISI 90% 303 0.364
60% 303 0.433
Vaseline 332 0.183
+ Atineae variation with temperature may be assumed between the temperature limits given.
Source: R, Hi. Perry and C,H. Chilton, Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, Sth ed. New York:
McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1973. With permission
880 App. A3 Physical Properties of Inorganic and Organic Compounds A.3-14 Heat Capacities of Solids (c, = kJ/kg - K)
—————————————
Solid K G Solid Ko
Alumina 373 0.84 Benzene 273-1570
1773 1.147 Benaoic acid 293 1.243
Asbestos 105 Camphene 308 1.591
‘Asphalt 092 Caprylic acid 271 2.629
Brick, fireclay 373 0829 Dextrin 273 1.218
1773 -1.248 Formic acid 273 1.800
Cement, portland 0.779 — Glycerol 273 1.382
Clay 0.938 — Lactose 293 1.202
Conerete 063 Oxalic acid 323 1.612
Corkboard 303 0.167 Tartaric acid 309 1.202
Glass 084 = Urea 293 1.340
Magnesia 373 0980
1773, 0.787
Oak 2.39
Pine, yellow 298 281
Porcelain 293-373 0.775
Rubber, vuleanized 201
Steel 0.50
Wool 1361
Source: R. HL. Perry and C. H. Chilton, Chemical Engineers" Handbook, Sth ed. New
York: MeGraw-Hill Book Company, 1973; National Researeh Council, International
Critical Tables, Vol. V. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1929: L. S. Marks,
Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook, Sth ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Compsny,
1951: F. Kreith, Principles of Hear Transfer, 2nd 4, Scranton, Pa.: International
Textbook Co, 1968.
Appendix A3
881 A.3-15 Thermal Conductivities of Building and Insulating Materials
P
(8) &
Material m) CO KGW /m- K)
Asbestos 31 0.151 (0°C) (0.168 G7.8°C) 0.190 (933°C)
Asbestos sheets 889 St 0.166
Brick, building 20 0.69
Brick, fireclay 1,00 (200°C) 1.47 (600°C) 1.64 (100°C)
Clay soil, 4% H,O 1666 4.5 0.57
Concrete, 1:4 dry 0.762
Corkboard 160.2 30 0.0433
Cotton 80.1 0.055 (0°C) 0.061 (37.8°C) 0.068 (93.3°C)
Felt, woo! 330 30 0,052
Fiber insulation
board 237 21 0.048
Glass, window 0.52-1.06
Glass woo! 64.1 30 0.0310 (—6.7°C) 0.0414 (378°C) 0.0549 (93.3°C)
Toe 9210 2.25
Magnesia, 85% m1 0.068 (37.8°C) 0.071 (93.3°C) 0.080 (204.4°C)
208 0.059 (37.8°C) 0.062 (93.3°C) 0.066 (148.9°C)
Oak, across grain 825.15 0.208
Pine, across grain 54515 O.151
Paper 0.130
Rock wool 192 0.0317 (—6.7°C) 0.0391 (37.8°C) 0.0486 (93.3°C)
128 0.0296 (—6.7°C) 0.0395 (37.8°C) 0.0518 (93.3°C)
Rubber, hard 1198 0 O1SL
Sand soit
4% H,0 1826 45 151
10% H,O 1922 45 2.16
Sandstone 2243 40 1.83
Snow 559 Oo 047
Wool M05 30 0.036
* Room temperature when none is noted.
Source: L. 8. Marks, Meckanical Engineers" Handbook, Sth ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company,
1951; W. H. MeAdams, Heat Transmission, 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1954; F. H.
Norton, Refractories. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1949: National Research Counc, Inrena-
tional Critical Tables. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1929; M.S. Kersten, Univ. Minn. Eng. Ex.
Sta,, Bull 28, June 1949; RH. Heilman, Ind. Eng. Chem. 28, 782 (1936).
882 App. A.3 Physical Properties of Inorganic and Organic Compounds A.3-16 Thermal Conductivities, Densities, and Heat
Capacities of Metals
viowia ce (a)
Aluminum 20 2707 0.896
Brass (70-30) 20-8922 0.385
Cast iron 20 7593 0.465
Copper 20 8954 0.383,
Lead 20 11370 0.130
Steel 1%C 20-7801. 473
308 stainless 20 7849 0.461
304 stainless 0 7817 0.461
20 © 7304 0.227
202 (°C)
230 (300°C)
97 °C)
55 (0°C)
388 (0°C)
35 0°O)
453 (18°C)
43 (300°C)
15.2 (100°C)
13.8 (0°C)
62.(0°C)
KWim- K)
206 (100°C)
104 (100°C)
52 (100°C)
377 (100°C)
33 (100°C)
45 (100°C)
21.6 (500°O)
16.3 (100°C)
59 (100°C)
215 (200°C)
109 (200°C)
48 (200°C)
372 (200°C)
31 (200°C)
45 (200°C)
18,9 (300°C)
57 (200°C)
Source: L. 8, Marks, Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook, Sth ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book
Company, 1951; E.R, G. Eckert and RM. Drake, Heae and Mass Transfer, nd ed, New York
McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1959; R. Hl. Perry and C. H. Chilton, Chemical Engineers’ Handbook,
Sth ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1973; National Research Council, International
Critical Tables. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1929.
