0% found this document useful (0 votes)

124 views

MA6151 Lecture Notes Solved V+

Uploaded by

aravindan476

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

0% found this document useful (0 votes)

124 views

MA6151 Lecture Notes Solved V+

Uploaded by

aravindan476

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 124

www.Vidyarthiplus.

com
UNIT I: MATRIX
CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION
Let A be a given matrix. Let be a scalar. The equation det is called the

characteristic equation of the matrix A.

Find the Characteristic equation of A =

Solution: The Characteristic equation of A is =0 ie. Where = Trace of A

& = Therefore = 4 & = -5 implies that

2. Find the Characteristic equation of A =

Solution: The Characteristic equation of A is =0 ie., Where =

Trace of A , =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & = = 3 & = -1 &
implies that
EIGEN VALUE
The values of obtained from the characteristic equation are called the Eigen values of A.

EIGEN VECTOR

Let A be a square matrix of order n and be a scalar, X be a nonzero column vector such that AX = X.

The non-zero column vector which satisfies is called eigen vector or latent

vector.

LINEARLY DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT EIGEN VECTOR

Let A be the matrix whose columns are eigen vectors.
(i) If then the eigen vectors are linearly dependent.

(ii) If then the eigen vectors are linearly independent.

Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of

Solution: The Characteristic equation of A is

=0 ie.

Where = Trace of A , =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & =

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

find

eigen

vector

the

definition

have

that

implies

ie.,

CASE (I) : When = -3 , Substituting in (1) we get

; ;
Solving using cross multiplication rule

CASE (ii) : When = 5 , Substituting in (1) we get

If then

; ;

Solving using cross multiplication rule If then

The eigen vectors are

Since the eigen values are repeated the eigen vectors are linearly dependent.

Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of

Solution: The Characteristic equation of A is =0 ie. . Where

= Trace of A , =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & =

= 0 &

& implies that

find

eigen

vector

the

definition

CASE (I) : When = -1 , Substituting in (1) we get

have

ie.,

All the three equations reduce to one and the same equation

Two of the unknowns, say and are to be treated as free variables. Taking and ,

we get and taking and , we get .

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

CASE (ii) : When = 2 , Substituting in (1) we get

; ;

Solving using cross multiplication rule

The eigen vectors are

Though two of the eigen values are equal, the eigen vectors are are linearly independent.

NOTE:

(i) The eigen vector corresponding to an eigen value is not unique.

(ii) If all the eigen values of a matrix are distinct, then the corresponding eigen vectors are linearly
independent.
(iii) If two or more eigen values are equal, then the eigen vectors may be linearly indenpent or linearly
dependent.
PROPERTIES OF EIGEN VALUES AND EIGEN VECTORS:
Property 1: (I) The sum of the Eigen values of a matrix is equal to the sum of the elements of the principal
diagonal (trace of the matrix). i.e.,

(ii)The product of the Eigen values of a matrix is equal to the determinant of the matrix.

i.e.,

Property 2: A square matrix A and its transpose have the same Eigen values.

Property 3: The characteristic roots of a triangular matrix are just the diagonal elements of the matrix.

Property 4: If is an Eigen value of a matrix A, then is the Eigen value of

Property 5: If is an Eigen value of an orthogonal matrix A, then is also its Eigen value.
Property 6: If

are the Eigen values of a matrix A, then

values
(m being a positive integer)

Property7: If are the Eigen values of a matrix A, then

has the Eigen

are the Eigen

values of the matrix KA.

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Property 8: Property7: If are the Eigen values of a matrix A and if K is a scalar then

are the Eigen values of the matrix A-KI.

Property 9: The Eigen values of a real symmetric matrix are real numbers.

Property 10: The Eigen vectors corresponding to distinct Eigen values of a real symmetric matrix are
orthogonal.
Property 11: The similar matrices have same Eigen values.
Property 12: Eigen vectors of a symmetric matrix corresponding to different Eigen values are orthogonal.
Property 13: If A and B are matrices and B is a non singular matrix then A and have same
Eigen values.

Property 14: Two Eigen vectors and are called orthogonal vectors if

Property 15: If be distinct Eigen values of a matrix then corresponding Eigen

vectors

form a linearly independent set.

Note: The absolute value of a determinant (|detA|) is the product of the absolute values of the eigen values
of matrix A.
c = 0 is an eigen value of A if A is a singular (noninvertible) matrix

If A is a n x n triangular matrix (upper triangular, lower triangular) or diagonal matrix, the eigen

values of A are the diagonal entries of A.

A and its transpose matrix have same eigen values.

Eigen values of a symmetric matrix are all real.

Eigen vectors of a symmetric matrix are orthogonal, but only for distinct eigen values.

The dominant or principal eigen vector of a matrix is an eigen vector corresponding to the eigen

value of largest magnitude (for real numbers, largest absolute value) of that matrix.

For a transition matrix, the dominant eigen value is always 1.

The smallest eigen value of matrix A is the same as the inverse (reciprocal) of the largest eigen value
-1

of A ; i.e. of the inverse of A.

1. Find the Sum and the product of the Eigen values of A =

Solution: From the property of Eigen values i.e. &

Therefore Sum of the Eigen values =1+5+1= 7 & Product of the Eigen values =

i.e., 1(5-1)-1(1-3) +5(1-15) = 4+2-70 =-64. Therefore &

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

2. If A =

write down the sum and product of the Eigen values of A.

Solution: From the property of Eigen values i.e. &

Therefore Sum of the Eigen values =1+2+3= 6 & Product of the Eigen values =
Ie, 1(6-4)-1(3-2) +1(2-2) = 2-1 =1. Therefore

3. Find the Sum and the product of the Eigen values of A =

Solution: From the property of Eigen values i.e. &

Therefore Sum of the Eigen values =6 & Product of the Eigen values = =6

4. Prove that the Eigen values of are the same as those of A =

Solution: The Characteristic equation of A is =0

ie. Where = Trace of A & =

Therefore = 2 & = -3 implies that . Eigen values of A are 3 and -1.

(By the property of Eigen values we know that if are eigen values A then &
are eigen

values of

also if are eigen values -kA)

Since Eigen values of A are 3 and -1. Eigen values of are

Therefore Eigen values of are -1 and 3.

5. If the Sum of the two eigen values and trace of matrix A are equal. Find the value of
Solution: Let be the eigen values of A. From the property of Eigen values

implies that

we know that

Given

that is

Therefore Product of the Eigen values =

6. Prove that if X is an eigen vector of A corresponding to the eigen value . Then for any nonzero
scalar multiple of A, X is an eigen vector.
Solution: By definition of eigen values (1) Pre multiplying by k on both sides of (1)

is the Eigen values of (kA) &

is the Eigen vector of (kA).

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

7. Two eigen values of a matrix A =

are equal to 1 each. Find the eigen values of A & .

Solution: From the property of Eigen values

we know that .

Given . Therefore the Eigen values of A are 1, 1, 5.

(By the property of Eigen values we know that if are eigen values A then

values of ) Therefore the Eigen values of are 1, 1,

are eigen

8. Find the eigen value of A =

corresponding to the eigen vector .

Solution: By the definition we have ie. (

2- =0 2 = .BY property = 6 . Therefore eigen

values of A are 2 and 6.

9. If A is an orthogonal matrix. Show that is also orthogonal matrix.

Solution: Since A is an orthogonal matrix .Implies that (A )= = Let B = , to prove

B is orthogonal we have to check = .

To prove: = == , Since =A.

10. Find the constants a and b such that the matrix

has 3 and -2 as its eigen values.

Solution: BY property & &

Given = 1 & -6 Therefore

a(1-a)=-2 a = 2 & a = -1. b = -1 & b = 2. Therefore when a=-1 then b=2

and when a = 2 then b = -1.

11. Given that
verify that eigen values of are the squares of those of A.

Solution: The Characteristic equation of A is =0

i.e., Where = Trace of A & = Therefore = 7 & = 6 implies that

Eigen values are 1 & 6.

The Characteristic equation of is

Eigen values of are 1 and 36, that are the squares of the eigen values of A,

namely 1 and 6.

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

12. The product of two eigen values of the matrix

value.

is 14. Find the third eigen

Solution: By the property . Given that

Solution: The Characteristic equation of A is =0

13. Find the eigen values of

i.e., Where = Trace of A & = Therefore = 6 & = 5 implies that

Eigen values are 1 & 5.

By the property .
(i.e.) 1 & 25 are the eigen values of .

The eigen values of are 2(1) & 2(25) = 2, 50.

14. Find the sum of the squares of the eigen values of

Solution: By the property The eigen values of a upper or lower triangular matrix are the main diagonal
elements.

Eigen values of A = 3, 2, 5.
Sum of the squares of the eigen values of A =9+4+25 =38.

15. Find the sum of the eigen values of the inverse of

Solution: By the property The eigen values of a upper or lower triangular matrix are the main diagonal
elements.

Eigen values of A = 3, 4, 5.

By the property .

Sum of the eigen values of

CAYLEY HAMILTON THEOREM:

Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation.

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
This means that, if is the characteristic equation of a

square matrix A of order n, , where I is the unit matrix of

order n.

1. If A is non singular matrix then we can get , using this theorem

2. Higher positive integral powers of A can be computed

1. Verify the Cayley Hamilton theorem for the matrix A =

Solution: Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation is the statement of Cayley
Hamilton

theorem.

The

Characteristic

equation

ie., Where = Trace of A & =

Therefore = 8 & = 14 implies that We have to check

A2 =

L.H.S =
=

verified.

& 8A =

2. Using Cayley Hamilton theorem find given

=R.H.SCayley

Hamilton

theorem

Solution: The Characteristic equation of A is =0 i.e., Where = Trace

of A & = Therefore = 4 & = -5 implies that By Cayley Hamilton
theorem we have ..(1) , Premultiplying by
=

3. Using Cayley Hamilton theorem find for A =

Solution: The Characteristic equation of A is =0 ie.,

on both sides of (1) we get

Where

= Trace of A , =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & = = 3 & = -1
& implies that 3

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
(Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation is the statement of Cayley Hamilton
theorem.) By Cayley Hamilton theorem we have
by on both sides of (1) we get

..(1) Premultiplying

4. Using Cayley Hamilton theorem find for A =

SOLUTION : The Characteristic equation of A is =0 ie., Where

= Trace of A , =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & = = 5 & =9
& implies that 5 (Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic

equation is the statement of Cayley Hamilton theorem.)

we get

By Cayley Hamilton theorem we have

..(1) , Premultiplying by on both sides of (1)

5. Using Cayley Hamilton theorem find for A =

SOLUTION : The Characteristic equation of A is =0

ie., Where

= Trace of A , =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & = = 8 & =8
& implies that 8 (Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic
equation is the statement of Cayley Hamilton theorem.)

By Cayley Hamilton theorem we have

..(1)

Premultiplying by on both sides of (1) we get =

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

6. Verify Cayley Hamilton theorem and also find interms of , A & I of A =

SOLUTION : The Characteristic equation of A is =0 ie.,

Where = Trace of A , =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & = = 5 &
=7 & implies that 5

(Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation is the statement of Cayley Hamilton
theorem.)
5

To verify C.H.T we have check :

Consider L.H.S of (I) :

= = R.H.S of (i)

Therefore C.H.T is verified.

By Cayley Hamilton theorem we have

..(1) ,

Premultiplying by on both sides of (1) we get

= (2)

=

Premultiplying by on both sides of (2) we get

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

7. Verify Cayley Hamilton theorem and also find interms of , A & I of A =

SOLUTION : The Characteristic equation of A is =0 ie.,

Where = Trace of A , =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & = = 6 &
=8 & implies that 6

(Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation is the statement of Cayley Hamilton
theorem.)
To verify C.H.T we have check :

Consider L.H.S of (I) :

= -

= = R.H.S of (i)

Therefore C.H.T is verified.

By Cayley Hamilton theorem we have

6 .

..(1) ,

(
=

8. Verify the Cayley Hamilton Theorem and hence find

Ans: : The Characteristic equation of A is =0 ie.,

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Where = Trace of A , =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & = = 6
& = -9 & 6

By Cayley Hamilton theorem we have 6

Premultiplying by on both sides of (1) we get

DIAGONALISATION OF A MATRIX

..(1)

The process of finding a matrix M such that , where D is a diagonal matrix, if called
diagonalisation of the Matrix A
Note:

DIAGONALISATION BY ORTHOGONAL
TRANSFORMATION OR ORTHOGONAL REDUCTION
If A is a real symmetric matrix, then the eigen vectors of A will be not only linearly independent but also
pair wise orthogonal. If we normalize each eigen

vector i.e. divide each element of

by the square

root of the sum of the square\s of all the elements of and use the normalized eigen vectors of A to form

the normalised modal matrix N, then it can be proved that N is an orthogonal matrix. By a property of
orthogonal matrix, .

The similarity transformation takes the form .

Transforming A into D by means of the transformation is known as orthogonal transformation or

orthogonal reduction.

NOTE:- Diagonalisation by orthogonal transformation is possible only for a real symmetric matrix.

1. Diagonalise the matrix

SOLUTION: Given A =

by an orthogonal transformation.

The Characteristic equation of A is =0
i.e.

Where = Trace of A , =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & =
= 12 & =36 & implies that
igen values of the matrix A are 2 , 2 & 8.

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
To

find

eigen

vector

the

definition

have

ie.,

CASE (I) : When =8 , Substituting in (2) we get

Solving using cross multiplication rule

CASE(ii) : When =2 , Substituting in (2) we get

If then

We have only one equation

with three unknowns,

let

if If then

CASE(iii) : When =2 , Let From orthogonal transformation we know that

must be mutually perpendicular to each other. , &

Modal matrix M=

Normalised modal matrix

Solving using cross multiplication rule

If then

= =D

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

2. Diagonalise the matrix by an orthogonal transformation.

Solution: Given A =

The Characteristic equation of A is =0
i.e.

Where = Trace of A , =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & =
= 9 & =24 & implies that

igen values of the matrix A are 4 , 4 & 1.

find

eigen

vector:

By the definition

have

ie.,

CASE (I) : When =1 , Substituting in (2) we get

Solving using cross multiplication rule

CASE(ii) : When =4 , Substituting in (2) we get

If then

We have only one equation with three unknowns, let if

If then

CASE(iii) : When =4 , Let From orthogonal transformation we know that

must be mutually perpendicular to each other. , &

Solving using cross multiplication rule

If then

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Modal matrix M=

Normalised modal matrix

3. Diagonalise the matrix
by an orthogonal transformation.

Solution: Given A =

The Characteristic equation of A is =0

i.e.

