DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF INFILLED R C FRAME SUBJECTED

TO BLAST LOADING AS PER IS 4991-1968

A DISSERTATION
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the
Requirements for the award of the degree
of
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

In
Structural and Construction Engineering
By
Pravendra Yadav
(Roll No. 13217026)
Under the supervision of
Dr. Partap Singh
Professor

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Dr B R AMBEDKAR NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY
JALANDHAR 144011 (INDIA)
JUNE, 2015

DR. B. R. AMBEDKAR NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CANDIDATES DECLARATION
I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in this dissertation report
entitled, Dynamic Analysis of Infilled R C Frame Subjected to Blast Loading as
per IS 4991-1968 , is presented in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award
of the degree of Master of Technology in Structural and Construction Engineering
submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering at Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National
Institute of Technology, Jalandhar is an authentic record of my own work carried out
during a period from January to June 2015 under the supervision of Dr. Partap Singh.
The matter presented in this thesis has not been submitted by me in any other
University / Institute for the award of any degree.

Date:

Pravendra Yadav

This is to certify that the above statement made by candidate is correct to the best of
my knowledge and belief.

Date:

Dr. Partap Singh

Professor

The Viva Voice examination of Pravendra Yadav has been held on......................

Signature of Supervisor

Signature of HOD

Signature of External Examiner

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Partap Singh, Professor, Department of
Civil Engineering, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar,
for his excellent guidance and whole hearted involvement during my research study
without whose invaluable suggestions, meticulous efforts, versatility and untiring
guidance, this report would not have been feasible. I am also indebted to him for his
encouragement and moral support and sparing their valuable time in giving me
concrete suggestions and increasing my knowledge through fruitful discussions
throughout the course of my study.
I owe thanks to entire staff of CAD lab for their immense cooperation. I also want to
thanks the library staff of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar national institute of technology,
Jalandhar, for their full cooperation in providing the necessary literature.

I would like to thanks Mr. Singh Vikram Santosh for his assistance in completing my
dissertation.

Most importantly, I would like to give God the glory for all of the efforts I have put
into this project, and deeply obliged to my parents, my friends uplifting me when I am
down, for pushing me when I want to stop, and for teaching me how to tackle every
situation of life either its up or down, for showing me the right direction blue, for their
out of the continuous encouragement to keep me moving even at the oddest of times.

Pravendra Yadav

ii

ABSTRACT
The number and intensity of terrorist activities have increased our concern towards the
safety of our infrastructure. An explosion due to air blast or any other dynamic loading
in air generates a pressure bulb, which grow in size at very high rate. The resulting
blast wave releases energy over a small duration and in a small volume, thus generates
waves of finite amplitude travelling radially in all directions.
A six storey RC frame structure with 3.00 m storey height in seismic zone IV has been
considered in this present study, effect of charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg
has been studied in three phases. The phases are as follows:
Phase 1: Standoff distance = 30 m
Charge weight - 100 kg
Charge weight - 300 kg
Charge weight - 500 kg
Phase 2: Standoff distance = 35 m
Charge weight - 100 kg
Charge weight - 300 kg
Charge weight - 500 kg
Phase 3: Standoff distance = 40 m
Charge weight - 100 kg
Charge weight - 300 kg
Charge weight - 500 kg
The effect of different charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg has been studied for
nodal displacements, velocity, acceleration and stress resultants in three Phases 1, 2
and 3 for standoff distance 30 m, 35 m and 40 m respectively.
The structure is modelled and analysed by using software Staad Pro V8i-2007. The
blast parameters are calculated for stand-off distances by adopting wave scaling law
given in IS 4991-1968.
Comparison of results is made for different parameters such as variation of blast loads,
variation of standoff distances. Bending moment, shear force and axial forces in beams
and columns are maximum on front face of the structure due to maximum explosive
weight and minimum standoff distance Z. As the weight of explosive (TNT)
iii

increases, bending moment, shear force and axial force in beams and columns, lateral
displacement and velocity at different floor levels, increases. If standoff distance
increases, bending moment, shear force and axial force in beams and columns, lateral
displacement and velocity at different floor levels decreases.

iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CANDIDATES DECLARATION

ACKNOWLWDGEMENT

ii

ABSTRACT

iii

LIST OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES

viii

LIST OF TABLES

ix

CHAPTER - 1 ................................................................................................................ 1
Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 General .................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Characteristics of explosions ................................................................................ 4
1.3 Basic parameters of explosion .............................................................................. 5
1.4 Blast waves ........................................................................................................... 5
1.5 Classification of blast ............................................................................................ 8
1.6 Lateral force resisting system ............................................................................... 9
1.6.1 Infill walls ...................................................................................................... 9
1.6.2 Types of infill walls ..................................................................................... 10
1.7 Objectives of the study........................................................................................ 10
1.8 Organization of thesis work ................................................................................ 11
CHAPTER - 2 .............................................................................................................. 12
Review of Literature ................................................................................................... 12
2.1 General ................................................................................................................ 12
2.2 Review of literature............................................................................................. 12
CHAPTER - 3 .............................................................................................................. 19
Blast Load on Structures ............................................................................................ 19
3.1 General ................................................................................................................ 19
3.2 Elastic sdof systems ............................................................................................ 21
3.3 Calculation of blast loading ................................................................................ 23
3.3.1 Steps for calculation of blast parameters ..................................................... 23
3.4 Infills modelling .................................................................................................. 24
3.4.1 Equivalent strut method ............................................................................... 24
3.5 Loads considered in the analysis ......................................................................... 25
3.5.1 Gravity loads ................................................................................................ 25
3.5.2 Blast loads .................................................................................................... 25
3.6 Analysis of framed building...............................................................................26

CHAPTER - 4 .............................................................................................................. 27
Calculation of Blast Parameters ................................................................................ 27
4.1 General ................................................................................................................ 27
4.2 Description of building ....................................................................................... 27
4.3 Material properties..............................................................................................29
4.3.1 Properties of rcc...............................................................................................29
4.3.2 Properties of brick masonry.........................................................................30
4.4 Blast pressure parameters (as per IS:4991-1968) ............................................... 29
4.4.1 Phase - 1 ....................................................................................................... 29
4.4.2 Phase - 2 ....................................................................................................... 42
4.4.3 Phase - 3 ....................................................................................................... 45
CHAPTER - 5 .............................................................................................................. 48
Results and Discussion................................................................................................ 48
5.1 Phase - 1 .............................................................................................................. 48
5.1.1 Nodal displacement ...................................................................................... 48
5.1.2 Velocity ........................................................................................................ 49
5.1.3 Acceleration ................................................................................................. 49
5.1.4 Stress resultants ............................................................................................ 50
5.1.4.1 Moment..................................................................................................50
5.1.4.2 Shear force.............................................................................................53
5.1.4.4 Axial force.............................................................................................56
5.2 Phase - 2 .............................................................................................................. 58
5.2.1 Nodal displacement ...................................................................................... 58
5.2.2 Velocity ........................................................................................................ 58
5.2.3 Acceleration ................................................................................................. 59
5.2.4 Stress resultants ............................................................................................ 59
5.2.4.1 Moment..................................................................................................59
5.2.4.2 Shear force.............................................................................................62
5.2.4.3 Axial force.............................................................................................65
5.3 Phase - 3 .............................................................................................................. 67
5.3.1 Nodal displacement ...................................................................................... 67
5.3.2 Velocity ........................................................................................................ 67
5.3.3 Acceleration ................................................................................................. 67
5.3.4 Stress resultants ............................................................................................ 68
5.3.4.1 Moment..................................................................................................68
5.3.4.2 Shear force.............................................................................................71
5.3.4.3 Axial force.............................................................................................74
vi

Fig. 5.1 to 5.66.......................................................................................................76-108

Table 5.1 to 5.36..................................................................................................109-120
CHAPTER 6...........................................................................................................122
Conclusions................................................................................................................122
6.1 General.............................................................................................................122
6.2 Conclusions......................................................................................................122
6.2.1 Effect of different charge weights...............................................................122
6.3 Scope for future study.......................................................................................126
REFERENCES..........................................................................................................128

vii

LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. 1.1 Murrah federal building before explosion .................................................... 3
Fig. 1.2 Murrah federal building before explosion .................................................... 3
Fig. 1.3 Free field blast .............................................................................................. 6
Fig. 1.4 Blast loads on building ................................................................................. 6
Fig. 1.5 Blast pressure with time (IS 4991-1968) ...................................................... 7
Fig. 1.6 Blast pressure on building ............................................................................ 8
Fig. 3.1 Variation of pressure with distance ............................................................ 19
Fig. 3.2 Formation of shock front in a shock wave .................................................. 20
Fig. 3.3 Variation of overpressure with distance from centre of explosion at
various time................................................................................................. 20
Fig. 3.4 (a) SDOF system and (b) blast loading ....................................................... 22
Fig. 3.5 Simplified resistance function of an elasto-plastic SDOF system .............. 22
Fig. 3.6 Equivalent diagonal strut model ................................................................. 25
Fig. 3.7 Time history definition for force with time ................................................ 26
Fig. 4.1 Plan of building ........................................................................................... 30
Fig. 4.2 Elevation of Building .................................................................................. 31
Fig. 5.1 to 5.66....................................................................................................76-108

viii

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1 Conversion factors for explosives [Draganic. H] ...........................................5
Table 4.1 Blast parameters for W = 100 kg at Z = 30 m ..............................................39
Table 4.2 Blast parameters for W = 300 kg at Z = 30 m ..............................................41
Table 4.3 Blast parameters for W = 500 kg at Z = 30 m ..............................................42
Table 4.4 Blast parameters for W = 100 kg at Z = 35 m ..............................................43
Table 4.5 Blast parameters for W = 300 kg at Z = 35 m ..............................................44
Table 4.6 Blast parameters for W = 500 kg at Z = 35 m ..............................................45
Table 4.7 Blast parameters for W = 100 kg at Z = 40 m ..............................................46
Table 4.8 Blast parameters for W = 300 kg at Z = 40 m ..............................................47
Table 4.9 Blast parameters for W = 500 kg at Z = 40 m ..............................................48
Table 5.1 to 5.36 .................................................................................................109-120

ix

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
In the past few decades, danger of explosion damage to a structure is increased as a
result of increase in number and intensity of terrorist activities all over the world.
Generally structures are not designed for blast load due to the reason that the
magnitude of load caused by blast is huge and the cost of design and construction is
much higher. As a result, the structure is susceptible to damage from blast load. Recent
past blast incidents in the country trigger the minds of developers, architects and
structural engineers to find solutions to protect the life of human-being and structures
from blast disasters i.e. from sudden impact.
Special importance has been given to blast loads on landmark structures, such as high
rise buildings in metropolitan cities; the explosion of explosives (Bombs,
trinitrotoluene TNT, etc.) inside and around buildings can cause catastrophic impacts
on the structural integrity of the building, such as damage to the external and internal
structural frames and collapse of walls. Moreover, loss of life can result from the
collapse of the structure.
The earthquake problem is rather old, but most of the knowledge on this subject has
been accumulated during the past decades. The blast problem is rather new,
information for the development in this field is mostly made available through the
publications of the Indian researchers, Army Corps of Engineers, Naval Facilities
Engineering Command, Air Force Civil Engineering Support Agency and the other
government/public offices and institutes. The guidelines for the blast loading are
published in Indian code IS 4991-1968.
Explosions occurring in urban areas or close to the facilities such as building and
protective structures may cause tremendous damage and loss of life. The immediate
effects of such explosions are blast over pressures propagating through the
atmosphere. The damages generated by the explosion and shock waves resulting from
the sudden release of energy by the explosives in the form of pressure bulbs (which are
exponentially growing in nature in

all the directions), temperature and noise.

Conventional buildings are constructed quite differently than the military structures
1

and as such generally quite vulnerable to blast and ballistic threats. In order to design
structures which are able to withstand, it is necessary to first quantify the effects of
such explosions. Typically it comes from specialists guide, experimental tests and
analytical tools to perfectly predict the effects. Keeping this in mind, developers,
architectures and engineers are seeking solutions for potential blasts, protecting
building occupants and the structures.
Following Disasters such as the terrorist bombings of the U.S. embassies in Nairobi in
1998, the Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City in 1995, and the World Trade
Centre in New York in 1993 have explained the need for a thorough examination of
the behaviour of structure subjected to blast loads. The blast occurred at the basement
of World Trade Centre in 1993 has the charge weight of 816.5 kg tri-nitro-toluene
(TNT). To provide the adequate protection against explosions, the design and
construction of public building are done with the new methods/techniques given by the
structural engineers. Problems arises due to the complexity in analysing, which
involves time dependent finite deformation, high strain rates and non-linear inelastic
behaviour of materials to overcome from these and simplify the model analysis
various assumptions and approximations have been made. Analysis of structures under
blast load requires a good understanding of the blast parameters and dynamic response
of the structural elements. The analysis consists of several steps:
(a) Estimation of the risk
(b) Computation of load according to the estimated risk
(c) Analysis of structural behaviour
(d) Selection of structural system
(e) Evaluation of structural behaviour
Blast resistant design is becoming a important part of the design for important
structures because of hazards due to widespread terrorist activities in various parts of
the world. Design must be such that it may adapt the protection to lives as well as
buildings itself. In the situations such as terrorist attacks where there is no warning
time shelters must be integrated in the buildings itself, design is no longer limited to
underground shelters and sensitive military sites. People must now be aware for
protection against explosions on day to day basis.

Fig. 1.1 Murrah federal building before explosion

Fig. 1.2 Murrah federal building before explosion

3

1.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF EXPLOSIONS

In general, an explosion is result of very rapid release of energy within a limited space
which occurs from chemical, mechanical and nuclear sources. Explosions can be
categorized on the basis of their nature as physical, nuclear and chemical event.
In physical explosion: Energy may be released from the catastrophic failure of a
cylinder of a compressed gas, volcanic eruption or even mixing of two liquid at
different temperature.
In nuclear explosion: Energy is released from the formation of different atomic
nuclei by the redistribution of the protons and neutrons within the inner acting nuclei.
In chemical explosion: The rapid oxidation of the fuel elements (carbon and
hydrogen atoms) is the main source of energy.
The principal mechanisms deriving an explosion are significantly different, depending
upon the source. However, from the point of view of the effects of explosions upon
structural systems, there exists a set of fundamental characteristics which must be
defined and considered, irrespective of the source.
Explosives can be classified according to their rates of burning i.e. low explosive
burns and high explosive burns, solid explosives are mainly high explosives. They can
also be classified on the basis of their sensitivity of ignition as primary or secondary
explosives. Materials such as mercury fulminate and lead azides are primary
explosives. Secondary explosives when explode create blast (shock) waves which can
result in widespread damage to surroundings. Examples include trinitrotoluene (TNT)
and ammonium nitrate/fuel oil (AN/FO) [Ngo et al.].
Low explosives: Items those are capable of exploding but whose primary function is
not act as explosives includes natural gas, liquid fuels such as gasoline etc. It is usually
mixture of combustible substances and oxidants those decomposes rapidly.
High explosives: these are normally employed to explode in mining and military
warheads. These compounds detonate at a rate ranging from 3 to 9 m/s. These are
usually nitrate products such as toluene, phenol, pentaerythritol, amines and glycerine.
Trinitrotoluene (TNT): it a solid chemical compound of yellowish in colour. This is
best known as useful explosive material with convenient handling properties. The
explosive yields of TNT are considered as the standard measure of the strength of
4

bombs and other explosives. It is common misconception that dynamite and TNT are
same or dynamite contains TNT. In actual fact, TNT is a specific chemical compound
and dynamite is an absorbent mixture soaked in nitro-glycerine that is compressed in
to a cylindrical shape and warped in papers.

1.3 BASIC PARAMETERS OF EXPLOSION

Use of the TNT (Trinitrotoluene) as a reference for determining the scaled distance X,
is universal. The first step in quantifying the explosive wave from a source other than
the TNT, is to convert the charge mass into an equivalent mass of the TNT. It is
performed so that the charge mass of explosive is multiplied by the conversion factor
based on the specific energy of the charge and the TNT. Specific energy of different
explosive types and their conversion factors to that of the TNT are given in Table 1.1.
TABLE 1.1 CONVERSION FACTORS FOR EXPLOSIVES [DRAGANIC. H]
Specific
Energy Qx

Explosive

TNT equivalent

kJ/kg

Qx/QTNT

Compound B (60 % RDX, 40 % TNT)

5190

1.148

HMX

5680

1.256

Nitro-glycerine (liquid)

6700

1.481

TNT

4520

1.000

Explosive gelatine (91 % nitro-glycerine, 7.9 %

nitrocellulose, 0.9 % antracid, 0.2 % water)
60 % Nitro-glycerine dynamite

4520

1.000

2710

0.600

Semtex

5660

1.25

C4

6057

1.340

1.4 BLAST WAVES

Blast wave is an area of pressure expanding supersonically outward from an explosive
core. It has a leading shock front of compressed gases. The blast wave is followed by
a blast wind of negative pressure, which sucks items back in towards the center. If a
strong gas explosion occurs inside a process area or in a compartment, the surrounding
area will be subjected to blast wave. The magnitude of blast wave depends on:
5

Source

Distance from explosion

The detonation of a condensed high explosive generates gasses under pressure up to

300 kilo bar and a temperature of about 3000-4000 oc . the hot gas expands forsing out
the volume it occupies.

Fig. 1.3 Free field blast

Fig. 1.4 Blast loads on building

The threat for a conventional bomb is defined by two equally important components,
the bomb size or charge weight W and the standoff distance Z between the blast source
and the target. The peak incident overpressure Pso is amplified by an reflection factor
as the shock wave encounters an object or structure in its path. There reflection factors
6

are typically greatest for normal incidence. Reflection factor depends on the intensity
of shock wave and for large explosives at normal incident pressures by as much as an
order of magnitude.
The pressure-time profile, two main phases can be observed; part above ambient
pressure is called duration of positive phase to while below the ambient is called
negative phase duration. Negative phase is of longer duration and a lower intensity
then the positive duration. As the standoff distance increases, the duration of positive
phase blast increases resulting in a lower-amplitude and longer-duration shock pulse.

Fig. 1.5 Blast pressure with time (IS 4991-1968)

During negative phase weakened structure may be subjected to impact by debries that
may cause additional damage. If exterior building walls are capable of resisting the
blast load, the shock front wave penetrates through window and door openings,
subjecting the floors, ceiling, walls, contents and people to sudden pressures and
fragments from shattered windows, doors, etc. The components not capable of
resisting the waves will fracture and and be further fragmented and moved by the
dynamic pressure that immediately follows the shock front.

Fig. 1.6 Blast pressure on building

1.5 CLASSIFICATION OF BLAST

There are different types of explosion such as nuclear, physical and chemical.
Chemical explosives are the most common artificial explosives that can occur
accidentally or may cause by the terrorist attacks. Chemical explosives are generally
liquids or in consolidated solid forms.
The type of burst mainly classified as:
(a) Air burst
(b) High altitude burst
(c) Under water burst
(d) Underground burst
(e) Surface burst
The discussion here is limited to air burst or surface burst. This information is then
used to determine the dynamic loads on surface structures that are subjected to such
blast pressures and to design them accordingly. It should be pointed out that surface
structure cannot be protected from a direct hit by a nuclear bomb; it can however, be

designed to resist the blast pressures when it is located at some distance from the point
of burst.
The air burst environment is produced by detonation which occurred above the ground
surface and at distance from a protective structure so that the initial shock wave
propagating away from the explosion impinges on the ground surface prior to the
arrival at the structure. Impact of air burst is less than the surface burst. A charge
located on or very near to the ground surface is considered to be a surface burst.

1.6 LATERAL FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM

The Lateral force resisting system is used to resist forces resulting from sudden impact
due to blasts, wind or seismic activity. The Lateral force resisting frame systems
classified as follows:
(a) Braced Frame System
(b) Moment Resisting Frame System
(c) Shear Wall System
(d) Tube System
(e) Infill Wall System
1.6.1 INFILL WALLS
In multi-story buildings, infill walls are one of the most important components to resist
lateral forces. Infill walls increases the stiffness of the structural members and these
are provided to give additional lateral rigidity to the structure against lateral forces.
Many times due to architectural or other requirements, some of the panels in a framed
structure are filled with reinforced concrete or brick-walls. When a large number of
panels are filled in continuation, their behaviour is somewhat similar to a shear-wall.
In some of the frames, practically all the panels may be filled. When panels are filled
with reinforced walls, the behaviour is very near to those of shear-walls. The shear walls for their exclusive behaviour are provided in high-rise buildings i.e. above 10
storeys. The panel filling is done even for lesser number of storeys. The strength of
such infilled panels contributes significantly to the overall strength and stiffness of the
structure. In the general frame-work analysis, such contributions towards structural
stiffness and strength are not considered.

1.6.2 TYPES OF INFILL WALLS

1.6.2.1 PLANE INFILL WALLS
Infill walls take care of the horizontal sway especially due to wind usually termed as
the drift of the building. Infill walls are used when a beam-column frame has
insufficient stiffness to horizontal sway under lateral loads like sudden impact due to
blasts, wind and earthquake and they prove uneconomical and unsound for building
structures. Infill wall buildings are designed to satisfy certain basic structural and
functional requirements.
1.6.2.2 COUPLED INFILL WALLS
Many infill walls contain one or more vertical rows of openings. The common
example of such a structure is the shear core of a building structure which
accommodates elevator shafts, stair walls and service ducts. Access doors to these
shafts pierce the walls. Thus the walls on each side of openings may be inter connected by short and deep beams. Such walls are referred as being- coupled by
beams.
1.6.2.3 STAGGERED PANEL INFILL WALLS
The staggered wall beam system is a framing system that tends itself well to the
reinforced concrete construction and is particularly suited to high rise residential
buildings. It offers the residential buildings designer a wide range of interesting
possibilities in both interior layout and exterior treatment at the cost competitive with
other economical forms of construction. The staggered wall-system is best suited for
rectangular plans.

1.7 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

A six storey R C frame structure has been chosen for investigating the effect of blast
loads. In this present study, effect of charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg has
been studied in three phases. The phases are as follows:
Phase 1: Standoff distance = 30 m
Charge weight 100 kg
Charge weight 300 kg
Charge weight 500 kg

10

Phase 2: Standoff distance = 35 m

Charge weight 100 kg
Charge weight 300 kg
Charge weight 500 kg
Phase 3: Standoff distance = 40 m
Charge weight 100 kg
Charge weight 300 kg
Charge weight 500 kg
The effect of different charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg has been studied for
nodal displacements, velocity, acceleration and stress resultants in phase - 1, 2 and 3
for stand-off distances 30 m, 35 m and 40 m respectively.

1.8 ORGANIZATION OF THESIS WORK

The work present in the dissertation has been divided into six chapters.
Chapter 1 deals with the introduction of the subject matter, objective and scope of the
study.
Chapter 2 gives a brief review of the earlier studies carried out by various authors.
Chapter 3 deals with blast loading on structures and explosion phenomenon.
Chapter 4 deals with types of loads and their intensities considered in the analysis.
The methods of analysis and calculation of blast parameters for charge weights
considered in the present study are also discussed in this chapter.
Chapter 5 gives the discussion of the result of the present study.
Chapter 6 deals with the conclusions drawn from the present study. The scope of
work for further study has also been identified and presented in this chapter.