Appendix A3 A.3-17 Normal Total Emmissivities of Surfaces
Surface Ke Surface K «
Aluminum Lead, unoxidized — 400-0.057
highly oxidized 366 0.20 Nickel, polished 373 0072
highly polished 500 0,039 Nickel oxide 922 0.59
850 0.057 Oak, planed 294 0.90
Aluminum oxide 550 0.63 Paint
Asbestos boatd — 296 0.96 aluminum, 373 052
Brass, highly 520 0.028 oil (16 different,
all colors) 373 092-096
polished 630 0.031 Paper 292 0924
Chromium,
polished 373 0.075 Roofing paper 294 091
Copper Rubber (hard, glossy) 296 0.94
oxidized 298 0.78 Steel
polished 390 0.023 oxidized at 867K 4720.79
Glass, smooth 295. 0.94 polished stainless 373 0.074
Iron 304 stainless 489 0.44
oxidized 3730.74 Water 273 095
tin-plated 373 0.07 373 0.963
Iron oxide TI 085
Source: R. H. Perry and C. H. Chilton, Chemical Enginsers’ Handbook, Sth ed. New York:
McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1973; W.H. McAdams, Heat Transmission, 3rd ed. New York:
‘McGraw-Hill Book Company, 19543 E. Schmid, Gesundh.-Ing. Betheft, 20, Reihe 1,1 (1927),
A.3-18 Henry's Law Constants for Gases in Water (H x 107*)*
K °C C0, CO Cyl, CH, WS CH,
273.2 0 0.0728 3.52 126 0552 12.9 5.79 0.0268 2.24 529 255
2832 10 0.104 4.42 189 0.768 126 636 0.0367 297 668 3.27
293.2 20 0.142 5.36 263 102 125 683 0.0483 3.76 804 4.01
303.2 30 0.186 620 342 1.27 124 7.29 0.0609 449 9.24 4,75
313.2 40 0.233 696 4.23 12.1 7.51 0.0745 520 104 5.35
partial pressure of A in gas in atm, x,
jenry's law constant in attn/mole frac.
Source: National Research Count, International Critical Tables, Vol. 11. New York: McGraw-
Hill Book Company, 1929,
mole fraction of 4 in liquid,
884 App. A.3 Physical Properties of Inorganic and Organic Compounds Partial Pressure of SO, Mole Fraction $0,
Vapor, p4 (mm Ha) in Vapor, 343 Aun
Mole Fraction ae
SO, in Liquid, 30°C (303K) 20°C 30"
0 0 0 0
0.000562 06 0000658 0.000790
0,0001403 12 1? 0.00158 0,00223
0.000280 32 47 0.00421 0.00619
0.000422 58 81 0.00763, 0.01065
0.000864 85 1.8 0.01120 0.0155,
0.000842 14a 19.7 0.01855 0.0259
0.001403, 260 36 0.0342 0.0473
0.001965 39.0 32 0.0513 0.0685
0.00279 39 79 0.0775, 0.1040
0.00420 9 125 0.121 0.1645
0.00698 161 216 0.212 0.284
0.01385, 336 452 0.443 0594
0.0206 517 688 0.682 0.905
0.0273 698 0.917
Equilibrium Data for Methanol-Water System
Partial Pressure of Methanol
in Vapor, p, (ram Hg)
Mote Fraction —
Methanol in Liquid, x, 39.9°C (313.1. K) 594°C (332.6K)
0 0 0
0.05 25.0 50
0.10 46.0 102
0.15 66.5 151
Source: National Research Council, International Critical Tables, Vol. IU
New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.192),
Appendix A3 885 A.3-21 Equilibrium Data for Acetone-Water System
at 20°C (293 K)
Mole Fraction
0
0.0333
0.0720
oA
O71
Acetone in Liquid, x4
Partial Pressure of Acetone
in Vapor, p, (ram Hig)
0
30.0
62.8
85.4
103
Source: TK. Sherwood, Absorption and Extraction. New York
McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1937. With permission,
A.3-22 Equilibrium Data for Arnmonia—Water System
Mole Fraction
0
0.0126
0.0167
0.0208
0.0258
0.0309
0.0405
0.0503
0.0737
0.0960
0.137
0.175
0.210
0.241
0.297
NH, in Liquid, x,
Partial Pressure of NH Mole Fraction NH, in
in Vapor, p, (rm Hg) Vapor, y,; P= 1 Atm
20°C (293K) 30°C 303K) 20°C 30°C
0 0 0 0
us 0.0151
153 0.0201
12 193 0.0158 0.0254
15 244 0.0197 0.0321
182 29.6 0.0239 0.0390
249 40.1 0.0328 0.0527
31.7 51.0 0.0416 0.0671
50.0 197 0.0657 0.105
69.6 ho 0.0915 0.145
114 179 0.150 0.235
166 260 0.218 0.342
227 352 0.298 0.463
298 asa 0.392 0.597
470
n9 0618 0.945
Source: 5. 4. Peacy, Chemical Engineers* Handbook, ath e8, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company,