Where = Trace of A , =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & =
= 17 & =42 & implies that

igen values of the matrix A are 0 , 3 & 14.

find

eigen

vector:

By the definition

have

ie.,

CASE (I) : When =0 , Substituting in (2) we get

Solving using cross multiplication rule

CASE(ii) : When =3 , Substituting in (2) we get

If then

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Solving using cross multiplication rule

CASE(iii) : When =14 , Substituting in (2) we get

Solving using cross multiplication rule

Modal matrix M=

Normalized modal matrix

If then

QUADRATIC FORMS
A homogeneous polynomial of the second degree in any number of variables is called a quadratic form.
For example, is a quadratic form in three variables.

is called the matrix of the quadratic form Q.

The symmetric matrix

NOTE:

To find the symmetric matrix A of a quadratic form, the coefficient of is placed in the position and

is placed in each of the and positions.

CANONICAL FORM OF A QUADRATIC FORM: Let be a quadratic form in n variables

In the linear transformation X = PY, if P is chosen such that is a diagonal matrix of the form

, then the quadratic form Q gets reduced as Q

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

This form of Q is called the sum of the squares form of Q or the canonical form of Q.
NATURE OF QUADRATIC FORMS:
Rank: When the quadratic form is reduced to the canonical form it contains only r terms which is the
rank of A.
Index: The number of positive terms in the canonical form is called the index (p) of the quadratic
form.
Signature: The difference between the number of positive and negative terms is called signature (s) of
the quadratic form [s = 2p-r].
The quadratic form in n variables is said to be

(i) Positive definite: If r = n and p = n or if all the eigen values of A are positive.
(ii) Positive semi definite: If r < n and p = r or if all the eigen values of and atleast one eigen value is

zero.

(iii) Negative definite: If r = n and p = 0 or if all the eigen values of A are negative.
(iv) Negative semi definite: If r < n and p = 0 or if all the eigen values of and atleast one eigen

value is zero.

(v) Indefinite: In all other cases or if A has positive as well as negative eigen values.
RULES FOR FINDING NATURE OF QUADRATIC FORM USING PRINCIPAL SUBDETERMINANTS:
In this method we can determine the nature of the quadratic form without reducing it to the canonical form.
Le A be a square matrix of order n.

Here are called the principal subdeterminants of A. From ,the

nature of the quadratic form can be determined.

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
1.
2.

A Q.F is positive definite if are all positive i.e., for all n.

A Q.F is negative definite if are all negative

i.e., for all n.

A Q.F is positive semi- definite if and atleast one .

A Q.F is indefinite in all other cases.

and are all positive

A Q.F is negative semi- definite if and atleast one .

1. Without reducing to canonical form find the nature of the Quadratic form

Solution: Matrix of the Quadratic form is A =

,
= 0 &

= 0 -2-2 =-4

Since 0 & Nature of the Quadratic form is indefinite.

Reduce the quadratic form

to canonical form using

orthogonal transformation also find its nature, rank , index & signature.
Solution: Quadratic form =

Matrix form of Quadratic form = where X = & A =

The Characteristic equation of A is =0
i.e.

Where = Trace of A , =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & =

= 3 & =0 & implies that 3

igen values of the matrix A are -1, 2 & 2.

find

Eigen

vector

the

definition

have

ie.,

CASE (I) : When =-1 , Substituting in (2) we get

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Solving using cross multiplication rule

CASE(ii) : When =2 , Substituting in (2) we get

If then

We have only one equation

with three unknowns,

let

if If then

CASE (iii) : When =2 , Let From orthogonal transformation we know that

must be mutually perpendicular to each other. , &

Solving using cross multiplication rule

Modal matrix M=

Normalized modal matrix

If then

Let X = NY be an orthogonal transformation which changes the quadratic form to canonical form.

where Substituting X = NY in (1) we get

Q.F =

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Q.F = which is the canonical form of the quadratic form

Nature of the Q.F

= Indefinite

Rank of the Q.F (r)

Index of the Q.F (p)

Signature of the Q.F (s) =2p-r = 1.

Reduce the quadratic form

to canonical form using

orthogonal transformation also find its nature, rank, index & signature.
Solution: Quadratic form =

Matrix form of Quadratic form = where X = & A =

The Characteristic equation of A is =0

i.e.

Where = Trace of A , =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & =

= 18 & =45 & implies that

igen values of the matrix A are 0, 3 & 15.

find

eigen

vector:

By the definition

have

ie.,

CASE (I) : When =0 , Substituting in (2) we get

Solving using cross multiplication rule

If then

CASE(ii) : When =3 , Substituting in (2) we get

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Solving using cross multiplication rule

If then

CASE(iii) : When =15 , Substituting in (2) we get

Solving using cross multiplication rule

If then

, & are mutually perpendicular to each

other.

Modal matrix M=

Normalized modal matrix

Let X = NY be an orthogonal transformation which changes the quadratic form to canonical form.

where Substituting X = NY in (1) we get

Q.F =

Q.F = which is the canonical form of the quadratic form

Nature of the Q.F

= Positive semi definite

Rank of the Q.F (r)

Index of the Q.F (p)

=2
21

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Signature of the Q.F (s) =2p-r = 2.

Reduce the quadratic form

to canonical form using

orthogonal transformation also find its nature, rank , index & signature.
Solution: Quadratic form =

Matrix form of Quadratic form = where X = & A =

The Characteristic equation of A is =0

i.e.

Where = Trace of A , =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & =

= 12 & =36 & implies that 12

igen values of the matrix A are 8 , 2 & 2.

find

eigen

vector

the

definition

have

ie.,

CASE (I) : When =8 , Substituting in (2) we get

Solving using cross multiplication rule

CASE(ii) : When =2 , Substituting in (2) we get

If then

We have only one equation

with three unknowns,

let

if If then

CASE(iii) : When =2 , Let From orthogonal transformation we know that

must be mutually perpendicular to each other. , &

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Solving using cross multiplication rule

Modal matrix M=

Normalised

If then

modal

matrix

Let X = NY be an orthogonal transformation which changes the quadratic form to canonical form.

where Substituting X = NY in (1) we get

Q.F =

=
=

Q.F = 8 which is the canonical form of the quadratic form

Nature of the Q.F

= Positive definite

Rank of the Q.F (r)

Index of the Q.F (p)

Signature of the Q.F (s) =2p-r = 3.

Reduce the quadratic form

to canonical form using orthogonal

transformation also find its nature, rank , index & signature.

Solution: Quadratic form =

Matrix form of Quadratic form = where X = & A =

The Characteristic equation of A is =0

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
i.e.

Where = Trace of A , =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & =

= 5 & =4 & implies that

igen values of the matrix A are 0, 1 & 4.

find

eigen

vector:

By the definition

have

ie.,

CASE (I) : When =0 , Substituting in (2) we get

Solving using cross multiplication rule

CASE(ii) : When =1 , Substituting in (2) we get

Solving using cross multiplication rule

CASE(iii) : When =4 , Substituting in (2) we get

If then

Solving using cross multiplication rule

If then

, & are mutually perpendicular to each

other.

Modal matrix M=

Normalised modal matrix

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Let X = NY be an orthogonal transformation which changes the quadratic form to canonical form.

where Substituting X = NY in (1) we get

Q.F =

=
=

Q.F = which is the canonical form of the quadratic form

Nature of the Q.F

= Positive semi definite

Rank of the Q.F (r)

Index of the Q.F (p)

Signature of the Q.F (s) =2p-r = 2.

Reduce the quadratic form

to canonical form using

orthogonal transformation also find its nature, rank , index & signature.

Solution: Quadratic form =

Matrix form of Quadratic form = where X = & A =

The Characteristic equation of A is =0

i.e.

Where = Trace of A , =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & =

= 11 & =36 & implies that

igen values of the matrix A are 2, 3 & 6.

find

eigen

vector

the

definition

have

ie.,

CASE (I) : When =2 , Substituting in (2) we get

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Solving using cross multiplication rule

CASE(ii) : When =3 , Substituting in (2) we get

Solving using cross multiplication rule

CASE(iii) : When =6 , Substituting in (2) we get

If then

Solving using cross multiplication rule

If then

, & are mutually perpendicular to each

other.

Modal matrix M=

Normalised modal matrix

= =D

Let X = NY be an orthogonal transformation which changes the quadratic form to canonical form.

where Substituting X = NY in (1) we get

Q.F =

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
=

=
=

Q.F = 2 which is the canonical form of the quadratic form

Nature of the Q.F

= Positive definite

Rank of the Q.F (r)

Index of the Q.F (p)

Signature of the Q.F (s) =2p-r = 3.

Reduce the quadratic form to canonical form using

orthogonal transformation also find its nature, rank , index & signature.

Solution: Quadratic form =

Matrix form of Quadratic form = where X = & A =

The Characteristic equation of A is =0
i.e.

Where = Trace of A, =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & =

= 8 & =19 & implies that

igen values of the matrix A are 1, 3 & 4.

find

eigen

vector:

By the definition

have

ie.,

CASE (I) : When =1 , Substituting in (2) we get

Solving using cross multiplication rule

CASE(ii) : When =3 , Substituting in (2) we get

If then

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Solving using cross multiplication rule

If then

CASE(iii) : When =4 , Substituting in (2) we get

Solving using cross multiplication rule

If then

, & are mutually perpendicular to each

other.

Modal matrix M=

Normalised modal matrix

= =D

Let X = NY be an orthogonal transformation which changes the quadratic form to canonical form.

where Substituting X = NY in (1) we get

Q.F =

=
=

Q.F = which is the canonical form of the quadratic form

Nature of the Q.F

= Positive definite

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Rank of the Q.F (r)

Index of the Q.F (p)

Signature of the Q.F (s) =2p-r = 3.

Reduce the quadratic form to canonical form using orthogonal

transformation also find its nature, rank , index & signature.

Quadratic form =

Matrix form of Quadratic form = where X = & A =

The Characteristic equation of A is =0
Solution:

i.e.

Where = Trace of A, =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & =

= 10 & =12 & implies that

igen values of the matrix A are -2, 6 & 6.

find

eigen

vector:

By the definition

have

ie.,

CASE (I) : When =-2 , Substituting in (2) we get

Solving using cross multiplication rule

CASE(ii) : When =6 , Substituting in (2) we get

If then

We have only one equation

with three unknowns, let ,

if If then

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

CASE(iii) : When =6 , Let From orthogonal transformation we know that

must be mutually perpendicular to each other. , &

Solving using cross multiplication rule

Modal matrix M=

Normalised modal matrix

If then

= =D

Let X = NY be an orthogonal transformation which changes the quadratic form to canonical form.

where Substituting X = NY in (1) we get

Q.F =

=
=

Q.F = -2 which is the canonical form of the quadratic form

Nature of the Q.F

= In definite

Rank of the Q.F (r)

Index of the Q.F (p)

Signature of the Q.F (s) =2p-r = 1.

Reduce the quadratic form to canonical form using orthogonal

transformation also find its nature, rank , index & signature.

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Solution: Quadratic form =

Matrix form of Quadratic form = where X = & A =

The Characteristic equation of A is =0

i.e.

Where = Trace of A , =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & =

= 0 & =3 & implies that

igen values of the matrix A are 2, -1 & -1.

find

eigen

vector: By the definition

have

ie.,

CASE (I) : When =2 , Substituting in (2) we get

-2

Solving using cross multiplication rule

CASE(ii) : When =-1 , Substituting in (2) we get

If then

We have only one equation

with three unknowns, let

if If then

CASE(iii) : When =-1 , Let From orthogonal transformation we know that

must be mutually perpendicular to each other. , &

Solving using cross multiplication rule

If then

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Modal matrix M=

Normalised modal matrix

Let X = NY be an orthogonal transformation which changes the quadratic form to canonical form.

where Substituting X = NY in (1) we get

Q.F =

=
=

Q.F = 2 which is the canonical form of the quadratic form

Nature of the Q.F

= In definite

Rank of the Q.F (r)

Index of the Q.F (p)

Signature of the Q.F (s) =2p-r =- 1.

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

UNIT II: THREE DIMENSIONAL ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY

FORMULAE:
1.

The equation of the straight line through the point p( x1, y1, z1 ) and having direction cosines

(l , m, n) is

The equation of the straight line through the point

(a, b, c) is

x - x1 y - y1 z - z1
=
=
l
m
n
B( x2 , y2 , z2 )

and having direction ratios

x - x1 y - y1 z - z1
=
=
b
c
a

The equation of the straight line passing through the points A( x1, y1, z1 ) and B( x2 , y2 , z2 ) is

x - x1
y - y1
z - z1
=
=
x2 - x1 y2 - y1 z2 - z1
4.

Angle between the straight lines:

(I) cos q = l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2
d. r of oA = (l1, m1, n1 )
d. r of oB = (l2 , m2 , n2 )
(ii) if the lines are perpendicular =90 ,cos 90=0
l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 =0

(iii)If the lines are parallel , =0, cos0=1 l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 1 or

l1 m1 n1
=
=
l2 m2 n2

(iv) d.r of OA = (a1, b1, c1 ) d.r of OB = (a2 , b2 , c2 )

cos q =

a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2

a12 + b12 + c12 a22 + b22 + c22

(v) If the lines are perpendicular, cos90 = 0

a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0

(vi) If the lines are parallel, cos0 = 1

a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = a12 + b12 + c12 a2 2 + b2 2 + c2 2

a1 b1 c1
= =
a2 b2 c2

(vii) The co-ordinate of any point on the straight line is

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
x - x1 y - y1 z - z1
=
=
= k,
a
b
c
x = x1 + ak , y = y1 + bk , z = z1 + ck

The conditions for the lines are coplanar is

x2 - x1
l1

y2 - y1
m1

z2 - z1
n1 = 0
n2

The equation of the coplanar plane is

x - x1
l1

y - y1
m1

z - z1
n1 = 0
n2

The sphere having centre at the origin and radius r is x2 + y 2 + z 2 = r 2

The

sphere

having

centre

the

point

(a, b, c) and

radius

( x - a)2 + ( y - b)2 + ( z - c)2 = r 2

The general equation of the sphere is

with centre

(-u, -v, -w) and

radius

r = u 2 + v 2 + w2 - d
10.