11

CHAPTER - 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 GENERAL
In the designing of structures to resist the effects of blast loading due to explosions or
other severe loads, it is essential to have large energy absorbing capabilities because at
the time of blast the loss of life and injuries to occupants can result from many causes,
including direct blast-effects, structural collapse, debris impact, fire, and smoke. The
indirect effects can combine to inhibit or prevent timely evacuation, thereby
contributing to additional casualties. Structural elements with large plastic deformation
capacities are therefore desirable for such loadings. Many researchers have tried to
understand the properties of blast wave by estimating the blast wave parameters for
various charge weights placed at various distances to protect the structures from
damage due to sudden impact caused by the blasts.
2.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Many researchers have given their contribution to this field which has been
discussed as follows:
Luccioni et al. (2003) studied the structural failure of a reinforced concrete building
caused by the blast load and the process of the explosive charge to the complete
demolition, including the propagation of the blast wave and its intraction with the
structure was reproduced. They carried out analysis with a hydocode.
They compared the analysed problem with the actual building that suffered to a
terrorist attack and the comparison of numerical results with photographs of the real
damage produced by the explosive charge shows that the numerical analysis accurately
reproduces the collapse of building under blast load confirming the location and
magnitude of the explosion.
Albanesi et al. (2004) studied the influence of infill walls in RC frame structure
seismic response by non-linear finite element model for the seismic analysis of an
infilled frame with two no-tension struts to simulate the interaction between the RC
frame and frame with infill wall, including windows and door openings, are calibrated
on numerical evaluations. The results of this study was that the effects of windows and
door openings including their position can be accounted for by simply introducing two
12

reduction factors which apply to stiffness and strength of the current equivalent strut
defined for a whole wall panel.
Shope L. (2006) studied the response of wide flange steel columns subjected to
constant axial load and lateral blast load. The finite element program ABAQUS was
used to model with different slenderness ratio and boundary conditions. Non-uniform
blast loads were considered. Changes in displacement time histories and plastic hinge
formations resulting from varying the axial load were examined.
Calvi et al. (2006) studied the Seismic Performance of Masonry-Infilled R.C.Frames,
benefits of slight reinforcements. In their study the experimental tests have been
performed on single bay, single storey specimens, single geometry and a single design
of the concrete frame has been considered and also a single type of masonry units was
used; the numerical analyses was performed by considering a single global geometry
and a single ductility level. A push-over approach was adopted for the analyses.
Experimental and numerical results were that frames with slightly reinforced masonry
infills generally perform better than bare frames, enhanced lateral capacity and energy
dissipation provide a significantly better behaviour in terms of operational limit states
and cost of repair.
Ngo et al. (2007) studied different methods for estimation of blast load and structural
response because a bomb explosion within or immediately nearby a building would
cause catastrophic damage on the buildings external and internal structural frames,
collapsing of walls, blowing out of large expanses of windows, and shutting down of
critical life-safety systems. Loss of life and injuries to occupants can result from many
causes, including direct blast-effects, structural collapse, debris impact, fire, and
smoke. The indirect effects can combine to inhibit or prevent timely evacuation,
thereby contributing to additional casualties. In addition, major catastrophes resulting
from gas-chemical explosions result in large dynamic loads, greater than the original
design loads.
Koccaz et al. (2008) focused on blast resistant building design theories, the
enhancement of building security against the effects of explosives in both
architectural, structural design process and the design techniques. Firstly, explosives
and explosion types were explained briefly. In addition, the general aspects of
explosion process had been presented to clarify the effects of explosives on buildings.
13

They focused on essential techniques for increasing the capacity of a building to

provide protection against explosive effects for both architectural and structural
approach. During the architectural design, the behaviour under extreme compression
loading of the structural form, structural elements e.g. walls, flooring and secondary
structural elements like cladding and glazing were considered so that the structural
design after an environmental and architectural blast resistant design, as well stands
for a great importance to prevent the overall collapse of a building, with correct
selection of the structural system.
Pujol et al. (2008) observed that masonry infill walls, an effective alternative for
seismic strengthening of low-rise reinforced concrete building structures. In order to
test this hypothesis, a full-scale three-story flat-plate structure was strengthened with
infill brick walls and tested under displacement reversals. The results of this test were
compared with results from a previous experiment in which the same building was
tested without infill walls. In the initial test, the structure experienced a punching shear
failure at a slab-column connection. The addition of infill walls helped to prevent slab
collapse and increased the stiffness and strength of the structure.
Jayasooriya et al. (2009) studied the blast response and the propagation of its effects
on a two dimensional reinforced concrete (RC) frame and designed to withstand
normal gravity loads, using LS DYNA for the analysis. Complete RC portal frame
seven storeys and six bays is modelled with reinforcement details and appropriate
materials to simulate strain rate effects. Explosion loads derived from standard
manuals and applied as idealized triangular pressures on the column faces of the
numerical models.
Izadifard and Maheri (2010) studied the importance of ductility in absorbing energy
and its improving the structural behaviour. In their study, nine short steel frames with
different spans and number of storeys, subjected to different blast loading had been
investigated. Non-linear pushover blast force displacement curves were evaluated for
each frame and the ductility parameters were extracted and found that the ductility
reduction factor under blast loading increases with increasing ductility ratio,
irrespective of the period of vibration of the system.
Mahmud et al. (2010) studied the behaviour of the reinforced concrete frame with
brick masonry infill due to lateral loads. In this study, the behaviour of reinforced
14

concrete (R.C.) frames with brick masonry infill for various parametric changes were
studied to observe their influences in deformation patterns of the frame. In both cases
of wind and earthquake loads, if number of bay increases, then the deflection
eventually decreases. As the story level of a building frame increases, deflection due to
lateral loads naturally increases due to additional lateral loads.
Raparla and Kumar (2011) studied the linear responses of different RC bare frames
for different ranges and charge weights according to different blast loads and in the
companion paper discussed the progressive collapse of the same. Initially, the blast
loads over the frames were calculated for different ranges and charge weights
according to TM 5-1300. Later these loads were applied on the bare frames taken from
the structures which were designed for the normal gravity and lateral loads. Four
fames (one story one bay, three story one bay, five story one bay and ten story-three
bays) were considered in their study and highly efficient numerical model AEM was
used. From their results it is clear that the even though the charge weight of the blast is
increasing the response is not increasing linearly. Also the response is low for heavy
structures compared to lighter structures.
Dragani and Sigmund (2012) the aim of their study was to became familiar with the
issue of blast load because of ever growing terrorist threat and the lack of guidelines
from national and European regulations on the verification of structures exposed to
explosions and described the process of determining the blast load on structures and
provides a numerical example of a fictive structure exposed to blast load. Calculated
blast load analytically as per TM-5 1300 and determined it as pressure-time history
and numerical model of the structure was created in SAP2000 and non-liner analysis
was performed. The aim of the analysis of the structure elements exposed to blast load
was to check their demanded ductility and compare it to the available ones. This
means that non-liner analysis is necessary and simple plastic hinge behaviour is
satisfactory.
Al-Ansari (2012) studied the response of buildings to blast and earthquake loadings
for the purpose of deriving a relationship in the form of formulae and charts between
blast and earthquake loads. He concluded from the analysis results that the responses
of the simulated models with different heights and standing off distances to blast
loading shows that the responses of building models to blast loads at the same
15

standing-off distance are very close to each other. The building height was found to
have a small impact in structure responses to blast load. However it had a strong
impact on building responses due to earthquake load. The relationships derived by him
between blast and earthquake loads were used to compute equivalent earthquake
ground acceleration to a blast load on any building given the intensity of the blast, the
stand-off distance and the building height. Once the earthquake ground acceleration is
known the codes of design methodology could be easily used to determine the lateral
forces and design the building members accordingly.
Goel et al. (2012) studied empirical relations and calculation of blast load parameters.
Their study divided in two parts, in first part they includes various empirical relations
for calculation of blast load in the form of pressure time function resulting from the
explosion in the air. In second part these empirical techniques and charts were used for
calculation of various blast wave parameters.
Jayashree et al. (2013) studied the dynamic response of a space framed structure due
to blast load. In their study an attempt had been made to use slurry infiltrated fiber
reinforced concrete (SIFCON), a type of FRC with high fibre content as an alternative
material to reinforced cement concrete (RCC). Space framed models were developed
and time history analysis was carried out for blast load using the software package
SAP-2000 and derived the properties of SIFCON and RCC from the experiments.
Evaluated the dynamic characteristics such as fundamental frequency, mode shapes
and compared the displacement time history response of frames with SIFCON and
RCC due to blast load.
Samoila (2013) studied on seismic behaviour of masonry infill panels by analytical
modelling. The study present three one- bay, one- story frames, for which the diagonal
strut width and the strength to different failure types were determined. The effects of
the masonry infill panels upon the seismic behaviour of the frames structures were
rendered by the capacity curves obtained from the push-over analysis carried out on a
series of concrete frames with different number of stories.
Hirde and Bhoite (2013) analysed the effect of modelling of infill walls on the
performance of multi-storeyed RC building. Nonlinear static pushover analysis of
multi storey frame was carried out considering it as bare frame. The pushover analysis
of same frame was carried out by modelling the infill walls for throughout the height
16

and for modelling the infill walls excluding ground storey so as to make it as soft
storey. The results of bare frame analysis and frame with infill effects were compared
in the form of capacity spectrum curve, performance point and hinge formation at
performance point. It was seen that the masonry infill contribute significant lateral
stiffness, strength, overall ductility and energy dissipation capacity.
Kulkarni and Sambireddy (2014) studied the dynamic response of high rise regular
and irregular structures subjected to blast load. The fundamentals of blast hazards and
the interaction of blast waves with structures were examined in their study for the
lateral stability of a high rise building. The model building was subjected to two
different charge weights of 800 lbs and 1600 lbs TNT at a two different standoff
distances. The blast loads were calculated using the methods outlined in section 5 of
TM5-1300 and used nonlinear modal analysis for the dynamic load of the blast using
SAP-2000 and also studied the behaviour of R.C frame and concrete infill frame in
dynamic condition.
Kashif and Varma (2014) studied the effect of Blast loading on a five storey RCC
symmetric building. They analysed the building for blast load of TNT placed at a
distance of 30 m and calculated the blast load using code IS 4991-1968 as function of
pressure-time history. Numerical model of the structure was created in SAP-2000. The
influence of the lateral load response due to blast in terms of peak deflections,
velocity, accelerations, inter storey drift was calculated and compared.
Shallan et al (2014) numerically simulate the effects of blast loads on three buildings
with different aspect ratios. Used finite element models of these buildings were
developed using the finite element program AUTODYN. Blast loads located at two
different locations and spaced from the building with different standoff distances were
applied. The simulations of their study revealed that the effect of blast load decrease
with increasing the standoff distance from the building and with variation the aspect
ratios of the buildings there were no variation in the displacement of the column in the
face of the blast load but with increasing the aspect ratio the effect of blast load
decrease in other element in the building.
Abdallah and Osman (2014) studied the explosion phenomena and its load behaviour
on steel structure. Considered a steel structure which was subjected to blast loads with
different charge weights of 10 kg, 50 kg and 100 kg at 4.5 m standoff distance on same
17

building situation, the main parameters considered in their study were displacement,
terrorist threat and demand capacity ratio (D/C). They calculated the reflected pressure
and the duration time using the code of U.S Army TM 5-1300. The blast load was
determined as pressure-time history and then the pressure-time history functions
defined for each member by using SAP-2000 software.
Singh et al (2014) studied various loading which can occur during a blast i.e, the
dynamic impact loading, varying rate concentrated loading and transverse blast
loading and the methods applied to analyze these loading. Compared the results with
Single Degree of Freedom (SDOF) model, those were obtained from Finite Element
Model (FEM) and non-linear dynamic analysis and discussed the suitability.

18

CHAPTER - 3
BLAST LOAD ON STRUCTURES
3.1 GENERAL
An explosion is a phenomenon in which energy is released in a very fast and violent
manner and is accompanied by the release of gasses and generation of high
temperatures. There are different type of explosion; nuclear, physical and chemical.
Explosions due to volcanic eruption are classified as natural. Chemical explosion are
the most common type of artificial explosives that can occur accidentally or caused by
the terrorist attacks. Chemical explosives are generally in the form of solids or liquids.
In chemical explosion oxidation reactions takes place at very rate and generate
pressure waves, also called blast waves. The duration of blast waves only for few
milliseconds. The sudden release of energy initiates a pressure wave in the
surrounding medium, known as a shock wave as shown in Fig. 3.1. When an explosion
takes place, the expansion of the hot gases produces a pressure wave in the
surrounding air. As this wave moves away from the centre of explosion, the inner part
moves through the region that was previously compressed and is now heated by the
leading part of the wave.

Fig. 3.1 Variation of pressure with distance

After a short period of time the pressure wave front becomes abrupt, thus forming a
shock front somewhat similar to Fig. 3.2. The maximum overpressure occurs at the
shock front and is called the peak overpressure. Behind the shock front, the
overpressure drops very rapidly to about one-half the peak overpressure and remains
almost uniform in the central region of the explosion.
19

Fig. 3.2 Formation of shock front in a shock wave

An expansion precedes, the overpressure in the shock front decreases steadily; the
pressure behind the front does not remain constant, fall off in a regular manner. After a
short time, at a certain distance from the centre of explosion, the pressure behind the
shock front becomes smaller than that of the surrounding atmosphere and so called
negative-phase or suction. The front of the blast waves weakens as it progresses
outward, and its velocity drops towards the velocity of the sound in the undisturbed
atmosphere. This sequence of events is shown in Fig. 3.3, the overpressure at time t1,
t2..t6 are indicated.

Fig. 3.3 Variation of overpressure with distance from centre of explosion at

various times
Complexity in the analysis of dynamic response of blast-loaded structures involves the
effect of high strain, the non-linear inelastic material behaviour, the uncertainties in
the blast load calculations and the time-dependent deformations. Therefore, to simplify
the analysis, a number of assumptions related to it and the loads has been proposed
and widely adopted. To establish general principles of this analysis, the structure is
idealized as a single degree of freedom (SDOF) system and the relationship between
the positive duration of the blast load and the natural period of vibration of the
20

structure is established. This leads to blast load idealization and simplifies the
classification of the blast loading.

3.2 ELASTIC SDOF SYSTEMS

The simplest discretization of transient problems is by means of the SDOF approach.
The original structure can be replaced by an equivalent system of one lumped mass
and one weightless spring represents the resistance of the structure against
deformation. Such an idealized system is illustrated in Fig.3.4. The structural mass
M is under the effect of an external force F(t) and the structural resistance Rm is
expressed in terms of the vertical displacement y and the spring constant K. The
blast load can also be idealized as a triangular pulse having a peak force Fm and
positive phase duration td (see Fig. 3.4). The forcing function is given as
F(t) = Fm(1 - ) ..................................................... (3.1)
The equation of motion of the un-damped elastic SDOF system for a time ranging
from 0 to the positive phase duration td is given by Biggs as follows
M + Ky = F(t) ........................................................ (3.2)
where
= Acceleration (Double derivative of displacement)
y = Displacement
the general solution can be expressed as
Displacement y(t) =

) ........................(3.3)

Velocity (t) = dy/dt =

...................... (3.4)

In above is the natural frequency of vibration of the structure and T is the natural
period of vibration of the structure which is given by

................................................. (3.5)

21

Fig. 3.4 (a) SDOF system and (b) blast loading

The maximum response is defined by the maximum dynamic deflection ymax which
occurs at time tm. The maximum dynamic deflection ymax can be evaluated by setting
dy/dt in Equation 3.3 equal to zero, i.e. when the structural velocity is zero. The
dynamic amplification factor (DAF) is defined as the ratio of the maximum dynamic
deflection ymax to the static deflection ystatic which would have resulted from the static
application of the peak load Fm, which is shown as follow

The structural responses to blast loading is significantly influenced by the ratio td/T or
td (td/T = td/ 2 ). Three loading regimes are categorized as follows:
- td < 0.4 : impulse loading resime.
- td < 0.4 : quasi-static resime.
- 0.4 < td < 40 : dynamic loading resime

Fig. 3.5 Simplified resistance function of an elasto-plastic SDOF system

22

3.3 CALCULATION OF BLAST LOADING

3.3.1 CALCULATION OF BLAST PARAMETERS
Calculation of blast parameters produced by the explosion sock front waves such as
Peak reflected overpressure, Dynamic pressure, Peak side-on pressure on structure as
per IS:4991-1968 are as follows.
Step 1: Determine the explosive weight as equivalent to TNT weight W in tonnes
which is used as charge.
Step 2: Determine the Standoff distance / actual distance Z of the point measured
from ground zero to the point under consideration.
Step 3: Determine the charge height at which it is placed above the ground surface.
Step 4: Determine the structural dimensions.
Step 5: Select different points on the structure (front face, roof, side and rear face) and
calculate the explosion parameters for each selected point.
i)

Calculate the scaled distance X as per scaling law.

Scaled distance X =

........................................ (4.1)

ii) Determine the explosions parameters using Table 1 of IS:4991-1968 for above
calculated scaled distance X and read the values.
a) Peak side-on overpressure Pso.
b) Peak reflected overpressure Pro.
c) Dynamic pressure qo.
d) Mach number M.
e) Positive phase duration to milliseconds (millisecond).
f) Duration of equivalent triangular pulse td milliseconds (millisecond).
The values scaled times to and td obtained from the Table 1 of code IS: 4991-1968 for
scaled distance X are multiplied by

to obtain the absolute values for actual

explosion of W tonnes charge weight.

Step 6: Net pressure acting on the front face of the structure at any time t is
maximum of Pr or ( Pso + Cd.qo ).
23

where
Cd = Value of drag coefficient given in Table 2 of IS:4991-1968.
Pr = Reflected overpressure which decrease from Pro to overpressure in
clearance time tc.
Step 7: Pressure on rear face is depends on time intervals are as follows.
i)

Clearance time (tc) = 3S/U

ii) Travel time of shock wave from front face to rear face i.e transit time (tt) = L/U
iii) Pressure rise time on back face (tr) = 4S/U
where
S = Height H or half of the width B/2 whichever is less
U = Shock front velocity = M.a
a = velocity of sound in air may be taken as 344 m/sec at mean sea level
at 20 oc.
M = Mach number of the incident pulse.
=
Decay of pressure with time is given by
Ps = Pso (1 -

q = qo (1 -

)2

............................................... (4.2)

............................................... (4.3)

If pressure rise time is more than duration of equivalent triangular pulse, there will be
no pressure on rear face of the structure.
i.e {tr > td ; no pressure on rear face}

3.4 INFILLS MODELLING

3.4.1 EQUIVALENT STRUT METHOD
In this method, the analysis is carried out by simulating the action of infills similar to
that of diagonal struts bracing the frame. The infills are replaced by an equivalent strut
of length D and width Wef as shown in Fig. 3.6.
Pulay and Preistley (1992) suggested a conservative value useful for design proposal
given by.
24

Wef = 0.25D.................................................... (3.7)

Fig. 3.6 Equivalent diagonal strut model

3.5 LOADS CONSIDERED IN THE ANALYSIS

The following loads are considered for the analysis of various phases of structure.
3.5.1 GRAVITY LOADS
The intensity of dead load and live load considered in the study are given below:
Dead loads

Dead load comprising of self-weight of members i.e. Beam, Column and Slab
and infill walls.

Live load

Live load of 4 KN/m2 on floor area.

3.5.2 BLAST LOADS

IS 4991-1968 is used for blast load calculations. The maximum values of the
positive side-on overpressure (Pso), reflected over pressure (Pro) and dynamic
pressure (qo), as caused by the explosion of one tonne explosive at various
distances from the point of explosion, are given in Table 1. And also the
duration of the positive phase of the blast to, and the equivalent time duration
of positive phase td are given in Table 1.

25

3.6 ANALYSIS OF FRAMED BUILDING

In the present study a six storied building was modelled and analysed. The
three different cases have different values of Z and W has been considered for
present study. In the first case stand-off distance is taken as 30 m and the
different values of charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg while in case 2nd
the stand-off distance is taken as 35 m and the different values of charge
weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg. In case 3nd the stand-off distance is taken
as 40 m and the different values of charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg.
The modelling and analysis of building subjected to blast loading was carried
out using software Staad-pro V8i. The blast forces which are acting on
contributing nodes are calculated in chapter-4.
Defining time history function

Fig. 3.7 Time history definition for force with time

26

CHAPTER 4
CALCULATION OF BLAST PARAMETERS
4.1 GENERAL
A six storey building has been chosen for investigating the effect of blast load in RC
frame structure with masonry in-filled walls at the periphery of the building.
The present work has been divided into three Phases, Phase 1, 2 and 3.
Phase 1: Standoff distance = 30 m
Charge weight - 100 kg
Charge weight - 300 kg
Charge weight - 500 kg
Phase 2: Standoff distance = 35 m
Charge weight - 100 kg
Charge weight - 300 kg
Charge weight - 500 kg
Phase 3: Standoff distance = 40 m
Charge weight - 100 kg
Charge weight - 300 kg
Charge weight - 500 kg

4.2 DESCRIPTION OF BUILDING

A six storey RC frame building with 18.0 m height situated in seismic zone IV has
been considered for the purpose of present study.
(i) Floor to floor height = 3.0 m
(ii) Thickness of masonry infill walls = 230 mm
(iii) Size of Columns = 500 mm 500 mm
(iv) Size of Beam = 450 mm 500 mm
(v) Thickness of slab = 150 mm

4.3 MATERIAL PROPERTIES

4.3.1 PROPERTIES OF RCC
(i) Characteristic compressive strength (fck) = 20 MPa
(ii) Poisson Ratio = 0.2
27

(iii) Density = 25 kN/m3

(iv) Modulus of Elasticity (E) = 5000

= 22360.67 MPa

(v) Damping = 0.05

4.3.2 PROPERTIES OF BRICK MASONRY (FOR INFILL WALL)

(i) Modulus of Elasticity (E) = 550 fm
(Where fm is compressive strength of brick masonry; refer to FEMA - 273)
Crushing strength of bricks fm = 4 N/mm2
So, E = 2200 N/mm2
(ii) Poissons ratio () = 0.15 to 0.2
(iii) Density () = 20 kN/m3
(iv) Damping = 0.05
Plan and elevation of the building in phase 1, 2 and 3 are shown in figure 4.1 and
4.2.