1963. With permission.
App. A3
Physical Properties of Inorganic and Organic Compounds 887
001 oot O'LLT RL TLL o0s'0 GLI O'S
y901 LOZ. SLSh —RsCTT:SCCELT: SC EBL BLED (O80 wR ORL oro |= L181 78
sczi ms 996 = 60 €8L 6560 0960 rg. e140 coro, SP8t LPs
est 99 TITEL, «= LO T9LT. COB HHO OGD KLE CHL (STO ooo | 681 C18
oust 08 = 67] FO HLT COTR: | TIGD-—0NHHD.sOELI HLS ooro = 7L61 816
£612 ere ser «£0 SBT LPB S800 EPL HL LEO. osoo = PEO 7S
LISz zal S6ST 0) TLGT SIG HD ONLI T HLT OR HIO ozo = 80% 1°86
sige ostt roar 0 ZIZ OOO! F620 = 009 BLL. «OB 0 0 zz oor
sod 4 uodo, pnb] ONDA, De 4 x de ; “ % HO
sso - =
(aunreyu fo By/r) —(eanixnu fo “gy/nia) aumpadw.t iq uowso.g sso sanyouadway —«fouoypg uonso4g ssopy —aunvosadwua.y
Adgoy rug Adgoyney ‘puaqnimba. pinbrT-s0d0 4 souqyunbg pinbrT—10d0 4
(WHY 1) BAY STETOL 8 woIshs s9reA\-fouRIpy 40y BEG uNUGHIMdY Ez-Er¥ A.3-24 Acetic Acid-Water-Isopropyl Ether System,
Liquid-Liquid Equilibria at 293 K or 20°C
Water Layer (wt %
Isopropyl Ether Layer (wt %
isopropyl Isopropyl
Acetic Acid Water Ether Acetic Acid ~— Water Ether
0 98.8 12 0 06 99.4
0.69 98.1 12 018 05 99.3
141 971 Ls 037 07 98.9
2.89 95.5 16 0.79 08 98.4
6.42 917 19 193 1.0 971
13.30 844 23 4.82 19 93.3
25.50 na 34 11.40 39 847
36.70 58.9 44 21.60 69 118
44.30 45.1 10.6 31.10 108 58.1
46.40 374 16.5 36.20 15.1 48.7
Source: Trans, AJ-Ch.E.,3%6, 601,628 (1940).
th permission.
A3-25 Liquid—Liquid Equilibrium Data for
Acetone-Water-Methyl Isobuty! Ketone (MIK)
‘System at 298-299 K or 25-26°C
Composition Data Acetone Distribution Data
owt %) (wt %)
MIK — Acetone — Water Water Phase MIK Phase
98.0 0 2.00 25 45
93.2 46 2.33 35 10.0
713 18.95 3.86 75 13.5
71.0 24.4 4.66 10.0 175
65.5 289 553 125 213
54.7 37.6 7.82 15.5 25.5
46.2 43.2 10.7 17.5 28.2
124 427 45.0 20.0 312
501 309 642 22.5 34.0
323.209 15.8 25.0 36.5
212 373 94.2 26.0 315
2.20 0 978
Source: Reprinted with permission from D. F, Othmer, R. E. White, and E.
Trwsaes Ind. Eng. Chem. 33,1240 (1941) Copyright by the American Chemi-
cal Society
888 App.A.3 Physical Properties of Inorganic and Organic Compounds APPENDIX A.4
Physical Properties
of Foods and
Biological Materials
A.4-1 Heat Capacities of Foods (Average c,
273-373 K or 0-100°C)
HO ¢,
Material (wt %) (ks /kgK)
Apples 15-85 3.73-4.02
Apple sauce 4.02"
Asparagus
Fresh 93 3.94¢
Frozen 93 201t
Bacon, lean 51 3.43,
Banana purée 3.668
Beef, lean n 3.43
Bread, white 44-45 2.72-2.85
Butter 1s 2304
Cantaloupe 927 3.944
Cheese, Swiss 55 2.68t
Corn, sweet
Fresh 3.32¢
Frozen 1IIt
Cream, 45-60% fat 57-73. ——-3.06-3.27
Cucumber 97 410
Eggs
Fresh 3.18
Frozen 1.68
; Fish, cod
: Fresh 0 3.18
Frozen 70 Lint
Flour 1243.5 180-188
Ice 100 1.958]
Appendix AA A41 Continued
HO,
Material (we) kujkg Ky i
Ice cream i
Fresh 58-66 3.27F :
Frozen 58-66 1.88 |
Lamb 70 3.18* q
Macaroni 125-135 1,841.88 f
Milk, cows?