The equation of the sphere having the points ( x1, y1, z1 ) and ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) as the extremities of the

diameter is ( x - x1 )( x - x2 ) + ( y - y1 )( y - y2 ) + ( z - z1 )( z - z2 ) = 0

CONE
DEFINITION: A cone is defined as a surface generated by a straight line which passes through a fixed
point and satisfies one or more conditioni.e.ie, it may intersect a fixed curve.
Note:
1. The fixed point is said to be the vertex of the cone
2. The fixed curve is said to be the guiding curve of the cone
3. The straight line in any position is called the generator of the cone.
FORMULA:
The equation of the cone with vertex ( x1, y1, z1 ) and whose generators intersect the guiding curve

ax2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0, z = 0

a( zx1 - z1x)2 + 2h( zx1 - z1x)( zy1 - z1 y ) + b( zy1 - z1 y )2 + 2 g ( zx1 - z1x)( z - z1 ) + 2 f ( zy1 - z1 y )( z - z1 ) + c( z - z1 ) 2 = 0

Find the equation of the cone with vertex at (1,1,1) and which passes through the curve

given by x2+ y2=4 ,z=2

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Solution: let the equation of the generator be

(1)

Its point of intersection with the plane z=2 is

(1)

(2)

This point will lie on x2+ y2=4

( 2 + ( 2=4

(3)

Eliminating l,m,n from (1) & (3) gives

X2 + y2 -2z2 +2xz+2zy-4x-4y+4 = 0

Find the equation of the cone whose vertex is the origin and the guiding curve is

x2 + y2 +z2 +4x+2y-6z+ 5 =0, 2x+y+2z+5 = 0

Solution: Equation of the line passing through the origin is

(1)

Any point on this line (1) is (x, y, z) = (lr, mr,nr)

This point (x, y, z) lies on the guiding curve
x2 + y2 +z2 +4x+2y-6z+ 5 =0 , 2x+y+2z+5 = 0
This gives (l2+m2+n2) r2+ (4l+2m-6n) r+ 5 = 0
r (2l+m+2n) +5 = 0

(2)
(3)

Eliminating r from (2) & (3) gives

l2+4m2 2ln2 4lm+6mn+ 2ln = 0

(4)

Eliminating (l, m, n) from (1) & (4) gives

x2+ 4y2 +21z2 -4xy + 6yz +12xz= 0
3.

Find the equation of the cone whose vertex at (1,2,3) and which passes through the curve

x2+y2 +z2=4 , x+y+z=1 (AU MAY/JUNE 2009)

Solution: Equation of any line through (1, 2, 3) is

(1)

Any point on this line is (x,y,z) = (lr+1,mr+2,nr+3)

(2)

But this point (x,y,z) lies on the curve x2+y2 +z2=4 , x+y+z=1
(Lr+1)2+ (mr+2)2 + (nr+3)2 = 4
(Lr+1)+ (mr+2) + (nr+3) =1

(3)
(4)

Solve (4) gives r =

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Using in (3) 5l2 +3m2 +n2-2ml-4nl-6nm=0

(5)

Eliminating (l, m, n) from (1) & (5), we get

5x2+3y2+z2-2xy-6yz-4xz+6x+8y+10z-26=0
4.

Find the Equation of the cone whose vertex is the origin and guiding curve is

Solution: The required cone is homogeneous equation of second degree with vertex at origin
and passes through the given curves hence we have

From (1) & (2) We have

Find the equation of the cone whose vertex is the point (1,1,0) and whose base is the curve

Solution: The Guiding curve is the intersection of

Any Generator through (1,1,0) is

Since the point lies on (1) we get

Since this is homogeneous in l, m, n Hence we substitute

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Find the equation of the cone formed by rotating line about the y-axis

Solution: If the curve x=f(y) in the xy plane is rotated about y-axis , The equation of the
surface of revolution thus generated is

This is the required equation of cone.

RIGHT-CIRCULAR CONE
DEFINITION: A right circular cone is a surface generated by a straight line which passes through a
fixed point and makes a constant angle with a fixed line through the fixed point.
The equation of right circular cone vertex is ( x1, y1, z1 ) ,the semi vertical angle a and axis the line

x - x1 y - y1 z - z1
=
=
is
l
m
n

(l 2 + m2 + n2 )(( x - x1 )2 + ( y - y1 )2 + ( z - z1 )2 )cos2 a = (l ( x - x1) + m( y - y1) + n( z - z1))2

Find the equation of the right circular cone whose vertex is the point (2,1,-3) and semi

vertical angle is and the axis is parallel to the straight line

Solution: Vertex O (2, 1,-3), semi vertical angle =45

d. r. for the axis OC parallel to SD d. r. for OC = 1.3.-4

axis equation is

P(x, y, z) any point on the cone . d. r. for OP= x-2,y-1,z+3 =a1,b1c1

d. r. for OC=1,3,-4 =a2,,b2 ,c2
cos = cos 45 =

= 12x2+4y2-3z2 -6xy+24yz+8xz+30x
+100y-130z-117=0

Find the equation of the right circular cone having its vertex at the origin and passing

through the circle y2 +z2=25, x =4, also find its semi vertical angle.

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Solution: The Equation of the cone with vertex at the origin and
guiding curve y2 +z2=25, x =4is obtained by making
y2 +z2=25, with the help of x =4

y2 +z2=25(2

= 16(y2 +z2) =25x2 and the semi vertical angle is

=510 21

Find the equation of the right circular cone which

passes through the point (2,1,3)with vertex at (1,1,2) and axis

parallel to the line
Solution:

d. r. for VM=2,-4, 3

d. r. for VA=2-1,1-1,3-2=1,0,1
cos =

---------------------------------------

(1)

Let Q(x, y, z) be any point on the cone

d. r. for VQ=x-1,y-1,z-2
d. r. for VM= 2,-4,3
cos =

--------------

(2)

From (1) & (2) equating the R.H.S

17x2 -7y2+7z2+32xy+48yz-24zx-18x-114y-52z+118=0
4.

Find the equation of the right circular cone generated when the straight line 2y+3z=6, x=0

revaluated about z-axis.

Solution: If the curve y= f (z) in the yz plane is rotated about the z-axis
The equation of the surface of resolution thus generated is
X2+y2= (f (z)) 2
Here Y= (f (z)) =

Hence X2+y2=

4(X2+y2)-9z2+36z-36=0
5.

Find the equation of the right circular cone which contains the three coordinate axes as

generators. Obtain the semi vertical angle and the equations of the axis of the cone.
Solution: Let l, m, n, be the d. c. of the axis.
Let be the angle.The axes of the coordinates are generators of the cone and each of the them
is inclined at angle axes.

Since 1, 0, 0, are d.c of the axis

cos =l.1+m.0+n.0=l

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Similarly cos =m=n
Since l2+m2+n2=1

3cos2 =1

=cos-1(

cos =

is the semi vertical angle of the cone

ertex is at the origin, the equations of axis are

Now ertex of the cone is at the origin, the d.c of axis

cos =

x2+y2+z2= (x 2

Find the equation of the right circular cone whose vertex is at the origin and base is the

circle x=a,

y2 +z2=b2.

Solution: Here axis is along x-axis

If is the semi-vertical angle, than Cos =

d. c of axis are (1,0,0) the equation of the cone is

cos =

2(y2+z2) =b2x2

CYLINDER

DEFINITION: A cylinder is a surface generated by a straight line which is parallel to a fixed line and
it has to intersect a given fixed curve. The straight line is any position called a generator and the fixed
point is called the guiding curve of the cylinder.
The equation of cylinders whose generators are parallel to the line

x y z
= = and intersect the curve
l m n

ax2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0, z = 0

a(nx - lz )2 + 2h(nx - lz )(ny - mz ) + b(ny - mz )2 + 2 gn(nx - lz) + 2 fn(ny - mz) + n2c = 0

Find the equation of the cylinder whose generators are parallel to the line x =

whose guiding curve is the ellipse x2+2y2=1,z=3

, and
39

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Solution: Let p(x1,y1,z1) be any point on the cylinder. Then the equation of the generator
through p is:

Since Generators are parallel to the line:

, then equation of the generator is

-------------

(1)

The line (1) meets at Z=3 from(1)

This point will lie on the ellipse:

The Locus of P(x1,y1,z1) is:

, if:

-----------

(2)
=9

Find the equation of the cylinder whose generating lines have the d. cs (l, m ,n) and which

passes through the circumference of the fixed circle

in the ZOX plane.

, y=0

Solution: Let p(x1,y1,z1) be any point on the cylinder. The given circle is
=

Then the equation of the generator through p is

----

(1)

The point where the line (1) meets y=0 is

-------------------------------------------------

(2)

Point (2) lies on

Locus of the point (x1,y1,z1) is:

Find the equation of the cylinder whose generators are parallel to z-axis and which passes

through the curve of intersection of

, x+y+z=1

Solution: Let p(x1,y1,z1) be any point on the cylinder.

The d. c of z axis = (0, 0, 1)
Then the equation of the generator through p is:
=

-------------------------------------

(1)

If the point (x1,y1,z1) lies on x+y+z=1

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Solution:
The Equation of the Right circular cylinder is

THE SPHERE
DEFINITION: A sphere is the locus of a point moving at a constant distance form a fixed point. The
constant distance is the radius and the fixed point is the centre of the sphere.
PLANE SECTION OF A SPHERE:
A plane section of a sphere is a circle sphere S: x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0 plane U:

ax + by + cz + d1 = 0 the combined equation (S,U) is a circle.

The equation of the sphere through the circle a ( S ,U ) is S1 = S + KU
Ie, S1 = x2 + y 2 + z 2 + x(2u + ak ) + y(2v + bk ) + z(2w + ck ) + d + kd1 = 0
EQUATION OF THE TANGENT PLANE
The sphere is x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0 and the point of contact is ( x1, y1, z1 ) then
Equation of the Tangent plane is xx1 + yy1 + zz1 + u( x + x1 ) + v( y + y1 ) + w( z + z1 ) + d = 0
CONDITION FOR TANGENCY:
Condition for tangency is perpendicular from centre to the plane = radius

-au - bv - cw + d1
= u2 + v2 + w2 - d
a2 + b2 + c2
CONDITION FOR ORTHOGONALITY OF TWO SPHERES:
The condition for orthogonality of two spheres S1 : x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2u1x + 2v1 y + 2w1z + d1 = 0 and

S2 : x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2u2 x + 2v2 y + 2w2 z + d2 = 0 is 2(u1u2 + v1v2 + w1w2 ) = d1 + d2

Find the centre and radius of the sphere

Solution: The General equation
Centre=(-u,-v,-w) =(-3,3,-4) d=9
Radius= r =
43

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
2.

A sphere of constant radius K passes through the origin O and meets the axes in A, B, C.

Prove that the locus of the centroid of the triangle ABC is the sphere
Solution: S:
As S passes through O (0, 0, 0): d=0
S:

------------------- (1)
=

--------------------

(2)

As A is in x axis (y=0, z=0)

In (1)
X=-2u & x=0
A (-2u, 0, 0), B (0,-2v, 0), c (0, 0,-2w)
Let G(x,y,z) be the centroid of triangle ABC.
X=

(2) Locus of G(x,y,z) is:

Find the equation of the concentric sphere with

and passing through the origin.

Solution: Given sphere is:
------------------

(1)

Equation of concentric sphere is

-------------------

(2)

As sphere (2) passes through (0, 0, 0) K=0

Put in (2)
4.

Find the equation of the sphere concentric with

and

passing through the point (1,2,3)

Solution: The equation of the sphere concentric with

(I) passes through the point (1,2,3),

------------------

(i)

k= -2

The required equation

of the sphere is

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
5.

Find the equation of the sphere passes through the points (1,0,0),(0,1,0), (0,0,1) and centre

on the plane x+y+z=6

Solution: S:

------------------ (1)

As c (-u,-v,-w) on the plane x+y+z=6

u-v-w=6

-----------------------------------

(2)

(1, 0, 0): 1+2u+d=0 u=-1/2-d/2

(0, 1, 0): 1+2v+d=0

v=-1/2-d/2

(0, 0, 1): 1+2w+d=0

w=-1/2-d/2 ------------------ (3)

Put in (2)
=
d=

Put in (3): u=-2 v=-2 w=-2

Put in (1): S:
6.

Find the equation of the sphere with centre (1, 2, 3) and touch the plane, x+2y+2z=1.
Solution: Centre = (-u,-v,-w) = (1, 2, 3)
U=-1, v=-2, w=-3
= (perpendicular distance from the centre of the sphere
to the plane)2

d= 14S:

S:
7.

Find the equation of the sphere through the circle

, 2x+3y+4z=5 and the

point (1,2,3).
U: 2x+3y+4z-5=0.

Solution:
S1: S+KU = 0
S1:

) + k(2x+3y+4z-5) =0 ------------------

(1)

As S1 passes through (1, 2, 3).

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
(1+4+9-9)+k (2+6+12-5) =0
K=

Put in (1):

(2x+3y+4z-5) =0

Find the equation of the sphere through the spheres

and having its centre on the plane 4x-5y-z=3.
Solution:

Given spheres are:

S=
X2(1+K) +Y2 (1+K) +Z2 (1+K) +X (-2+4K) +Y (-3+5K) +Z (4-6K) + (8+2K) =0
2U=-2+4K, U=-1+2K
2V=-3+5K, V=-3+5K/2
2W=4-6K, W=2-3K
C= (-U,-V,-W) =
As centre lie on: 4x-5y-z=3
- (-2+3k) =3

4-8k-5

8-16k-15+25k+4-6k=6
3k=9 K=3
(1) 4(x+y+z) +10x+12y-14z+14=0
9.

Find the centre, radius and area of the circle.

Solution:

Given

sphere

, x+y+z=3

U: x+y+z=3
U=0, v=0, w=0, d=-9
C= (-U,-V,-W) = (0, 0, 0)
=3

r=
Radius of the circle R=NP=

CN= perpendicular from center c to the plane

d.r. of CN=(1,1,1)
Equation of CN =

k
46

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
X=k, y=k, z=k
Now N(x,y,z) satisfies the plane equation
K+k+k=3K=1
.
10. Obtain the equation of the sphere having the circle

, x+y+z=3

as the Great circle.