Fig. 4.1 Plan of building

28

Fig. 4.2 Elevation of building

4.4 BLAST PRESSURE PARAMETERS (AS PER IS:4991-1968)

4.4.1 PHASE - 1
4.4.1.1 CASE - 1 Charge weight (TNT) W= 100 Kg or 0.1 Tonne
Scaled distance X =

= 64.65 m/tonne1/3

So values of to and td from Table 1 of IS:4991-1968

to = 37.71

= 17.5 milliseconds

td = 28.32

= 13.15 milliseconds

Pressure on rear face:

S = H or B/2 (whichever is less) = 8 m.
U = M.a = 1.1369344 = 391.09

where {M = 1.1369, a = 344 m/sec}

Clearance time tc = 3S/U

= 38/391.09 = 0.06136 sec = 61.36 milliseconds
Transit time tt = L/U
= 16/391.09 = 0.0409 sec = 40.9 milliseconds
29

Pressure rise time tr = 4S/U

= 48/391.09 = 0.08181 sec = 81.81 milliseconds
Here tc > td, tt > td and tr > td
As tr > td no pressure on rear face.
Pressure on front face:
i)

For 0.0 m height

a) For exterior nodes (1, 141)

Actual distance Z = 31.085 m
Scaled distance X =

= 66.96 m/tonne1/3

For X= 66.96, refer Table 1 of IS:4991-1968 and read values of to, td, Pso and Pro
to = {(38.05 +

)(66.97 66)}

= 17.78 millisecond

td = {(28.76 +

)(66.97 66)}

= 13.42 millisecond

Total positive phase = to + td = 17.78 + 13.42 = 31.20 millisecond

Pso = {(0.34 -

)(66.97 66)}100 = 33.35 kN/m2

Pro = {(0.77 -

)(66.97 66)}100 = 75.38 kN/m2

Forces on exterior nodes = peak reflected overpressure area

= 75.38 (0.25 12) = 226.15 kN
b) For interior nodes (36, 106)
Actual distance Z = 30.303 m
Scaled distance X =

= 65.29 m/tonne1/3

For X= 65.29, refer Table 1 of IS:4991-1968 and read values of to, td, Pso and Pro
to = {(37.30 +
td = {(27.8 +

)(65.29 63)}
)(65.29 63)}

= 17.58 millisecond
= 13.24 millisecond

Total positive phase = to + td = 17.58 + 13.24 = 30.82 millisecond

Pso = {(0.37 -

)(65.29 63)}100 = 34.71 kN/m2

30

Pro = {(0.85 -

)(65.29 63)}100 = 78.91 kN/m2

Forces on exterior nodes = peak reflected overpressure area

= 78.91 (0.5 12) = 473.44 kN
c) For interior node (71)
Actual distance Z = 30.037 m
Scaled distance X =

= 64.71 m/tonne1/3

For X=64.71, refer Table 1 of IS:4991-1968 and read values of to, td, Pso and Pro
to = {(37.30 +
td = {(27.8 +

)( 64.71 63)}
)( 64.71 63)}

= 17.51 millisecond
= 13.16 millisecond

Total positive phase = to + td = 17.51 + 13.16 = 30.67 millisecond

Pso = {(0.37 -

)( 64.71 63)}100 = 35.29 kN/m2

Pro = {(0.85 -

)( 64.71 63)}100 = 80.43 kN/m2

Forces on exterior nodes = peak reflected overpressure area

= 80.43 (0.5 12) = 473.44 kN
ii) For 3.0 m height
a) For exterior nodes (6, 146)
Actual distance Z = 31.085 m
Scaled distance X =

= 66.97 m/tonne1/3

For X= 66.97, refer Table 1 of IS:4991-1968 and read values of to, td, Pso and Pro
to = {(38.05 +

)(66.97 66)}

= 17.78 millisecond

td = {(28.76 +

)(66.97 66)}

= 13.42 millisecond

Total positive phase = to + td = 17.78 + 13.42 = 31.20 millisecond

Pso = {(0.34 -

)(66.97 66)}100 = 33.35 kN/m2

Pro = {(0.77 -

)(66.97 66)}100 = 75.38 kN/m2

31

Forces on exterior nodes = peak reflected overpressure area

= 75.38 (0.5 12) = 452.58 kN
b) For interior nodes (41, 111)
Actual distance Z = 30.303 m
Scaled distance X =

= 65.29 m/tonne1/3

For X= 65.29, refer Table 1 of IS:4991-1968 and read values of to, td, Pso and Pro
to = {(37.30 +
td = {(27.8 +

)(65.29 63)}
)(65.29 63)}

= 17.58 millisecond
= 13.24 millisecond

Total positive phase = to + td = 17.58 + 13.24 = 30.82 millisecond

Pso = {(0.37 -

)(65.29 63)}100 = 34.71 kN/m2

Pro = {(0.85 -

)(65.29 63)}100 = 78.91 kN/m2

Forces on exterior nodes = peak reflected overpressure area

= 78.91 (1.0 12) = 946.88 kN
c) For interior node (76)
Actual distance Z = 30.037 m
Scaled distance X =

= 64.71 m/tonne1/3

For X=64.71, refer Table 1 of IS:4991-1968 and read values of to, td, Pso and Pro
to = {(37.30 +
td = {(27.8 +

)( 64.71 63)}
)( 64.71 63)}

= 17.51 millisecond
= 13.16 millisecond

Total positive phase = to + td = 17.51 + 13.16 = 30.67 millisecond

Pso = {(0.37 -

)( 64.71 63)}100 = 35.29 kN/m2

Pro = {(0.85 -

)( 64.71 63)}100 = 80.43 kN/m2

Forces on exterior nodes = peak reflected overpressure area

= 80.43 (1.0 12) = 965.16 kN

32

iii) For 6.0 m height

a) For exterior nodes (11, 151)
Actual distance Z = 31.373 m
Scaled distance X =

= 67.97 m/tonne1/3

For X= 67.97, refer Table 1 of IS:4991-1968 and read values of to, td, Pso and Pro
to = {(38.05 +

)(67.97 66)}

= 17.85 millisecond

td = {(28.76 +

)(67.97 66)}

= 13.47 millisecond

Total positive phase = to + td = 17.85 + 13.47 = 31.32 millisecond

Pso = {(0.34 -

)(67.97 66)}100 = 32.94 kN/m2

Pro = {(0.77 -

)(67.97 66)}100 = 74.35 kN/m2

Forces on exterior nodes = peak reflected overpressure area

= 74.35 (0.5 12) = 446.09
b) For interior nodes (46,116)
Actual distance Z = 30.598 m
Scaled distance X =

= 65.92 m/tonne1/3

For X= 65.92, refer Table 1 of IS:4991-1968 and read values of to, td, Pso and Pro
to = {(37.30 +
td = {(27.8 +

)(65.92 63)}
)(65.92 63)}

= 17.65 millisecond
= 13.34 millisecond

Total positive phase = to + td = 17.58 + 13.24 = 30.99 millisecond

Pso = {(0.37 -

)(65.92 63)}100 = 34.08 kN/m2

Pro = {(0.85 -

)(65.92 63)}100 = 77.21 kN/m2

Forces on exterior nodes = peak reflected overpressure area

= 77.21 (1.0 12) = 926.50 kN

33

c)

For interior node (81)

Actual distance Z = 30.336 m
Scaled distance X =

= 65.36 m/tonne1/3

For X=65.36, refer Table 1 of IS:4991-1968 and read values of to, td, Pso and Pro
to = {(37.30 +
td = {(27.8 +

)( 65.36 63)}
)( 65.36 63)}

= 17.59 millisecond
= 13.25 millisecond

Total positive phase = to + td = 17.59 + 13.25 = 30.84 millisecond

Pso = {(0.37 -

)( 65.36 63)}100 = 34.64 kN/m2

Pro = {(0.85 -

)( 65.36 63)}100 = 78.72 kN/m2

Forces on exterior nodes = peak reflected overpressure area

= 78.72 (1.0 12) = 944.60 kN
Similarly we calculate all the values interpolating directly from Table-1 for 9.0 m,
12.0 m, 15.0 m and 18.0 m heights are as follows
iv) For 9.0 m height
a) For exterior nodes (16,156)
Actual distance Z = 31.941 m
Scaled distance X = 68.82 m/tonne1/3
For X=68.82, refer Table 1 of IS:4991-1968 and read values of to, td, Pso and Pro
Arrival time to = 17.99 millisecond
Equivalent triangular phase td = 13.56 millisecond
Total positive phase = to + td = 17.99 + 13.56 = 31.55 millisecond
Peak side-on overpressure Pso = 32.12 kN/m2
Peak reflected overpressure Pro = 72.31 kN/m2
Forces on exterior nodes = peak reflected overpressure area
= 72.31 (0.5 12) = 433.84 kN
b) For interior nodes (51,121)
Actual distance Z = 31.181 m
Scaled distance X = 67.10 m/tonne1/3
34

For X=67.10, refer Table 1 of IS:4991-1968 and read values of to, td, Pso and Pro
Arrival time to = 17.80 millisecond
Equivalent triangular phase td = 13.44 millisecond
Total positive phase = to + td = 17.80 + 13.44 = 31.24 millisecond
Peak side-on overpressure Pso = 33.22 kN/m2
Peak reflected overpressure Pro = 75.04 kN/m2
Forces on exterior nodes = peak reflected overpressure area
= 75.04 (1.0 12) = 900.45 kN
c)

For interior node (86)

Actual distance Z = 30.923 m
Scaled distance X = 66.62 m/tonne1/3
For X=66.62, refer Table 1 of IS:4991-1968 and read values of to, td, Pso and Pro
Arrival time to = 17.73 millisecond
Equivalent triangular phase td = 13.40 millisecond
Total positive phase = to + td = 17.73 + 13.40 = 31.13 millisecond
Peak side-on overpressure Pso = 33.59 kN/m2
Peak reflected overpressure Pro = 75.96 kN/m2
Forces on exterior nodes = peak reflected overpressure area
= 75.96 (1.0 12) = 911.56 kN

v) For 12.0 m height

a) For exterior nodes (21,161)
Actual distance Z = 32.776 m
Scaled distance X = 70.61 m/tonne1/3
For X=70.61, refer Table 1 of IS:4991-1968 and read values of to, td, Pso and Pro
Arrival time to = 18.20 millisecond
Equivalent triangular phase td = 13.73 millisecond
Total positive phase = to + td = 18.20 + 13.73 = 31.93 millisecond
Peak side-on overpressure Pso = 30.92 kN/m2
Peak reflected overpressure Pro = 69.31 kN/m2
Forces on exterior nodes = peak reflected overpressure area
= 69.31 (0.5 12) = 415.87 kN

35

b) For interior nodes (56,126)

Actual distance Z = 32.035 m
Scaled distance X = 69.02 m/tonne1/3
For X=69.02, refer Table 1 of IS:4991-1968 and read values of to, td, Pso and Pro
Arrival time to = 18.02 millisecond
Equivalent triangular phase td = 13.58 millisecond
Total positive phase = to + td = 18.02 + 13.58 = 31.59 millisecond
Peak side-on overpressure Pso = 31.99 kN/m2
Peak reflected overpressure Pro = 71.97 kN/m2
Forces on exterior nodes = peak reflected overpressure area
= 71.97 (1.0 12) = 863.65 kN
c)

For interior node (91)

Actual distance Z = 31.784 m
Scaled distance X = 68.48 m/tonne1/3
For X=68.48, refer Table 1 of IS:4991-1968 and read values of to, td, Pso and Pro
Arrival time to = 17.95 millisecond
Equivalent triangular phase td = 13.54 millisecond
Total positive phase = to + td = 17.95 + 13.540 = 31.49 millisecond
Peak side-on overpressure Pso = 33.59 kN/m2
Peak reflected overpressure Pro = 75.96 kN/m2
Forces on exterior nodes = peak reflected overpressure area
= 75.96 (1.0 12) = 911.56 kN

vi) For 15.0 m height

a) For exterior nodes (26,166)
Actual distance Z = 33.856 m
Scaled distance X = 72.94 m/tonne1/3
For X=72.94, refer Table 1 of IS:4991-1968 and read values of to, td, Pso and Pro
Arrival time to = 18.47 millisecond
Equivalent triangular phase td = 13.99 millisecond
Total positive phase = to + td = 18.47 + 13.99 = 32.46 millisecond
Peak side-on overpressure Pso = 29.37 kN/m2
Peak reflected overpressure Pro = 65.43 kN/m2
Forces on exterior nodes = peak reflected overpressure area
36

= 65.43 (0.5 12) = 392.59 kN

b) For interior nodes (61,131)
Actual distance Z = 33.140 m
Scaled distance X = 71.40 m/tonne1/3
For X=71.40, refer Table 1 of IS:4991-1968 and read values of to, td, Pso and Pro
Arrival time to = 18.29 millisecond
Equivalent triangular phase td = 13.81 millisecond
Total positive phase = to + td = 18.29 + 13.81 = 32.10 millisecond
Peak side-on overpressure Pso = 30.40 kN/m2
Peak reflected overpressure Pro = 68.00 kN/m2
Forces on exterior nodes = peak reflected overpressure area
= 68.00 (1.0 12) = 816.05 kN
c)

For interior node (96)

Actual distance Z = 32.898 m
Scaled distance X = 70.88 m/tonne1/3
For X=70.88, refer Table 1 of IS:4991-1968 and read values of to, td, Pso and Pro
Arrival time to = 18.23 millisecond
Equivalent triangular phase td = 13.76 millisecond
Total positive phase = to + td = 18.23 + 13.76 = 31.99 millisecond
Peak side-on overpressure Pso = 30.75 kN/m2
Peak reflected overpressure Pro = 68.87 kN/m2
Forces on exterior nodes = peak reflected overpressure area
= 68.87 (1.0 12) = 826.49 kN

vii) For 18.0 m height

a) For exterior nodes (31,171)
Actual distance Z = 35.16 m
Scaled distance X = 75.75 m/tonne1/3
For X=75.75, refer Table 1 of IS:4991-1968 and read values of to, td, Pso and Pro
Arrival time to = 18.77 millisecond
Equivalent triangular phase td = 14.39 millisecond
Total positive phase = to + td = 18.77 + 14.39 = 33.16 millisecond
Peak side-on overpressure Pso = 27.50 kN/m2
37

Peak reflected overpressure Pro = 61.00 kN/m2

Forces on exterior nodes = peak reflected overpressure area
= 61.00 (0.25 12) = 183.00 kN
b) For interior nodes (66,136)
Actual distance Z = 34.47 m
Scaled distance X = 74.27 m/tonne1/3
For X=74.27, refer Table 1 of IS:4991-1968 and read values of to, td, Pso and Pro
Arrival time to = 18.63 millisecond
Equivalent triangular phase td = 14.16 millisecond
Total positive phase = to + td = 18.63 + 14.16 = 32.10 millisecond
Peak side-on overpressure Pso = 28.49 kN/m2
Peak reflected overpressure Pro = 63.22 kN/m2
Forces on exterior nodes = peak reflected overpressure area
= 63.22 (0.5 12) = 379.34 kN
c)

For interior node (101)

Actual distance Z = 34.238 m
Scaled distance X = 73.76 m/tonne1/3
For X=73.76, refer Table 1 of IS:4991-1968 and read values of to, td, Pso and Pro
Arrival time to = 18.57 millisecond
Equivalent triangular phase td = 14.09 millisecond
Total positive phase = to + td = 18.57 + 14.09 = 32.66 millisecond
Peak side-on overpressure Pso = 28.82 kN/m2
Peak reflected overpressure Pro = 64.06 kN/m2
Forces on exterior nodes = peak reflected overpressure area
= 64.06 (0.5 12) = 384.36 kN
As the height of structure increases, Scaled distance increases and peak

reflected overpressure Pro, peak static overpressure Pso decreases corresponding to

scaled distance whereas the values of arrival time to (millisecond) and equivalent
triangular phase td (millisecond) increases by some amount. The blast parameters
along the height of the building are given in Table 4.1.

38

TABLE 4.1 BLAST PARAMETERS FOR W = 100 Kg AT Z = 30 m

H

12

15

18

Nodes

to
millisecond
17.78

td
millisecond
13.42

to+td
millisecond
31.20

Pso
kN/m2

Pro
kN/m2

A
m2

Force
kN

Scaled
Distance
X
66.97

33.35

75.38

226.15

36

65.29

17.58

13.24

30.82

34.71

78.91

473.44

71

64.71

17.51

13.16

30.67

35.29

80.43

482.58

106

65.29

17.58

13.24

30.82

34.71

78.91

473.44

141

66.97

17.78

13.42

31.20

33.35

75.38

226.15

66.97

17.78

13.42

31.20

33.35

75.38

452.30

41

65.29

17.58

13.24

30.82

34.71

78.91

12

946.88

76

64.71

17.51

13.16

30.67

35.29

80.43

12

965.16

111

65.29

17.58

13.24

30.82

34.71

78.91

12

946.88

146

66.97

17.78

13.42

31.20

33.35

75.38

452.30

11

67.59

17.85

13.47

31.32

32.94

74.35

446.09

46

65.92

17.65

13.34

30.99

34.08

77.21

12

926.50

81

65.36

17.59

13.25

30.84

34.64

78.72

12

944.60

116

65.92

17.65

13.34

30.99

34.08

77.21

12

926.50

151

67.59

17.85

13.47

31.32

32.94

74.35

446.09

16

68.82

17.99

13.56

31.55

32.12

72.31

433.84

51

67.18

17.80

13.44

31.24

33.22

75.04

12

900.45

86

66.62

17.73

13.40

31.13

33.59

75.96

12

911.56

121

67.18

17.80

13.44

31.24

33.22

75.04

12

900.45

156

68.82

17.99

13.56

31.55

32.12

72.31

433.84

21

70.61

18.20

13.73

31.93

30.92

69.31

415.87

56

69.02

18.02

13.58

31.59

31.99

71.97

12

863.65

91

68.48

17.95

13.54

31.49

32.35

72.87

12

874.45

126

69.02

18.02

13.58

31.59

31.99

71.97

12

863.65

161

70.61

18.20

13.73

31.93

30.92

69.31

415.87

26

72.94

18.47

13.99

32.46

29.37

65.43

392.59

61

71.40

18.29

13.81

32.10

30.40

68.00

12

816.05

96

70.88

18.23

13.76

31.99

30.75

68.87

12

826.49

131

71.40

18.29

13.81

32.10

30.40

68.00

12

816.05

166

72.94

18.47

13.99

32.46

29.37

65.43

392.59

31

75.75

18.77

14.39

33.16

27.50

61.00

183.00

66

74.27

18.63

14.16

32.79

28.49

63.22

379.34

106

73.76

18.57

14.09

32.66

28.82

64.06

384.36

136

74.27

18.63

14.16

32.79

28.49

63.22

379.34

171

75.75

18.77

14.39

33.16

27.50

61.00

183.00

39

TABLE 4.2 BLAST PARAMETERS FOR W = 300 Kg AT Z = 30 m

H

12

15

18

Nodes

to
millisecond
21.24

td
millisecond
14.81

to+td
millisecond
36.05

Pso
kN/m2

Pro
kN/m2

A
m2

Force
kN

Scaled
distance
X
46.43

62.65

156.44

469.32

36

45.27

20.98

14.53

35.50

65.38

164.23

985.35

71

44.87

20.88

14.42

35.30

66.43

167.34

1004.06

106

45.27

20.98

14.53

35.50

65.38

164.23

985.35

141

46.43

21.24

14.81

36.05

62.65

156.44

469.32

46.43

21.24

14.81

36.05

62.65

156.44

938.63

41

45.27

20.98

14.53

35.50

65.38

164.23

12

1970.71

76

44.87

20.88

14.42

35.30

66.43

167.34

12

2008.12

111

45.27

20.98

14.53

35.50

65.38

164.23

12

1970.71

146

46.43

21.24

14.81

36.05

62.65

156.44

938.63

11

46.86

21.34

14.92

36.26

61.65

153.57

921.41

46

45.71

21.08

14.63

35.71

64.35

161.28

12

1935.39

81

45.32

20.99

14.54

35.53

65.26

163.90

12

1966.77

116

45.71

21.08

14.63

35.71

64.35

161.28

12

1935.39

151

46.86

21.34

14.92

36.26

61.65

153.57

921.41

16

47.71

21.53

15.13

36.66

59.67

147.91

887.44

51

46.58

21.28

14.85

36.12

62.32

155.48

12

1865.75

86

46.19

21.19

14.75

35.94

63.22

158.04

12

1896.54

121

46.58

21.28

14.85

36.12

62.32

155.48

12

1865.75

156

47.71

21.53

15.13

36.66

59.67

147.91

887.44

21

48.96

21.87

15.41

37.28

57.08

140.24

841.42

56

47.85

21.56

15.16

36.72

59.34

146.97

12

1763.67

91

47.48

21.48

15.07

36.55

60.21

149.47

12

1793.63

126

47.85

21.56

15.16

36.72

59.34

146.97

12

1763.67

161

48.96

21.87

15.41

37.28

57.08

140.24

841.42

26

50.57

22.32

15.77

38.09

53.85

130.55

783.31

61

49.50

22.02

15.53

37.55

55.99

136.97

12

1643.69

96

49.14

21.92

15.45

37.37

56.72

139.15

12

1669.74

131

49.50

22.02

15.53

37.55

55.99

136.97

12

1643.69

166

50.57

22.32

15.77

38.09

53.85

130.55

783.31

31

52.52

22.78

16.21

38.98

50.46

120.89

362.68

66

51.49

22.55

15.98

38.52

52.18

125.70

754.20

106

51.14

22.47

15.90

38.37

52.76

127.32

763.94

136

51.49

22.55

15.98

38.52

52.18

125.70

754.20

171

52.52

22.78

16.21

38.98

50.46

120.89

362.68

40

TABLE 4.3 BLAST PARAMETERS FOR W = 500 Kg AT Z = 30 m

H

12

15

18

Nodes

to
millisecond
22.46

td
millisecond
15.28

to + t d
millisecond
37.75

Pso
kN/m2

Pro
kN/m2

A
(m2)