Whole 87.5 3.85 i
Skim a 3.98-4.02. 2
Olive oil 2.01** i
Oranges
Fresh 87.2 3.77t 4
Frozen 87.2 1.93 3
Peas, air-dried 14 1.84 . i
Peas, green :
Fresh 74,3 331t
Frozen 143 1.76t |
Pea soup 4.10
Plums 75-78 3.52 <
Pork
Fresh 60 285t
Frozen 60 134
Potatoes 75 3.52
Poultry
Fresh. 714 331t
Frozen 4 155t
Sausage, franks
Fresh. 60 3.60
Frozen 60 2.35¢
String beans
Fresh 889 —-3.81t
Frozen 88.9 197 4
Tomatoes 95 3.98t
Veal 63 3.22
Water 100, 4.185** §
+ nec |
t Above freezing. 1
4 Below freezing |
sarc }
qaarc. :
i 20°C. j
swe. j
Source: W. O. Ordinanz, Food Ind, 18, 101 (1946); G. A.
Reidy, Department of Food Science, Michigan State Uni-
versity, 1968:S. E. Charm, The Fundamentals of Food Engin-
ering, 2nd ed. Westport, Cong.: Avi Publishing Co, Ine.,
1971; RL Earle, Unit Operations in Food Processing
Oxford: Pergamon Press, Ine, 1966; ASHRAE, Handbook
of Fundamentals. New York: ASHRAE, 1972, 1967; H. C.
Mannheim, MP. Steinberg, and A. I. Nelson, Food
Technol, 9, 5561955),
890 App. AA Physical Properties of Foods and Biological Materials A.42 Thermal Conductivities, Densities, and Viscosities of Foods
Temp-
erature k ’ H
Material (kK) (Wim-K)—tkafm?)—{(Pa-3)J0°,
or cpl
f Apple sauce 2957 0.692
Butter 15 2776 0.197998
Cantaloupe 0571
Fish
Fresh 2732 0431
Frozen 2632 1.22
Flour, wheat 88 0.450
Honey 26 2754 050
Ice 100-2732 -2.28
100 2532-242
Lamb 1 (288 0.415
Milk
Whole 293.2 1030 212
Skim 27470538
298.2 1081 14
oil
Cod liver 298.2 924
Corn 288.2 921
Olive 2932 0.168 «919 84
Peanut 277.1 0.168
Soybean 303.2 919 40
Oranges 61230350431
Pears 2819 0.595
Pork, lean
Fresh 2154 0.460
Frozen 2582 1.109
Potatoes
Raw 0.554
Frozen 2604 1.09 977
Salmon
Fresh 672711 0.50
Frozen 67 248.2 1.30
Sucrose solution 80 294.3 1073 1.92
Turkey
Fresh 4 2760 0.502
Frozen 248.2 1.675
Veal
Fresh 75 3334 (0.485
Frozen 75° 2636 = 1.30
Water 100 293.2 0.602
10027320569
Source: R. C. Weast, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 48th ed, Cleveland: Chemical
: Rubber Co, Inc, 1967; C. P, Lentz, Food Technot, 15, 43 (1961); G. A. Reidy, Department of
§ Food Science, Michiyan State University, 1968: S. E. Charm, The Fundamentals of Food
e Engineering, 2ad ed. Wesiport, Conn.: Avi Publishing Co. Ine, 1971; R. Earle, Unit Operetions
& in Food Processing, Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1966; R. H. Perry and C. H. Chilton, Chemical
= Engincers! Handbook, Sth ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1973; V. E. Sweat, J
@ Food Si, 38, 1080(1974)
Appendix At 391 892
APPENDIX A.5
Properties of Pipes,
Tubes, and Screens
ASI Dimensions of Standard Steel Pipe
Nominal Outside Wall Inside Inside Cross-
Pipe Diameter Sched- ‘Thickness Diameter Sectional Area
Size ule :
(in) mmm Number nmi TOF
$ 0.405 10.29 40 0.068 1.73 0.269 6.83 0.00040 0.3664
80 0.095 241 0.215 5.46 0.00025 0.2341
$ 0.540 1372 40 0.088 2.24 0.364 9.25 0.00072 0.6720
80 0.119 3.02 0.302 7.67 0.00050 0.4620
} 0675 17.15 400.091 2.31 0.493 12.52 0.00133 1.231
80 0.126 3.20 0.423 10.74 0.00098 0.9059
4 0840 2134 40 0.109 2.77 0.622 15.80 0.00211 1.961
80 0.147 3.73 0.546 13.87 0.00163 1.511
2 1.050 2667 40 0.113 287 0.824 20.93 0.00371 3.441
80 0.154 391 0.742 18.85 0.00300 2.791
1 1315 3340 400.133 3.38 1.049 26.64 0.00600 5.574
80 0.179 4.45 0.957 24.31 0.00499 4.641
1d 1.660 42.16 40 0.140 3.56 1.380 35.05 0.01040 9.648
80 0191 485 1.278 32.46 000891 8.275
1g 1.900 4826 400.145 3.68 1.610 40.89 0.01414 13.13
80 0.200 5.08 1.500 38.10 0.01225
2 2.375 60.33 40 0.154 3.91 2.067 52.50 0.02330