Solution: Given sphere is S:
U: x+y+z-3=0
S1: S+KU = 0
------------------ (1)

2u=k, u=

2v=10+k, v=
2w=-4+k, w=
Centre = (-U,-V,-W) =
x+y+z=3

4
(1)
11.Find

the

equation

the

tangent

plane

the

sphere

Solution: Given sphere is S:

U=1, v=2, w=-3, d=-6
Point of contact (x1,y1,z1) = (

Tangent plane is
Substitute the values: 2x+4y-10=0
12. Find the equation of the sphere through the circle

, 2x+3y-

7z=10 and touch the plane x-2y+2z=1

Solution: Given sphere is S:
U: 2x+3y-7z=10
S1: S+KU = 0
47

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
(1)
2u=

, u=-2+k

2v=

, v=

2w=

, w=

C= (-U,-V,-W) =
As sphere

touches the plane x-2y+2z-1=0

Radius =
K=1
Substitute the value of k in (1)

13. Show that the plane 2x-2y+z+12=0 touches the sphere

and

find the point of contact.

(AU MAY/JUNE 2009)

Solution: Given sphere is S:

U: 2x-2y+z+12=0
U=-1, v=-2, w=1, d=-3
C= (-U,-V,-W) = (1,2, -1)
r=

CN = perpendicular distance from the centre of the sphere to the

plane
CN =
r = perpendicular
The plane 2x-2y+z+12=0 touch the sphere d.r of CN = (2,-2, 1)
Equation of CN is

X=2k+1, y=-2k+2, z=k-1

(1)

As N(x,y,z) lie on the plane 2x-2y+z+12=0

2(2k+1)-2(-2k+2) + (k-1) +12=0
K=-1
Substitute in (1), (-1, 4,-2)

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
14.

Find

the

equation

the
,

sphere

that

3x-4y-6z+11=0

passes
and

through
cuts

the
the

circle
sphere

orthogonally.
Solution: Given sphere is S:
U: 3x-4y-6z+11=0
S1: S+KU = 0
(1)
U1=
As sphere

v1=

w1=

d1 =

cuts the sphere

Orthogonally.

U2=1, v2=2, w2=-3, d2=11

The condition of orthogonality is 2(U1U2 +, v1v2+, w1w2 = d1+ d2

-2+3k+6-8k+12+18k=17+11k
K=1/2
Put in (1):
2(
15.

)-x+2y-14z+23=0

Find the equation to the sphere passing through the circle

and cuts orthogonally the sphere

Solution:

The required sphere cuts orthogonally

Condition for orthogonal spheres is
Here
Hence equn (3) becomes

Sub k = -1 in (A) We get the required sphere

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
16.

If any tangent to the sphere

makes intercepts a,b,c on the co-ordinate

axes, prove that

Solution: The plane intercept form is:

Perpendicular distance from the centre of the plane = r =k

17.

Find the equation of the sphere passes through the points (1,0,0),(0,1,0), (0,0,1) and its

radius as small as possible.

Solution: As sphere passes through (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0) and (0, 0, 1)
2u=2v=2w=-(1+d)
But

R=
As r is least

d = -1/3
(Since it is least)
The sphere is 3(
18.

)-2(x+y+z)-1=0.

Show that the spheres

=25,

touch

externally and find their point of conduct.

Solution: Given the sphere S1=
u1=-9, v1=-12, w1=-20 d1=225 , c1= (9, 12, 20); r1=
S2 :

= 20

=25

u2=0 , v2=0, w2=0 d1=-25 c2(0,0,0,) ;

r2=

C1C2=25 r1+r2=25
Spheres touch each other externally
50

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
The point of contact C divides C1C2 in the ratio 20: 5 = 4:1
The point of contact (9/5, 12/5,4)
19.

Find the equation of the sphere which is tangential to the plane 2x + 2y -2z = 11 at (2,2,1)

and passes through the point (1,0,-1)

Solution:

(1)

It passes through the point (1,0,-1)

2u+2w+ d= -2

(2)

Tangent pane at ( 2,2,1) is

x (2+u)+ y(2+v) +z(1+w) + 2u +2v +w + d = 0

(3)

Equation (2) & (3) represent the same line

2k-2, v= -2, w= -2k-1 d = -2k-2u-2v-w

(4)

Using (4) in (2) we get k= -9/4

K=-9/4 in (4) gives u = -13/2, v=-2, w=7/2 , d=23/2
Equation (1)
20.

The circle on the sphere:

has centre (2, 1, 2) find the

equation of the circle.

Solution: Given sphere:
whose center is

C( -2,1,-4)

centre of circle N( 2,1,2)

dr of NC = 4,0,-6
Equation of the plane is ax+by+cz+d = 0

(1)

Equation (1) Becomes -4x -6z + d= 0

(2)

The point (2, 1, 2) is on the plane -8-12+d = 0 d= 20

Equation (2) becomes -4x -6z+20 = 0 or -2x -3z+10 = 0
The equation of the circle is
21.

, -2x -3z+10 = 0

Find the equation of the sphere through the spheres

as the great circle
(1)

Solution: Given the spheres S1 :

S2:

(2)

The plane is S1-S2=0 U: 6x + 5y +16z-1=0

(3)
51

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
The required sphere is
S1+ kU=

(4)

Centre C =
As the circle is the great CN = perpendicular distance from the centre of the sphere to the plane
CN =
Radius of the circle R=NP=

Area of circle R2=6.

To find centre of the circle N(x,y,z)
Circle centre of the sphere should lie on its own plane, gives
k =-197/61
Using k in (4)
22.

Find the equation of the sphere having the points (2,-3,4) and

diameter.

(-1,5,7) as the ends of a

(AU MAY/JUNE 2009)

Solution: Given A (2,-3, 4) and B (-1, 5, 7)

S:
23.

Find the equation of the sphere which passes through the circle

x+2y+3z=3 and touch the plane 4x+3y=15

and

(AU MAY/JUNE 2009)

Solution: Given sphere is S:

U: x+2y+3z=3
S1: S+KU = 0
(1)
2u= , u= ; 2v=2 , v= k ; 2w=3 , w=

C= (-u,-v,-w) =
As sphere

touches the plane 4x+3y-15=0 ,We get k = -3

Substitute the value of k in (1)

24.

Find the centre radius and area of the circle given by

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
UNIT III DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
Curvature: The rate of bending of a curve in any interval is called the curvature of the curve in that
interval.
Curvature of a circle: The curvature of a circle at any point on it equals the reciprocal of its radius.
Radius of curvature: The radius of curvature of a curve at any point on it is defined as the reciprocal of the
curvature
3

dy 2 2
1 +
dx
Cartesian form of radius of curvature r =
d2y
2
dx

Parametric equation of radius of curvaturer =

Polar form of radius of curvature r =

Implicit form of radius of curvature r =

Centre of curvature: The circle which touches the curve at P and whose radius is equal to the radius of
curvature and its centre is known as centre of curvature.

Equation of circle of curvature: + =

Centre of curvaturee: = x

= y +

Evolute: The locus of the centre of curvature is called an evolute

Involute: If a curve C1 is the evolute of C2 , then C2 is said to be an involute of a curve C1.

Parametric equation of some standard curves
Curve

Parametric form

Y2 = 4 ax (parabola)

X = at2 , y =2at

X= a cosq , y =b sinq

(ellipse)

X= a secq , y = b tanq

(hyperbola)

X= a cos3q , y = a sin3q

Xy = c2 ( rectangular hyperbola)

X = ct , y =

Envelope: A curve which touches each member of a family of curves is called envelope of that family
curves.
54

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Envelope of a family of curves: The locus of the ultimate points of intersection of consecutive members of
a family of curve is called the envelope of the family of curves.
Properties of envelope and evolute
Property:1: The normal at any point of a curve is a tangent to its evolute touching at the corresponding
centre of curvature.
The

Property:2

difference

between

the

radii

curvature

two

points

curve

is equal to the length of the arc of the evolute between the two corresponding points.
Property:3: There is one evolute ,but an infinite number of involutes
Property:4 The envelope of a family of curves touches at each of its point. The corresponding member of
that family
Evolute as the envelope of normals: The normals to a curve form a family of straight lines.we know that
the envelope of the family of these normals is the locus of the ultimate points of intersection of consecutive
normals. But the centre of curvature of a curve is also the point of consecutive normals. Hence the envelope
of the normals and the locus of the centres of curvature are the same that is ,the evolute of a curve is the
envelope of the normals of the curve.
Part - A
1. Find the radius of curvature of y= at x=0
Solution:
y=

y1=

at x= 0 y1=1

y2=

at x= 0 y2=1

2. Find the radius of curvature of at x = on the curve y = 4 sin x sin 2x

Solution:

y1=4 cosx 2 cos 2x

y2=

at x= y1=2

at x = y2=-4

2a +3at2
3. Given the coordinates of the centre of curvature of the curve is given as
www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
-2at3 Determine the evolute of the curve

Solution: 2a +3at2
-2at3

t3=

( )3 = (2

t2=( )------------ 1
------------ 2

4( -2a)3=27a2

The locus of the centre of curvature (evolute) is 4(x-2a)3=27a2

4. Write the envelope of Am2+Bm+C=0, where m is the parameter and A, B and C are functions of x
and y.

(NOV-08)
2

Solution: Given Am +Bm+C=0(1)

Differentiate (1) partially w.r.t. m
2Am+B=0

m=-B/2A.(2)

Substitute (2) in (1) we get

A(-B/2A)2+B(-B/2A)+C=0
AB2/4A2-B2/2A+C=0
AB2-2AB2+4A2C=0
- AB2+4A2C=0
Therefore B2-4AC=0 which is the required envelope.
5. Find the radius of curvature at any point of the curve y=x2. (NOV-07)
Solution: Radius of curvature

Given y=x2 y1= =2x and

Y2 = =2

Find the envelope of the family of x sin a+ y cos a= p, abeing the parameter.

(NOV-07)

Solution: Given x sin a + y cos a= p. (1)

Differentiate (1) partially w.r.t. a
X cos a- y sin a= o.(2)
Eliminate abetween (1) and (2)
X cos a = y sin a

Tan a =

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
cos

Sin
Substitute in (1)
x.

+ y.

=p
Squaring on both sides, x2 +y2=p2 which is the required envelope
7. What is the curvature of x2 +y2 - 4x-6y+10=0 at any point on it .
2

(JAN-06)

Solution: Given x +y - 4x-6y+10=0

The given equation is of the form x2 +y2 +2gx+2fy+c =0
Here 2g =-4 g=-2
2f =-6 f=-3
=

Centre C(2,3), radius r =

Curvature of the circle =

Therefore Curvature of x2 +y2 - 4x-6y+10=0 is
8. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines y= mx

, where m is the parameter (JAN-

06)
Solution: Given y= mx
(y-mx)2=m2-1
Y2+m2x2 2mxy-m2+1=0
m2 (x2-1)-2mxy+y2+1=0 which is quadratic in m
Here, A=x2-1 B=-2xy C=y2+1
The condition is B2-4AC=0
4 x2y2-4(x2-1)(y2+1)=0
4 x2y2-4 x2y2-4x2+4y2+4=0
X2-y2=4 which is the required envelope
9. Find the curvature of the curve 2x2 +2y2 +5x-2y+1=0

(MAY-05,NOV-07)

Solution: Given 2x2 +2y2 +5x-2y+1=0

2
x2 +y2 +5/2x-y+1/2=0
Here 2g =5/2 g=5/4

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
2f=-1 f=-1/2 centre C (-5/4,1/2) radius r=

Therefore Curvature of the circle 2x2 +2y2 +5x-2y+1=0 is

10. State any two properties of evolute .

(MAY-05)

Solution: (i) The normal at any point of a curve is a tangent to its evolute touching at the
corresponding contre of curvature. (ii) The difference between the radii of curvature at two points of a
curve is equal to the length of the arc of the evolute between the two corresponding points.

11. Define the curvature of a plane curve and what the curvature of a straight line.

(JAN-05)

Solution: The rate at which the plane curve has turned at a point (rate of bending of a curve is called
the curvature of a curve. The curvature of a straight line is zero.

12. Define evolute and involute .

(JAN-05)

Solution: The locus of centre of curvature of a curve (B1,B2,B3,) is called evolute of the given
curve.
If a curve C2 is the evolute of a curve C1 ,then C1 is said to be an involute of a curve C2.
13. Find the radius of curvature of the curve x2 +y2 -6x+4y+6=0
2

(NOV-08)

Solution: Given X +y - 6x+4y+6=0

The given equation is of the form x2 +y2 +2gx+2fy+c =0
Here 2g =-6 g=-3
2f =4 f=2
=

Centre C(3,-2), radius r =

Radius of Curvature of the circle = radius of the circle=

14. Find the envelope of the family of circles (x-a)2+y2=4a,where a is the parameter.(MAY-07)
Solution: Given (x-a)2+y2=4a
X2-2ax+a2-4a+y2=0
a2-2a (x+2)+x2+y2=0 which is quadratic in
The condition is B2-4AC=0
Here A=1 B=-2 (x+2) C= x2+y2
4(x+2)2-4(x2+y2)=0
x2-4x+4- x2-y2=0
58

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
y2+4x=4 which is the required envelope.

15. Define evolute .

(MAY-07)

is called an evolute .
Solution: The locus of centre of curvature ( ,

16. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines y=mx+ for different values of m.

Solution: Given y=mx+

(NOV-07, May 2009)

m2x-my+a=0 which is quadratic in m

The condition is B2-4AC=0

Here A=x B=-y C=a

Y2-4ax = 0
There fore y2= 4ax which is the required envelope.

17. Find the envelope of the line +yt=2c, wheret is the parameter.
Solution: Given

(NOV-02,05)

+yt=2c

Yt2-2ct+x=0 which is quadratic in t

The condition is B2-4AC=0
Here A=y B=-2c C=x
C2-xy=0
Therefore xy=c2 which is the required envelope.

