Zig-Zag Grounding Transformers in DAPPER Referring to the sequence diagrams for a zig-zag grounding transformer in the Westinghouse T&D and Paul Anderson's Analysis of Faulted Power Systems references: Tecan be shown that there is no difference, from a fault current point of view, between the model of the zig-zag transformer and « Wye-Deita transformer, as long as the delta side of the transformer is not loaded. This is why a Wye-grounded-Delta transformer and Fictions dalta secondary bus 9999s used in the enclosed example Bunae BUS ‘The example uses a grounding wansformer at 11000 volts, an impedance of 18 Ohms per phase, and a fault current limit of 1050 Amps. Reference the exaruple data sheet for additional deta conversions By definition, zig-zag transformers are specified with 100% rated impedance. Therefore the base impedance and the calculated transformer impedance in actual ohms should be the same. In the example, Ipu impedance on the transformer’s rated base of 6608 KVA. ‘The DAPPER name plate input field for impedance will not allow entries above 99. The difference between 99% and 100% impedance should not be significant wo the calculation, Alternatively, the impedance cari be entered in per unit, A simple network example follows. In this problem the Utility SCC is 100 MVA with no Single Line to Ground Fault connibution. The cables are small impedance, 0.1 pu Ohms. Inspection of the results shows that the ground fault carsent is established because of the Wye-Delta transformer, and i5 915 amps at bus 2. Note that itis not 1050 Amps. 7 ® | pe | Esnasie kigm se gta Sate Sad PASE 02 a" ction Pee 03 wae) Suara st In the sceond case the cables and wansformer impedance values are not changed, but the auf current available from the utility is increased (0 999999 MVA (an infinite bus). The results are shown below: @ keene Se iu towns 7 ia coments sera | ‘ats on v4 Rane Resins | ml _ omer Eu iyinese Ratatat * ‘The grounding current rose slightly, but is less than the maximum rated current (in this problem) of 1050 amps. Remember that the Zth for bus 2 is 21 + Z2 + ZO, ‘The positive and negative sequence values includes that impedance irom the source. If they are zero, then the maximum single line to ground fault current at bus 2 would b = (3x1 1,000 volts/1.73) / (18.14 ehms) = 1050 Amps Asa final graphic, the zig-zag transformer was placed out of service and the case was re run, Note the three phase fauit current values are identical to the previous case: ~ serene Tua ye a stnenain a cy RS oes | ~~ BRRgas : eh . STEERER?evaiasse os 9 g1ugeedi rh ae PAGE 0c Cekknermep - . Madeiing Zig-Zag Grounding Teaneformers in, DAPPER to mprueent @ Zig-Zag Grounding Transformer a8 a Siar-ells cauivaten, enter the following dete Io the DAPPER 2aNireing Teanstommecmodel. Pranary Bus ode in ayers where traneformer coiaected) Pumary Sus Voltage iL.g8—_ {bus votege) = Priniary Transformer Voltage: ‘LOND transiormer pamary Narneptate Prunary Connection NG Seoondery Cus: Damneny SIT this feo fctiios but estatsiahed for radst Bite fequivalecy onty) ‘Secondary Gus Voltage (am _tesmne as primary) odary Trensformes Votage eee (serie as primary) ‘Seacmary Connosten a : S668 cranstonnerratnn (CE x Vox Ee) rawr iia _____ (leave blank} Chr xirdle x ss.) = bent % sina \ sons ETI nit. (iose +3) The folowing formulas are used to calculate the impedance datas, Wi eas En we Tose J5S Positive sequence impedance) U3 1 We We Cues less sy Vettage WY ls ated Neutral Curent of 2¢-2ag taneformer = BAIS ae tn “tie” Rated RVATI000 Fe 5 eek 2 Ble Fara * FPS Can expeeteel ) aa LZeg eo Pups vsoo toe % + Renter the alive waleulatad for 4 %pg abou in the data enkry Mss! for +7 Seq “IAK Enter Gv value of the grourxtiog 1 see (echt fo the data euitry fede for Neat, oben, is ul orien cree puss ad nav as ence retermallion ct Zig-Zag our theroloce should be igraved in tne output report ea oor Feeweiner she Pease BS Mae wy UNE ver. eae IMPEDANCE JrrEquency PER PHase GHDNS| JMRKERS SER. MO. SECONDS 307 [ec seco. [988 jou. AULT CURRENT LIVITED TO 1u80 ALPS AW HOUT RESISTANGE IN NEUTRAL “Teaw bunader ale poe 2 tewa,eres ouyy722171 ™ = Ske ae, Modeling Earthing Transformers in DAPPER {From Westinghouse Transmission & Distribution data book, Zig-Zag Grounding Py. 804) 1 Deere geccesccacepeermencrt A Ss } bo. Positive Sequence = Short Circuit Boel Zoro Sequence o- (100) bse Zps = Leakage between Primary and Secondary on kVA & Vollage base of Primary winding Uc = kVA of Input Circuit (abe) Up= EVA of Primary winding when inputs at lic KVA, Zyic = Base Z corresponding te kVA & Voltage base of input circuitwursayigye Waza sleg720171 STARVDELTA qe % Zeto Sequence 2, eat, 0 7 ol Dyokipgs hag DELTA/STAR Equivalent: GQ) (a) sae Pace oe oreacariboo vSe22 | sus Tze SKM FASE 28. ‘Yo inpot int) DAPPER, create new bus between bus 1. & 2. (BUS 998); enter transformer or branch record between 998 & 999, AINSERT Nominal kVA = Ue ‘Zein Ohms (Grounding Resistor) Transformer Taps =) (Blank) Primary & Secondary Veliage an: ‘This gives the correct positive and sranstormier between bases 1. & 2 the same as bus 1. & 2, 10 sequence representation of a Zig-Zag grounding ‘The transfosmer is connected at bus 993, Bus 999 doesn't really eaist and should be ignored in the ourput reports, Af stricily ased for grounding, a YG-D equivalent can be used for grounded Zig-2 sequence will not be connected. Zero sequence can be modeled for unba 5. Positive weet faults Low = Los DAPPER enter 2g in O Where Up = Bare kVA of input citenit Up =Piimury winding kVA when input is at Ue be correct for fault studies, ignore A side fazlt anil foal flow resetsTo represent the Zig-Zag as a Star-Delia equivalent, 2owinding traasformer model te following data into the DAPPER Primary Vohage © Primary Bus; Bus 998 Primary Connection; Tap : leave blank Secondary Voltage = same as primary Seconiary Bus; Bus 999 Sevpndary eonneetion; D Nominal kVA = Transformer nameplate alzo/(® a} ex [asf MVA Q (100%) Ry = G2 Xy= OQ Na effect on positive or negative sequence network if you ignore bus 999 which does aat oxi Equivalent zero sequence network looks like: 15.20 earth impedance