Force
kN

Scaled
distance
X
39.16

85.45

226.30

678.91

36

38.18

22.07

14.97

37.04

89.83

240.86

1445.18

71

37.84

21.94

14.85

36.79

91.39

246.10

1476.58

106

38.18

22.07

14.97

37.04

89.83

240.86

1445.18

141

39.16

22.46

15.28

37.75

85.45

226.30

678.91

39.16

22.46

15.28

37.75

85.45

226.30

1357.83

41

38.18

22.07

14.97

37.04

89.83

240.86

12

2890.36

76

37.84

21.94

14.85

36.79

91.39

246.10

12

2953.17

111

38.18

22.07

14.97

37.04

89.83

240.86

12

2890.36

146

39.16

22.46

15.28

37.75

85.45

226.30

1357.83

11

39.53

22.61

15.38

37.99

84.24

222.55

1335.31

46

38.55

22.22

15.09

37.31

88.09

235.03

12

2820.35

81

38.22

22.09

14.98

37.07

89.64

240.21

12

2882.55

116

38.55

22.22

15.09

37.31

88.09

235.03

12

2820.35

151

39.53

22.61

15.38

37.99

84.24

222.55

1335.31

16

40.24

22.90

15.57

38.47

81.85

215.15

1290.90

51

39.29

22.51

15.31

37.83

85.05

225.05

12

2700.60

86

38.96

22.38

15.23

37.61

86.18

228.61

12

2743.35

121

39.29

22.51

15.31

37.83

85.05

225.05

12

2700.60

156

40.24

22.90

15.57

38.47

81.85

215.15

1290.90

21

41.29

23.32

15.85

39.17

78.35

204.29

1225.72

56

40.36

22.95

15.60

38.55

81.46

213.93

12

2567.14

91

40.05

22.82

15.52

38.33

82.51

217.19

12

2606.31

126

40.36

22.95

15.60

38.55

81.46

213.93

12

2567.14

161

41.29

23.32

15.85

39.17

78.35

204.29

1225.72

26

42.66

23.87

16.28

40.14

73.81

190.22

1141.31

61

41.75

23.51

15.97

39.47

76.82

199.55

12

2394.55

96

41.45

23.38

15.89

39.27

77.84

202.70

12

2432.41

131

41.75

23.51

15.97

39.47

76.82

199.55

12

2394.55

166

42.66

23.87

16.28

40.14

73.81

190.22

1141.31

31

44.30

24.52

16.88

41.41

68.34

173.24

519.72

66

43.43

24.18

16.56

40.74

71.23

182.22

1093.29

106

43.14

24.06

16.45

40.51

72.21

185.25

1111.48

136

43.43

24.18

16.56

40.74

71.23

182.22

1093.29

171

44.30

24.52

16.88

41.41

68.34

173.24

519.72

41

4.4.2 PHASE - 2
TABLE 4.4 BLAST PARAMETERS FOR W = 100 Kg AT Z = 35 m
H

12

15

18

Nodes

to
millisecond
18.90

td
millisecond
14.68

to+td
millisecond
33.58

Pso
kN/m2

Pro
kN/m2

A
m2

Force
kN

Scaled
distance
X
77.42

26.39

58.78

176.33

36

75.96

18.79

14.42

33.21

27.36

60.71

364.28

71

75.47

18.75

14.34

33.09

27.68

61.37

368.20

106

75.96

18.79

14.42

33.21

27.36

60.71

364.28

141

77.42

18.90

14.68

33.58

26.39

58.78

176.33

77.42

18.90

14.68

33.58

26.39

58.78

352.66

41

75.96

18.79

14.42

33.21

27.36

60.71

12

728.56

76

75.47

18.75

14.34

33.09

27.68

61.37

12

736.41

111

75.96

18.79

14.42

33.21

27.36

60.71

12

728.56

146

77.42

18.90

14.68

33.58

26.39

58.78

352.66

11

77.96

18.94

14.78

33.72

26.03

58.06

348.36

46

76.51

18.83

14.52

33.35

26.99

59.98

12

719.80

81

76.03

18.79

14.44

33.23

27.32

60.63

12

727.59

116

76.51

18.83

14.52

33.35

26.99

59.98

12

719.80

151

77.96

18.94

14.78

33.72

26.03

58.06

348.36

16

79.02

19.07

14.79

33.86

25.66

56.98

341.88

51

77.60

18.92

14.71

33.63

26.27

58.54

12

702.45

86

77.12

18.88

14.63

33.51

26.59

59.18

12

710.13

121

77.60

18.92

14.71

33.63

26.27

58.54

12

702.45

156

79.02

19.07

14.79

33.86

25.66

56.98

341.88

21

80.59

19.25

14.81

34.06

25.14

55.41

332.46

56

79.20

19.09

14.80

33.88

25.60

56.80

12

681.65

91

78.73

19.03

14.79

33.82

25.76

57.27

12

687.30

126

79.20

19.09

14.80

33.88

25.60

56.80

12

681.65

161

80.59

19.25

14.81

34.06

25.14

55.41

332.46

26

82.64

19.49

14.84

34.33

24.45

53.91

323.45

61

81.28

19.33

14.82

34.15

24.91

54.81

12

657.77

96

80.82

19.28

14.81

34.09

25.06

55.18

12

662.16

131

81.28

19.33

14.82

34.15

24.91

54.81

12

657.77

166

82.64

19.49

14.84

34.33

24.45

53.91

323.45

31

85.13

19.74

14.90

34.64

23.62

51.87

155.62

66

83.81

19.63

14.85

34.48

24.06

53.13

318.77

106

83.36

19.58

14.85

34.42

24.21

53.42

320.54

136

83.81

19.63

14.85

34.48

24.06

53.13

318.77

171

85.13

19.74

14.90

34.64

23.62

51.87

155.62

42

TABLE 4.5 BLAST PARAMETERS FOR W = 300 Kg AT Z = 35 m

H

12

15

18

Nodes

to
millisecond
23.04

td
millisecond
16.46

to+td
millisecond
39.50

Pso
kN/m2

Pro
kN/m2

A
m2

Force
kN

Scaled
distance
X
53.68

48.54

115.50

346.50

36

52.67

22.81

16.24

39.05

50.21

120.20

721.21

71

52.33

22.74

16.16

38.90

50.78

121.79

730.73

106

52.67

22.81

16.24

39.05

50.21

120.20

721.21

141

53.68

23.04

16.46

39.50

48.54

115.50

346.50

53.68

23.04

16.46

39.50

48.54

115.50

693.01

41

52.67

22.81

16.24

39.05

50.21

120.20

12

1442.42

76

52.33

22.74

16.16

38.90

50.78

121.79

12

1461.46

111

52.67

22.81

16.24

39.05

50.21

120.20

12

1442.42

146

53.68

23.04

16.46

39.50

48.54

115.50

693.01

11

54.05

23.12

16.55

39.67

47.91

113.78

682.67

46

53.05

22.90

16.32

39.22

49.58

118.43

12

1421.14

81

52.71

22.82

16.25

39.07

50.14

120.00

12

1440.05

116

53.05

22.90

16.32

39.22

49.58

118.43

12

1421.14

151

54.05

23.12

16.55

39.67

47.91

113.78

682.67

16

54.79

23.29

16.83

40.12

46.68

110.58

663.48

51

53.80

23.06

16.49

39.56

48.33

114.92

12

1379.04

86

53.47

22.99

16.42

39.41

48.88

116.47

12

1397.68

121

53.80

23.06

16.49

39.56

48.33

114.92

12

1379.04

156

54.79

23.29

16.83

40.12

46.68

110.58

663.48

21

55.88

23.53

17.25

40.78

44.87

105.86

635.17

56

54.91

23.31

16.88

40.19

46.48

110.05

12

1320.62

91

54.59

23.24

16.76

40.00

47.02

111.46

12

1337.57

126

54.91

23.31

16.88

40.19

46.48

110.05

12

1320.62

161

55.88

23.53

17.25

40.78

44.87

105.86

635.17

26

57.30

23.84

17.69

41.52

42.70

100.21

601.24

61

56.36

23.64

17.43

41.07

44.07

103.79

12

1245.53

96

56.04

23.57

17.31

40.88

44.60

105.17

12

1262.05

131

56.36

23.64

17.43

41.07

44.07

103.79

12

1245.53

166

57.30

23.84

17.69

41.52

42.70

100.21

601.24

31

59.02

24.13

17.76

41.89

40.98

95.60

286.81

66

58.11

23.97

17.72

41.70

41.89

98.04

588.25

106

57.80

23.92

17.71

41.63

42.20

98.86

593.17

136

58.11

23.97

17.72

41.70

41.89

98.04

588.25

171

59.02

24.13

17.76

41.89

40.98

95.60

286.81

43

TABLE 4.6 BLAST PARAMETERS FOR W = 500 Kg AT Z = 35 m

H

12

15

18

Nodes

to
millisecond
24.88

td
millisecond
17.22

to+td
millisecond
42.10

Pso
kN/m2

Pro
kN/m2

A
m2

Force
kN

Scaled
distance
X
45.27

65.36

164.17

492.52

36

44.42

24.57

16.93

41.50

67.92

171.95

1031.68

71

44.14

24.46

16.82

41.28

68.87

174.91

1049.46

106

44.42

24.57

16.93

41.50

67.92

171.95

1031.68

141

45.27

24.88

17.22

42.10

65.36

164.17

492.52

45.27

24.88

17.22

42.10

65.36

164.17

985.04

41

44.42

24.57

16.93

41.50

67.92

171.95

12

2063.36

76

44.14

24.46

16.82

41.28

68.87

174.91

12

2098.92

111

44.42

24.57

16.93

41.50

67.92

171.95

12

2063.36

146

45.27

24.88

17.22

42.10

65.36

164.17

985.04

11

45.59

24.96

17.32

42.28

64.63

162.08

972.46

46

44.74

24.70

17.05

41.75

66.85

168.64

12

2023.63

81

44.46

24.59

16.94

41.53

67.80

171.58

12

2058.93

116

44.74

24.70

17.05

41.75

66.85

168.64

12

2023.63

151

45.59

24.96

17.32

42.28

64.63

162.08

972.46

16

46.21

25.13

17.50

42.62

63.17

157.93

947.56

51

45.38

24.90

17.25

42.16

65.12

163.47

12

1961.68

86

45.10

24.83

17.17

42.00

65.77

165.34

12

1984.14

121

45.38

24.90

17.25

42.16

65.12

163.47

12

1961.68

156

46.21

25.13

17.50

42.62

63.17

157.93

947.56

21

47.13

25.37

17.76

43.14

61.03

151.80

910.83

56

46.31

25.15

17.53

42.68

62.93

157.24

12

1886.89

91

46.04

25.08

17.45

42.53

63.58

159.07

12

1908.89

126

46.31

25.15

17.53

42.68

62.93

157.24

12

1886.89

161

47.13

25.37

17.76

43.14

61.03

151.80

910.83

26

48.33

25.71

18.10

43.82

58.35

144.04

864.24

61

47.53

25.48

17.88

43.36

60.09

149.12

12

1789.46

96

47.26

25.41

17.80

43.21

60.72

150.91

12

1810.89

131

47.53

25.48

17.88

43.36

60.09

149.12

12

1789.46

166

48.33

25.71

18.10

43.82

58.35

144.04

864.24

31

49.78

26.20

18.49

44.69

55.43

135.30

405.91

66

49.01

25.94

18.28

44.23

56.98

139.93

839.58

106

48.75

25.86

18.22

44.07

57.50

141.49

848.94

136

49.01

25.94

18.28

44.23

56.98

139.93

839.58

171

49.78

26.20

18.49

44.69

55.43

135.30

405.91

44

4.4.3 PHASE - 3
TABLE 4.7 BLAST PARAMETERS FOR W = 100 Kg AT Z = 40 m
H

12

15

18

Nodes

to
millisecond
20.00

td
millisecond
15.14

to + t d
millisecond
35.13

Pso
kN/m2

Pro
kN/m2

A
m2

Force
kN

Scaled
distance
X
87.94

22.69

49.06

147.17

36

86.67

19.86

14.96

34.82

23.11

50.33

302.00

71

86.24

19.83

14.94

34.77

23.25

50.76

304.57

106

86.67

19.86

14.96

34.82

23.11

50.33

302.00

141

87.94

20.00

15.14

35.13

22.69

49.06

147.17

87.94

20.00

15.14

35.13

22.69

49.06

294.34

41

86.67

19.86

14.96

34.82

23.11

50.33

12

603.99

76

86.24

19.83

14.94

34.77

23.25

50.76

12

609.14

111

86.67

19.86

14.96

34.82

23.11

50.33

12

603.99

146

87.94

20.00

15.14

35.13

22.69

49.06

294.34

11

88.42

20.05

15.22

35.27

22.53

48.58

291.50

46

87.15

19.90

15.00

34.90

22.95

49.85

12

598.22

81

86.72

19.86

14.96

34.83

23.09

50.28

12

603.35

116

87.15

19.90

15.00

34.90

22.95

49.85

12

598.22

151

88.42

20.05

15.22

35.27

22.53

48.58

291.50

16

89.36

20.16

15.39

35.55

22.21

47.64

285.86

51

88.10

20.01

15.17

35.18

22.63

48.90

12

586.78

86

87.68

19.96

15.09

35.06

22.77

49.32

12

591.85

121

88.10

20.01

15.17

35.18

22.63

48.90

12

586.78

156

89.36

20.16

15.39

35.55

22.21

47.64

285.86

21

90.75

20.32

15.65

35.97

21.50

46.00

276.01

56

89.51

20.18

15.41

35.59

22.16

47.49

12

569.85

91

89.10

20.13

15.34

35.47

22.30

47.90

12

574.84

126

89.51

20.18

15.41

35.59

22.16

47.49

12

569.85

161

90.75

20.32

15.65

35.97

21.50

46.00

276.01

26

92.57

20.54

16.02

36.56

20.29

43.57

261.43

61

91.36

20.40

15.77

36.17

21.09

45.19

12

542.23

96

90.95

20.35

15.69

36.04

21.36

45.73

12

548.75

131

91.36

20.40

15.77

36.17

21.09

45.19

12

542.23

166

92.57

20.54

16.02

36.56

20.29

43.57

261.43

31

94.80

20.89

16.29

37.19

19.40

41.80

125.40

66

93.62

20.69

16.17

36.86

19.79

42.59

255.52

106

93.22

20.62

16.13

36.75

19.93

42.85

257.11

136

93.62

20.69

16.17

36.86

19.79

42.59

255.52

171

94.80

20.89

16.29

37.19

19.40

41.80

125.40

45

TABLE 4.8 BLAST PARAMETERS FOR W = 300 Kg AT Z = 40 m

H

12

15

18

Nodes

to
millisecond
24.51

td
millisecond
18.07

to + t d
millisecond
42.58

Pso
kN/m2

Pro
kN/m2

A
m2

Force
kN

Scaled
distance
X
60.98

39.02

90.40

271.19

36

60.09

24.31

17.83

42.15

39.91

92.76

556.53

71

59.79

24.26

17.80

42.06

40.21

93.55

561.30

106

60.09

24.31

17.83

42.15

39.91

92.76

556.53

141

60.98

24.51

18.07

42.58

39.02

90.40

271.19

60.98

24.51

18.07

42.58

39.02

90.40

542.37

41

60.09

24.31

17.83

42.15

39.91

92.76

12

1113.06

76

59.79

24.26

17.80

42.06

40.21

93.55

12

1122.59

111

60.09

24.31

17.83

42.15

39.91

92.76

12

1113.06

146

60.98

24.51

18.07

42.58

39.02

90.40

542.37

11

61.31

24.59

18.16

42.74

38.69

89.52

537.12

46

60.43

24.39

17.92

42.31

39.57

91.87

12

1102.40

81

60.13

24.32

17.84

42.16

39.87

92.66

12

1111.87

116

60.43

24.39

17.92

42.31

39.57

91.87

12

1102.40

151

61.31

24.59

18.16

42.74

38.69

89.52

537.12

16

61.96

24.73

18.33

43.07

38.04

87.78

526.69

51

61.09

24.54

18.10

42.64

38.91

90.10

12

1081.24

86

60.79

24.47

18.02

42.49

39.21

90.88

12

1090.61

121

61.09

24.54

18.10

42.64

38.91

90.10

12

1081.24

156

61.96

24.73

18.33

43.07

38.04

87.78

526.69

21

62.92

24.95

18.59

43.54

37.08

85.21

511.25

56

62.06

24.76

18.36

43.12

37.94

87.49

12

1049.93

91

61.78

24.69

18.28

42.98

38.22

88.26

12

1059.15

126

62.06

24.76

18.36

43.12

37.94

87.49

12

1049.93

161

62.92

24.95

18.59

43.54

37.08

85.21

511.25

26

64.19

25.17

18.86

44.03

35.81

81.84

491.03

61

63.35

25.03

18.68

43.71

36.65

84.08

12

1008.93

96

63.06

24.98

18.62

43.60

36.94

84.83

12

1017.97

131

63.35

25.03

18.68

43.71

36.65

84.08

12

1008.93

166

64.19

25.17

18.86

44.03

35.81

81.84

491.03

31

65.73

25.43

19.20

44.62

34.27

77.72

233.15

66

64.91

25.29

19.02

44.31

35.09

79.90

479.41

106

64.64

25.24

18.96

44.20

35.36

80.64

483.82

136

64.91

25.29

19.02

44.31

35.09

79.90

479.41

171

65.73

25.43

19.20

44.62

34.27

77.72

233.15

46

TABLE 4.9 BLAST PARAMETERS FOR W = 500 Kg AT Z = 40 m

H

12

15

18

Nodes

to
millisecond
26.72

td
millisecond
18.92

to + t d
millisecond
45.64

Pso
kN/m2

Pro
kN/m2

A
m2

Force
kN

Scaled
dist.
X
51.43

52.28

126.00

377.99

36

50.68

26.50

18.73

45.23

53.63

148.11

888.66

71

50.43

26.42

18.66

45.08

54.14

149.78

898.71

106

50.68

26.50

18.73

45.23

53.63

148.11

888.66

141

51.43

26.72

18.92

45.64

52.28

126.00

377.99

51.43

26.72

18.92

45.64

52.28

126.00

755.97

41

50.68

26.50

18.73

45.23

53.63

148.11

12

1777.32

76

50.43

26.42

18.66

45.08

54.14

149.78

12

1797.42

111

50.68

26.50

18.73

45.23

53.63

148.11

12

1777.32

146

51.43

26.72

18.92

45.64

52.28

126.00

755.97

11

51.71

26.79

19.00

45.79

51.82

124.70

748.21

46

50.96

26.59

18.80

45.39

53.07

146.24

12

1754.84

81

50.71

26.51

18.74

45.24

53.57

147.90

12

1774.82

116

50.96

26.59

18.80

45.39

53.07

146.24

12

1754.84

151

51.71

26.79

19.00

45.79

51.82

124.70

748.21

16

52.26

26.94

19.14

46.08

50.91

122.14

732.82

51

51.52

26.74

18.95

45.69

52.13

125.56

12

1506.76

86

51.28

26.68

18.88

45.56

52.54

126.72

12

1520.60

121

51.52

26.74

18.95

45.69

52.13

125.56

12

1506.76

156

52.26

26.94

19.14

46.08

50.91

122.14

732.82

21

53.07

27.15

19.36

46.51

49.55

118.34

710.03

56

52.35

26.96

19.17

46.13

50.75

121.71

12

1460.55

91

52.10

26.90

19.10

46.00

51.16

122.85

12

1474.16

126

52.35

26.96

19.17

46.13

50.75

121.71

12

1460.55

161

53.07

27.15

19.36

46.51

49.55

118.34

710.03

26

54.14

27.43

19.67

47.10

48.23

113.41

680.46

61

53.43

27.25

19.45

46.70

48.95

116.67

12

1400.04

96

53.19

27.18

19.39

46.57

49.35

117.78

12

1413.38

131

53.43

27.25

19.45

46.70

48.95

116.67

12

1400.04

166

54.14

27.43

19.67

47.10

48.23

113.41

680.46

31

55.44

27.78

20.25

48.04

50.40

107.76

323.28

66

54.75

27.60

19.94

47.54

49.25

110.76

664.54

106

54.52

27.54

19.84

47.37

48.86

111.76

670.58

136

54.75

27.60

19.94

47.54

49.25

110.76

664.54

171

55.44

27.78

20.25

48.04

50.40

107.76

323.28

47

CHAPTER - 5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
An explosion is a rapid release of energy and increase in volume in an extreme
manner. Due to release of gases and the generation of high temperature, pressure bulbs
are formed and grow in size at supersonic velocity radially in all the directions . The
resulting blast wave releases energy over a small duration and in a small volume, thus
generating a pressure wave of finite amplitude.
A six storey RC frame structure with 18.00 m height in seismic zone IV has been
considered in this present study, effect of charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg
has been studied in three phases. The phases are as follows:
Phase 1: Standoff distance = 30 m
Charge weight - 100 kg
Charge weight - 300 kg
Charge weight - 500 kg
Phase 2: Standoff distance = 35 m
Charge weight - 100 kg
Charge weight - 300 kg
Charge weight - 500 kg
Phase 3: Standoff distance = 40 m
Charge weight - 100 kg
Charge weight - 300 kg
Charge weight - 500 kg
The effect of different charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg has been studied for
nodal displacements, velocity, acceleration and stress resultants in the Phases 1, 2
and 3 for standoff distance 30 m, 35 m and 40 m respectively.

5.1 PHASE-1
5.1.1 NODAL DISPLACEMENT
Displacement profile of a structure represents the interaction of flexibility of
its different components i.e. columns, beams. But the presence of infills provides extra
48

rigidity to the frame against lateral forces, thereby reducing the horizontal
displacements.
The maximum values of nodal displacements at top storey are 6.75 mm, 15.4 mm and
23.1 mm for charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg respectively as noted from
Tables 5.1, 5.5 and 5.9.
The time history variation of maximum displacement at top storey for charge weights
100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg has been shown in Fig. 5.1.
The maximum displacement at top storey for charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500
kg occurs at 0.132 sec, 0.14 sec and 0.14 sec respectively.
The variation of maximum nodal displacement along storey level is shown graphically
in Fig. 5.4.
The maximum nodal displacement becomes 2.28 times and 3.43 times as charge
weight increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg respectively.
5.1.2 VELOCITY
The maximum values of velocities at top storey are 75.1 mm/sec, 174 mm/sec and 258
mm/sec for charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg respectively as noted from
Tables 5.1, 5.5 and 5.9.
The time history variation of maximum velocity at top storey for charge weights 100
kg, 300 kg and 500 kg has been shown in Fig. 5.2
The maximum velocity at top storey for charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg
occurs at 0.092 sec, 0.096 sec and 0.096 sec respectively.
The variation of maximum velocity along storey level is presented graphically in Fig.
5.5.
The maximum value of velocity becomes 2.32 times as charge weight increases from
100 kg to 300 kg, whereas velocity becomes 3.43 times when weight increases from
100 kg to 500 kg.
5.1.3 ACCELERATION
The maximum values of accelerations at second storey are 7.45 m/sec2, 15.7 m/sec2
and 22.7 m/sec2 for charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg respectively given in
Tables 5.1, 5.5 and 5.9.
The time history variation of maximum acceleration at second storey for charge
weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg has been shown in Fig. 5.3.

49

The maximum acceleration at second storey for charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and
500 kg occurs at 0.012 sec, 0.016 sec and 0.016 sec respectively
The variation of maximum acceleration along storey level is presented in Fig. 5.6.
The maximum acceleration becomes 2.10 times and 3.04 times as charge weight
increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg respectively.
5.1.4 STRESS RESULTANTS
From design consideration, variation of stress resultants gives an insight in the
structural behaviour. In the present study, stress-resultants variation can be studied
under the following sub-heads:(a) Variation of moments.
(b) Variation of shear forces.
(c) Variation of axial forces.
5.1.4.1 MOMENTS
Multi-storey buildings are mainly designed for flexure i.e moments generated in
members of a structure due to loadings.
Maximum values of moments for beams and columns along storey level for charge
weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg have been given in Tables 5.2 to 5.4, 5.6 to 5.8 and
5.10 to 5.12.
(i) MAXIMUM MOMENT

MZ

FOR BEAMS

PARALLEL

TO

X -

DIRECTION
The maximum moments MZ are 37.93 kN-m, 84.73 kN-m and 126.58 kN-m for charge
weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg respectively as noted from Tables 5.2, 5.6 and
5.10.
The variation of maximum moment MZ for beams parallel to X direction along
storey level is shown graphically in Fig. 5.7.
The maximum moment MZ becomes 2.23 times and 3.34 times as charge weight
increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg respectively.
The maximum moment MZ increases from 36.89 kN-m to 37.93 kN as we moves from
1st storey to 4th storey and then decreases to 13.71 kN-m as we moves from 4th to 6th
storey for charge weight (TNT) 100 kg; where-as maximum moment decreases from
84.73 kN-m to 78.00 kN-m as we move from 1st storey to 3rd storey, increases to 83.72
50

kN-m as move from 3rd to 4th storey and then decreases to 27.50 kN-m as we move
from 4th storey to 6th storey for charge weight (TNT) 300 kg; maximum moment
decreases from 126.58 kN-m to 119.17 kN-m as we move from 1st storey to 3rd storey,
increases to 125.62 kN-m as move from 3rd to 4th storey and then decreases to 41.07
kN-m as we move from 4th storey to 6th storey for charge weight (TNT) 500 kg.
(ii) MAXIMUM MOMENT

MX FOR BEAMS

PARALLEL

TO

DIRECTION
The maximum moments MZ is 27.07 kN-m for TNT weight 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg
given in Tables 5.2, 5.6 and 5.10.
The variation of maximum moment MX for beams parallel to Z direction along
storey level is shown graphically in Fig. 5.8.
The maximum moment MX increases from 23.75 kN-m to 27.07 kN-m as we move
from 1st storey to 4th storey and then decreases to 13.10 kN-m as we moves from 4th to
6th storey for TNT weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg.
(iii) MAXIMUM MOMENT MZ IN EXTERIOR COLUMN (C-1)
The maximum moments MZ in column C-1 are 53.76 kN-m, 123.71 kN-m and 188.88
kN-m for charge weights (TNT) 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg respectively have been
given in Tables 5.3, 5.7 and 5.9.
The variation of maximum moment MZ in column C-1 along storey level has been
shown in Fig. 5.9.
The maximum moment becomes 2.30 times and 3.51 times as charge weight increases
from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg respectively.
The maximum moment MZ decreases from 53.76 kN-m to 20.92 kN-m as we move
from 1st storey to 4th storey, increases to 24.92 kN-m as move from 4th to 5th storey and
then decreases to 12.99 kN-m as we move 5th storey to 6th storey for 100 kg TNT
weight; where-as maximum moment MZ decreases from 124.71 kN-m to 48.04 kN-m
as we move from 1st storey to 4th storey, increases to 59.21 kN-m as move from 4th to
5th storey and then decreases to 30.01 kN-m as we move 5th storey to 6th storey for 300
kg TNT weight; maximum moment decreases from 188.88 kN-m to 72.41 kN-m as we
move from 1st storey to 4th storey, increases to 85.99 kN-m as move from 4th to 5th
storey and then decreases to 45.07 kN-m as we move from 5th storey to 6th storey for
charge weight (TNT) 500 kg.
51

(iv) MAXIMUM MOMENT MX IN EXTERIOR COLUMN (C-1)

The maximum moments MX in column C-1 are 9.73 kN-m, 10.70 kN-m and 16.13 kNm for charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg respectively as noted from Tables
5.3, 5.7 and 5.11.
The variation of maximum moment MX in column C-1 along storey level has been
shown in Fig. 5.10.
The maximum moment MX increases by 9.97% and 65.77% as charge weight
increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg respectively.
The maximum moment MX increases from 3.78 kN-m to 9.73 kN-m as we move from
1st storey to 6rd storey for charge weight 100 kg; maximum moment MX increases from
3.78 kN-m to 10.70 kN-m as we move from 1st storey to 6th storey for charge weight
300 kg; where-as maximum moment MX increase from 3.78 kN-m to 16.13 kN-m for
charge weight 500 kg.
(v) MAXIMUM MOMENT MZ IN INTERIOR COLUMN (C-13)
The maximum moments MZ in column C-13 are 67.52 kN-m, 155.71 kN-m and
236.70 kN-m for 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg respectively as given in Tables 5.4, 5.8
and 5.12.
The variation of maximum moment MZ in column C-13 along storey level is presented
graphically in Fig. 5.11.
The maximum moment MZ becomes 2.30 times and 3.50 times as charge weight
increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg respectively.
The maximum moment MZ decreases from 67.52 kN-m to 47.61 kN-m as we move
from 1st storey to 3rd storey, increases to 50.81 kN-m as move from 3rd to 5th storey
and then decreases to 29.25 kN-m as we move 5th storey to 6th storey for charge
weight 100 kg; maximum moment MZ decreases from 155.28 kN-m to 109.06 kN-m
as we move from 1st storey to 3rd storey, increases to 116.93 kN-m as move from 3rd to
5th storey and then decreases to 67.53 kN-m as we move 5th storey to 6th storey for
charge weight 300 kg; where-as the maximum moment MZ decreases from 236.70 kNm to 164.99 kN-m as we move from 1st storey to 3rd storey, increases to 175.67 kN-m
as move from 3rd to 5th storey and then decreases to 101.33 kN-m as we move from 5th
storey to 6th storey for TNT weight 500 kg.

52

(vi) MAXIMUM MOMENT MX IN INTERIOR COLUMN (C-13)

The maximum moment MX in column C-13 is 7.57 kN-m for TNT weights 100 kg,
300 kg and 500 kg as listed in Tables 5.4, 5.8 and 5.12.
The variation of maximum moment MX in column C-13 along storey level is shown
graphically in Fig. 5.12.
The maximum moment MX decreases from 7.57 kN-m to 1.04 kN-m as we move from
1st storey to 6th storey for charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg.
5.1.4.2 SHEAR FORCES
In addition to moments, Shear force is another design controlling parameter.
Maximum shear forces along storey level for charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500
kg have been given in Tables 5.2 to 5.4, 5.6 to 5.8 and 5.10 to 5.12.
(i) MAXIMUM SHEAR FORCE FY FOR BEAMS PARALLEL TO X
DIRECTION
The maximum shear forces FY are 38.95 kN, 55.61 kN and 83.03 kN for charge
weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg respectively have been given in Tables 5.2, 5.6 and
5.10.
The variation of maximum shear force FY for beams parallel to X direction along
storey level is shown graphically in Fig. 5.13.
The maximum shear force FY increases by 42.77% as charge weight increases from
100 kg to 300 kg and becomes 2.13 times as charge weight increases from 100 kg to
500 kg.
The maximum shear force FY increases from 38.52 kN to 38.95 kN as we move from
1st storey to 4th storey and then decreases to 14.87 kN as move from 4th storey to 6th
storey for charge weight 100 kg; maximum shear force FY decreases from 55.61 kN to
51.31 kN as we move from 1st storey to 3rd storey, increases to 55.11 kN as move from
3rd to 4th storey and then decreases to 17.27 kN as we move 4th storey to 6th storey for
TNT weight 300 kg; where-as the maximum shear force FY decreases from 83.03 kN
to 78.39 kN as we move from 1st storey to 3rd storey, increases to 82.68 kN as move
from 3rd to 4th storey and then decreases to 24.99 kN as we move from 4th storey to 6th
storey for TNT weight 500 kg .