18. Find the radius of curvature of the curve y=c cosh(x/c)at the point where it crosses the y-axis.
Solution: Radius of curvature

(NOV-05,May-09)

Given y=c cosh(x/c) and the curve crosses the y-axis. (i.e.)x=0 implies y=c.
Therefore the point of intersection is (0,c)
=c sin h(x/c)(1/c)=sin h (x/c)
(0,c)=sinh 0= 0
=cos h(x/c)(1/c)
(0,c)= cos h(0) (1/c) = 1/c

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

19. Find the radius of curvature of the curve xy=c2at (c,c).

(NOV-02)

Solution: Radius of curvature

Given xy=c2

x + y =0

implies (c,c)=-1

(c,c)= =-

20. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines y= mx

, where m is the parameter

Solution: Given y= mx
(y-mx)2=(

(Jan 09)

Y2+m2x2 2mxym2 (x2- )-2mxy+y2

Here, A=x2-

m2- =0
=0 which is quadratic in m

B=-2xy C= y2

The condition is B2-4AC=0

4 x2y2-4(x2- )(y2 -

)=0

1 which is the required envelope

21. Write down the formula for radius of curvature in terms of parametric coordinate system. (May09)
Solution:

Radius of curvature

22. Define the circle of curvature at a point P(x1,y2) on the curve y = f(x).

(Jan-09)

Solution: The circle of curvature is the circle whose centre is the centre of curvature and radius is the
radius of curvature. Therefore the equation of circle of curvature is
60

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

PART-B
1. Find the radius of curvature at the point on the curve
Given x= (1)

Solution:

(NOV-07,MAY-08,MAY-09)

Y= ..(2)

Differentiate (1) and (2) w.r.t

=-sec2

Radius of curvature

=3a sin

2. Find the radius of curvature of the curve at the point (-a, 0).
Solution: Radius of curvature

Given

Differentiate w.r.t. x

(NOV-08)

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

3. Find the radius of curvature at the point (a,0)on the curve .(MAY-07)
Solution: Radius of curvature

Given

Differentiate w.r.t.x

2xy +y2.1=-3x2

Therefore

(1)

Differentiate (2) w.r.t.y.

Therefore radius of curvature

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

(since the radius of curvature is non-negative)

4. Find the curvature of the parabola y2=4x at the vertex.
Solution: Radius of curvature
Given; y2=4x

(NOV-07)

Differentiate w.r.t.x

2y = 4

=2/y

Therefore

Differentiate (1) w.r.t.y.

Therefore

Curvature K=1/ =1/2

5. Find the radius of curvature of the curve 27ay 2= 4x3 at the point where the tangent of the curve
makes an angle 450 with the X- axis.
Solution; Let (x1,y1) be the point on the curve at which the tangent makes an angle 450
with the X- axis.

(x1,y1) =Tan 45o=1-------------------------------- (1)

Given 27ay2= 4x3

Differentiate w.r.t.x

54ay =12x2

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

(x1,y1) = = -----------------------------------(2)

(x1,y1) =Tan 45o=1=

Gives

-----------------------------(3)

As ( x1,y1) lies on the curve 27ay21= 4x31 ---------------------------------(4)

Using

gives x1= 3a

And using (3) gives y1= 2a

Y1 at (3a,2a)= 1

Y2=
Y2=

=1/6a

Therefore radius of curvature

6. Find the evolute of the rectangular hyperbola xy=c2.

(JAN-06,NOV-08)

Solution: The equation of the given curve is xy=c2.(1)

The parametric form of (1) is

X=ct; y=

=c; =c =-

Y1=

Y2=

The co-ordinates of the center of curvature Is

Where

..(2)

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

(3)
Eliminating between (2) and (3),
(2)+(3)gives

(4)

(2)-(3)gives

..(5)
(4)2/3-(5)2/3gives

Therefore

The locus of centre of curvature is

which

is the required evolute of the rectangular hyperbola xy=c2.

7. Find the radius of curvature for the curve r=a(1+cos)at

Solution: Given r=a(1+cos )
r= -a sin

and

is a constant.

(NOV-07,08)

r = cos

The radius of curvature in polar form is

=
=
at

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Also,

Therefore,

= .

Considering the evolute as the envelope of normals, find the evolute of the parabola x2=4ay.
Solution: Given x2=4ay

(NOV-08)

The parametric equations are x=2at, y=at2

=2a and

=2at

m =

We know that the equation of normal to the curve is y-y1= (x-x1)

y-at2= (x-2at)

yt-at3=-x+2at

x+yt=at3+2at.(1)
Differentiate (1) partially w.r.t.twe get
t2

Y=3at2+2a

Substitute the value of t in (1)

x =

+x=a

+2a

Squaring on both sides, we get

which is the required evolute.

9. Obtain the evolute of the parabola y2=4ax.

(NOV-07)

Solution: Given y2=4ax(1)

The parametric equations are x= at2, y=2at

=2at

=2a

=y1

Y2=

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

= =

The co-ordinates of the center of curvature Is

Where

..(2)

(3)
Eliminating t between (2)and(3),
(2) gives

(3) gives

The locus of centre of curvature is

which is the required evolute.

10. Find the equation of the envelope of . (NOV-02,07)

Solution: Given that (1)

And ..(2)

Differentiate (1)and(2) w.r.t b

..(3)

2a +2b=0(4)

(3)gives ..(5)

(4)gives

(6)

From (5)and (6)

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Substitute in (2) we get,

Therefore

which is the required envelope.

11. Find the equation of circle of curvature of the parabola y2=12x at the point (3,6).
Solution: The equation of circle of curvature is (NOV-07,08,JAN-09)

Where,

Given

y2=12x

Differentiate w.r.t.x we get

2y =12 implies

Y1= (3,6)=1

Y2= (3,6)=-1/6

( can not be negative)

Therefore, the equation of circle of curvature is

12. Find the radius of curvature at t on x=etcost,y=etsint.
Solution: Radius of curvature
Given

(JAN-06)

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

X=
Y=

The radius of curvature is

13. Find the evolute of the ellipse

Solution: The given curve is

The parametric equations are x=acos

Y1=

,y=bsin

Y2=

(MAY-05,07)

The Co-ordinate of centre of curvature is

Where
= acos -

= acos

.(1)

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

= +

(2)

Eliminating between (1) and (2),we get

we know that,

The locus of

14. Find the envelope of

which is the evolute of the ellipse

where l and m are connected by

and a,b are constants. (MAY

05, NOV-05)
Solution: Given that

..(1)

(2)

Differentiating (1) w.r.t.m. we get

.(3)
Differentiating (2) w.r.t.m

..(4)
70

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
From (3) and (4)

Substitute in equation (2) ,

which is the required envelope.

15. Find the points on the parabola

Solution: Given

at which the radius of curvature is 4

(MAY 05)

.(1)

Let, P (a,b) be the point on the curve

at where

Differentiate (1) w.r.t. x

Y1=2y

Y 2=

But,

hence 8

a+1=2 a=1,

The points are (1,2),(1,-2).

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

16. Considering the evolute of a curve as the envelope of its normals find the evolute of

(NOV-02,05,MAY-05)
Solution: The given curve is
The parametric equations are x=acos

,y=bsin

m=
We know that the equation of the normal is y-y1= (x-x1)

,we get

..(1)
Differentiate (1) partially w.r.t. , we get

Substitute in equation (1),we get

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
which is the required evolute of the ellipse.

17. Find the circle of curvature at (3,4)on xy=12.

(JAN-05)

Solution: The equation of circle of curvature is

Where,

Given

xy=12

Differentiate w.r.t.x we get

implies

Y1= (3,4)=-4/3
Y2=

(3,6)

Therefore, the equation of circle of curvature is

18. Find the curvature for

(JAN-05)

Solution: Given
r=

r =
73

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
20. Find the radius of curvature at the origin of the cycloid x = a (q + sin q) and y = a( 1- cos q).
(MAY07, Nov 08)
Given: x = a (q + sin q) , y = a( 1- cos q).
x =a( 1 + cos q) y = a( sin q)
x = -a sin q

y = a cos q

The radius of curvature is

= 4a cos

=
At q= 0

21. Find the envelope of the straight lines represented by the equation x cos + y sin = a sec , is
the parameter

(Nov 07)

Solution: Given x cos + y sin = a sec

Divided by cos
x + y tan = a sec2
x + y tan = a ( 1 + tan2)
a tan2 y tan + a x = 0
which is quadratic in tan
A = a, B = -y C = a-x
The envelope is given by B2 4AC = 0
y2 = 4a(a-x) which is the required envelope

22. Prove that the evolute of the curve x = a (cos q + log tan ), y=a sin q is the catenary y = a cosh
( Nov 05)
Solution : x = a (cos q + log tan )
x = a(-sin q +

) = a cot q cos q

y=a sin q
y = a cos q
y1 =
y2 =

= tan q
= (sec 4 q sin q)
75

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

( 1 + tan 2

= a (cos q + log tan )=a log tan ..(1)

= a sin q+

( 1 + tan 2

.(2)
Eliminate qfrom (1) and (2)
tan =

.(3)

=
y = a cosh which is the required evolute
23. Obtain the equation of the evolute of the curve x=

.(May-09)

Solution: Given x=

= tan

tan

The co-ordinates of centre of curvature is

=
.(1)

=
76

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
.(2)

from equations (1) & (2) we get,

Eliminating

The locus of centre of curvature is

24. Find the envelope of the straight line

which Is the required evolute.

,where a and b are parameters that are connected

by the relation a+b = c.

(May-09)
.(1)

Solution: Given

And a+b = c..(2)

Differentiate Eqns (1) and (2) partially w.r.t b
=0

(3)

(4)
Equate (3) & (4) we get

and
a=

Substitute in eqn (2)

, which is the required evolute.

25. Find the envelope of the family of lines
Solution: Given

subject to the condition a+b =1.(Jan-09)

.(1)

And a+b = 1..(2)

Differentiate Eqns (1) and (2) partially w.r.t b
-

=0
77

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Substitute in eqn (1) we get,

-by

, which is the required evolute of the given curve.

27. Find the radius of curvature of the curve
Solution: Given

. (Jan-09)

Differentiate w.r.t.x

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Radius of curvature

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Unit 4 Functions of several Variables

Problems based on Partial Derivatives

Problems based on Euler`s Theorem

Problems based on Total Derivatives-Differentiation of Implicit Function

Problems based on Jacobian

Problems based on Taylor`s and Laurent Series

Problems based on Maxima and Minima for Functions of Two Variables

Problems based on Lagrangian Multiplier

Partial Derivatives
Let be a function of two Variables x and y, If we keep y as a constant and

Partial Derivatives:

Vary x alone , then z is a function of x only ,

The derivative of z w.r.to x, treating y as a constant is called the partial derivatives w.r.to x and it is denoted by
the symbols

Notation:

Successive Partial Differentiation: let , then

differentiation partially with respect to x and y.

being the function of x and y can further be

Problems:
1. If u = find
Solution:

2. Find
Solution:

if where and

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

3. If show that
Solution: Given

Adding (1), (2),and (3) we get

4. show that

Solution: Let ,

(1)+ (2)+ (3)

5. If

----------------

(1)

----------------

(2)

----------------

(3)

Show that

Solution: Given

z is a homogeneous function of degree n=2

As z is homogeneous function of order n=2, it satisfies the Eulers equation

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
6.

If u = , find

Sol: given u =

Euler`s Theorem for Homogeneous Function

Euler`s Theorem: If u be a homogeneous function of degree n an x and y then

Problems:

1. Verify Eulers theorem for the function

Solution: Given

This is a homogeneous function of degree 2.

Adding (1) and (2) we get

Hence Eulers theorem is verified.

2. If , Show that

Solution: Given

As z is a homogeneous function of order n = 1, it satisfies the Eulers theorem

----------------

(1)

----------------

(2)

By Eulers theorem of second order

----------------

, put in (3)

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

(3)

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

If u =

Sol: given

prove that

is a homogeneous function of degree 0.

Hence by Eulers theorem, we have

xu=0

Total Derivatives-Differentiation of Implicit Function

Total Derivative: If , then we can express u as a function of t

alone by substituting the value of x and y in Thus we can find the ordinary derivatives

called the total derivative of u distinguish it from partial derivatives

Now to find the
formula

if where and

Solution:

2. If where and find and

Solution:

which is

without actually substituting the values of x and y in we establish the following

Problems:
1. Find

3. Find if

Solution: Let

Find

Ans :

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

5. If z be a function of x and y and u and v are other two variables, such that
show that

Solution: z may be represented as the function of u,v

(1)

Similarly

(1)+(2)

(2)

Ans: Here Z is a composite function of u and v

Now

(1)

..(2)

Sub these values in (1) & (2) We get

Now

(3)x(4) We get

..(3)

Which implies

Similarly we get
(A)+(B) Gives

..(4)

..(A)

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

(B)

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

7.If u is a function x and y and x and y are functions of r and q given by (a) x = er cos q , y = e r sin q
shown that

2
2u
2u 2u
-2 r u
+
=
e
+
2

x 2 y 2
q 2
r

(b) x = r cos q , y = r sin q prove that

2 z 2 z 2 z 1
1 z
z z z
d
+
=
+
an
2 + 2 = 2 + 2

2
x y r r r
x y r r
Solution

2 z 1 z
2 + .
q r[ q

(a) Here u is a function of x, y which is given as a function of r and q .

x r
x
= e cos q = x;
= -e r sin q = - y;
r
q
y

y
= e r sin q = y;
= e r cos q = x
r
q
y
y
x
x
= - y;
= x and
=y
\ = x;
q
q
r
r
u u x u y
u
u
Now
= . + . =x +y
r x r y r
x
y
u u x u y
u
u
= .
+ .
= -y + x
q x q y q
x
y
From (1), we get ,

=x +y
r
x
y

From (2), we get ,

= -y + x
q
x
y
Now,

...(1)
...(2)

...(3)

...(4)

2u u
u
u
= =x + y
x + y

2
r
r r x
y x
y
2
2
2u
2u
2 u
2 u
=
+
2
+
...(5)
x
xy
y
r 2
x 2
xy
y 2

2u
u

u
u
=
- y + x

= -y + x
2
q
q q x
y x
y
2
2
2u
2u
2 u
2 u
y
2
xy
x
...(6)
=
+
q 2
x 2
xy
y 2

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Adding (5) and (6) we get ,
2
2
2u 2u
2
2 u
2
2 u
+
=
+
+
+
(
x
y
)
(
x
y
)
r 2 q 2
x 2
y 2