80 0.218 5.54 1.939 49,25 0.02050
24 2875 73.03 400.203 5.16 2.469 62.71 0.03322
80 0.276 7.01 2.323 59,00 0,02942
3 3.500 8890 40 0.216 5.49 3.068 77.92 0.05130
0.300 7.62 2900 73.66 0.04587
3} 4.000 101.6 400.226 5.74 3.548 90.12 0.06870
80 0.318 808 3.364 85.45 0,06170
4 4500 1143 400.237 6.02 4.026 102.3 0.08840
80 0337 856 3826 97.18 0.07986
5 5.563 141.3 400.258 6.55 5.047 128.2 0.1390
80 0.375 9.53 4813 1223 0.1263
6 6.625 168.3 400.280 7.11 6.065 154.1 0.2006
80 0.432 1097 5.761 146.3 0.1810
8 8.625 219.1 40-0322 8:18 7.981 202.7 0.3474
80 0.500 1270 7.625 193.7 0.3171
App. AS Properties of Pipes, Tubes, and Screens AS-2 Dimensions of Heat-Exchanger Tubes
Quiside Wall Inside Inside Cross-
Diameter Thickness Diameter Sectional Area
BWG
in mm Number in, mm in, mm fe mx tot
$1588 12 0.109 2.77 0.407 10.33 0.000903 0.8381
14 0.083 2.11 0.459 11.66 0.00115 1.068
16 0.065 1.65 0.495 1257 0.00134 1.241
18 6.049 1.25 0.527 1339 0.00151 1.408
2 19.05 12 0.109 2.77 0532 1351 0.00154 1.434
14 0.083 211 0584 14.83 0.00186 1.727
16 0,065 1.65 0.620 15.75 0.00210 1.948
18 0.049 1.25 0.652 1656 0.00232 2.154
J 2223 12 0.109 2.77 0.657 16.69 0.00235 2.188
14 0.083 2.11. 0.709 18.01 0.00274 2.548
16 0.065 1.65 0.745 18.92 0.00303 2.811
18 0.049 1.25 0.777 19.74 0.00329 3.060
1 25.40 10 0.134 3.40 0.732 1859 0.00292 2.714
12 0.109 2.77 0.782 19.86 0.00334 3,098
14 0,083 2.11 0834 21.18 0.00379 3.523
16 0.065 1.65 0.870 22.10 0.00413 3.836
Ik 31.75 10 0.134 3.40 0.982 24.94 0.00526 4.885
12 0,109 2.77 1.032 26.21 0.00581 5.395
14 0.083 2.11 1.084 27.53 0.00641 5.953
16 0,065 1.65 1.120 28.45 000684 6.357,
1} 3810 100.134 3.40 1.232 31.29 0.00828 7.690
12 0.109 2.77 1.282 32.56 - 0.00896 8.326,
14 0,083 2.11 1.334 3388 0.00971 9.015,
2 30.80 10 0.134 3.40 1.732 43.99 0.0164 15.20
12 0.109 2.77 1.782 45.26 0.0173 16.09
Appendix A.S
393 AS3_ Tyler Standard Screen Seale
Sieve Opening Nominal Wire Diameter
in in Tyler
(approx. (approx. Equivalent
mm equivalents) mm equivalents) Designation
269 1.06 3.90 0.1535, 1.050 in.
25.4 1,00 3.80 0.1496
22.6 0.875 3.50 0.1378 0.883 in.
19.0 0.750 3.30 0.1299 0.742 in,
16.0 0.625 3.00 0.1181 0.624 in,
13.5 0.530 2.75 0.1083 0.525 in,
12.7 0.500 2.67 0.1051
112 0.438 2.45 0.0965 0.441 in.
9.51 0.375 2.27 0.0894 0.371 in.
8.00 0.312 2.07 0.0815 24 mesh
6.73 0.265 187 0.0736 3 mesh
6.35 0.250 1.82 0.0717
5.66 0.223 1.68 0.0661 34 mesh
4.76 0.187 154 0.0606 4 mesh
4.00 0.157 137 0.0539 5 mesh
3.36 0.132 1.23 0.0484 6 mesh
2.83 O11 1.10 0.0430 7 mesh
2.38 0.0937 1,00 0.0394 8 mesh
2.00 0.0787 0.900 0.9354 9 mesh
1.68 0.0661 0.810 0.0319 10 mesh
141 0.0555 0.725 0.0285 12 mesh
119 0.0469 0.650 0.0256 14 mesh
1.00 0.0394 0.580 0.0228 16 mesh
0.841 0.0331 0.510 0.0201 20 mesh
0.707 0.0278 0.450 00177 24 mesh
0.595 0.0234 6,390 0.0154 28 mesh
0.500 0.0197 0.340 0.0134 32 mesh
0.420 0.0165 0.290 00114 35 mesh
0.354 0.0139 0.247 0.0097 42 mesh
0.297 0.0117 0.215 0.0085 48 mesh
0.250 0.0098 0.180 0.0071 60 mesh
0.210 0.9083 0.152 0.0060, 65 mesh
0.177 0.0070 0.131 0.0052 80 mesh
0.149 0.0059 110 0.0043 100 mesh
0.125 0.0049 0.091 0.0036 115 mesh
0.105 0.0041 0.076 0.0030 150 mesh
0.088 0.0035 0.064 0.0025 170 mesh
0.074 0.0029 0.053 0.0021 200 mesh
0.063 0.0025 0.044 0.0017 250 mesh
0.053 0.0021 0.037 0.0015 270 mesh
0.044 0.0017, 0.030 ~~ 9.0012 325 mesh
0.037 0.0015 0.025 0.0010 400 mesh
898 App. AS Properties of Pipes, Tubes, and Screens
a Notation
Sl units are given first (followed by English and/or cgs units).