53

(ii) MAXIMUM SHEAR FORCE FY FOR BEAMS PARALLEL TO Z

DIRECTION
The maximum shear forces FY are 30.06 kN for charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and
500 kg respectively have been noted in Tables 5.2, 5.6 and 5.10.
The variation of maximum shear force FY for beams parallel to Z direction along
storey level is presented in Fig. 5.14.
The maximum shear force FY increases from 28.41 kN to 30.06 kN as we move from
1st storey to 4th storey whereas decreases to 13.92 kN as we move from 4th storey to 6th
storey for charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg.
(iii) MAXIMUM SHEAR FORCE FX FOR BEAMS PARALLEL TO Z
DIRECTION
The maximum shear forces FX are 27.39 kN, 63.27 kN and 94.54 kN for charge
weights (TNT) 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg respectively as listed in Tables 5.2, 5.6 and
5.10.
The variation of maximum shear force FX for beams parallel to Z direction along
storey level is presented graphically in Fig. 5.15.
The maximum shear force FX becomes 2.30 times and 3.45 times as charge weight
increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg respectively.
The maximum shear force FX increases from 16.92 kN to 27.39 kN as we move from
1st storey to 6th storey for TNT weight 100 kg; whereas maximum shear force FX
increases from 38.92 kN to 56.86 kN as we move from 1st storey to 4th storey,
decreases to 45.61 kN as move from 4th to 5th storey and then increases to 63.27 kN as
we move from 5th storey to 6th storey for TNT weight 300 kg; maximum shear force
FX increases from 59.24 kN to 77.08 kN as we move from 1st storey to 3rd storey,
decreases to 70.70 kN as move from 3rd to 4th storey and then increases to 94.54 kN as
we move from 4th storey to 6th storey for charge weight (TNT) 500 kg.
(iv) MAXIMUM SHEAR FORCE FZ IN EXTERIOR COLUMN (C-1)
The maximum shear forces FZ are 6.33 kN for charge weights 100 kg and 300 kg, 9.16
kN and for charge weight 500 kg as noted from Tables 5.3, 5.7 and 5.11.
The variation of maximum shear force FZ for column no. C-1 along storey level is
presented graphically in Fig. 5.16.
54

The maximum shear force FZ increases by 44.707% as charge weight (TNT) increases
from 100 kg to 500 kg.
The maximum shear force FZ increases from 0.68 kN to 6.33 kN as we moves from 1st
storey to 6th storey for TNT weight 100 kg; maximum shear force FZ increases from
1.56 kN to 6.33 kN as we move from 1st storey to 6th storey for charge weight 300 kg;
where-as the maximum shear force FZ increases from 2.35 kN to 9.16 kN as we move
from 1st storey to 6th storey for TNT weight 500 kg.
(v) MAXIMUM SHEAR FORCE FX IN EXTERIOR COLUMN (C-1)
The maximum shear forces FX are 26.95 kN, 62.09 kN and 95.22 kN for charge
weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg respectively as noted from Tables 5.3, 5.7 and
5.11.
The variation of maximum shear force FX for column no. C-1 along storey level is
shown graphically in Fig. 5.17.
The maximum shear force FX becomes 2.30 times and 3.53 times as charge weight
increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg respectively.
The maximum shear force FX decreases from 26.95 kN to 12.86 kN as we moves from
1st storey to 2nd storey, increases to 13.40 kN as we move from 2nd to 3rd storey,
decreases to 13.04 kN as we move from 3rd storey to 4th storey, increases to 14.54 kN
as we move from 4th storey to 5th storey and then decreases to 7.68 kN as we move
from 5th storey to 6th storey for 100 kg TNT; maximum shear force FX decreases from
62.09 kN to 29.30 kN as we move from 1st storey to 2nd storey, increases to 30.76 kN
as we move from 2nd to 3rd storey, decreases to 29.82 kN as we move from 3rd storey
to 4th storey, increases to 33.52 kN as we move from 4th storey to 5th storey and then
decreases to 12.34 kN as we move from 5th storey to 6th storey for 300 kg TNT; whereas the maximum shear force FX decreases from 95.22 kN to 43.05 kN as we move
from 1st storey to 2nd storey, increases to 46.73 kN as we move from 2nd storey to 3rd
storey, decreases to 45.22 kN as we move from 3rd storey to 4th storey, increases to
50.40 kN as we move from 4th storey to 5th storey and then decreases to 18.53 kN as
we move from 5th storey to 6th storey for charge weight (TNT) 500 kg.

55

(vi) MAXIMUM SHEAR FORCE FZ IN INTERIOR COLUMN (C-13)

The maximum shear forces FZ are 4.30 kN for charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500
kg as given in Tables 5.4, 5.8 and 5.12.
The variation of maximum shear force FZ for column C -13 along storey level is
presented graphically in Fig. 5.18.
The maximum shear force FZ decreases from 4.30 kN to 0.57 kN as we moves from 1st
storey to 6th storey for charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg.
(vii) MAXIMUM SHEAR FORCE FX IN INTERIOR COLUMN (C-13)
The maximum shear forces FX are 39.88 kN, 91.88 kN and 140.18 kN for charge
weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg as given in Tables 5.4, 5.8 and 5.12.
The variation of maximum shear force FX for column C - 13 along storey level is
presented graphically in Fig. 5.19.
The maximum shear force FX becomes 2.30 times and 3.52 times as charge weight
(TNT) increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg respectively.
The maximum shear force FX decreases from 39.88 kN to 31.22 kN as we move from
1st storey to 3rd storey, increases to 32.71 kN as we move from 3rd storey to 5th storey
and then decreases to 17.11 kN as we move from 5th storey to 6th storey for TNT
weight 100 kg; maximum shear force FX decreases from 91.80 kN to 71.57 kN as we
moves from 1st storey to 3rd storey, increases to 75.32 kN as we move from 3rd storey
to 5th storey and then decreases to 39.52 kN as we move from 5th storey to 6th for TNT
weight 300 kg; where-as the maximum shear force FX decreases from 140.18 kN to
107.27 kN as we move from 1st storey to 2nd storey, increases to 46.73 KN as we move
from 2nd storey to 5th storey and then decreases to 59.29 kN as we move from 5th
storey to 6th storey for TNT weight 500 kg
5.1.4.3 AXIAL FORCES
In addition to moments, axial force is another design parameter.
Maximum axial forces along storey level for charge weight (TNT) 100 kg, 300 kg and
500 kg have been given in Tables 5.2 to 5.4, 5.6 to 5.8 and 5.10 to 5.12.

56

(i) MAXIMUM AXIAL FORCE FY IN EXTERIOR COLUMN (C-1)

The variation of maximum axial force FY for column no. C-1 along storey level is
presented graphically in Fig. 5.20.
The maximum axial forces FY are 674.79 kN, 693.79 kN and 1036.25 kN for charge
weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg as noted from Tables 5.3, 5.7 and 5.11.
The maximum axial force increases by 2.81% and 53.56% as charge weight increases
from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg respectively.
The maximum axial force FY decreases from 674.79 kN to 80.29 kN as we move from
1st storey to 6th storey for 100 kg charge weight; maximum axial force FY decreases
from 693.79 kN to 84.44 kN as we move from 1st storey to 6th storey for 300 kg
charge weight; where-as the maximum axial force FY decreases from 1036.25 kN to
126.84 kN as we move from 1st storey to 6th storey for TNT weight 500 kg.
(ii) MAXIMUM AXIAL FORCE FY IN INTERIOR COLUMN (C-13)
The maximum axial force FY is 864.83 kN for charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500
kg as given in Tables 5.4, 5.8 and 5.12.
The variation of maximum axial force FY for column no. C-13 along storey level is
shown graphically in Fig. 5.21.
The maximum axial force FY decreases from 864.83 kN to 111.43 kN as we move
from 1st storey to 6th storey for charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg.
(iii) MAXIMUM AXIAL FORCE FX IN BEAMS PARALLEL TO X DIRECTION
The maximum axial forces FX are 49.77 kN, 114.27 kN and 171.27 kN for charge
weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg as listed in Tables 5.2, 5.6 and 5.10.
The variation of maximum axial force FX for beams parallel to X direction along
storey level is presented graphically in Fig. 5.22.
The maximum axial force becomes 2.29 times and 3.44 times as charge weight
increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg respectively.
The maximum axial force FX increases from 45.34 kN to 48.52 kN as we move from
1st storey to 2nd storey, decreases to 47.16 kN as we move from 2nd to 3rd storey,
increases to 50.77 kN as we move from 3rd storey to 4th storey and then decreases to
15.66 kN as we move from 4th storey to 6th storey for charge weight 100 kg; maximum
axial force FX increases from 104.13 kN to 111.13 kN as we move from 1st storey to
2nd storey, decreases to 107.72 kN as we move from 2nd to 3rd storey and increases to
57

114.27 kN as we move from 3rd storey to 4th storey and then decreases to 36.19 kN as
we move from 4th storey to 6th storey for TNT weight 300 kg; where-as the maximum
axial force FX increases from 155.51 kN to 165.24 kN as we move from 1st storey to
2nd storey, decreases to 162.93 kN as we move from 2nd storey to 3rd storey, increases
to 171.17 kN as we move from 3rd storey to 4th storey and then decreases to 54.04 kN
as we move from 4th storey to 6th storey for TNT weight 500 kg.

5.2 PHASE-2
5.2.1 NODAL DISPLACEMENT
The maximum nodal displacements at top storey are 5.81mm, 12.5 mm and 18.7 mm
for charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg respectively as noted from Tables 5.13,
5.17 and 5.21.
The time history variation of maximum displacement at top storey for charge weights
100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg has been shown in Fig. 5.23.
The maximum displacement at top storey for charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500
kg occurs at 0.138 sec, 0.14 sec and 0.144 sec respectively.
The variation of maximum nodal displacement along storey level is shown graphically
in Fig. 5.26.
The maximum nodal displacement becomes 2.15 times and 3.22 times as charge
weight increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg respectively.
5.2.2 VELOCITY
The maximum values of velocities at top storey are 63.5 mm/sec, 138 mm/sec and 208
mm/sec for charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg respectively as listed in Tables
5.13, 5.17 and 5.21.
The time history variation of maximum velocity at top storey for charge weights 100
kg, 300 kg and 500 kg has been shown in Fig. 5.24.
The maximum velocity at top storey for charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg
occurs at 0.092 sec, 0.092 sec and 0.1 sec respectively.
The variation of maximum velocity along storey level is presented graphically in Fig.
5.27.
The maximum value of velocity becomes 2.17 times as charge weight increases from
100 kg to 300 kg and becomes 3.27 times as weight increases from 100 kg to 500 kg.

58

5.2.3 ACCELERATION
The maximum values of accelerations at second storey are 5.75 m/sec2, 11.8 m/sec2
and 16.7 m/sec2 for charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg respectively given in
Tables 5.13, 5.17 and 5.21.
The time history variation of maximum acceleration at second storey for charge
weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg has been shown in Fig. 5.25.
The maximum acceleration at second storey for charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and
500 kg occurs at 0.012 sec, 0.016 sec and 0.016 sec respectively
The variation of maximum acceleration along storey level is presented in Fig. 5.28.
The maximum acceleration becomes 2.05 times and 2.90 times as charge weight
increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg respectively.
5.2.4 STRESS RESULTANTS
Stress-resultants variation can be studied under the following sub-heads:(a) Variation of moments.
(b) Variation of shear forces.
(c) Variation of axial forces.
5.2.4.1 MOMENTS
Multi-storey buildings are mainly designed for flexure i.e moments generated in
members of a structure due to loadings.
Maximum values of moments for beams and columns along storey level for charge
weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg have been given in Tables 5.14 to 5.16, 5.18 to
5.20 and 5.22 to 5.24.
(i) MAXIMUM MOMENT

MZ FOR BEAMS

PARALLEL

TO

DIRECTION
The maximum moments MZ are 37.93 kN-m, 66.59 kN-m and 101.24 kN-m for charge
weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg respectively as noted from Tables 5.14, 5.18 and
5.22.
The variation of maximum moment MZ for beams parallel to X direction along
storey level is illustrated in Fig. 5.29.
The maximum moment MZ becomes 1.75 times and 2.66 times as charge weight
increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg respectively.
59

The maximum moment MZ increases from 36.56 kN-m to 37.93 kN as we moves from
1st storey to 4th storey and then decreases to 13.73 kN-m as we moves from 4th to 6th
storey for charge weight (TNT) 100 kg; where-as maximum moment decreases from
66.21 kN-m to 64.87 kN-m as we move from 1st storey to 3rd storey, increases to 66.59
kN-m as move from 3rd to 4th storey and then decreases to 21.56 kN-m as we move
from 4th storey to 6th storey for charge weight (TNT) 300 kg; maximum moment
decreases from 101.24 kN-m to 94.25 kN-m as we move from 1st storey to 3rd storey,
increases to 99.24 kN-m as move from 3rd to 4th storey and then decreases to 76.60
kN-m as we move from 4th storey to 6th storey for charge weight (TNT) 500 kg.
(ii) MAXIMUM MOMENT

MX FOR BEAMS

PARALLEL

TO

DIRECTION
The maximum moments MZ is 27.07 kN-m for TNT weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500
kg given in Tables 5.14, 5.18 and 5.22.
The variation of maximum moment MX for beams parallel to Z direction along
storey level is shown graphically in Fig. 5.30.
The maximum moment MX increases from 23.75 kN-m to 27.07 kN-m as we move
from 1st storey to 4th storey and then decreases to 13.10 kN-m as we moves from 4th to
6th storey for TNT weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg.
(iii) MAXIMUM MOMENT MZ IN EXTERIOR COLUMN (C-1)
The maximum moments MZ in column C-1 are 46.52 kN-m, 98.57 kN-m and 147.21
kN-m for charge weights (TNT) 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg respectively have been
listed in Tables 5.15, 5.19 and 5.23.
The variation of maximum moment MZ in column C-1 along storey level has been
illustrated in Fig. 5.31.
The maximum moment becomes 2.12 times and 3.16 times as charge weight increases
from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg respectively.
The maximum moment MZ decreases from 46.52 kN-m to 17.79 kN-m as we move
from 1st storey to 4th storey, increases to 21.19 kN-m as move from 4th to 5th storey and
then decreases to 11.64 kN-m as we move 5th storey to 6th storey for 100 kg TNT
weight; where-as maximum moment MZ decreases from 98.57 kN-m to 37.66 kN-m as
we move from 1st storey to 4th storey, increases to 45.22 kN-m as move from 4th to 5th
storey and then decreases to 23.58 kN-m as we move 5th storey to 6th storey for 300 kg
60

TNT weight; maximum moment decreases from 147.21 kN-m to 57.20 kN-m as we
move from 1st storey to 4th storey, increases to 68.26 kN-m as move from 4th to 5th
storey and then decreases to 35.71 kN-m as we move from 5th storey to 6th storey for
charge weight (TNT) 500 kg.
(iv) MAXIMUM MOMENT MX IN EXTERIOR COLUMN (C-1)
The maximum moments MX in column C-1 are 9.73 kN-m, 9.73 kN-m and 12.9 kN-m
for charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg respectively as noted from Tables 5.15,
5.19 and 5.23.
The variation of maximum moment MX in column C-1 along storey level has been
shown in Fig. 5.32.
The maximum moment MX remains same as charge weight increase from 100 kg to
300 kg and increases by 32.57% as charge weight increases from 100 kg to 500 kg.
The maximum moment MX increases from 3.78 kN-m to 9.73 kN-m as we move from
1st storey to 6rd storey for charge weight 100 kg; maximum moment MX increases from
3.78 kN-m to 9.73 kN-m as we move from 1st storey to 6th storey for charge weight
300 kg; where-as maximum moment MX increase from 3.78 kN-m to 12.90 kN-m for
charge weight 500 kg.
(v) MAXIMUM MOMENT MZ IN INTERIOR COLUMN (C-13)
The maximum moments MZ in column C-13 are 58.31 kN-m, 123.62 kN-m and
184.68 kN-m for 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg respectively as given in Tables 5.16, 5.20
and 5.24.
The variation of maximum moment MZ in column C-13 along storey level is presented
graphically in Fig. 5.33.
The maximum moment MZ becomes 2.12 times and 3.17 times as charge weight
increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg respectively.
The maximum moment MZ decreases from 58.31 kN-m to 41.04 kN-m as we move
from 1st storey to 2nd storey, increases to 43.25 kN-m as move from 2nd to 5th storey
and then decreases to 24.88 kN-m as we move 5th storey to 6th storey for TNT weight
100 kg; maximum moment MZ decreases from 123.62 kN-m to 85.97 kN-m as we
move from 1st storey to 2nd storey, increases to 92.51 kN-m as move from 2nd to 5th
storey and then decreases to 53.09 kN-m as we move 5th storey to 6th storey for charge
weight 300 kg; where-as the maximum moment MZ decreases from 184.68 kN-m to
61

132.56 kN-m as we move from 1st storey to 3rd storey, increases to 139.40 kN-m as
move from 3rd to 5th storey and then decreases to 80.35 kN-m as we move from 5th
storey to 6th storey for TNT weight 500 kg.
(vi) MAXIMUM MOMENT MX IN INTERIOR COLUMN (C-13)
The maximum moment MX in column C-13 is 7.57 kN-m for TNT weights 100 kg,
300 kg and 500 kg as listed in Tables 5.16, 5.20 and 5.24.
The variation of maximum moment MX in column C-13 along storey level is shown
graphically in Fig. 5.34
The maximum moment MX decreases from 7.57 kN-m to 1.04 kN-m as we move from
1st storey to 6th storey for charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg.
5.2.4.2 SHEAR FORCES
Maximum shear forces along storey level for charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500
kg have been given in Tables 5.14 to 5.16, 5.18 to 5.20 and 5.22 to 5.24.
(i) MAXIMUM SHEAR FORCE FY FOR BEAMS PARALLEL TO X
DIRECTION
The variation of maximum shear force FY for beams parallel to X direction along
storey level is presented graphically in Fig. 5.35
The maximum shear forces FY are 38.96 kN, 43.83 kN and 66.44 kN for charge
weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg respectively have been given in Tables 5.14, 5.18
and 5.22.
The maximum shear force FY increases by 12.5% as charge weight increases from 100
kg to 300 kg and becomes 1.70 times as charge weight increases from 100 kg to 500
kg.
The maximum shear force FY increases from 38.52 kN to 38.96 kN as we move from
1st storey to 4th storey and then decreases to 14.87 kN as move from 4th storey to 6th
storey for TNT weight 100 kg; maximum shear force FY decreases from 43.46 kN to
42.67 kN as we move from 1st storey to 3rd storey, increases to 43.83 kN as move from
3rd to 4th storey and then decreases to 14.87 kN as we move 4th storey to 6th storey for
TNT weight 300 kg; where-as the maximum shear force FY decreases from 66.44 kN
to 62.03 kN as we move from 1st storey to 3rd storey, increases to 65.78 kN as move
from 3rd to 4th storey and then decreases to 20.44 kN as we move from 4th storey to 6th
62

storey for TNT weight 500 kg .

(ii) MAXIMUM SHEAR FORCE FY FOR BEAMS PARALLEL TO Z
DIRECTION
The maximum shear forces FY are 30.06 kN for charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and
500 kg respectively have been noted in Tables 5.14, 5.18 and 5.22.
The variation of maximum shear force FY for beams parallel to Z direction along
storey level is presented graphically in Fig. 5.36.
The maximum shear force FY increases from 28.41 kN to 30.06 kN as we move from
1st storey to 4th storey whereas decreases to 13.92 kN as we move from 4th storey to 6th
storey for charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg.
(iii) MAXIMUM SHEAR FORCE FX FOR BEAMS PARALLEL TO Z
DIRECTION
The maximum shear forces FX are 23.34 kN, 49.93 kN and 75.30 kN for charge
weights (TNT) 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg respectively as listed in Tables 5.14, 5.18
and 5.22.
The variation of maximum shear force FX for beams parallel to Z direction along
storey level is presented graphically in Fig. 5.37.
The maximum shear force FX becomes 2.13 times and 3.22 times as charge weight
increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg respectively.
The maximum shear force FX increases from 14.67 kN to 23.34 kN as we move from
1st storey to 6th storey for TNT weight 100 kg; whereas maximum shear force FX
increases from 31.08 kN to 49.93 kN as we move from 1st storey to 6th storey for TNT
weight 300 kg; maximum shear force FX increases from 46.48 kN to 75.30 kN as we
move from 1st storey to 6th storey for charge weight (TNT) 500 kg.
(iv) MAXIMUM SHEAR FORCE FZ IN EXTERIOR COLUMN (C-1)
The maximum shear forces FZ are 6.33 kN for charge weights 100 kg and 300 kg, 7.32
kN and for charge weight 500 kg as noted from Tables 5.15, 5.19 and 5.23.
The variation of maximum shear force FZ for column no. C-1 along storey level is
presented graphically in Fig. 5.38.
The maximum shear force FZ increases by 15.63% as charge weight (TNT) increases
from 100 kg to 500 kg.
63