2u 2u
2u 2u
= ( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 + 2 = e2 r 2 + 2
y
y
x
x
2u 2u -2 r 2u 2u
+
=e 2 + 2
i.e.,
x 2 y 2
q
r
(b)

x
x
y
y
= cos q ;
= - r sin q ; = sin q ;
= r cos q
r
q
r
q
z
z
z z x z y
= . +
= cos q . + sin q .
r x r y r
x
y
z z x z y
z
z
=
+
= - r sin q
+ r cos q
q x q y q
x
y
2

z
z
z
z
1 z
z
+ sin q + - sin q
+ cos q
+ 2 = cos q
x
y
x
y
r r q
2

z z
= +
x y

2 z z
=
r 2 r r
=

z
z
+ sin q
cos q

r
x
y

2 z x 2 z y
z x 2 z y
= cos q 2
+
+ sin q xy r + y 2 r
x r yx r

2
2
2
z
z
z
= cos 2 q 2 + sin 2 q 2 + 2sin q cos q
x
y
xy
2 z
z
=

2
q
q q

z
z
=
-r sin q
+ r cos q

q
x
y
2 z x 2 z y
z
= -r cos q
- r sin q 2
+

x
x q yx q
- r sin q

2 z 2 z y
z
+ r cos q
+ 2
q
y

y q

= r 2 sin 2 q

2 z 2
2 z
2 z
z
z
2
2
+
r
cos
q
2
r
sin
q
cos
q
- r cos q + sin q
2
2
x
y
xy
x
y

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Solution:

4.Find the value of

( y1 , y2 , y3 )
, if y1 = (1 - x1 ) , y2 = x1 (1 - x2 ) , y3 = x1 x2 (1 - x3 ) .
( x1 , x2 , x3 )

Solution :
y1
x1

( y1 , y2 , y3 ) y2
=
( x1 , x2 , x3 ) x1

y1
x2

y1
x3

y2
x2

y2
x3

y3
x1

y3
x2

y3
x3

-1
0
0
= 1 - x2
- x1
0
x2 (1 - x3 ) x1 (1 - x3 ) - x1 x2
= ( -1)( - x1 )( - x1 x2 )
= - x12 x2
Hence the solution.
5.If u = xyz , v = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 , w = x + y + z , find J =

( x, y , z )
.
( u , v, w )

Solution :
Since u , v, w are exp liciltly given, in terms of x, y , z , we first evaluate
J =
u
x
v
We knowthat J =
x
w
x

( x, y , z )
( u , v, w )

u
y
v
y
w
y

u
z
yz zx xy
v
= 2x 2 y 2z
z
1 1 1
w
z

= yz ( 2 y - 2 z ) - zx ( 2 x - 2 z ) + xy ( 2 x - 2 y )
= 2 yz ( y - z ) - zx ( x - z ) + xy ( x - y )
= 2 x 2 y - x 2 z - xy 2 + xz 2 + y 2 z - yz 2

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

= 2 x 2 ( y - z ) - x ( y 2 - z 2 ) + yz ( y - z )
= 2 ( y - z ) x 2 - x ( y + z ) + yz
= 2 ( y - z ) y ( z - x ) - x ( z - x )
= 2 ( y - z )( z - x )( y - x )
= -2 ( x - y )( y - z )( z - x )
By u sin g , JJ = 1, we get ,
J =

( x, y , z )
( u , v, w )

-1
2 ( x - y )( y - z )( z - x )
xx
xx
xx
6. If y1 = 2 3 , y2 = 3 1 , y3 = 1 2 .
x1
x2
x3
=

Showthat the Jacobian of y1 , y2 , y3 with respect to x1 , x2 , x3 is 4.

Pr oof :
Given :

y1 =

x2 x3
xx
xx
, y2 = 3 1 , y3 = 1 2 .
x1
x2
x3
y1
x1

We knowthat

( y1 , y2 , y3 ) y2
=
( x1 , x2 , x3 ) x1

y1
x2

y1
x3

y2
x2

y2
x3

y3
x1

y3
x2

y3
x3

x2 x3
x12
x3
x2

x2
x3

x3
x1

x2
x1

x3 x1
x22

x1
x2

x1
x3

- x2 x3
1
= 2 2 2 x2 x3
x1 x2 x3
x2 x3

x2 x2 x2
= 12 22 32
x1 x2 x3

-1 1
1 -1
1

x1 x2
x32

x3 x1
- x3 x1

x1 x2
x1 x2

x3 x1

- x1 x2

1
1
-1

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
= - 1(1 - 1) - 1( -1 - 1) + (1 + 1)
= 0+2+2 = 4
Hencethe proof .

7. If and . Evaluate with out actual substitution.

Solution: and

Solution:

8. If . Find the Jacobian

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

23. If x = r cos q , y = r sin q , find

( x, y )
(r ,q )

Solution
Given x = r cos q
x
= cos q
r
x
= - r sin q
q

y = r sin q
y
= sin q
r
y
= r cos q
q

x x
( x, y )
r q
=
We knowthat
y y
(r ,q )
r q
cos q -r sin q
=
sin q r cos q
= r cos 2 q + r sin 2 q

= r cos 2 q + sin 2 q = r
9. If ,

show that they are not independent. And also find the relation between them.
Sol: will not be independent if

Hence,

Hence are not independent.

= 0.

To find the relation between them:

Given

and

Now,

, which is the required relation.

Taylor`s Series and Laurent Series

The Taylors series expansion of in the power of and is

Problems:

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Find the Taylors series expansion of in the power of x and y upto third degree terms.

Sol: The Taylors series expansion of in the power of and is

+...(1)

= 1

= 0

= ..

2. Using Taylors series expansion express in powers of x and y upto second degree

terms at

Solution:

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Taylors series is
3.

Expand as Taylors series up to second degree terms

Solution:

Taylors series is

4.Use Taylor ' s series oftwo var iables to exp and x 2 y + 3 y - 2 in powers of x + 1 and y - 2.
Solution
We knowthat the exp ansion of f ( x, y ) in powers x - a and y - b is given by
f ( x, y ) = f ( a , b ) + ( x - a ) f x ( a , b ) + ( y - b ) f y ( a , b )
1
( x - a) 2 f xx (a, b) + 2( x - a )( y - b) f xy (a, b) + ( y - b) 2 f yy (a, b)
2!
1
+ [( x - a)3 f xxx + 3( x - a) 2 ( y - b) f xyy + 3( x - a)( y - b) 2 f xyy
3!
+ ( y - b)3 f yyy ]
....(1)
+

Here a = -1, b = 2
Now f ( x, y ) = x 2 + 3 y - 2

\ f (-1, 2) = 6

f x = 2 xy

f x (-1, 2) = -4

f y = x2 + 3

f y (-1, 2) = 4

f xx = 2 y

f xx (-1, 2) = 4

f xy = 2 x

f xy (-1, 2) = -2

f yy = 0

f yy (-1, 2) = 0

f xxx = 0

f xxx (-1, 2) = 0

f xxy = 2

f xxy (-1, 2) = 2

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

f xyy = 0

f xyy (-1, 2) = 0

f yyy = 0

f yyy (-1, 2) = 0

Substituting these value s in (1) we get ,

x 2 y + 3 y - 2 = 6 + ( x + 1)(-4) + ( y - 2)(4) +

1
[( x + 1) 2 (4) + 2( x + 1)( y - 2)(-2) + ( y - 2) 2 (0)]
2!

1
[0 + 3( x + 1) 2 ( y - 2)(2) + 0 + 0]
3!
= 6 - 4( x + 1) + 4( y - 2) + 2( x + 1) 2 - 2( x + 1)( y - 2) + 2( x + 1) 2 ( y - 2)
Hencethe solution.
+

5. Expand tan -1

y
in the neighbourhood of (1,1).
x

solution
Let f ( x, y ) = tan -1

y
x

1 y
. y 2 x 2
1+ 2
x
y
=- 2
,
x + y2

f x ( x, y ) =

1 1
.
y2 x
1+ 2
x
x
= 2
,
x + y2

f x (1,1) = -

1
2

f y ( x, y ) =

f y (1,1) =

1
2

f xx ( x, y ) = - y (-1)( x 2 + y 2 ) -2 .2 x

2 xy

f xy

(x + y )
( x + y )1 - x 2 x
( x, y ) =
(x + y )
2 2

2 2

y 2 - x2

1
2

f xx (1,1) =

+ y2 )

f xy (1,1) = 0

f yy ( x, y ) = x(-1)( x 2 + y 2 ) -2 .2 y

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
=\tan -1

2 xy

2 2

f yy (1,1) = -

1
2

y
= f ( x, y )
x

= f (1,1) + ( x - 1) f x (1,1) + ( y - 1) f y (1,1) +

1
( x - 1) 2 f xx (1,1) + 2( x - 1)( y - 1) f xy (1,1) + ( y - 1) 2 f yy (1,1) + ...

2!
( u sin g cor : 2 )

1 1
1
1
1
( x - 1) - + ( y - 1) + ( x - 1) 2 . + 2( x - 1)( y - 1)0 + ( y - 1) 2 - + .....

4
2 2!
2
2
2
y p 1
1
1
1
\ tan -1 = - ( x - 1) + ( y - 1) + ( x - 1) 2 - ( y - 1) 2 + ...
x 4 2
2
4
4
Hence the solution
=

Maxima and Minima and Lagrangian Multiplier

Defn: Maximum Value

Defn: Minimum Value

Defn: Extremum Value

Defn: Lagrangian Multiplier

Suppose we require to find the maximum and minimum values of where x,y,z are subject to a

constraint equation

We define a function where

Which is independent of x,y,z

Problems:

1. Examine for its extreme values

Solution: Given

At maximum point and minimum point

The points may be maximum points or minimum points.

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
At and r = 12 > 0

is a minimum point

Minimum value =
At

The points are saddle points.

At and r = -12 < 0

is a maximum point

maximum value = .

2. In a plane triangle ABC ,find the maximum value of .

Solution:

At the maximum point and minimum point

Solving these equations

A+B+C =

At ,

and r < 0

The point is a maximum point.

Maximum value = .

3. Find the volume of the largest rectangular parallelepiped that can be inscribed in the ellipsoid .
Solution: The given ellipsoid is

The volume of the parallelepiped is

----------------

(1)

(2)

At the max point or min point

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

----------------

(3)

----------------

(4)

----------------

(5)

Solve the equation

(3)x+ (4)y+(5)z

Put in (3)

Similarly,

Put in (2) Max volume =

4. Find the dimensions of the rectangular box without a top of maximum capacity, whose surface is 108 sq. cm
Solution: Given Surface area

The volume is

----------------

(1)

----------------

(2)

----------------

(3)

----------------

(4)

----------------

(5)

At the max point or min point

Solve the equation

(3)x - (4)y

(3)x - (5)z

Put in (1)
y =6, z =3

The dimension of the box, having max capacity is Length=6cm, Breadth = 6cm, Height = 3cm.

5. The temperature T at any point (x, y, z) in space is T = 400xy . Find the highest temperature on the surface of
the unit sphere

Solution:

-------------------------------

(1)
(2)

At the max point or min point

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

----------------

(3)

----------------

(4)

----------------

(5)

Solve the equation

(3)x+ (4)y+(5)z

1600

Put in (3) and (4) we get

The highest temperature is = 50.

2 z 2 z 2 z 2 z
+
=
+
, where x = u cos a - v sin a , y = u sin a + v cos a
x 2 y 2 u 2 v 2
(OR)
By changing independent var iables u and v to x and y by means of the relations x = u cos a - v sin a ,

6.Pr ovethat

y = u sin a + v cos a , showthat

2 z 2 z
2 z 2 z
+
transforms
int
o
+
.
u 2 v 2
x 2 y 2

Solution :
Here z is a composite function of u and v.
z z x z y
= +
u x u y u
z
z
= cos a + sin a
x
y

( z ) = cos a + sin a z
x
x
y

cos a + sin a
(1)
u
x
y
or

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

z z x z y
= +
v x v y v
z
z
= - sin a + cos a
x
y
Also,

( z ) = - sin a + cos a z
v
x
y

- sin a + cos a
(2)
v
x
y
Now we shall make use of the equivalance of operators as given by (1) and (2).
or

2 z z
=

u 2 u u

z
z
= cos a
+ sin a cos a + sin a
(u sin g (1) and (2) )
u
y
x
y

2 z
2 z
2 z
2 z
= cos 2 a 2 + cos a sin a
+ sin a cos a
+ sin 2 a 2
x
xy
yx
y
2 z
2 z
2 z
2 z
2
2
ie.,
= cos a 2 + 2 cos a sin a
+ sin a 2
u 2
x
xy
y

(3)

2 z z
Similarly 2 =
v
v v

z
z

+ cos a (u sin g (3) and (4) )

= - sin a + cos a - sin a
y
x
y
x

= sin 2 a

2 z
2 z
2 z
2 z
2
cos
cos
sin
sin
a
a
a
a
+
cos
a
x 2
xy
yx
y 2

2 z
2 z
2 z
2 z
2
2
cos
a
a
a
a
=
sin
2
sin
+
cos
v 2
x 2
xy
y 2
Adding (3) and (4),

(4)

2 z 2 z 2 z 2 z
+
=
+
u 2 v 2 x 2 y 2
Hence the proof .
7. Investigate the max ima of the functions f ( x, y ) = x 2 + xy + y 2 +

1 1
+ .
x y

Solution :
Given f ( x, y ) = x 2 + xy + y 2 +

1 1
+
x y

f
1
= 2x + y - 2
x
x
100

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

f
1
= x + 2y - 2
y
y

2 f
2
= 2+ 3
2
x
x
2 f
2
= 2+ 3
2
y
y
2 f
=1
xy
Step1: For a max imum or min imum, we must have
f
1
= 0 2x + y - 2 = 0
x
x
f
1
= 0 x + 2y - 2 = 0
y
y

i.e., 2 x 3 + x 2 y - 1 = 0

...(1)

i.e., 2 y 3 + xy 2 - 1 = 0

...(2)

(1) y

2 x3 y + x 2 y 2 - y = 0

...(3)

(2) x

2 xy + x y - x = 0

...(4)

From (3) we get x y = y - 2 x y

Substituting (5) in (4) we get
2

...(5)

2 xy 3 + y - 2 x 3 y - x = 0
i.e., 2 x 3 y - 2 xy 3 - y + x = 0
i.e., 2 xy ( x 2 - y 2 ) + ( x - y ) = 0
i.e., 2 xy {( x - y )( x + y )} + ( x - y ) = 0
( x - y ) {2 xy ( x + y ) + 1} = 0
\ x = y (or )2 xy ( x + y ) + 1 = 0
when x = y, the equation 2 x 3 + x 3 y - 1 = 0
gives 2 x 3 + x 3 - 1 = 0
i.e.,3 x 3 = 1
x3 =
x=

1
3
3

1
3

\y =

1
3

1 1
Hence 3 , 3 is a critical po int
3 3

1 1
Step 2 : At 3 , 3 ,
3 3

101

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

2 f
2
= 2+
=8
2
1
x
3
2 f
2 f
=
=1
8
;
y 2
xy
2

2 f 2 f 2 f
\ 2 . 2 -
= 8 8 -1 > 0
x
y
xy
2 f
and 2 = 8 > 0
x
1 1
\ f ( x, y ) has a min imum at the po int 3 , 3 and
3 3
4

the min imum valueis 3 3.