pea aera as
3
erent
Notation
particle radius, m (ft)
area, m? (ft); also m? area/m? volume bed or packing (ft?/ft®)
acceleration from centrifugal force, m/s* (ft/s?)
specific surface area of particle, m~* (ft)
cross-sectional area, m? (ft?, em); also area,m? (ft?)
absorption factor = L/mV, dimensionless; also filter area, m? (Rt)
membrane area, cm?, m? (ft?)
solvent permeability constant, kg/s-m?- atm
solute permeability constant, m/s (ft/h)
length, m (ft, em)
flow rate of dry solid, kg/h (Ib,/h); also filtration constant, s/m*
(s/f?)
physical property of membrane, atm~
concentration, ke/m?, kg mol/m: (Ib,,/ft?, g mol/cm*)
concentration of absorbate in fluid, kg/m? (Ib,,/ft?)
concentration of A, kg mol/m} (Ib mol/ft?, g moVcm*)
break-point concentration, kg/m? (Ib,,/ft?)
concentration of solute in gel, kg solute/m? (Ib,,/ft>, g/cm?)
concentration of solute at surface of membrane, kg solute/m?>
(Ib,,/ft?, gem?)
concentration of A in solid, kg mol A/m? (Ib,,/ft?, g mol/cm*)
concentration of solids in slurry, kg/m? (Ib,,/ft?)
humid heat, kI/kg dry air-K (btu/lb,, dry air-°F)
concentration of solids in slurry, mass frac
heat capacity at constant pressure, J/kg-K, kJ/kg*K, kJ/kg
mol K (btu/lb,, °F, cal/g+°C)
mean solvent concentration in membrane, kg/m? (Ib,J/ft?)
deviation of concentration from mean concentration C4, kg
mol/m?
concentration of P, kg P/m?
heat capacity at constant volume, J/kgK.
filtration constant, N/m? (1b; t?); also, number of components
fluid heat capacity, W/K (btu/h-°F)
height of bottom of agitator above tank bottom, m (ft)
pitot tube coefficient, dimensionless
895 pra Sam
»
ean y
BEEF aqqag
pa
896
drag coefficient, dimensionless
Venturi coefficient, orifice coefficient, dimensionless
molecular diffusivity, m?/s (ft?/h, cm?/s); also diameter, m (ft)
decimal reduction time, min; also distillate flow rate, kg/h, kg. {
mol/h (Ib,,/h) !
molecular diffusivity, m?/s (ft2/h, em?/s)
particle diameter, m (ft)
Knudsen diffusivity m?/s (ft?/h, cm/s)
transition-region diffusivity, m?/s (ft?/h, em?/s)
effective diffusivity, m?/s (ft?/h, cm?/s)
effective mean diameter for mixture, m (ft)
diameter of agitator, m (ft)
diameter of tank, m (ft)
critical diameter, m (ft)
diffusivity of A in protein solution, m?/s
activation energy, J/kg mol (cal/g mol)
energy for size reduction, kW-h/ton; also tray efficiency,
dimensionless
total energy, J/kg (ft-Ib,/lb,,)
fraction unaccomplished change, dimensionless
emitted radiation energy, W/m? (btu/h - ft?)
axial dispersion coefficient, m/s (ft?/h)
monochromatic emissive power, W/m? (btwh- ft?)
fraction of feed vaporized; also cycle fraction, dimensionless
Fanning friction factor, dimensionless
mixing factor, dimensionless
number of degrees of freedom
frictional loss, J/kg (ft Iby/1b,,)
flow rate, kg/h, kg mol/h (Ib,/h)
force, N (Ib, , dyn)
correction factor for temperature difference, dimensionless
process time at 121.1°C (250°F), min
geometric view factor for gray surfaces, dimensionless
geometric view factor, dimensionless
standard acceleration of gravity (see Appendix A.1)
gravitional conversion factor (see Appendix A.1)
mass velocity = vp, kg/s- m?, kg/h m? (Ib, /h ft?)
growth constant, mm/h
mass velocity = v'p, kg/s: m?, kg/m? (Ib,/h 1)
irradiation on a body, W/m? (btu/h- ft?)