The maximum shear force FZ increases from 0.58 kN to 6.33 kN as we moves from 1st
storey to 6th storey for TNT weight 100 kg; maximum shear force FZ increases from
1.26 kN to 6.33 kN as we move from 1st storey to 6th storey for charge weight 300 kg;
where-as the maximum shear force FZ increases from 1.83 kN to 7.32 as we move
from 1st storey to 6th storey for TNT weight 500 kg.
(v) MAXIMUM SHEAR FORCE FX IN EXTERIOR COLUMN (C-1)
The maximum shear forces FX are 23.40 kN, 49.64 kN and 73.92 kN for charge
weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg respectively as listed in Tables 5.15, 5.19 and 5.23.
The variation of maximum shear force FX for column no. C-1 along storey level is
illustrated in Fig. 5.39.
The maximum shear force FX becomes 2.12 times and 3.16 times as charge weight
increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg respectively.
The maximum shear force FX decreases from 23.40 kN to 10.88 kN as we moves from
1st storey to 2nd storey, increases to 11.79 kN as we move from 2nd to 3rd storey,
decreases to 11.19 kN as we move from 3rd storey to 4th storey, increases to 12.38 kN
as we move from 4th storey to 5th storey and then decreases to 7.68 kN as we move
from 5th storey to 6th storey for 100 kg TNT; maximum shear force FX decreases from
49.64 kN to 22.66 kN as we move from 1st storey to 2nd storey, increases to 25.35 kN
as we move from 2nd to 3rd storey, decreases to 24.23 kN as we move from 3rd storey
to 4th storey, increases to 26.43 kN as we move from 4th storey to 5th storey and then
decreases to 9.65 kN as we move from 5th storey to 6th storey for 300 kg TNT; whereas the maximum shear force FX decreases from 73.92 kN to 35.41 kN as we move
from 1st storey to 2nd storey, increases to 37.39 kN as we move from 2nd storey to 3rd
storey, decreases to 35.71 kN as we move from 3rd storey to 4th storey, increases to
39.91 kN as we move from 4th storey to 5th storey and then decreases to 14.67 kN as
we move from 5th storey to 6th storey for charge weight (TNT) 500 kg.
(vi) MAXIMUM SHEAR FORCE FZ IN INTERIOR COLUMN (C-13)
The maximum shear forces FZ are 4.30 kN for charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500
kg as given in Tables 5.16, 5.20 and 5.24.
The variation of maximum shear force FZ for column C -13 along storey level is
presented graphically in Fig. 5.40.
The maximum shear force FZ decreases from 4.30 kN to 0.57 kN as we moves from 1st
64

storey to 6th storey for charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg.
(vii) MAXIMUM SHEAR FORCE FX IN INTERIOR COLUMN (C-13)
The maximum shear forces FX are 34.50 kN, 73.18 kN and 109.20 kN for charge
weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg as given in Tables 5.16, 5.20 and 5.24.
The variation of maximum shear force FX for column C - 13 along storey level is
presented graphically in Fig. 5.41.
The maximum shear force FX becomes 2.12 times and 3.17 times as charge weight
(TNT) increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg respectively.
The maximum shear force FX decreases from 34.50 kN to 27.15 kN as we move from
1st storey to 2nd storey, increases to 27.84 kN as we move from 2nd storey to 5th storey
and then decreases to 14.55 kN as we move from 5th storey to 6th storey for TNT
weight 100 kg; maximum shear force FX decreases from 73.18 kN to 56.67 kN as we
moves from 1st storey to 2nd storey, increases to 59.60 kN as we move from 3rd storey
to 4th storey and then decreases to 31.04 kN as we move from 4th storey to 6th for TNT
weight 300 kg; where-as the maximum shear force FX decreases from 109.20 kN to
87.09 kN as we move from 1st storey to 3rd storey, increases to 89.74 KN as we move
from 3rd storey to 5th storey and then decreases to 47.01 kN as we move from 5th storey
to 6th storey for TNT weight 500 kg
5.2.4.3 AXIAL FORCES
In addition to moments, axial force is another design parameter.
Maximum axial forces along storey level for charge weights (TNT) 100 kg, 300 kg
and 500 kg have been given in Tables 5.14 to 5.16, 5.18 to 5.20 and 5.22 to 5.24.
(i) MAXIMUM AXIAL FORCE FY IN EXTERIOR COLUMN (C-1)
The maximum axial forces FY are 674.79 kN, 674.79 kN and 841.31kN for charge
weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg as noted from Tables 5.15, 5.19 and 5.23.
The variation of maximum axial force FY for column C-1 along storey level is shown
graphically in Fig. 5.42.
The maximum axial force increases by 24.67% as charge weight increases from 100
kg to 500 kg respectively.
The maximum axial force FY decreases from 674.79 kN to 80.29 kN as we move from
1st storey to 6th storey for charge weight (TNT) 100 kg; maximum axial force FY
65

decreases from 674.79 kN to 80.29 kN as we move from 1st storey to 6th storey for
TNT weight 300 kg; where-as the maximum axial force FY decreases from 841.31 kN
to 100.39 kN as we move from 1st storey to 6th storey for TNT weight 500 kg.
(ii) MAXIMUM AXIAL FORCE FY IN INTERIOR COLUMN (C-13)
The maximum axial force FY is 864.90 kN for charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500
kg as given in Tables 5.16, 5.20 and 5.24.
The variation of maximum axial force FY for column no. C-13 along storey level is
illustrated in Fig. 5.43.
The maximum axial force FY decreases from 864.83 kN to 111.43 kN as we move
from 1st storey to 6th storey for charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg.
(iii) MAXIMUM AXIAL FORCE FX IN BEAMS PARALLEL TO X DIRECTION
The maximum axial forces FX are 42.47 kN, 91.13 kN and 136.64 kN for charge
weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg as listed in Tables 5.14, 5.18 and 5.22.
The variation of maximum axial force FX for beams parallel to X direction along
storey level is presented graphically in Fig. 5.44.
The maximum axial force becomes 2.14 times and 3.21 times as charge weight
increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg respectively.
The maximum axial force FX increases from 38.72 kN to 42.05 kN as we move from
1st storey to 2nd storey, decreases to 40.77 kN as we move from 2nd to 3rd storey,
increases to 42.47 kN as we move from 3rd storey to 4th storey and then decreases to
13.33 kN as we move from 4th storey to 6th storey for charge weight 100 kg; maximum
axial force FX increases from 81.29 kN to 89.55 kN as we move from 1st storey to 2nd
storey, decreases to 88.34 kN as we move from 2nd to 3rd storey and increases to 91.13
kN as we move from 3rd storey to 4th storey and then decreases to 28.52 kN as we
move from 4th storey to 6th storey for TNT weight 300 kg; where-as the maximum
axial force FX increases from 124.36 kN to 134.87 kN as we move from 1st storey to
2nd storey, decreases to 129.95 kN as we move from 2nd storey to 3rd storey, increases
to 136.64 kN as we move from 3rd storey to 4th storey and then decreases to 43.03 kN
as we move from 4th storey to 6th storey for TNT weight 500 kg.

66

5.3 PHASE-3
5.3.1 NODAL DISPLACEMENT
Displacement profile of a structure represents the interaction of flexibility of
its different components such as columns and beams.
The maximum values of nodal displacements at top storey are 5.01 mm, 10.9 mm and
16.7 mm for charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg respectively as noted from
Tables 5.25, 5.29 and 5.33.
The time history variation of maximum displacement at top storey for charge weights
100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg has been shown in Fig. 5.45.
The maximum displacement at top storey for charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500
kg occurs at 0.14 sec, 0.144 sec and 0.144 sec respectively.
The variation of maximum nodal displacement along storey level is shown graphically
in Fig. 5.48
The maximum nodal displacement becomes 2.17 times and 3.33 times as charge
weight increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg respectively.
5.3.2 VELOCITY
The maximum values of velocities at top storey are 55.6 mm/sec, 120 mm/sec and 187
mm/sec for charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg respectively as noted from
Tables 5.25, 5.29 and 5.33.
The time history variation of maximum velocity at top storey for charge weights 100
kg, 300 kg and 500 kg has been shown in Fig. 5.46.
The maximum velocity at top storey for charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg
occurs at 0.096 sec, 0.1 sec and 0.104 sec respectively.
The variation of maximum velocity along storey level is presented graphically in Fig.
5.49.
The maximum value of velocity becomes 2.15 times as charge weight increases from
100 kg to 300 kg, whereas velocity becomes 3.36 times when weight increases from
100 kg to 500 kg.
5.3.3 ACCELERATION
The maximum values of accelerations at second storey are 4.88 m/sec2, 9.23 m/sec2
and 14.3 m/sec2 for charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg respectively given in
Tables 5.25, 5.29 and 5.33.
67

The time history variation of maximum acceleration at second storey for charge
weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg has been shown in Fig. 5.47.
The maximum acceleration at second storey for charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and
500 kg occurs at 0.016 sec, 0.024 sec and 0.024 sec respectively
The variation of maximum acceleration along storey level is presented in Fig. 5.50.
The maximum acceleration becomes 1.89 times and 2.93 times as charge weight
increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg respectively.
5.3.4 STRESS RESULTANTS
From design consideration, variation of stress resultants gives an insight in the
structural behaviour, here moments, shear force and axial force has been considered.
5.3.4.1 MOMENTS
Multi-storey buildings are mainly designed for flexure i.e moments generated in
members of a structure due to loadings.
Maximum values of moments for beams and columns along storey level for charge
weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg have been given in Tables 5.26 to 5.28, 5.30 to
5.32 and 5.34 to 5.36.
(i) MAXIMUM MOMENT

MZ FOR BEAMS

PARALLEL

TO

DIRECTION
The maximum moments MZ are 37.93 kN-m, 58.99 kN-m and 90.48 kN-m for charge
weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg respectively as noted from Tables 5.26, 5.30 and
5.34.
The variation of maximum moment MZ for beams parallel to X direction along
storey level is shown graphically in Fig. 5.51.
The maximum moment MZ becomes 1.55 times and 2.38 times as charge weight
increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg respectively.
The maximum moment MZ increases from 36.89 kN-m to 37.93 kN as we moves from
1st storey to 4th storey and then decreases to 13.71 kN-m as we moves from 4th to 6th
storey for charge weight 100 kg; where-as maximum moment decreases from 58.99
kN-m to 55.22 kN-m as we move from 1st storey to 3rd storey, increases to 58.02 kN-m
as move from 3rd to 4th storey and then decreases to 18.80 kN-m as we move from 4th
storey to 6th storey for TNT weight 300 kg; maximum moment decreases from 90.48
68

kN-m to 83.00 kN-m as we move from 1st storey to 3rd storey, increases to 89.86 kN-m
as move from 3rd to 4th storey and then decreases to 30.38 kN-m as we move from 4th
storey to 6th storey for charge weight 500 kg.
(ii) MAXIMUM MOMENT

MX FOR BEAMS

PARALLEL

TO

DIRECTION
The maximum moment MZ is 27.07 kN-m for TNT weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg
as given in Tables 5.26, 5.30 and 5.34.
The variation of maximum moment MX for beams parallel to Z direction along
storey level is shown graphically in Fig. 5.52.
The maximum moment MX increases from 23.75 kN-m to 27.07 kN-m as we move
from 1st storey to 4th storey and then decreases to 13.10 kN-m as we moves from 4th to
6th storey for TNT weights 100 kg and 300 kg where-as MX increases from 23.75 kNm to 27.07 kN-m and then decreases to 14.81 kN-m for charge weight 500 kg.
(iii) MAXIMUM MOMENT MZ IN EXTERIOR COLUMN (C-1)
The maximum moments MZ in column C-1 are 39.43 kN-m, 85.17 kN-m and 135.49
kN-m for charge weights (TNT) 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg respectively have been
listed in Tables 5.27, 5.31 and 5.35.
The variation of maximum moment MZ in column C-1 along storey level has been
shown in Fig. 5.53.
The maximum moment becomes 2.16 times and 3.43 times as charge weight increases
from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg respectively.
The maximum moment MZ decreases from 39.43 kN-m to 15.37 kN-m as we move
from 1st storey to 4th storey, increases to 18.27 kN-m as move from 4th to 5th storey and
then decreases to 11.64 kN-m as we move 5th storey to 6th storey for 100 kg TNT
weight; where-as maximum moment MZ decreases from 85.17 kN-m to 33.15 kN-m as
we move from 1st storey to 4th storey, increases to 39.53 kN-m as move from 4th to 5th
storey and then decreases to 20.57 kN-m as we move 5th storey to 6th storey for 300 kg
TNT weight; maximum moment decreases from 135.49 kN-m to 51.47 kN-m as we
move from 1st storey to 4th storey, increases to 62.19 kN-m as move from 4th to 5th
storey and then decreases to 33.48 kN-m as we move from 5th storey to 6th storey for
charge weight (TNT) 500 kg.

69

(iv) MAXIMUM MOMENT MX IN EXTERIOR COLUMN (C-1)

The maximum moments MX in column C-1 are 9.73 kN-m, 9.73kN-m and 11.41 kN-m
for charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg respectively as noted from Tables 5.27,
5.31 and 5.35.
The variation of maximum moment MX in column C-1 along storey level has been
shown in Fig. 5.54.
The maximum moment MX increases by 9.97% and 65.77% as charge weight
increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg respectively.
The maximum moment MX increases from 3.78 kN-m to 11.41 kN-m as we move
from 1st storey to 6rd storey for charge weights 100 kg and 300 kg; where-as maximum
moment MX increase from 3.78 kN-m to 11.41 kN-m for charge weight 500 kg.
(v) MAXIMUM MOMENT MZ IN INTERIOR COLUMN (C-13)
The maximum moments MZ in column C-13 are 49.50 kN-m, 107.04 kN-m and
169.87 kN-m for 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg respectively as noted from Tables 5.28,
5.32 and 5.36.
The variation of maximum moment MZ in column C-13 along storey level is
illustrated in Fig. 5.55.
The maximum moment MZ becomes 2.16 times and 3.43 times as charge weight
increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg respectively.
The maximum moment MZ decreases from 49.50 kN-m to 35.29 kN-m as we move
from 1st storey to 3rd storey, increases to 37.30 kN-m as move from 3rd to 5th storey
and then decreases to 21.41 kN-m as we move 5th storey to 6th storey for TNT weight
100 kg; maximum moment MZ decreases from 107.04 kN-m to 77.38 kN-m as we
move from 1st storey to 3rd storey, increases to 80.63 kN-m as move from 3rd to 5th
storey and then decreases to 46.28 kN-m as we move 5th storey to 6th storey for charge
weight 300 kg; where-as the maximum moment MZ decreases from 169.87 kN-m to
1117.95 kN-m as we move from 1st storey to 2nd storey, increases to 127.56 kN-m as
move from 2nd to 5th storey and then decreases to 75.14 kN-m as we move from 5th
storey to 6th storey for TNT weight 500 kg.

70

(vi) MAXIMUM MOMENT MX IN INTERIOR COLUMN (C-13)

The maximum moment MX in column C-13 is 7.57 kN-m for TNT weights 100 kg,
300 kg and 500 kg as listed in Tables 5.28, 5.32 and 5.36.
The variation of maximum moment MX in column C-13 along storey level is shown
graphically in Fig. 5.56
The maximum moment MX decreases from 7.57 kN-m to 1.04 kN-m as we move from
1st storey to 6th storey for charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg.
5.3.4.2 SHEAR FORCES
Maximum shear forces along storey level for charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500
kg have been given in Tables 5.26 to 5.28, 5.30 to 5.32 and 5.34 to 5.36.
(i) MAXIMUM SHEAR FORCE FY FOR BEAMS PARALLEL TO X
DIRECTION
The maximum shear forces FY are 38.95 kN for charge weights 100 kg and 300 kg,
where-as FY 59.38 kN for charge weight 500 kg respectively have been listed in
Tables 5.26, 5.30 and 5.34.
The variation of maximum shear force FY for beams parallel to X direction along
storey level is shown graphically in Fig. 5.57.
The maximum shear force FY increases by 52.45% as charge weight increases from
100 kg to 500 kg.
The maximum shear force FY increases from 38.52 kN to 38.96 kN as we move from
1st storey to 4th storey and then decreases to 14.87 kN as move from 4th storey to 6th
storey for charge weight 100 kg; maximum shear force FY increases from 38.72 kN to
38.95 kN as we move from 1st storey to 4th storey, decreases to 14.82 kN as move from
4th to 6th storey for TNT weight 300 kg; where-as the maximum shear force FY
decreases from 59.38 kN to 54.60 kN as we move from 1st storey to 3rd storey,
increases to 58.88 kN as move from 3rd to 4th storey and then decreases to 19.10 kN as
we move from 4th storey to 6th storey for TNT weight 500 kg .

71

(ii) MAXIMUM SHEAR FORCE FY FOR BEAMS PARALLEL TO Z

DIRECTION
The maximum shear forces FY are 30.06 kN for charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and
500 kg respectively have been noted in Tables 5.26, 5.30 and 5.34.
The variation of maximum shear force FY for beams parallel to Z direction along
storey level is presented in Fig. 5.58.
The maximum shear force FY increases from 28.41 kN to 30.06 kN as we move from
1st storey to 4th storey whereas decreases to 13.92 kN as we move from 4th storey to 6th
storey for charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg.
(iii) MAXIMUM SHEAR FORCE FX FOR BEAMS PARALLEL TO Z
DIRECTION
The maximum shear forces FX are 20.11 kN, 43.55 kN and 69.20 kN for charge
weights (TNT) 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg respectively as listed in Tables 5.26, 5.30
and 5.34.
The variation of maximum shear force FX for beams parallel to Z direction along
storey level is presented graphically in Fig. 5.59.
The maximum shear force FX becomes 2.16 times and 3.44 times as charge weight
increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg respectively.
The maximum shear force FX increases from 12.46 kN to 20.11 kN as we move from
1st storey to 6th storey for TNT weight 100 kg; whereas maximum shear force FX
increases from 26.99 kN to 43.55 kN as we move from 1st storey to 6th storey for TNT
weight 300 kg; maximum shear force FX increases from 42.50 kN to 69.20 kN as we
move from 1st storey to 6th storey for charge weight 500 kg.
(iv) MAXIMUM SHEAR FORCE FZ IN EXTERIOR COLUMN (C-1)
The maximum shear forces FZ are 6.33 kN for charge weights 100 kg and 300 kg, 6.48
kN and for charge weight 500 kg as noted from Tables 5.27, 5.31 and 5.35.
The variation of maximum shear force FZ for column no. C-1 along storey level is
presented graphically in Fig. 5.60.
The maximum shear force FZ increases by 44.707% as charge weight (TNT) increases
from 100 kg to 500 kg.
The maximum shear force FZ increases from 0.50 kN to 6.33 kN as we moves from 1st
72

storey to 6th storey for TNT weight 100 kg; maximum shear force FZ increases from
1.06 kN to 6.33 kN as we move from 1st storey to 6th storey for charge weight 300 kg;
where-as the maximum shear force FZ increases from 1.72 kN to 6.48 kN as we move
from 1st storey to 6th storey for TNT weight 500 kg.
(v) MAXIMUM SHEAR FORCE FX IN EXTERIOR COLUMN (C-1)
The maximum shear forces FX are 19.77 kN, 42.77 kN and 68.46 kN for charge
weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg respectively as noted from Tables 5.27, 5.31 and
5.35.
The variation of maximum shear force FX for column no. C-1 along storey level is
shown graphically in Fig. 5.61.
The maximum shear force FX becomes 2.16 times and 3.46 times as charge increases
from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg respectively.
The maximum shear force FX decreases from 19.77 kN to 9.54 kN as we moves from
1st storey to 2nd storey, increases to 9.92 kN as we move from 2nd to 3rd storey,
decreases to 9.62 kN as we move from 3rd storey to 4th storey, increases to 10.66 kN as
we move from 4th storey to 5th storey and then decreases to 7.68 kN as we move from
5th storey to 6th storey for 100 kg TNT; maximum shear force FX decreases from 42.77
kN to 20.69 kN as we move from 1st storey to 2nd storey, increases to 21.80 kN as we
move from 2nd to 3rd storey, decreases to 20.82 kN as we move from 3rd storey to 4th
storey, increases to 23.04 kN as we move from 4th storey to 5th storey and then
decreases to 8.42 kN as we move from 5th storey to 6th storey for 300 kg TNT; whereas the maximum shear force FX decreases from 68.46 kN to 31.39 kN as we move
from 1st storey to 2nd storey, increases to 34.22 kN as we move from 2nd storey to 3rd
storey, decreases to 31.40 kN as we move from 3rd storey to 4th storey, increases to
36.89 kN as we move from 4th storey to 5th storey and then decreases to 14.00 kN as
we move from 5th storey to 6th storey for charge weight (TNT) 500 kg.
(vi) MAXIMUM SHEAR FORCE FZ IN INTERIOR COLUMN (C-13)
The maximum shear forces FZ are 4.30 kN for charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500
kg as given in Tables 5.28, 5.32 and 5.36.
The variation of maximum shear force FZ for column C -13 along storey level is
presented graphically in Fig. 5.62.
The maximum shear force FZ decreases from 4.30 kN to 0.57 kN as we moves from 1st
73

storey to 6th storey for charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg.
(vii) MAXIMUM SHEAR FORCE FX IN INTERIOR COLUMN (C-13)
The maximum shear forces FX are 29.25 kN, 63.15 kN and 100.71 kN for charge
weight 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg as noted from Tables 5.28, 5.32 and 5.36.
The variation of maximum shear force FX for column C - 13 along storey level is
presented graphically in Fig. 5.63.
The maximum shear force FX becomes 2.15 times and 3.44 times as charge weight
(TNT) increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg respectively.
The maximum shear force FX decreases from 29.25 kN to 23.16 kN as we move from
1st storey to 3rd storey, increases to 24.00 kN as we move from 3rd storey to 5th storey
and then decreases to 12.52 kN as we move from 5th storey to 6th storey for TNT
weight 100 kg; maximum shear force FX decreases from 63.15 kN to 50.89 kN as we
moves from 1st storey to 3rd storey, increases to 51.86 kN as we move from 3rd storey
to 5th storey and then decreases to 27.06 kN as we move from 5th storey to 6th for TNT
weight 300 kg; where-as the maximum shear force FX decreases from 100.71 kN to
78.00 kN as we move from 1st storey to 2nd storey, increases to 82.45 kN as we move
from 2nd storey to 5th storey and then decreases to 44.10 kN as we move from 5th
storey to 6th storey for TNT weight 500 kg.
5.3.4.3 AXIAL FORCES
Maximum axial forces along storey level for charge weights (TNT) 100 kg, 300 kg
and 500 kg have been given in Tables 5.26 to 5.28, 5.30 to 5.32 and 5.34 to 5.36.
(i) MAXIMUM AXIAL FORCE FY IN EXTERIOR COLUMN (C-1)
The maximum axial forces FY are 674.79 kN, 674.79 kN and 743.27 kN for charge
weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg as noted from Tables 5.27, 5.31 and 5.35.
The variation of maximum axial force FY for column C-1 along storey level is
illustrated in Fig. 5.64.
The maximum axial force remains unchanged and increases 10.14% as charge weight
increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg as compare to 100 kg charge
weight.
The maximum axial force FY decreases from 674.79 kN to 80.29 kN as we move from
1st storey to 6th storey for 100 kg charge weight; maximum axial force FY decreases
74

from 674.79 kN to 80.29 kN as we move from 1st storey to 6th storey for 300 kg
charge weight; where-as the maximum axial force FY decreases from 743.27 kN to
94.20 kN as we move from 1st storey to 6th storey for TNT weight 500 kg.
(ii) MAXIMUM AXIAL FORCE FY IN INTERIOR COLUMN (C-13)
The maximum axial force FY is 864.90 kN for charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500
kg as given in Tables 5.28, 5.32 and 5.36.
The variation of maximum axial force FY for column no. C-13 along storey level is
shown graphically in Fig. 5.65.
The maximum axial force FY decreases from 864.90 kN to 111.43 kN as we move
from 1st storey to 6th storey for charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg.
(iii) MAXIMUM AXIAL FORCE FX IN BEAMS PARALLEL TO X DIRECTION
The maximum axial forces FX are 36.67 kN, 79.41 kN and 122.41 kN for charge
weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg as listed in Tables 5.26, 5.30 and 5.34.
The variation of maximum axial force FX for beams parallel to X direction along
storey level is presented graphically in Fig. 5.66.
The maximum axial force becomes 2.16 times and 3.33 times as charge weight
increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg respectively.
The maximum axial force FX increases from 33.52 kN to 36.09 kN as we move from
1st storey to 2nd storey, decreases to 34.96 kN as we move from 2nd to 3rd storey,
increases to 36.67 kN as we move from 3rd storey to 4th storey and then decreases to
11.49 kN as we move from 4th storey to 6th storey for charge weight 100 kg; maximum
axial force FX increases from 72.45 kN to 79.08 kN as we move from 1st storey to 2nd
storey, decreases to 76.07 kN as we move from 2nd to 3rd storey and increases to 79.41
kN as we move from 3rd storey to 4th storey and then decreases to 24.84 kN as we
move from 4th storey to 6th storey for TNT weight 300 kg; where-as the maximum
axial force FX increases from 110.20 kN to 119.62 kN as we move from 1st storey to
2nd storey, decreases to 113.38 kN as we move from 2nd storey to 3rd storey, increases
to 122.41 kN as we move from 3rd storey to 4th storey and then decreases to 39.67 kN
as we move from 4th storey to 6th storey for TNT weight 500 kg.