8. Find the min imum value of the function f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 + xy + ax + by.

Solution
Given

f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 + xy + ax + by

...(1)

f
= 2x + y + a
x
f
= 2y + x + b
y

...(2)
...(3)

2 f
=2
x 2
2 f
=2
y 2

...(4)
...(5)

2 f
=1
xy

...(6)

Step 1: For miimum value of the function

f
= 0 2x + y + a
x
f
=0
y

2y + x + b

...(7)
...(8)

Solving (7) and (8) we get

2 x + y = -a
x + 2 y = -b

102

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

i.e.,

4 x + 2 y = -2a
x + 2 y = -b

= b - 2a

3x
x=

b - 2a
3

b - 2a
in (8) we get
3
b - 2a

-
+ b
3

y=
2
-(4b - 2a )
=
2
= a - 2b
Substituting x =

b - 2a

\ The critical po int is

, a - 2b
3

b - 2a

Step 2 : At
, a - 2b
3

2
2
f
f
2 f
2
,
2
and
=
=
=1
x 2
y 2
xy
2

2 f 2 f 2 f
\ 2 . 2 -
= 2 2 -1
x y
xy
=3>0
b - 2a

\We have min imum value of the function at

, a - 2b
3

Step 3 :The min imum value of f ( x, y ) is obtained by putting

b - 2a
x=
and y = a - 2b in f ( x, y ).
3
2

2
b - 2a
b - 2a
b - 2a
Minimum value =
+ ( a - 2b ) +
( a - 2b ) + a
+ b ( a - 2b )
3
3
3

b - 2 a b - 2a
=

+ a - 2b + a + ( a - 2b ) [ a - 2b + b ]
3 3

103

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
b - 2a 4a - 5b
=
+ (a - 2b)(a - b0

3 3
4ab - 5b 2 - 8a 2 + 10ab
=
+ a 2 - ab - 2ab + 2b 2
9
2
4ab - 5b - 8a 2 + 9a 2 - 27ab + 18b 2
=
9
2
2
13b + a - 23ab
=
9

9. Find the shortest dis tan ce between the lines

x -2 y -6 z -5
x -5 y -3 z + 4
=
=
and
=
=
3
-2
-2
2
1
-6

Solution
x -2 y -6 z -5
Let
=
=
=l
...(1)
3
-2
-2
x -5 y -3 z + 4
=
=
=m
...(2)
2
1
-6
Any po int on the first line is P (3l + 2, -2l + 6, -2l + 5) and
any po int on the sec ond line is Q(2 m + 5, m + 3, -6 m - 4)
\ PQ = (2 + 3l - 5 - 2 m ) 2 + (6 - 2l - 3 - m ) 2 + (5 - 2l + 4 + 6 m ) 2
i.e., PQ 2 =17l 2 + 41m 2 - 32lm - 66l + 114m + 99
Let f (l , m ) = 17l 2 + 41m 2 - 32lm - 66l + 114m + 99
f
= 34l - 32 m - 66
l
f
= -32l + 82m + 114
m
2 f
2 f
2 f
=
=
= -32
34,
82,
l 2
m 2
lm

For a max imum or a min imum of ' f ' we should have

f
f
= 0,
=0
l
m
i.e., 34l - 32m - 66 = 0
- 32l + 82m + 114 = 0
Solving thesetwo equations we get
l = 1, m = -1
At (1, -1)

2 f
= 34 > 0
lm

104

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
2

2 f 2 f 2 f
-
.
>0
l 2 m 2 lm
\ At (1, -1) the function f (l , m ) has min imum.
i.e., At (1, -1) , PQ 2 has min imum which gives the shortest length.
At (1, -1),

PQ 2 = 17 + 41 + 32 - 66 - 114 + 99
=9

\Shortest length = PQ = 9 = 3
1 1 1
10. Find the min imum value of x 2 + y 2 + z 2 subject to the condition + + = 1
x y z
Solution
Let f = x 2 + y 2 + z 2
1 1 1
+ + -1
x y z
Let the auxillary function ' F ' be
g=

1 1 1
...(1)
F ( x, y , z ) = ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) + l + + - 1
x y z
By Lagranges method the values of x, y, z for which ' f ' is min imum are obtained
by the following eqations
F
l
l
= 0 2 x - 2 = 0 = x3
2
x
x
F
l
l
= 0 2 y - 2 = 0 = y3
y
2
y
F
l
l
= 0 2z - 2 = 0 = z3
2
z
z
F
1 1 1
= 0 + + -1 = 0
l
x y z
From (2) , (3) and (4) we get
x3 = y 3 = z 3 =

...(2)
...(3)
...(4)
...(5)

l
2
1

i.e.,

l 3
x= y = z =
2

...(6)

Substituting (6) in (5) we get

3
= 1 or x = 3
x

105

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

3
= 1 or y = 3
y
3
= 1 or z = 3
z
\ (3,3,3) is the po int where min imum value occur. The min imum value of
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 is 32 + 32 + 32 = 27
11. Athin closed rec tan gular box is to have one edge equal to twice the other , and a cons tan t
valume 72m3 . Find the least surface area of the box.
Solution
Let the sides of the rec tan gular box be 2 x, x, y.
Then volume is 2 x.x. y = 72
i.e.,

2 x 2 y = 72

i.e.,

x 2 y = 36

...(1)

The surface area is given by

S = 2(2 x.x) + 2(2 x. y ) + 2( x. y )
= 4 x 2 + 6 xy
Now we have to find the min imum surface area

...(2)

S = 4 x 2 + 6 xy under the condition

x 2 y = 36

Let f = 4 x 2 + 6 xy,
g = x 2 y - 36
Let the auxillary function ' F ' be F = f + l g

F ( x, y ) = 4 x 2 + 6 xy + l x 2 y - 36

...(3)

By Lagranges method the values of x, y, z for which ' F ' is min mum is obtained
from the following equations
F
= 0 8 x + 6 y + 2l xy = 0
x

F
=0
y
F
=0
z

6x + l x2 = 0

...(4)

...(5)

0=0

106

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

F
=0
l

x 2 y - 36 = 0 x 2 y = 36

From (5) we get x = Substituting

x=y=

...(7)

l
6

...(6)

in (6) we get

36
= l2
2
x

...(8)

12. Find the max imum value of x m y n z p when x + y + z = a

Solution
Let f = x m y n z p and g = x + y + z - a
Let the auxillary function F = f + l g
i.e., F ( x, y, z ) = x m y n z p + l ( x + y + z - a )
F
= 0 mx m -1 y n z p + l = 0
x
F
= 0 ny n -1 x m z p + l = 0
y
F
= 0 p x m y n z p -1 + l = 0
z
F
=0 x+ y+ z-a =0
l

Substituting
-

x=-

...(1)
...(2)
...(3)
...(4)
...(5)

, y = l 2 in(4) we get

+ 6l 2 - 12l 2 = 0 l 3 = - 8

i.e.,
Substituting

l = -2
l = -2 in(7) and (8) we get

x = 3, y = 4.
\ S has a min imum value at (3, 4)
The min imum value of S = 4(3) 2 + 6(3)(4)
= 108
From (2) , (3) and (4) , we get
- l = mx m -1 y n z p
- l = ny n -1 x m z p
- l = p x m y n z p -1
107

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

i.e., mx m -1 y n z p = ny n -1 x m z p = p x m y n z p -1
i.e.,

m n p
= =
x y z
m+n+ p m+n+ p
=
=
x+ y+z
a

\Hence max imum value of f occurs when

am
m+n+ p
an
y=
m+n+ p
ap
z=
m+n+ p
The max imum value of
x=

f = a m+ n+ p

mn nn p p

(m + n + p)

m+n+ p

108

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

I =

2. Evaluate: over the region in the first quadrant of the circle x2+y2=1.
Solution: In the given region, y varies from 0 to and x varies from 0 to 1.

I =

Put x = sin. Then dx = cosd. q varies from 0 to /2.

x 2

2
0 x ( x y + xy )dydx

3. Evaluate:
1

x 2
1 x 2

2
Solution : Let I= ( x y + xy )dydx = ( x y + xy 2 )dydx =
x
0
0 x

x 2 y 2 xy 3
0 2 + 3 dx
x
1

x4
x 3 x.xy 3 / 2 x 4 x 4
5 x5
x7 / 2
- + dx = +
= +
-
2
3 2
3
8 ( 7 )(3) 6 5
0
2

0
1

9
3
21 + 16 - 28
1 2 1
=
= + + - (0) =
=
168

168 56
8 21 6

111

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
DOUBLE INTEGRATION IN POLAR COORDINATES:

To evaluate , we first integrate w.r.to r between the limits and . Keeping is

fixed and the resulting expression is integrated w.r.to from to .

In this integral and and ,

PROBLEMS BASED ON POLAR FORMS USING DOUBLE INTEGRATION:

PART A
1. Evaluate:

Solution:

2. Evaluate:

Solution: Let I =

PART B
1. Evaluate: over the cardioids r = a (1+cos).

Solution: The limits of r: 0 to a (1+cos) and The limits of : 0 to .

I =

Put 1+cos = t then sin d = dt

112

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

CHANGE THE ORDER OF INTEGRATION:

The double integral will take the form when the order of

integration is changed. This process of converting a given double integral into its equivalent double integral by
changing the order of integration is often called change of order of integration. To effect the change of order of
integration, the region of integration is identified first, a rough sketch of the region is drawn and then the new
limits are fixed.
PART A
1. Find

the

limits

integration

the

double

integral

Solution: The limits are: y varies from 0 to 1 and x varies from 0 to 1-y.

2. Change the order of integration

Solution: The given region of integration is bounded by y=0, y=a, x=y & x=a.

After changing the order, we have, I =

3. Change the order of integration for the double integral

Solution:

PART B

1. Change the order of integration in I = and hence evaluate it.

Let I =

Solution:

The given region of integration is bounded by x=0, x=1, y=x2 and x+y=2.
In the given integration x is fixed and y is varying.
So, after changing the order we have to keep y fixed and x should vary.
After changing the order weve two regions R1 & R2
I = I1+I2

I =

114

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

2. Evaluate

by changing the order of integration.

Solution: The given region is bounded by x=0, x=1, y=x and x2+y2=2.

I =

After changing the order weve,

The region R is splinted into two regions R1& R2.
In R1: limits of x: 0 to y & limits of y: 0 to 1
In R2: limits of x: 0 to & limits of y: 1 to
I = I1+I2

I1 =

I2 =

I =

3. Evaluate by changing the order of integration in

Solution: Let I =

The given region of integration is bounded by x=0, x=4, y = , y2 = 4x

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

115

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
After changing the order weve
Limits of x: y2/4 to 2y
Limits of y: 0 to 4

I = =16/3.

1 2- x

4. Change the order of integration in I =

f ( x, y)dydx

0 x2

1 2- x

Solution: Given I =

f ( x, y)dydx

0 x2

The given region of integration is bounded by x=0, x=1, y=x2 and x+y=2
In the given integration x is fixed and y is varying
So, after changing the order we have to keep y fixed and x should vary.
After changing the order we have two regions R1 & R2
I = I1 + I2
1

I =

2 2- x

0 0

f ( x, y )dxdy +

f ( x, y)dxdy

1 1

PROBLEMS BASED ON AREA AS A DOUBLE INTEGRAL:

v Area of the region R in Cartesian form is given by dxdy or
R

dydx
R

v Area of the region R in polar form is given by rdrdq

PART A
1. Find the smaller area bounded by y = 2-x and x2+y2=4.
Solution:

Required area =

PART B

1. Find the area of the region outside the inner circle r=2cos and inside the outer circle r=4 cos by
double integration.
Solution: Required Area =

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

116

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

2. Find the area of the circle of radius a by double integration.

Solution: Transforming Cartesian in Polar coordinates

(i.e.) x=rcos & y=rsin. Then dxdy = rdrd

limits of : 0 to and limits of r: o to

Required Area = 2xupper area

3. Find over the area bounded between the circles r = 2sin & r= 4sin.

Solution: In the region of integration, r varies from r=2sin& r= 4sin and varies from0to .