constant spacing in x for Simpson’s rule
head, J/kg (ft-Iby/Ib,,); also height of fluid, m (ft)
heat-transfer coefficient, W/m? K (btu/h «fi? - °F)
enthalpy of liquid, J/kg, ki/kg, kI/kg mol (btu/lb,,)
latent heat of vaporization, J/kg, kJ/kg (btu/lb,,)
contact resistance coefficient, W/m? K (btu/h ft? °F)
distance, m (ft)
Henry's law constant, atm/mol frac
head, J/kg (ft- Ib,/Ib,,); also height of fluid, m (ft)
enthalpy, J/kg, kJ/kg, kJ/kg mol (btu/lb,, ); also enthalpy kJ/kg
dry air (btu/lb,, dry air)
Notation Ak
Keke kes kes
ke
kg dyk,a, ka,
k,
kesh
Ki,
Notation
humidity, kg water vapor/kg dry air (Ib water vapor/Ib dry air)
enthalpy of vapor, J/kg, ki/kg, kI/kg mol (btullb;.)
equilibrium relation, kg mol/m}+ atm
bed length, rm (ft); also effective length of spindle, m (ft)
enthalpy, kJ/kg dry solid (btw/lb,,); also enthalpy, kJ/kg dry air
(btw/lbj, dry air)
length of bed used up to break point, m (ft)
height of transfer unit, m (ft)
percentage humidity, percentage relative humidity,
respectively
total bed length, m (ft)
length of unused bed, m (ft)
unit vector along x axis
intensity of turbulence, dimensionless; also current, amp,
radiation intensity of black body, W/m? sr (btujh ft? + sr)
intensity of radiation, W/m? (btu/h- ft?)
unit vector along y axis
width of baffle, m (ft)
mass flux of A relative to mass average velocity, kg/s +m?
mass flux of 4 relative to molar average velocity, ka/s:m?
molar flux of A relative to mass average velocity, kg mol/s-
molar flux vector of A relative to molar average velocity, kg
mol/s- m? (Ib mol/h ft?, g mol/s- cm?)
mass-transfer and heat-transfer factors, dimensionless
unit vector along z axis
reaction velocity constant, h~', min™?, or 7?
thermal conductivity, W/m: K (btu/h ft-°F)
reaction velocity constant, h~', min71, ors"!
first-order heterogeneous reaction velocity constant, m/s (cm/s)
mass-transfer coefficient, kg mol/s-m?-cone diff (Ib mol/h- ft? -
cone diff, g mol/s-cm?-cone diff); kg mol/s-m?-Pa, kg mol/s
m?- atm (Ib mol/h- ft? - atm), (See Table 72-1)
mass-transfer coefficient, m/s (ft/h, ern/s)
volumetric mass-transfer coefficient, kg mol/s-m?-cone diff (Ib
mol/h- ft? - conc diff, g mol/s-cm?- conc diff); kg mol/s:m?- Pa
surface seaction coefficient, kg mol/s- m?- mol frac
wall constants, dimensionless
overall 1 ass-transfer coefficient, kg mol/s-m?-mol frac (Ib mol/
h-ft?- mol frac, g mol/s- cm? mol frac)
consistency index, N- s"/m? (Ib,-s"/ft2)
constant 12 Eq. (3.1-39), m/s (ft/s)
equilibriun distribution coefficient, dimensionless
consistency index, N-s"/m? (Ib, s*/ft?)
equilibrium distribution coefficient, dimensionless
filtration constant, s/m® (5/ft*)
filtration constant, N/m (Ibj/ft°)
contraction, expansion, fitting loss coefficient, dimensionless
length, m (ft); also amount, kg, kg mol (Ib,,); also kg/h - m?
liquid flow rate, kg/h, kg mol/h (Ib,,/h)
397 L
Ls
L
mr’,
Noy Ni Nac» Now
Nor
Noy
Nox
Nora
Nuns
Noe
Nww.d
Nee
New
New
Nei.
Ne
Nee
Nresgen
898
Prandtl mixing length, m (ft)
mean beam length, m (ft)
dry solid weight, kg dry solid (Ib,, dry solid)
flow rate, kg inertjh, kg mol inert/h (Ib,, inert/h)
slope of equilibrium line, dimensionless
flow rate, kg/s, kg/m (Ib,/S)
dimensionless ratio = k/hx, ; also, position m
parameter in Table 7.1-1, dimensionless; also position parameter
ratio, kg wet cake/kg dry cake (Ib wet cake/lb dry cake)
molecular weight, kg/kg mol (Ib,/lb mol)
total mass, kg (Ib,,); also parameter == (Ax)?/aAt, dimensionless
modulus = (Ax)?/D,p At, dimensionless
flow rate, kg/h, kg mol/h (Ib,/h)
amount of adsorbent, kg(lb;,)
exponent, dimensionless; also flow behavior index, dimensionless
slope of line for power-law fluid, dimensionless
position parameter; also dimensionless ratio = x/x,
total amount, kg mol (ib mol, g mol)
flux of A relative to stationary coordinates, ke/s-m?