75

PHASE - 1
25
500 kg

20

300 kg
15

100 kg

Displacement (mm)

10
5
0
0

0.25

0.5

0.75

1.25

1.5

1.75

2.25

-5
-10
-15

Time (sec)

-20

Fig. 5.1 Variation of maximum nodal displacement at top storey with time

300
500 kg
200

300 kg
100 kg

Velocity mm/sec

100

0
0

0.25

0.5

0.75

1.25

1.5

1.75

-100

-200

Time (sec)
-300

Fig. 5.2 Variation of maximum velocity at top storey with time

76

2.25

25

20
500 kg
15

300 kg
100 kg

Acceleration (m/s2 )

10

0
0

0.25

0.5

0.75

1.25

1.5

1.75

2.25

-5

Time (sec)
-10

Fig. 5.3 Variation of maximum acceleration at second storey with time

Storey

4
100 kg
3

300 kg
500 kg

0
0

10

15

20

Displacement (mm)

Fig. 5.4 Maximum nodal displacement along storey level

77

25

Storey

4
100 kg

300 kg
500 kg

0
0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Velocity (mm/sec)

Fig. 5.5 Maximum velocity along storey level

6
100 kg

300 kg
500 kg

Storey

0
0

10

15

Acceleration

20

(mm/sec2)

Fig. 5.6 Maximum acceleration along storey level

78

25

7
100 kg

300 kg
500 kg

Storey

1
0
0

30

60

90

120

150

Moment MZ (kN-m)

Fig. 5.7 Maximum moment MZ for beams parallel to X direction along

storey level

100 kg
300 kg

500 kg
5

Storey

4
3
2
1
0
10

15

20

25

Moment MX (kN-m)

Fig. 5.8 Maximum moment MX for beams parallel to Z direction along

storey level

79

30

6
100 kg
5

300 kg
500 kg

Storey

0
0

50

100

150

200

Moment MZ (kN-m)

Fig. 5.9 Maximum moment MZ in exterior column C-1 along storey level

Storey

100 kg
300 kg

500 kg
2

0
0

10

15

20

Moment MX (kN-m)

Fig. 5.10 Maximum moment MX in exterior column C-1 along storey level

80

100 kg
300 kg

Storey

500 kg
3

0
0

50

100

150

200

250

Moment MZ (kN-m)
Fig. 5.11 Maximum moment MZ in interior column C-13 along storey level

6
100 kg

300 kg

Storey

500 kg

0
0

Moment MX (kN-m)

Fig. 5.12 Maximum moment MX in interior column C-13 along storey level
81

7
100 kg
6

300 kg
500 kg

Storey

5
4
3
2
1
0
10

30

50

70

90

Shear force FY (kN)

Fig. 5.13 Maximum shear force FY for beams parallel to X direction along
storey level

7
100 kg
6

300 kg

500 kg

Storey

5
4
3
2
1
0
10

15

20

25

30

35

Shear FY (kN)

Fig. 5.14 Maximum shear force FY for beams parallel to Z direction along
storey level

82

7
6

Storey

5
4
3
100 kg
2

300 kg
500 kg

1
0
0

20

40

60

80

100

Shear force FX (kN)

Fig. 5.15 Maximum shear force FX for beams parallel to Z direction along
storey level

Storey

100 kg

300 kg
2

500 kg

0
0

10

Shear force FZ (kN)

Fig. 5.16 Maximum shear force FZ in exterior column C-1 along storey level

83

12

6
100 kg

300 kg
500 kg

Storey

4
3
2
1
0
0

20

40

60

80

100

Shear force FX (kN)

Fig. 5.17 Maximum shear force FX in exterior column C-1 along storey level

7
6
100 kg

300 kg

Storey

500 kg

3
2
1
0
0

Shear force FZ (kN)

Fig. 5.18 Maximum shear force FZ in interior column C-13 along storey level
84

7
100 kg

300 kg
500 kg

Storey

4
3
2
1
0
0

30

60

90

120

150

Shear force FX (kN)

Fig. 5.19 Maximum shear force FX in interior column C-13 along storey level

6
100 kg
5

300 kg

Storey

500 kg
4

0
0

300

600

900

1200

Axial force FY (kN)

Fig. 5.20 Maximum axial force FY in exterior column C-1 along storey level

85

7
6
100 kg

300 kg

Storey

500 kg

3
2
1
0
0

200

400

600

800

1000

Axial force FY (kN)

Fig. 5.21 Maximum axial force FY in interior column C-13 along storey level

100 kg

300 kg
5

500 kg

Storey

0
0

50

100

Axial force FX (kN)

150

Fig. 5.22 Maximum axial force FX for beams parallel to X direction along
storey level
86

200

PHASE - 2
25
20
500 kg

Displacement (mm)

15

300 kg
100 kg

10
5
0
0

0.25

0.5

0.75

1.25

1.5

1.75

2.25

-5

-10
-15

Time (sec)

-20

Fig. 5.23 Variation of maximum nodal displacement at top storey with time

250
200

500 kg
300 kg

150

100 kg

Velocity (mm/sec)

100
50
0
0

0.25

0.5

0.75

1.25

1.5

1.75

-50

-100
-150
-200

Time (sec)

-250

Fig. 5.24 Variation of maximum velocity at top storey with time

87

2.25

20

15

500 kg
300 kg
100 kg

Acceleration (m/s2)

10

0
0

0.25

0.5

0.75

1.25

-5

1.5

1.75

2.25

Time (sec)

-10

Fig. 5.25 Variation of maximum acceleration at second storey with time

Storey

100 kg
300 kg

500 kg
2

0
0

10

Displacement (mm)

15

Fig. 5.26 Maximum nodal displacement along storey level

88

20

Storey

4
100 kg
3

300 kg
500 kg

0
0

50

100

150

200

250

Velocity (mm/sec)

Fig. 5.27 Maximum velocity along storey level

100 kg
300 kg

500 kg

Storey

0
0

10

12

14

Acceleration (m/sec2)

Fig. 5.28 Maximum acceleration along storey level

89

16

18

7
100 kg
300 kg

500 kg
5

Storey

0
0

30

60

Moment MZ (kN-m)

90

120

Fig. 5.29 Maximum moment MZ for beams parallel to X direction along

100 kg
300 kg

500 kg

Storey

10

15

20

Moment MX (kN-m)

25

30

Fig. 5.30 Maximum moment MX for beams parallel to Z direction along

storey level

90

7
100 kg
6

300 kg
500 kg

Storey

0
0

30

60

90

120

150

Moment MZ (kN-m)

Fig. 5.31 Maximum moment MZ in exterior column C-1 along storey level

Storey

4
100 kg
3

300 kg
500 kg

0
0

10

15

Moment MX (kN-m)

Fig. 5.32 Maximum moment MX in exterior column C-1 along storey level
91

7
100 kg

300 kg
500 kg

Storey

0
0

50

100

150

200

Moment MZ (kN-m)

Fig. 5.33 Maximum moment MZ in interior column C-13 along storey level

7
6
100 kg

Storey

300 kg
500 kg

3
2
1
0
0

Moment MX (kN-m)

Fig. 5.34 Maximum moment MX in interior column C-13 along storey level

92

7
100 kg
6

300 kg
500 kg

Storey

4
3
2
1
0
0

20

40

60

80

Shear force FY (kN)

Fig. 5.35 Maximum shear force FY for beams parallel to X direction along
storey level

100 kg
300 kg

500 kg

Storey

4
3
2
1
0
0

10

20

Shear force FY (kN)

30

40

Fig. 5.36 Maximum shear force FY for beams parallel to Z direction along
storey level

93

Storey

100 kg
300 kg

500 kg

0
0

20

40

Shear force FX (kN)

60

80

Fig. 5.37 Maximum shear force FX for beams parallel to Z direction along
storey level

7
6
5
100 kg
300 kg

Storey

500 kg
3
2
1
0
0

Shear force FZ (kN)

10

Fig. 5.38 Maximum shear force FZ in exterior column C - 1 along storey level

94

6
100 kg

300 kg
500 kg

Storey

0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Shear force FX (kN)

Fig. 5.39 Maximum shear force FX in exterior column C - 1 along storey level

7
6

100 kg
300 kg

500 kg

Storey

4
3
2
1

0
0

Shear force FZ (kN)

Fig. 5.40 Maximum shear force FZ in interior column C - 13 along storey level
95

7
100 kg

300 kg
5

500 kg

Storey

0
0

30

60

90

120

Shear force FX (kN)

Fig. 5.41 Maximum shear force FX in interior column C - 13 along storey level

7
100 kg

300 kg

Storey

500 kg

4
3
2
1
0
0

150

300

450

600

750

900

Axial force FY (kN)

Fig. 5.42 Maximum axial force FY in exterior column C - 1 along storey level

96

7
6
100 kg
5

300 kg

Storey

500 kg
4
3
2
1
0

200

400

600

800

1000

Axial force FY (kN)

Fig. 5.43 Maximum axial force FY in interior column C - 13 along storey level

7
100 kg
6

300 kg
500 kg

Storey

0
0

30

60

90

120

Axial force FX (kN)

Fig. 5.44 Maximum axial force FX in beams parallel to X - direction along

storey level
97

150

PHASE 3
20
500 kg

15

300 kg
100 kg

Displacement (mm)

10

0
0

0.25

0.5

0.75

1.25

1.5

1.75

2.25

-5

-10

Time (sec)
-15

Fig. 5.45 Variation of maximum nodal displacement at top storey with time

250
200

500 kg
300 kg
100 kg

150

Velocity (mm/sec)

100
50
0
0

0.25

0.5

0.75

1.25

1.5

1.75

-50

-100
-150
-200

Time (sec)

-250

Fig. 5.46 Variation of maximum velocity at top storey with time

98

2.25

15

10

500 kg

300 kg
100 kg

Acceleration (m/s2 )

0
0

0.25

0.5

0.75

1.25

1.5

1.75

2.25

-5

Time (sec)

-10

Fig. 5.47 Variation of maximum acceleration at second storey with time

100 kg

Storey

300 kg
3

500 kg

0
0

10

Displacement (mm)

12

14

16

Fig. 5.48 Maximum nodal displacement along storey level

99

18

100 kg
300 kg

Storey

500 kg
3

0
0

40

80

120

160

200

Velocity (mm/sec)

Fig. 5.49 Maximum velocity along storey level

6
100 kg
5

300 kg
500 kg

Storey

0
0

Acceleration (m/sec2)

12

Fig. 5.50 Maximum acceleration along storey level

100

15

7
100 kg
6

300 kg
500 kg

Storey

0
0

25

50

Moment MZ (kN-m)

75

100

Fig. 5.51 Maximum moment MZ for beams parallel to X direction along

storey level

100 kg
300 kg

500 kg
5

Storey

4
3
2
1
0
10

15

20

Moment MX (kN-m)

25

Fig. 5.52 Maximum moment MX for beams parallel to Z direction along

storey level
101

30

6
100 kg
300 kg

500 kg

Storey

0
0

25

50

75

100

125

150

Moment MZ (kN-m)

Fig. 5.53 Maximum moment MZ in exterior column C-1 along storey level

7
6
5
100 kg

Storey

300 kg
500 kg

3
2
1
0
0

Moment MX (kN-m)

12

Fig. 5.54 Maximum moment MX in exterior column C-1 along storey level

102

15

Storey

4
100 kg

300 kg
500 kg

0
0

50

100

150

200

Moment MZ (kN-m)

Fig. 5.55 Maximum moment MZ in interior column C-13 along storey level

7
100 kg

300 kg
5

500 kg

Storey

4
3
2
1
0
0

Moment MX (kN-m)

Fig. 5.56 Maximum moment MX in interior column C-13 along storey level
103

7
100 kg
6
300 kg

500 kg

Storey

4
3
2
1
0
0

15

30

45

Shear force FY (kN)

60

75

Fig. 5.57 Maximum shear force FY for beams parallel to X direction along
storey level

7
6
5

Storey

4
3
100 kg
2

300 kg
500 kg

1
0
10

15

20

25

Shear force FY (kN)

30

35

Fig. 5.58 Maximum shear force FY for beams parallel to Z direction along
storey level
104

7
6
5

Storey

100 kg
300 kg

500 kg

2
1
0
0

20

40

60

80

Shear force FX (kN)

Fig. 5.59 Maximum shear force FX for beams parallel to Z direction along
storey level

7
6
5

Storey

4
100 kg
3

300 kg
500 kg

2
1

0
0

Shear force FZ (kN)

Fig. 5.60 Maximum shear force FZ in exterior column C - 1 along storey level

105

7
6
5

100 kg
300 kg

Storey

500 kg
3
2
1
0
0

20

40

60

80

Shear force FX (kN)

Fig. 5.61 Maximum shear force FX in exterior column C - 1 along storey level

100 kg
300 kg

500 kg

Storey

0
0

Shear force FZ (kN)

Fig. 5.62 Maximum shear force FZ in interior column C - 13 along storey level
106

7
100 kg
6

300 kg
500 kg

Storey

0
0

30

60

90

Shear force FX (kN)

120

Fig. 5.63 Maximum shear force FX in interior column C - 13 along storey level

7
100 kg

300 kg
5

500 kg

Storey

0
0

150

300

450

600

750

900

Axial force FY (kN)

Fig. 5.64 Maximum axial force FY in exterior column C - 1 along storey level

107

7
100 kg
6

300 kg
500 kg

Storey

5
4
3
2
1
0
0

200

400

600

Axial force FY (kN)

800

1000

Fig. 5.65 Maximum axial force FY in interior column C - 13 along storey level

7
100 kg
6

300 kg

500 kg
5

Storey

0
0

30

60

90

120

150

Axial force FX (kN)

Fig. 5.66 Maximum axial force FX in beams parallel to X - direction along

storey level
108

TABLE 5.1 MAXIMUM NODAL DISPLACEMENTS, VELOCITY AND

ACCELERATION (PHASE - 1)
storey

1
2
3
4
5
6

Standoff distance = 30m, Charge weight = 100 kg

Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
nodal displacement
velocity
acceleration
(mm)
(mm/sec)
(m/sec2)
1.16
42.9
4.56
2.34
72.6
7.47
3.43
71.2
6.75
4.55
68.0
5.15
5.91
66.1
4.86
6.75
75.1
5.32

TABLE 5.2 MAXIMUM SHEAR FORCE, AXIAL FORCE AND MOMENT IN

BEAMS (PHASE 1)

Storey

1
2
3
4
5
6

Standoff distance = 30 m, Charge weight = 100 kg

Beams parallel to X - direction
Beams parallel to Z - direction
Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum
shearaxial force moment
shearshearmoment
force
FX (kN)
MZ
force
force
MX
FY (kN)
(kN-m)
FY (kN)
FX (kN)
(kN-m)
38.52
45.34
36.89
28.41
16.92
23.75
38.85
48.52
37.85
29.38
19.66
25.81
38.93
47.16
37.90
29.84
22.34
26.64
38.95
49.77
37.93
30.06
24.89
27.07
38.81
40.81
37.07
30.05
26.67
26.95
14.87
15.66
13.71
13.68
27.39
13.10

TABLE 5.3 MAXIMUM SHEAR FORCE, AXIAL FORCE AND MOMENT IN

EXTERIOR COLUMN C 1 (PHASE 1)

Storey
1
2
3
4
5
6

Standoff distance = 30 m, Charge weight = 100 kg

Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
shear force
shear force
axial force
moment
FX (kN)
FZ (kN)
FY (kN)
MX (kN-m)
26.95
0.68
674.79
3.78
12.86
3.63
561.94
5.80
13.40
4.19
444.02
6.42
13.04
4.97
323.76
7.68
14.54
5.56
202.11
8.76
7.68
6.33
80.29
9.73

109

Maximum
moment
MZ (kN-m)
53.76
22.62
21.99
20.92
24.87
12.99

TABLE 5.4 MAXIMUM SHEAR FORCE, AXIAL FORCE AND MOMENT IN

INTERIOR COLUMN C 13 (PHASE 1)

Storey
1
2
3
4
5
6

Standoff distance = 30 m, Charge weight = 100 kg

Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
shear force shear force
axial force
moment
FX (kN)
FZ (kN)
FY (kN)
MX (kN-m)
39.88
4.30
864.90
7.57
32.03
3.16
721.36
4.92
31.22
2.43
571.99
3.87
32.21
1.79
419.94
2.91
32.71
1.15
265.93
1.51
17.11
0.57
111.43
1.04

Maximum
moment
MZ (kN-m)
67.52
48.43
47.61
49.21
50.81
29.25

TABLE 5.5 MAXIMUM NODAL DISPLACEMENTS, VELOCITY AND

ACCELERATION (PHASE 1)

Storey
1
2
3
4
5
6

Standoff distance = 30 m, Charge weight = 300 kg

Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
nodal displacement
velocity
acceleration
(mm)
(mm/sec)
(m/sec2)
2.67
96.7
9.61
5.36
163
15.7
7.83
162
14.1
10.4
155
10.7
13.5
151
9.97
15.4
174
10.8

TABLE 5.6 MAXIMUM SHEAR FORCE, AXIAL FORCE AND MOMENT IN

BEAMS (PHASE 1)

Storey

1
2
3
4
5
6

Standoff distance = 30 m, Charge weight = 300 kg

Beams parallel to X - direction
Beams parallel to Z - direction
Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum
shearaxialmoment
shearshearmoment
force
force
MZ
force
force
MX
FY (kN)
FX (kN)
(kN-m)
FY (kN)
FX (kN)
(kN-m)
55.61
53.19
51.31
55.11
42.51
17.27

104.13
111.07
107.72
114.27
94.22
36.19

84.73
80.72
77.94
83.72
64.56
27.50

110

28.41
29.38
29.84
30.06
30.05
13.92

38.92
45.85
51.06
56.86
47.61
63.27

23.75
25.81
26.64
27.07
26.96
13.10

TABLE 5.7 MAXIMUM SHEAR FORCE, AXIAL FORCE AND MOMENT IN

EXTERIOR COLUMN (PHASE 1)

storey
1
2
3
4
5
6

Standoff distance = 30 m, Charge weight = 300 kg

Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
shear force shear force
axial force
moment
FX (kN)
FZ (kN)
FY (kN)
MX (kN-m)
62.09
1.56
693.79
3.78
29.30
3.63
595.86
5.80
30.76
4.19
482.88
6.42
29.82
4.97
360.09
7.68
33.52
5.56
215.85
8.57
12.34
6.33
84.44
10.70

Maximum
moment
MZ (kN-m)
123.71
51.96
50.39
48.04
57.21
30.01

TABLE 5.8 MAXIMUM SHEAR FORCE, AXIAL FORCE AND MOMENT IN

INTERIOR COLUMN (PHASE 1)

Storey
1
2
3
4
5
6

Standoff distance = 30 m, Charge weight = 300 kg

Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
shear force shear force
axial force
moment
FX (kN)
FZ (kN)
FY (kN)
MX (kN-m)
91.80
4.30
864.83
7.57
73.17
3.16
721.36
4.55
71.57
2.43
571.98
3.87
73.69
1.79
419.84
2.91
75.32
1.15
265.66
1.51
39.52
0.57
111.43
1.04

Maximum
moment
MZ (kN-m)
155.28
110.76
109.06
112.72
116.93
67.53

TABLE 5.9 MAXIMUM NODAL DISPLACEMENT, VELOCITY AND

ACCELERATION (PHASE 1)

Storey
1
2
3
4
5
6

Standoff distance = 30 m, Charge weight = 500 kg

Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
nodal displacement
velocity
acceleration
(mm)
(mm/sec)
(m/sec2)
4.05
144
13.4
8.0
246
22.7
11.5
239
21.9
15.5
227
15.5
20.1
230
14.7
23.1
258
16.0

111

TABLE 5.10 MAXIMUM SHEAR FORCE, AXIAL FORCE AND MOMENT IN

BEAMS (PHASE 1)
Standoff distance = 30 m, Charge weight = 500 kg
Beams parallel to X - direction
Beams parallel to Z - direction
Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum
Storey
shearaxialmoment
shearshearmoment
force
force
MZ
force
force
MX
FY (kN)
FX (kN)
(kN-m)
FY (kN)
FX (kN)
(kN-m)
1
2
3
4
5
6

83.03
78.98
78.39
82.68
63.58
24.99

155.51
165.24
162.93
171.47
140.91
54.04

126.58
120.72
119.17
125.62
96.55
41.07

28.41
29.38
29.84
30.06
30.05
13.93

59.24
69.55
77.08
70.70
91.77
94.54

23.75
25.81
26.64
27.07
26.95
18.45

TABLE 5.11 MAXIMUM SHEAR FORCE, AXIAL FORCE AND MOMENT IN

EXTERIOR COLUMN (PHASE 1)

Storey
1
2
3
4
5
6

Standoff distance = 30 m, Charge weight = 500 kg

Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
shear force shear force
axial force
moment
FX (kN)
FZ (kN)
FY (kN)
MX (kN-m)
95.22
2.35
1036.25
3.78
43.05
3.63
892.40
5.80
46.73
4.38
724.72
7.27
45.22
4.97
540.89
7.68
50.40
8.78
324.28
8.79
18.53
9.16
126.84
16.13

Maximum
moment
MZ (kN-m)
188.88
78.42
74.60
72.41
85.99
45.07

TABLE 5.12 MAXIMUM SHEAR FORCE, AXIAL FORCE AND MOMENT IN

INTERIOR COLUMN (PHASE 1)

Storey
1
2
3
4
5
6

Standoff distance = 30 m, Charge weight = 500 kg

Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
shear force
shear force
axial force
moment
FX (kN)
FZ (kN)
FY (kN)
MX (kN-m)
140.18
4.31
864.83
7.57
107.27
3.16
721.36
4.92
109.09
2.43
571.99
3.87
111.34
1.79
419.94
2.91
113.15
1.15
265.66
1.93
59.29
0.77
111.43
1.18

112

Maximum
moment
MZ (kN-m)
236.70
162.99
164.86
170.02
175.67
101.33

TABLE 5.13 MAXIMUM VALUES OF NODAL DISPLACEMENTS,

VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION (PHASE - 2)
storey

1
2
3
4
5
6

Standoff distance = 35m, Charge weight = 100 kg

Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
nodal displacement
velocity
acceleration
(mm)
(mm/sec)
(m/sec2)
1.00
35.7
3.35
2.00
60.6
5.75
2.94
59.9
5.65
3.94
57.5
4.26
5.09
57.6
3.98
5.81
63.5
4.4

TABLE 5.14 MAXIMUM VALUES OF SHEAR FORCE, AXIAL FORCE AND

MOMENT IN BEAMS (PHASE 2)

Storey

1
2
3
4
5
6

Standoff distance = 35 m, Charge weight = 100 kg

Beams parallel to X - direction
Beams parallel to Z - direction
Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum
shearaxial force moment
shearshearmoment
force
FX (KN)
MZ
force
force
MX
FY (KN)
(KN-m)
FY (KN)
FX (KN)
(KN-m)
38.52
38.72
36.56
28.41
14.67
23.75
38.85
42.05
37.85
29.38
17.05
25.81
38.93
40.77
37.90
29.84
19.52
26.64
38.96
42.47
37.93
30.06
21.33
27.07
38.81
34.72
37.28
30.05
22.72
26.95
14.87
13.33
13.73
13.92
23.34
13.10

TABLE 5.15 MAXIMUM VALUES OF SHEAR FORCE, AXIAL FORCE AND

MOMENT IN EXTERIOR COLUMN C 1 (PHASE 2)

Storey
1
2
3
4
5
6

Standoff distance = 35 m, Charge weight = 100 kg

Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
shear force
shear force
axial force
moment
FX (KN)
FZ (KN)
FY (KN)
MX (KN-m)
23.40
0.58
674.79
3.78
10.88
3.63
561.94
5.80
11.79
4.19
444.02
6.42
11.19
4.97
323.76
7.68
12.38
5.56
202.11
8.57
7.68
6.33
80.29
9.73

113

Maximum
moment
MZ (KN-m)
46.52
19.35
18.89
17.79
21.19
11.64

TABLE 5.16 MAXIMUM VALUES OF SHEAR FORCE, AXIAL FORCE AND

MOMENT IN INTERIOR COLUMN C 13 (PHASE 2)

Storey
1
2
3
4
5
6

Standoff distance = 35 m, Charge weight = 100 kg

Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
shear force shear force
axial force
moment
FX (KN)
FZ (KN)
FY (KN)
MX (KN-m)
34.50
4.30
864.90
7.57
27.15
3.16
721.36
4.55
27.52
2.43
571.99
3.87
27.61
1.79
419.94
2.91
27.84
1.15
265.66
1.93
14.55
0.57
111.43
1.04

Maximum
moment
MZ (KN-m)
58.31
41.04
41.65
42.07
43.25
24.88

TABLE 5.17 MAXIMUM VALUES OF NODAL DISPLACEMENTS,

VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION (PHASE 2)

Storey
1
2
3
4
5
6

Standoff distance = 35 m, Charge weight = 300 kg

Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
nodal displacement
velocity
acceleration
(mm)
(mm/sec)
(m/sec2)
2.12
76.8
6.95
4.19
131
11.8
6.19
128
11.0
8.47
123
8.23
11.0
127
7.68
12.5
138
8.73

TABLE 5.18 MAXIMUM VALUES OF SHEAR FORCE, AXIAL FORCE AND

MOMENT IN BEAMS (PHASE 2)

Storey

1
2
3
4
5
6

Standoff distance = 35 m, Charge weight = 300 kg

Beams parallel to X - direction
Beams parallel to Z - direction
Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum
shearaxialmoment
shearshearmoment
force
force
MZ
force
force
MX
FY (KN)
FX (KN)
(KN-m)
FY (KN)
FX (KN)
(KN-m)
43.46
42.64
42.67
43.83
38.81
14.87

81.29
89.55
88.34
91.13
74.30
28.52

66.21
64.86
64.87
66.59
50.76
21.56

114

28.41
29.38
29.84
30.06
30.05
13.92

31.08
36.67
42.07
46.01
48.72
49.93

23.75
25.81
26.64
27.07
26.95
13.10

TABLE 5.19 MAXIMUM VALUES OF SHEAR FORCE, AXIAL FORCE AND

MOMENT IN EXTERIOR COLUMN C-1 (PHASE 2)

storey
1
2
3
4
5
6

Standoff distance = 35 m, Charge weight = 300 kg

Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
shear force shear force
axial force
moment
FX (KN)
FZ (KN)
FY (KN)
MX (KN-m)
49.64
1.26
674.79
3.78
22.66
3.63
479.86
5.80
25.34
4.19
444.02
6.42
24.23
4.97
323.76
7.68
26.43
5.57
202.11
8.57
9.65
6.33
80.29
9.73