I =

4. Find the area enclosed by the ellipse

Solution: Area of the ellipse = 4 x area of the first quadrant

5. Find the area inside the circle r=asinq but lying outside the cardiod r=a(1-cosq)
Solution: Given curves are r=asinq and r =a(1-cosq)
The curves intersect where a sin q = a (1-cosq)
a sin q = a a cosq

1
2

sin q +

1
2

cos q =

a sin q + a cosq = a

1
2

sin q cos

p
4

+ cos q

sin q + cosq =1

p
4

cos q =

1
2
117

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
sin(q +

p
4

q = 0(or )q +

q = 0(or )q =

1
2

p
4

= sin

=p -

q +

p
4

a2
=
2

p /2

p
4

2p
p p
=p - =
4
2 2

q =p -

a sin q

p /2

q
rdrd
q

0 a (1- cos )

p /2

(or )p -

\The required area =

a2
2

p
p /4

(sin

a sin q

dq =
2
a (1-cosq )

p /2

(sin

q - (1 + cos 2 q - 2 cos q )dq

p /2

a2
2
2
1 - cos q - cos q - 1 + 2 cos q dq
2 0

q - cos 2 q - 1 + 2 cos q )dq =

p /2

(2 cos q - 2 cos q )dq

a2
.2
=
2

(cos q - cos q )dq

p /2

p /2
= a (sin q )0 - cos 2 qdq
0

p / 2 1 + cos 2q
= a 1 -
dq
2

0

p /2
1
sin 2q
= a 1 - q +

2 0
2

1p

= a 2 1 - + 0 - 0

2 2

2
p a (4 - p )
= a 2 1 - =
4
4

6.Find by double integration, the area enclosed by the curves

Ans:

Sub (1) in (2) we get

Therefore the point of intersection of (1)&(2) is (0,0) and (4a,4a)

x Varies from 0 to 4a and y

The required Area =

varies from

118

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Hence
Therefore the integral will become,

PROBLEMS BASED ON TRIPLE INTEGRATION

PART A

1. Evaluate:

Solution: Let I =

120

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

2. Evaluate:

Solution: Let I=

3. Evaluate:
Solution: Let

4. Evaluate:

Solution: Let I =

PART B

log a x x + y

1. Evaluate

e
0

x+ y+ z

log a x x + y

Solution :

dzdydx

0 0

x+ y+ z
e dzdydx =

0 0

log a x

x+ y+ z x+ y
[e ]0 dydx =
0

log a x

(e
0

2( x+ y )

- e x + y )dydx

121

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
log a

log a

e 2( x + y )

- e x + y dx =
2
0

log a

1 4 x
e2x

2x
- e x dx
e - e -
2

2
log a

e4x 3 2x
e4x 3 2x

- e + e dx =
- e + ex

2 2
2 2
0

3
1
1 3
= e 4 log a - e 2 log a + e log a - - + 1
4
8
8 4
=
a b c

2. Evaluate

1 4 3 2
3
a - a +a8
4
8

+ y 2 + z 2 dxdydz

0 0 0

Solution : I = + y 2 x + z 2 x dydz
3
0
0 0
a b

c 3b cb 3

+
+ cbz 2 dz
=
3
3

c 3 y cy 3

+
+ cyz 2 dz
=
3
3
0
0
a

c3
2
2
+ cy + cz dydz

0 0
a b

c 3bz cb 3 z cbz 3
c 3ba cb 3 a cba 3 abc 2
+
+
[c + b 2 + a 2 ]
+
+
=
=
=

3
3 0
3
3
3
3
3
3. Find the volume bounded by the cylinder x2+y2=4 and the planes y+z=4 and z=0.
Solution: The limits are:
Z varies from: 0 to 4-y
X varies from: - to

Y varies from: -2 to 2.

Required volume = 2

= 2

dy= 2

= 8 since y is an odd function.

= 16 =16

= 16x2x = 16

4. Find the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by the plane and the coordinate plane.
Solution: The limits are:

122

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
X varies from 0 to a

Y varies from 0 to b

Z varies from o to c

Required Volume =

= c

= c
=

4. Find the volume of the sphere x2+y2+z2=a2 using triple integral.

Solution: Required Volume = 8 x volume in the positive octant = 8
Limits of integration are:

Z varies from 0 to

Y varies from 0 to
X varies from 0 to a

Volume = 8

= 8
=8

= 8

= 2

= 8

= 2 = 2

4a3
3

cu.units

5. Find the Volume of the ellipsoid

Solution: Required Volume = 8 x Volume in the first octant

Limits of Integration are:

123

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
x2

Z varies from 0 to c1 a2

y2
b2

Y varies from 0 to b1 a2

X varies from 0 to a.

x2 y2

Volume = 8

x2 c1 2 2
a b
a b1a2
dzdydx
0 0
0
x2 y2

c1 2 2
x2
a b
a b1a2
z
0 0
0
x2

a b1a2
1
0 0

= 8c
8c

a y

x2
a2

dydx
y2
b2

dydx
x2

= b 0 0 2 y2 dydx where b1 2
a

= b 0 2 2 y2
8c

= b 4 0 b2 1 2 dx
a

sin1 dx
0

=2bc0 1 a2 dx
=2bcx

3a 0

=2bca 3

4abc
3

cu units

124

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

SSMDA Practical - File
No ratings yet
SSMDA Practical - File
64 pages
Engineering Mathematics PDF
75% (4)
Engineering Mathematics PDF
124 pages
E-Note_14547_Content_Document_20231226125342PM
No ratings yet
E-Note_14547_Content_Document_20231226125342PM
11 pages
Unit 1 - Matrices
No ratings yet
Unit 1 - Matrices
53 pages
Module 2 Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors, Diagonalisation
No ratings yet
Module 2 Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors, Diagonalisation
139 pages
MA5158 Unit I Section 2
No ratings yet
MA5158 Unit I Section 2
26 pages
Unit 1 - Matrices Printable
No ratings yet
Unit 1 - Matrices Printable
27 pages
Linear Algebra Matrix Theory - Important
No ratings yet
Linear Algebra Matrix Theory - Important
72 pages
1.properties of Eigenvalues
No ratings yet
1.properties of Eigenvalues
6 pages
UNIT-I Linear Algebra
No ratings yet
UNIT-I Linear Algebra
68 pages
U1-L-8 Eigen Values and Vector (4)
No ratings yet
U1-L-8 Eigen Values and Vector (4)
43 pages
Section 7.1
No ratings yet
Section 7.1
10 pages
LA&C, unit-2, Matrices-2 (1)
No ratings yet
LA&C, unit-2, Matrices-2 (1)
74 pages
Eigen Values (Gate60 Short Notes) - 1
No ratings yet
Eigen Values (Gate60 Short Notes) - 1
5 pages
A7003 (LAO) Handout - 9
No ratings yet
A7003 (LAO) Handout - 9
5 pages
Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 2 Lectures
No ratings yet
Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 2 Lectures
31 pages
Matrix - Solved
No ratings yet
Matrix - Solved
148 pages
Matrices-10
No ratings yet
Matrices-10
7 pages
MCA Unit I-Eigen Values_PPT
No ratings yet
MCA Unit I-Eigen Values_PPT
30 pages
Termpaper MTH101 Term Paper MTH
No ratings yet
Termpaper MTH101 Term Paper MTH
11 pages
3
No ratings yet
3
8 pages
Rohini 99062238979
No ratings yet
Rohini 99062238979
10 pages
Term Paper of MTH (101) : Submitted To-Ms. ASHU SACHDEVA
No ratings yet
Term Paper of MTH (101) : Submitted To-Ms. ASHU SACHDEVA
10 pages
MODULE1
No ratings yet
MODULE1
29 pages
Lesson 6 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of Matrices
No ratings yet
Lesson 6 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of Matrices
8 pages
Engg Maths - Book
No ratings yet
Engg Maths - Book
133 pages
Eigen Values and Eigen Vector
No ratings yet
Eigen Values and Eigen Vector
13 pages
Unit V Matrix Materials
No ratings yet
Unit V Matrix Materials
15 pages
Calculus and Matrix Algebra
No ratings yet
Calculus and Matrix Algebra
64 pages
chapter 13 eigen value & vector
No ratings yet
chapter 13 eigen value & vector
18 pages
EM-Unit-1&2-2021 Reg-Study Material
No ratings yet
EM-Unit-1&2-2021 Reg-Study Material
66 pages
The Properties of Determinants:: 11 22 II NN
No ratings yet
The Properties of Determinants:: 11 22 II NN
15 pages
Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors
100% (1)
Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors
32 pages
06 - Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors
No ratings yet
06 - Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors
27 pages
Eigenvector and Eigenvalue Project
100% (1)
Eigenvector and Eigenvalue Project
10 pages
EIGEN VALUES
No ratings yet
EIGEN VALUES
6 pages
Review of Properties of Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
No ratings yet
Review of Properties of Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
11 pages
Materi Kuliah Ke 20
No ratings yet
Materi Kuliah Ke 20
28 pages
Linear Algebra - Eigen Value
No ratings yet
Linear Algebra - Eigen Value
11 pages
Eigensystems by Naresh
No ratings yet
Eigensystems by Naresh
35 pages
An Introduction To Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors: A Project Report
No ratings yet
An Introduction To Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors: A Project Report
16 pages
Matrix Notes PDF
No ratings yet
Matrix Notes PDF
20 pages
Matrix Notes
No ratings yet
Matrix Notes
23 pages
Module 1
No ratings yet
Module 1
8 pages
Maths Case Study
No ratings yet
Maths Case Study
22 pages
Chapter 8 Note
No ratings yet
Chapter 8 Note
11 pages
Calyley Hamilton Theoram. Eigen Notes
No ratings yet
Calyley Hamilton Theoram. Eigen Notes
8 pages
Eigen Values
No ratings yet
Eigen Values
61 pages
Week 8 Eigenvalues - Eigenvectors
No ratings yet
Week 8 Eigenvalues - Eigenvectors
51 pages
La13 Ev
No ratings yet
La13 Ev
31 pages
Matrices
No ratings yet
Matrices
15 pages
Maths PDF 2
No ratings yet
Maths PDF 2
140 pages
Unit 2 Matrix
No ratings yet
Unit 2 Matrix
4 pages
27th Jan Matrics Eigen Value and Eigen Vectors
No ratings yet
27th Jan Matrics Eigen Value and Eigen Vectors
39 pages
Matrix-Eigen Notes
No ratings yet
Matrix-Eigen Notes
5 pages
L19 Engg. Maths Story of Eigen Value and Eigen Vector
No ratings yet
L19 Engg. Maths Story of Eigen Value and Eigen Vector
70 pages
FEM All units
No ratings yet
FEM All units
26 pages
Unit-1 (Matrices)_AST_1.3
No ratings yet
Unit-1 (Matrices)_AST_1.3
1 page
Set Theory Essentials
From Everand
Set Theory Essentials
Emil Milewski
No ratings yet
Math for Computer Applications
From Everand
Math for Computer Applications
The Editors of REA
No ratings yet
MCS-013: Discrete Mathematics
From Everand
MCS-013: Discrete Mathematics
Dr. DK Sukhani
No ratings yet
Cloud Computing
No ratings yet
Cloud Computing
4 pages
Search: What Is A Turbocharger?
No ratings yet
Search: What Is A Turbocharger?
3 pages
Cloud Computing
No ratings yet
Cloud Computing
3 pages
Virtual Ization
No ratings yet
Virtual Ization
3 pages
Service Oriented Architecture
No ratings yet
Service Oriented Architecture
3 pages
Sanjay Kumar Upgraded Resume
No ratings yet
Sanjay Kumar Upgraded Resume
2 pages
Tensioner Training Presentation
No ratings yet
Tensioner Training Presentation
29 pages
Oscillating Cylinder Steam Engine: Improve This Article Adding Citations To Reliable Sources
No ratings yet
Oscillating Cylinder Steam Engine: Improve This Article Adding Citations To Reliable Sources
4 pages
Gil Delay Diff Equ finalEFB
No ratings yet
Gil Delay Diff Equ finalEFB
280 pages
Ps 1 Solutions
No ratings yet
Ps 1 Solutions
4 pages
PPT06 - Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
No ratings yet
PPT06 - Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
13 pages
8-Multivariate Analysis Using SAS
No ratings yet
8-Multivariate Analysis Using SAS
26 pages
Stability of Odes Numerical Methods For Pdes: Spring 2007
No ratings yet
Stability of Odes Numerical Methods For Pdes: Spring 2007
34 pages
Civil Engineering-Engineering Mathematics-I, MT101
No ratings yet
Civil Engineering-Engineering Mathematics-I, MT101
1 page
(Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 399) Canjun Yang, G. S. Virk, Huayong Yang (Eds.)-Wearable Sensors and Robots_ Proceedings of International Conference on Wearable Sensors and Robots 2015-Spri
No ratings yet
(Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 399) Canjun Yang, G. S. Virk, Huayong Yang (Eds.)-Wearable Sensors and Robots_ Proceedings of International Conference on Wearable Sensors and Robots 2015-Spri
571 pages
Ar23 Ece
No ratings yet
Ar23 Ece
41 pages
Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues: Explained Visually
No ratings yet
Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues: Explained Visually
9 pages
Antennas and Propagation: Chapter 5b: Mutual Coupling in Antenna Arrays
No ratings yet
Antennas and Propagation: Chapter 5b: Mutual Coupling in Antenna Arrays
25 pages
MP1718
No ratings yet
MP1718
4 pages
UUM 526 Optimization Techniques in Engineering Lecture 2: Mathematical Preliminaries
No ratings yet
UUM 526 Optimization Techniques in Engineering Lecture 2: Mathematical Preliminaries
57 pages
Error Analysis in Circle Fitting
No ratings yet
Error Analysis in Circle Fitting
26 pages
Slides7 31
No ratings yet
Slides7 31
12 pages
Wing Structural Design Optimization
No ratings yet
Wing Structural Design Optimization
24 pages
Solutions 6
No ratings yet
Solutions 6
10 pages
50 Questions Linear Algebra Net Gate Aspirants PDF
No ratings yet
50 Questions Linear Algebra Net Gate Aspirants PDF
9 pages
Spectral and Algebraic Graph Theory
No ratings yet
Spectral and Algebraic Graph Theory
399 pages
Ai Ds Syllabus Book 1 2
No ratings yet
Ai Ds Syllabus Book 1 2
62 pages
MATH 210-Introduction To Differential Equations
No ratings yet
MATH 210-Introduction To Differential Equations
3 pages
MA8251 Notes PDF
No ratings yet
MA8251 Notes PDF
60 pages
FA 15 16 Ex4 solHW
No ratings yet
FA 15 16 Ex4 solHW
11 pages
Studying The Effect of Syntactic Simplification On Text Summarization
No ratings yet
Studying The Effect of Syntactic Simplification On Text Summarization
13 pages
Univ Paper Maths 1 PYQ
No ratings yet
Univ Paper Maths 1 PYQ
29 pages
ML GTU Solution
No ratings yet
ML GTU Solution
83 pages
Erenso Theo Phys Part IV Quan Mech 1 and 2 Rev
No ratings yet
Erenso Theo Phys Part IV Quan Mech 1 and 2 Rev
493 pages
Determining The Number of Factors in Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis
No ratings yet
Determining The Number of Factors in Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis
16 pages
AI and IOT in Renewable Energy (2021)
No ratings yet
AI and IOT in Renewable Energy (2021)
119 pages
Assignment - 1 MA-10501 Jan - June 2024
No ratings yet
Assignment - 1 MA-10501 Jan - June 2024
2 pages