rpm or rps; also number of radiation shields
parameter = Ax/k, dimensionless; also number of viable or-
ganisms, dimensionless
total flux relative to stationary coordinates, kg mol/s-m? (Ib
mol/h- 10, 3 mol/s-cm?)
modulus = k, Ax/D 4g, dimensionless; also number of stages
concentration of solid B, kg solid Bfkg solution (Ib solid B/Ib
solution)
number of equal temperature subdivisions, dimensionless
solute flux, kg/s-m? (Ib,,/h ft?)
solvent flux, kg solvent/s~m? (Ib,,/lv- ft?)
residual defined by Eq. (6.6-3), kg mol/m? (Ib mol/ft?)
molar flux vector of 4 relative to stationary coordinates, kg
mol/s-m? (Ib mol/h-f?, g mol/s-em?)
mass transfer of A relative to stationary coordinates, kg mol/s (Ib
mol/h, g mol/s)
number of transfer units, dimensionless
Grashof number defined in Eq, (4.7-4), dimensionless
Biot number = hx, /k, dimensionless
Graetz number defined in Eq. (4.12-3), dimensionless
Grashof number defined in Eq. (4.7-5), dimensionless
Mach number defined by Eq. (2.11-15), dimensionless
Peclet number = N,, Np, dimensionless
Nusselt number = hé/k, dimensionless
Froude number ~ v*/gZ, dimensionless
Knudsen number = 7/2, dimensionless
Nusselt number = #L/k, dimensionless
Nusselt number =f, x/k, dimensionless
Prandtl number = ¢, u/k, dimensionless
Reynolds number = Dvp/, dimensionless
Reynolds number = D2Np/u, dimensionless
Reynolds number defined by Eq. (3.5-111), dimensionless
Notation
t i
|
tee
Pu
RT
nm
%
%
WR
Notation
Reynolds number = Lv. p/j, dimensionless
Reynolds number = xv,, p/p, dimensionless
Reynolds number defined by Eq. (3.5-20), dimensionless
Reynolds number defined by Eq. (3.1-15), dimensionless
Reynolds number at minimum fluidization defined by Eg. (3..
35), dimensionless
Euler number = p/pv?, dimensionless
Schmidt number = 11/pD,4g, dimensionless
Sherwood number = K.D/Dag, dimensionless
power number defined by Eg. (3.4-2), dimensionless
flow number, dimensionless
Stanton number = k;/v, dimensionless
number of transfer units, dimensionless
flow rate, kg/h, kg mol/h (b,/h)
pressure, N/m?, Pa (Ib,/ft, atm, psia, mm Hg)
partial pressure of A, N/m?, Pa (Ib,/ft2, atm, psia, mm Hg)
log mean inert partial pressure of B in Eq. (6.2-21}, N/m?, Pa
(ib,/f?, atm, psia, mm Hg)
total pressure in high-pressure side (feed), cm Hg, Pa (atm)
total pressure in low-pressure side (permeate) cm Hg, Pa (atm)
permeability in solid, mis (fh)
parameter in Eq. (5.5-12), dimensionless
total pressure, N/m?, Pa (Ib,/ft?, atm, psia, mm H)
power, W (ft-lbs, hp)
flow rate, kg/h, kg/min; also number of phases at equilibrium
momentum vector, kg m/s (IDj* ft/s)
vapor pressure of pure A,N/m?, Pa (Ib,/ft?, atm, psia, mm Hg)
permeability of A, cm? (STP): em/s-cm?-cm Hg
solvent membrane permeability, kg solvent/s-m-atm (Ib,/h: ft
atm)
permeability, kg mol/s-m-atm (Ib mol/h: ft-atm)
permeability, m>(STP)/(s- m? C.S, - atm/m)
permeability, em {STP){s cm? CS. atm/em)
permeability, cm*(STP)((s- cm? C.S.-cm He/mm)
heat-transfer rate, W (btu/h); also net energy added to system, W
(btu/h); also J (btu)
flow rate, m/s (7/5)
heat flux vector, W/m? (btu/h- ft?)
rate of heat generation, W/m? (btu/h ft)
feed condition defined by Eq. (114-12)
flow rate in Darcy's law, cm/s
kg adsorbate/kg adsorbent (Ibjq/lb,,)
flow rate of residue, m*/s (ft?/h, m/s)
flow rate of permeate, m°/s (ft/h, cm3/s)
flow rate of A in permeate, cm? (STPY/s, m/s (ft°/h)
condenser duty, kJ/h, kW (btu/h)
feed flow rate, cm? (STP)/s, m*/s (fU°/h)
residual defined by Eq. (4.5-1)), K €F)
reject flow rate, cm* (STPV/s, m?/s (ft?/h)
permeate flow rate, cm? (STP)/s, m?/s (fC /h)
reboiler duty, ki/h, KW (btu/h)
399 U44% pap RRB
ue
7
Hynes