Maximum
moment
MZ (KN-m)
98.57
40.77
39.91
37.66
45.32
23.58

TABLE 5.20 MAXIMUM VALUES OF SHEAR FORCE, AXIAL FORCE AND

MOMENT IN INTERIOR COLUMN C-13 (PHASE 2)

Storey
1
2
3
4
5
6

Standoff distance = 35 m, Charge weight = 300 kg

Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
shear force shear force
axial force
moment
FX (KN)
FZ (KN)
FY (KN)
MX (KN-m)
73.18
4.30
864.90
7.57
56.67
3.16
721.36
4.92
59.36
2.43
571.99
3.42
59.60
1.79
419.84
2.91
59.11
1.15
265.93
1.93
31.04
0.57
111.43
1.04

Maximum
moment
MZ (KN-m)
123.62
85.97
89.52
90.61
92.51
53.09

TABLE 5.21 MAXIMUM VALUES OF NODAL DISPLACEMENT,

VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION (PHASE 2)

Storey
1
2
3
4
5
6

Standoff distance = 35 m, Charge weight = 500 kg

Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
nodal displacement
velocity
acceleration
(mm)
(mm/sec)
(m/sec2)
3.18
114
10.2
6.43
195
16.7
9.52
194
15.4
12.6
189
12.1
16.4
183
11.5
18.7
208
12.5

115

TABLE 5.22 MAXIMUM VALUES OF SHEAR FORCE, AXIAL FORCE AND

MOMENT IN BEAMS (PHASE 2)
Standoff distance = 35 m, Charge weight = 500 kg
Beams parallel to X - direction
Beams parallel to Z - direction
Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum
Storey
shearaxialmoment
shearshearmoment
force
force
MZ
force
force
MX
FY (KN)
FX (KN)
(KN-m)
FY (KN)
FX (KN)
(KN-m)
1
2
3
4
5
6

66.44
64.59
62.03
65.78
50.44
20.44

124.36
134.87
129.95
136.64
111.97
43.03

101.24
98.25
94.29
99.94
76.60
32.60

28.41
29.38
29.84
30.06
30.05
13.92

46.48
54.40
62.09
68.44
73.19
75.30

23.75
25.81
26.64
27.07
26.95
14.81

TABLE 5.23 MAXIMUM VALUES OF SHEAR FORCE, AXIAL FORCE AND

MOMENT IN EXTERIOR COLUMN C-1 (PHASE 2)

Storey
1
2
3
4
5
6

Standoff distance = 35 m, Charge weight = 500 kg

Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
shear force shear force
axial force
moment
FX (KN)
FZ (KN)
FY (KN)
MX (KN-m)
73.92
1.83
841.31
3.78
35.41
3.63
718.96
5.80
37.39
4.19
578.68
6.42
35.71
4.97
429.30
7.68
39.91
5.56
256.63
8.57
14.67
7.32
100.39
12.90

Maximum
moment
MZ (KN-m)
147.21
61.74
60.97
57.20
68.26
35.71

TABLE 5.24 MAXIMUM VALUES OF SHEAR FORCE, AXIAL FORCE AND

MOMENT IN INTERIOR COLUMN C-13 (PHASE 2)

Storey
1
2
3
4
5
6

Standoff distance = 35 m, Charge weight = 500 kg

Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
shear force
shear force
axial force
moment
FX (KN)
FZ (KN)
FY (KN)
MX (KN-m)
109.20
4.30
864.90
7.57
88.28
3.16
721.36
4.92
87.09
2.43
571.99
3.87
88.35
1.79
419.84
2.91
89.74
1.15
265.66
1.51
47.01
0.57
111.43
1.04

116

Maximum
moment
MZ (KN-m)
184.68
133.27
132.56
134.93
139.40
80.35

TABLE 5.25 MAXIMUM VALUES OF NODAL DISPLACEMENTS,

VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION (PHASE - 3)
Storey

1
2
3
4
5
6

Standoff distance = 40m, Charge weight = 100 kg

Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
nodal displacement
velocity
acceleration
(mm)
(mm/sec)
(m/sec2)
0.853
30.4
2.97
1.73
52.0
4.88
2.56
52.2
4.46
3.39
50.5
3.5
4.39
48.9
3.33
5.01
55.6
3.61

TABLE 5.26 MAXIMUM VALUES OF SHEAR FORCE, AXIAL FORCE AND

MOMENT IN BEAMS (PHASE 3)

Storey

1
2
3
4
5
6

Standoff distance = 40 m, Charge weight = 100 kg

Beams parallel to X - direction
Beams parallel to Z - direction
Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum
shearaxial force moment
shearshearmoment
force
FX (KN)
MZ
force
force
MX
FY (KN)
(KN-m)
FY (KN)
FX (KN)
(KN-m)
38.52
33.52
36.56
28.41
12.46
23.75
38.85
36.09
37.85
29.38
14.67
25.22
38.93
34.96
37.90
29.84
16.59
26.64
38.96
36.67
37.93
30.06
18.41
27.07
38.81
29.94
37.28
30.05
19.60
26.95
14.87
11.49
13.73
13.92
20.11
13.10

TABLE 5.27 MAXIMUM VALUES OF SHEAR FORCE, AXIAL FORCE AND

MOMENT IN EXTERIOR COLUMN C 1 (PHASE 3)

Storey
1
2
3
4
5
6

Standoff distance = 40 m, Charge weight = 100 kg

Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
shear force
shear force
axial force
moment
FX (KN)
FZ (KN)
FY (KN)
MX (KN-m)
19.77
0.50
674.79
3.78
9.54
3.63
561.94
5.80
9.92
4.19
444.02
6.42
9.62
4.97
323.76
7.68
10.66
5.56
202.11
8.57
7.68
6.33
80.29
9.73

117

Maximum
moment
MZ (KN-m)
39.43
16.61
16.28
15.37
18.27
11.64

TABLE 5.28 MAXIMUM VALUES OF SHEAR FORCE, AXIAL FORCE AND

MOMENT IN INTERIOR COLUMN C 13 (PHASE 3)

Storey
1
2
3
4
5
6

Standoff distance = 40 m, Charge weight = 100 kg

Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
shear force shear force
axial force
moment
FX (KN)
FZ (KN)
FY (KN)
MX (KN-m)
29.25
4.30
864.90
7.57
23.77
3.16
721.36
4.55
23.16
2.43
571.99
3.87
23.78
1.79
419.94
2.91
24.00
1.15
265.66
1.93
12.52
0.57
111.43
1.04

Maximum
moment
MZ (KN-m)
49.50
35.91
35.29
36.29
37.30
21.41

TABLE 5.29 MAXIMUM VALUES OF NODAL DISPLACEMENTS,

VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION (PHASE 3)

Storey
1
2
3
4
5
6

Standoff distance = 40 m, Charge weight = 300 kg

Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
nodal displacement
velocity
acceleration
(mm)
(mm/sec)
(m/sec2)
1.85
64.9
5.57
3.76
112
9.23
5.58
112
8.64
7.44
110
6.91
9.61
107
6.61
10.9
120
7.16

TABLE 5.30 MAXIMUM VALUES OF SHEAR FORCE, AXIAL FORCE AND

MOMENT IN BEAMS (PHASE 3)

Storey

1
2
3
4
5
6

Standoff distance = 40 m, Charge weight = 300 kg

Beams parallel to X - direction
Beams parallel to Z - direction
Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum
shearaxialmoment
shearshearmoment
force
force
MZ
force
force
MX
FY (KN)
FX (KN)
(KN-m)
FY (KN)
FX (KN)
(KN-m)
38.72
38.85
38.93
38.95
38.81
14.82

72.45
79.08
76.07
79.41
64.71
24.84

58.99
57.58
55.22
58.02
44.21
18.80

118

28.41
29.38
29.84
30.06
30.05
13.92

26.99
31.96
36.37
39.96
42.44
43.55

23.75
25.81
26.64
27.07
26.95
13.10

TABLE 5.31 MAXIMUM VALUES OF SHEAR FORCE, AXIAL FORCE AND

MOMENT IN EXTERIOR COLUMN C-1 (PHASE 3)

storey
1
2
3
4
5
6

Standoff distance = 40 m, Charge weight = 300 kg

Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
shear force shear force
axial force
moment
FX (KN)
FZ (KN)
FY (KN)
MX (KN-m)
42.77
1.06
674.79
3.78
20.69
3.63
561.94
5.80
21.80
4.19
444.02
6.42
20.82
4.97
323.76
7.68
23.04
5.57
202.11
8.57
8.42
6.33
80.29
9.73

Maximum
moment
MZ (KN-m)
85.17
35.83
35.55
33.15
39.53
20.57

TABLE 5.32 MAXIMUM VALUES OF SHEAR FORCE, AXIAL FORCE AND

MOMENT IN INTERIOR COLUMN C-13 (PHASE 3)

Storey
1
2
3
4
5
6

Standoff distance = 40 m, Charge weight = 300 kg

Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
shear force shear force
axial force
moment
FX (KN)
FZ (KN)
FY (KN)
MX (KN-m)
63.15
4.30
864.90
7.57
51.67
3.16
721.36
4.92
50.89
2.43
571.99
3.87
51.50
1.79
419.84
2.91
51.86
1.15
265.93
1.93
27.06
0.57
111.43
1.04

Maximum
moment
MZ (KN-m)
107.04
78.05
77.38
78.53
80.63
46.28

TABLE 5.33 MAXIMUM VALUES OF NODAL DISPLACEMENT,

VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION (PHASE 3)

Storey
1
2
3
4
5
6

Standoff distance = 40 m, Charge weight = 500 kg

Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
nodal displacement
velocity
acceleration
(mm)
(mm/sec)
(m/sec2)
2.90
105
8.81
5.72
176
14.3
8.35
169
12.6
11.0
169
9.47
14.4
162
9.15
16.5
187
10.3

119

TABLE 5.34 MAXIMUM VALUES OF SHEAR FORCE, AXIAL FORCE AND

MOMENT IN BEAMS (PHASE 3)
Standoff distance = 40 m, Charge weight = 500 kg
Beams parallel to X - direction
Beams parallel to Z - direction
Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum
Storey
shearaxialmoment
shearshearmoment
force
force
MZ
force
force
MX
FY (KN)
FX (KN)
(KN-m)
FY (KN)
FX (KN)
(KN-m)
1
2
3
4
5
6

59.38
57.45
54.60
58.88
46.53
19.10

110.20
119.62
113.38
122.41
102.74
39.67

90.48
87.90
83.00
89.86
70.66
30.38

28.41
29.38
29.84
30.06
30.05
13.92

42.50
50.35
55.13
60.13
66.13
69.20

23.75
25.81
26.64
27.07
26.95
14.81

TABLE 5.35 MAXIMUM VALUES OF SHEAR FORCE, AXIAL FORCE AND

MOMENT IN EXTERIOR COLUMN C-1 (PHASE 3)

Storey
1
2
3
4
5
6

Standoff distance = 40 m, Charge weight = 500 kg

Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
shear force shear force
axial force
moment
FX (KN)
FZ (KN)
FY (KN)
MX (KN-m)
68.46
1.72
743.27
3.78
31.39
3.63
637.52
5.80
34.22
4.19
518.77
6.42
31.40
4.97
391.77
7.68
36.89
5.56
238.51
8.57
14.00
6.48
94.20
11.41

Maximum
moment
MZ (KN-m)
135.49
56.08
55.55
51.47
62.19
33.48

TABLE 5.36 MAXIMUM VALUES OF SHEAR FORCE, AXIAL FORCE AND

MOMENT IN INTERIOR COLUMN C-13 (PHASE 3)

Storey
1
2
3
4
5
6

Standoff distance = 40 m, Charge weight = 500 kg

Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
shear force
shear force
axial force
moment
FX (KN)
FZ (KN)
FY (KN)
MX (KN-m)
100.71
4.30
864.90
7.57
78.00
3.16
721.36
4.92
78.82
2.43
571.99
3.87
77.93
1.79
419.84
2.91
82.45
1.15
265.66
1.93
44.10
0.57
111.43
1.04

120

Maximum
moment
MZ (KN-m)
169.87
117.95
119.99
119.74
127.56
75.14

121

CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSIONS
6.1 GENERAL
Based on the studies available in the literature, the procedure for calculating the blast
loads on the frame structures has been presented to study the dynamic properties of
framed building subjected to blast loads as per IS 4991-1968.
A six storey RC frame structure has been chosen for investigating the effects of blast
loads. In this present study, effect of charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg has
been studied in three phases. The phases are as follows:Phase 1: Standoff distance = 30 m
Charge weight - 100 kg
Charge weight - 300 kg
Charge weight - 500 kg
Phase 2: Standoff distance = 35 m
Charge weight - 100 kg
Charge weight - 300 kg
Charge weight - 500 kg
Phase 3: Standoff distance = 40 m
Charge weight - 100 kg
Charge weight - 300 kg
Charge weight - 500 kg

6.2 CONCLUSIONS
The results of the present study have been discussed as follows.
6.2.1

EFFECT OF DIFFRENT CHARGE WEIGHTS

Effect of different charge weights 100 kg, 300 kg and 500 kg for nodal displacements,
velocity, acceleration and stress resultants in the Phases 1, 2 and 3 for standoff
distance 30 m, 35m and 40 m respectively, brings out following conclusions:
Phase - 1 (Stand-off Distance = 30 m)

The maximum nodal displacement becomes 2.28 times and 3.43 times, the
maximum velocity becomes 2.32 times and 3.43 times and the maximum
122

acceleration becomes 2.10 times and 3.04 times as charge weight increases from
100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg respectively as compared to 100 kg charge
weight.

The maximum moment in beams becomes 2.23 times and 3.34 times as charge
weight increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg respectively as
compared to 100 kg charge weight.

In exterior column C-1, the maximum moment becomes 2.30 times and 3.51 times
as charge weight increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg
respectively as compared to 100 kg charge weight.

In interior column C-13, the maximum moment becomes 2.30 times and 3.50
times as charge weight increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg
respectively as compared to 100 kg charge weight.

The maximum shear force in beams increased by 45.98 % as TNT weight

increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and becomes 2.42 times as charge weight
increases from 100 kg to 500 kg respectively as compared to 100 kg TNT weight.

In exterior column C-1, the maximum shear force becomes 2.30 times and 3.53
times as charge weight increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg
respectively as compared to 100 kg TNT.

In interior column C-13, the maximum shear force becomes 2.30 times and 3.52
times as weight increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg as
compared to 100 kg.

The maximum axial force FY in exterior column C-1 increased by 2.81% and
53.56%, as charge weight increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg
respectively as compared to 100 kg TNT.

The maximum axial force FY in interior column C-13 remains unchanged as

charge weight increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg respectively
as compared to 100 kg TNT.

The maximum axial force FX in beams parallel to X- direction becomes 2.29 times
and 3.44 times as charge weight increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to
500 kg respectively as compared to 100 kg TNT.

123

Phase 2(Stand-off Distance = 35 m)

The maximum nodal displacement becomes 2.15 times and 3.22 times; the
maximum velocity becomes 2.17 times and 3.27 times;

the maximum

acceleration becomes 2.05 times and 3.90 times as charge weight increases from
100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg respectively as compared to 100 kg charge
weight.

The maximum moment in beams becomes 1.75 times and 2.66 times as charge
weight increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg respectively as
compared to 100 kg charge weight.

In exterior column C-1, the maximum moment becomes 2.12 and 3.16 times as
charge weight increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg as compared
to 100 kg charge weight.

In interior column C-13, the maximum moment becomes 2.12 times and 3.17
times as charge weight increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg
respectively as compared to 100 kg charge weight.

The maximum shear force in beams becomes 1.28 times and 1.50 times as charge
weight increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg respectively as
compared to 100 kg TNT weight.

In exterior column C-1, the maximum shear force becomes 2.12 times and 3.16
times as charge weight increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg
respectively as compared to 100 kg TNT.

In interior column C-13, the maximum shear force becomes 2.12 times and 3.17
times as charge weight increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg as
compared to 100 kg.

The maximum axial force in exterior column C-1 remains unchanged and
increased by 53.56% as charge weight increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100
kg to 500 kg respectively as compared to 100 kg TNT.

The maximum axial force in interior column C-13 remains unchanged charge
weight increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg respectively as
compared to 100 kg TNT

The maximum axial force in beams parallel to X- direction becomes 2.14 times
and 3.21 times as charge weight increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to
500 kg respectively as compared to 100 kg TNT.
124

Phase 3(Stand-off Distance = 40 m)

The maximum nodal displacement becomes 2.15 times and 3.33 times; the
maximum velocity becomes 2.15 times and 3.36 times; the maximum acceleration
becomes 1.89 times and 2.93 times as charge weight increased from 100 kg to 300
kg and 100 kg to 500 kg respectively as compared to 100 kg charge weight.

The maximum moment in beams becomes 1.55 times and 2.38 times as charge
weight increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg respectively as
compared to 100 kg charge weight.

In exterior column C-1, the maximum moment becomes 2.16 and 3.43 times as
charge weight increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg respectively
as compared to 100 kg charge weight.

In interior column C-13, the maximum moment becomes 2.16 times and 3.43
times as charge weight increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg
respectively as compared to 100 kg charge weight.

The maximum shear force in beams increased by 11.78 % and 77.61 % as charge
weight increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg respectively as
compared to 100 kg TNT weight.

In exterior column C-1, the maximum shear force becomes 2.16 times and 3.46
times as charge weight increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg
respectively as compared to 100 kg.

In interior column C-13, the maximum shear force becomes 2.15 times and 3.44
times as charge weight increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg as
compared to 100 kg.

The maximum axial force in exterior column C-1 remains unchanged and
increased by 10.14 % as charge weight increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100
kg to 500 kg respectively as compared to 100 kg TNT.

The maximum axial force in interior column C-13 remains unchanged charge
weight increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to 500 kg respectively as
compared to 100 kg TNT

The maximum axial force in beams parallel to X- direction becomes 2.16 times
and 3.33 times as charge weight increases from 100 kg to 300 kg and 100 kg to
500 kg respectively as compared to 100 kg TNT.

125

6.3 SCOPE FOR FUTURE STUDY

The future study may be conducted in following areas:
(1) The RC infilled frame structure with and without openings may be investigated
with concrete infilled, since the present study has been performed with masonry
infill walls under different blast loads.
(2) Cases should be studied when the explosions within a structure can cause failure
of interior girders, beams and floor slabs.
(3) The effects of shear wall may be studied for future investigation.
(4) Cases in which the axial load does not remain constant during the column
response time are possible. These include situations where the bomb is located
within the structure and the blast excites beam column joint. The effect of this
time-varying axial load should be studied.

126

127

REFERENCES
Abdallah, Mohammad M, and Bashir H Osman. (2014). Numerical Analysis of Steel
Building Under Blast Loading. International Journal of Engineering Research
and Technology (IJERT) Vol.3, No.11, pp. 16291634.
Al-Ansari, Mohammed S. (2012). Building Response to Blast and Earthquake
Loading. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Vol.3, No.2, pp. 327346.
Albanesi S., Albanesi T. and Carboni F. (2004). The Influence of Infill Walls in R.C.
Frame Seismic Response, High Performance Structures and Materials Vol. 2,
pp. 776 782.
Calvi M. and Pennaseismic A. (2006). Performance of Masonry - Infilled R.C.
Frames: Benefits of Slight Reinforcements, Ssmica Congresso Nacional De
Sismologia Engenharia Ssmica Vol 2, pp. 254 276
Draganic Hrvoje, Sigmund Vladimir. (2012). Blast Loading on Structures. Tehniki
vjesnik Vol.19, No.3, pp. 643652.
Design, materials and connections for blast-loaded structures (2006) Prepared by
ABS Consulting Ltd for the Health and Safety Executive.
Dutta, S C, and R Roy. (2012). Buildings Under Blast Loading. Iranian Journal of
Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering Vol.36, No.C2, pp.
149166.
FEMA 273 (1997), Guidelines for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings, Federal
Emergency Management Agency.
Fujikura, S, and M Bruneau. (2008). Blast Resistance of Seismically Designed Bridge
Piers. The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, China
12-17(October).
Goel, Manmohan Dass, Vasant A Matsagar, Anil K Gupta, and Steffen Marburg.
(2012). An Abridged Review of Blast Wave Parameters. Defence Science
Journal Vol. 62, No. 5, pp. 300306.
Hazards, Structures Against, and Hotel Unisplendour Centre. 2009. Damage
Propagation in Reinforced Concrete Frames under External Blast Loading.
(October), pp. 2325.
Hirde S. and Bhoite D. (2013). Effect of Modelling of Infill Walls on Performance of
Multi Story RC Building. International Journal of Civil Engineering And
Technology Vol. 4, pp.243-250.
IS 4991-1968 Criteria for Blast Resistant Design of Structures for Explosions Above
Ground.

128

Izadifard,R.A and M R Maheri. 2010. Ductulity Effects on the behaviour of steel

Structures under Blast loading.x Iranian Journal of Science and Technology,
Transaction B: Engineering Vol.34, No.B1, pp. 49-62.
Jayashree, S M, R Rakul Bharatwaj, and Helen Santhi M. (2013). Dynamic Response
of a Space Framed Structure Subjected to Blast Load. International Journal of
Civil and Structural Engineering Vol.4, No.1, pp. 98105.
Jayasooriya, Ruwan, David Thambiratnam, Nimal Perera, Vladis Kosse. (2009).
Damage propagation in reinforced concrete frames under external blast
loading.4th International Conference on Protection of Structures Against
Hazards, 2325 October, Hotel Unisplendour Centre, Beijing.
Kashif, Quazi, and M B Varma. (2014). Effect of Blast on G + 4 RCC Frame
Structure. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced
Engineering Vol.4, No.11, pp. 145149.
Koccaz, Zeynep, Fatih Sutcu, and Necdet Torunbalci. (2008). Architectural and
Structural Design for Blast Resistsnt Builsing. The 14th World Conference on
Earthquake Engineering 12-17(October), Bejing,China.
Kulkarni, A. V. Sambireddy G. (2014). Analysis of Blast Loading Effect on High
Rise Buildings. Civil and Environmental Research Vol.6, No.10, pp. 86-90.
Luccioni, B M, R D Ambrosini, R F Danesi (2004). Analysis of Building Collapse
under Blast Loads. Engineering Structures Vol.26, pp. 6371.
Magnusson, Johan. (2007). Structural Concrete Elements Subjected to Air Blast
Loading. pp. 1-96.
Mahmud K., Islam Md. R. and Al-Amin Md. (2010). Study the Reinforced Concrete
Frame with Brick Masonry Infill due to Lateral Loads. International Journal of
Civil and Environmental Engineering Vol.10, pp. 35 - 40
Ngo, T, P Mendis, A Gupta, and J Ramsay. (2007). Blast Loading and Blast Effects
on Structures An Overview. Electronic Journal of Structural engineering
Special Issue. pp. 76 - 91.
Pujol S., Benavent - Climent A., Rodriguez M. E. and Smith - Pardo J. P. (2008).
Masonry Infill Walls: An Effective Alternative for Seismic Strengthening of
Low-Rise Reinforced Concrete Building Structures. The 14th World Conference
on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, China, pp. 1 8.
Raparla, Harinadha Babu, and Ramancharla Pradeep Kumar. (2011). Linear Analysis
of Reinforced Concrete Buildings Subjected to Blast Loads. ICI Journal AprilJune. pp. 1 - 16.
Ray, M N. (2011). Dynamic Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Cylindrical Structure
with Hemispherical Dome under Blast Loading. Transactions, SMIRT Vol.21,
pp. 18.
129

Ronald L. Shope. (2006). Response of wide flange steel columns subjected to

constant axial load and lateral blast loads. Civil Engineering Department,
Blacksburg, Virginia.
Shallan, Osman, Atef Eraky, Tharwat Sakr, and Shimaa Emad. (2014). Response of
Building Structures to Blast Effects. International Journal of Engineering and
Innovative Technology (IJEIT) Vol.4, No.2, pp. 167175.
Singh, Aditya Kumar, Asif Akbari, and P Saha. (2014), Behaviour of Reinforced
Concrete Beams under Different Kinds of Blast Loading. International Journal
of Civil Engineering Research Vol 5, No.1, pp.1320.
Singhla, Pankaj. (2014). Dynamic Behaviour of a Multi-stoyered Framed building
Subjected to Hemispherical Surface Blast as Per U.S Army Technical Manual [
UFC-3-340-02] .
Samoila D. (2013). Masonry Infill Panels - Analytical Modeling and Seismic
Behavior. IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN) Vol. 1, pp. 30-39.

130