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Class 12 CH 9 Coordination Compounds

1. The document discusses the IUPAC nomenclature rules for naming coordination compounds. It describes how the central metal ion and ligands are named in the compound name. 2. The document also explains valence bond theory of bonding in coordination compounds. According to this theory, the metal forms hybridized orbitals that overlap with ligand orbitals to form coordinate covalent bonds. 3. A table shows examples of coordination complexes, the hybridization of the metal ion, number of unpaired electrons, and whether the complex is paramagnetic or diamagnetic based on having unpaired electrons.

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3K views

Class 12 CH 9 Coordination Compounds

1. The document discusses the IUPAC nomenclature rules for naming coordination compounds. It describes how the central metal ion and ligands are named in the compound name. 2. The document also explains valence bond theory of bonding in coordination compounds. According to this theory, the metal forms hybridized orbitals that overlap with ligand orbitals to form coordinate covalent bonds. 3. A table shows examples of coordination complexes, the hybridization of the metal ion, number of unpaired electrons, and whether the complex is paramagnetic or diamagnetic based on having unpaired electrons.

Uploaded by

ananthusb
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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CO-ORDINATION COMPOUNDS

The figure shown below gives information of the various terms used for defining the co-ordination
compounds.
Ionisation
Central Ligand Sphere
Metal ion

Co(NH3) 6 Cl3

Coordination Coordination
Sphere Number

IUPAC Nomenclature for Co-Ordination Compounds

1. Positive part of a co-ordination compound is named first and is followed by the negative part.

2. In naming the complex ion, the name of the ligands are given in alphabetical order regardless of
their charge followed by metal.

3. When there are several ligands of the same kind, we normally use the prefixes di, tri, tetra, penta
and hexa to show the number of ligands of that type. An exception occurs when the name of the
ligand includes a number (di, tri etc). To avoid confusion in such cases bis, tris and tetrakis are used
instead of di, tri and tetra and the name of the ligand is placed in brackets.

4. i) Negative ligands end in 'O', for example:


F Fluoro H hydrido OH hydroxo
Cl Chloro I iodo NO2 nitro.
ii) Neutral groups have no special endings, Examples include NH3 ammine, H2O aqua, CO carbonyl
and NO nitrosyl. The ligands N2 and O2 are called dinitrogen and dioxygen. Organic ligands are
usually given their common names for example phenyl, methyl, ethylenediamine, pyridine,
triphenylphosphine.
iii) Positive ligands end in - ium e.g. NH2 NH3+ hydrazinium.
The spellings of ammine with two m’s distinguised it from organic amines.

5. The oxidation state of the central metal is shown by Roman numeral in brackets immediately
following its name (i.e. no space, e.g. titanium(IV) ).

6. Sometimes a ligand may be attached through different atoms. Thus M NO2 is called nitro and
M ONO is called nitrito. Similarly SCN group may bond M SCN thiocyanato or M NCS
isothiocyanato. These may be named systematically thiocyanato S or thiocyanato N to indicate
which atom is bonded to the metal. This convention may be extended to other cases where the
mode of linkage is ambiguous.

7. When writing the formula of complexes, the complex ion should be enclosed by square brackets.
The metal is named first, then the co-ordinated groups are listed in the order; negative ligands,
neutral ligands; positive ligands (and alphabetically according to the first symbol with in each group).
8. If a complex contains two or more metal atoms, it is termed polynuclear. The bridging ligands which
link the two metal atoms together are indicated by the prefix . If there are two or more bridging
groups of the same kind, this is indicated by di- , tri- etc. Bridging groups are listed alphabetically
with the other groups unless the symmetry of the molecule allows a simpler name. If a bridging
group bridges more than two metal atoms it is shown as 3, 4, 5 or 6 to indicate how many atoms
it is bonded to.

9. The complete metal name consists of the name of the metal, followed by-ate if the complex is an
anion, which in turn is followed by the oxidation number of the metal, indicated by roman numerals
in parenthesis. (An oxidation state of zero is indicated by 0 in parenthesis). When there is a latin
name for the metal, it is used to name the anion (except for mercury). These names are given in the
following table.

English name Latin name Anion name


Copper Cuprum Cuprate
Gold Aurum Aurate
Iron Ferrum Ferrate
Lead Plumbum Plumbate
Silver Argentum Argentate
Tin Stannum Stannate

Bonding in Co-Ordination Compounds

Pauling proposed a simple valence bond theory to explain bonding in Co-ordination Compounds
According to this theory:

1. Central metals loses a requisite no. of electrons to form the ion.

2. The cation orbitals hybridize to form a new set of equivalent hybridized orbitals with definite
directional properties.

3. Each ligand contains a lone - pair of electrons. A covalent bond is formed by the overlap of a vacant
hybridized metal orbital and a filled orbital of the ligand.

4. If the complex have unpaired electron then it will be paramagnetic if not then it will be diamagnetic.

To understand the valence bond concept let us take some examples of co-ordination compounds.
1. [Cr(NH3)6]3+, the central metal is in +3 oxidation state
d2 sp3

Orbitals of Cr3+ion

3d 4s 4p

d2sp3 hybridized
orbitals of Cr3+
d2sp3hybrid
d2sp3hybrid orbitals
of [Cr(NH3)6]3+
6 pairs of electron from six NH3 molecules

2. [Ni(CN4)]2-, Ni is in +2 oxidation state

atomic orbitals of Ni

3d 4s 4p

dsp2 hybridized
orbitals of Ni+2
2
dsp hybrid

hybridized orbitals
of [Ni(CN)4]2-
4 pairs of electrons from CN- groups

State of Hybridisation and Magnetic Behaviour of Some Co-Ordination Complex


Metal Metal Config-uration Hybridisation of Number of Magnetic
Complex ion of metal ion metal ion unpaired behavi
orbitals electrons our
for ligand bonds
[V(H2O)6]3+ V3+ d2 d2sp3 2 Paramagne
tic
[Cr(NH3)6]3+ Cr3+ d3 d2sp3 3 Paramagne
tic
[Mn F6]3- Mn3+ d4 sp3d2 4 Paramagne
tic
[Mn(CN)6]3- Mn3+ d4 d2sp3 2 Paramagne
tic
[Fe(CN)6]3- Fe3+ d5 d2sp3 1 Paramagne
tic
[FeF6]3- Fe3+ d5 sp3d2 5 Paramagne
tic
[FeCl4]2- Fe2+ d6 sp3 4 Paramagne
tic
[CoF6]3- Co3+ d6 sp3d2 4 Paramagne
tic
[Co(NH3)6]3+ Co3+ d6 d2sp3 0 Diamagneti
c
[Ni(Cl)4]2- Ni2+ d8 sp3 2 Paramagne
tic
[Ni(CN)4]2- Ni2+ d8 dsp2 0 Diamagneti
c
[CuCl4]2- Cu2+ d9 dsp2 1 Paramagne
tic
[Zn(NH3)4]2+ Zn2+ d10 sp3 0 Diamagneti
c

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