IS : 4880 (Part M1) - 1976 Indian Standard CODE OF PRACTICE FOR DESIGN OF TUNNELS CONVEYING WATER PART Hl HYDRAULIC DESIGN. (First Revision ) Water Conductor Systems Sectional Committee, BDC 58 (Ghaiman Sum P.M. Mase ‘Ramalayam, Pedar Road, Bombay 400026 Members Representing Sunt 8. P, Bitar Public Works and Electiity Department, Govern ment of Karnataka, Bangalore Sine K. R. Nanavana Rao (Alienate) Comey Evonesn (Cr) ‘Anata Pradesh State Rlectrcity Board, Hyderabad ‘Scrennrenowo Exonsean (Desias ano Prassina) (Alirat) comma eer (er) ‘Kerala State Eleticiy Board, Tvivandrus, SimTK Retmsoan Nam lira z Enelsanx (eeioation) "Bue Works Deparment, Govern of Tai ‘Nady Mares Sergnomexco Excuses (rare) (alma) nay Lecmern (Proje? ax Tari Nadu Bletriciey Board, Madras ‘Goweraverion) Rurennmexnoa Evonren penont csv) (alc) sum O°F Dates eas Designs Organization, Nangal Township Dacron (CD-1) Cental Water Commision, New Del "Dervar Dinacron (HCD+) (Alienate) Diacoran TERE Tregmion Department, Goverment of Panis, “Chandigarh Sat H. 1. Swann (Alurcte) sume G. Gato Hindustan Construction Co Lid, Bombay Siar. Re Jos (Alera) Dr $F Gans Terigaion Deparunent, Goverment of Uist Pradesh, Lucknow (Contoued on page 2) © Copmririe 197 BUREAU OF INDIAN. STANDARDS “hia publication is protected under the Indian Copyripht Act (XIV of 1987) and ‘eprotuction in whole or part by any means excep th writen permision of the Dubie sal be Seemed toe an inngersnt t opyriaht unde the sid Act1S + 4880 (Part Til) - 1976 (Contac from tage 1) Mente Repetng Sma M.S. Jase Geslgical Survey of Tia, Caleua Sar NI'R: Savona (Atraty ows Durcror Stavonas GA "Rsniry of Raibways, New Debi Dig Duco Sant "ES}1 Ulta Suni Bs Karna Invgation Deparment, Coveruneat of Maha athe Bony Sun S. M, BuaLanao (lense) SureD-N. Kocatnae ‘National, Projects ‘New Deli steuetion Comporation Lady ‘Sunt G. Pawruasanrny (Alienate) on Sunt ¥. G, Parsi, Patel Engineering Co Lid Bombay ‘Suit C, Ke Cuoxstn (Altea) Sani. ‘Assam State Electricity Board, Shillong Sunt R R.J. Shah & Co Lid, Bombay Sint 81S. Saray ‘Mijeore ‘Power Corporation Tad, Government of ‘Kamataka, Batgaloce Suns G. N. Taxoos nrigaton Department, Government of Ute » Lucknow Sum BT. Unwausa Concrete Asociation of Tadia, Bombay ‘Sint Asta (leat) Sus De Agata Sata, Director General? BIS (Hea Menber) Diancrox (Civ Engg) Sueeary Sunt K. K. Stanca Anistant Director (Civ Engg), BIS Pauel for Design of Tunnels, BDC 58: PL Sunt C.K. Ciroxan Patel Enginsering Co Lad, Bombay Menbert Dr Buawant Seis University of Roorkee, Roorkee Giner ENooieR (lisucsrion) Public Works Department, Government of ‘Tamil ‘Nadu, Madras DuveroR (HCD-1) Gensral Water Commision, New Delhi ‘Duvory Dimucron (HCD-1) (dltemat) Suns One Paaxast GuPra, Terigation Deparunens, Government of Uniar "Pradesh, Lucho Sami M.S, Ja Geological Survey of India, Caleusta ‘scr RP. Srsou (Alert) SunthS. Rarne Anvigation Department, Government of Maha Tashiea, Bombay Sunt O. R. Mins Beas Desiges Organization, Nangal Township, Siar A.C Ravan Ro. Shak & Co Li BombayAS : 4880 (Part II) - 1976 Indian Standard CODE OF PRACTICE FOR DESIGN OF TUNNELS CONVEYING WATER PART Ill HYDRAULIC DESIGN (First Revision ) 0. FOREWORD 0.1 ‘This Indian Standard (Part IIL) (First Revision) was adopted by the Indian Standards Institution on 24 July 1976, after the draft finalized by the Water Conductor Systems Sectional Committee had been approved by the Civil Engineering Division Council, 0.2 ‘The ‘Indian Standard Code of practice for design of tunnels conveying, water: Part IIT Hydraulic design’ was fist published in 1968. This revision hhas been taken up with a view to keeping abreast with the technological developments that have taken place in the field of tunnel design and con- struction. With the confidence gained in the construction ofa large number ‘of tunnels and the availability of coneretes of higher strengths in the country, the provisions of the code have been recommended for adoption for tunnels caring water at velocities up © 8 m/s without need for model studies. In Keeping with the practice, provision for limiting instant velocity during. surge oscillations has been deleted. 0.3 This standard has been published in parts. Other parts of the standard are as follows Part 1-1975 General design Part 11-1976 Geometric design (jist revision) Part 1V-1971 Structural design of eoncrete lining in rock Part V-1972 Structural design of concrete fining in solt strate and soil Part VI-I971 ‘Tunnel supports Part ViI-1975 Structural design of steel lining 0.3.1. This part covers recommendations in regard to the hydraulic design of tunnels conveying water, ‘These recommendations may be uscd for tunnels carrying water at velocities up to 8 m/s, For tunnels carrying water at velocities more than 8 m/s the design based on these recommenclations may have to be corroborated by hydraulic model studies. 0.4 This code of practice represents standard of good practice and, therefore, takes the form of recommendation.IS : 4880 (Part IIl)- 1976 0.5 In the formulation of this standard due weightage has been given to {ntemational co-ordination among the standards and. practices prevail in different countries in addition to relating it-to the practices in the fil in this country. This has been met by referring to various publications including the following: United States of America, Department of the Interior and Bureau of Reclamation. Design of small dams, Government Printing Office, Washington. United States of America, Department of the Interior and Bureau of Reclamation. Engineering monograph No. 7, friction factors for large conduits flowing full. Government Printing Office, Washington. Brown (JG), Ed. Hydro-Blectnic Engincering Practice, Vol I. Blackie & Son Ltd, Glasgow (by permission of the publisher). 1. SCOPE 1.1 This standard (Part III) covers the hydraulic design of tunnels convey ing water under pressure or under free flow conditions. This does not, however, cover the hydraulic design of other tunnel structures 2. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 2.1 General — For the hydraulic design, in most cases hydraulic gradient hall be required. "However, in addition to hydraulic gradient in certain locations, che: dient, principles of momentum, transient conditions like water hamtnery surges; cy shall have wo be considered. Where air is likely to be entrained because of high velocities, it effect due to bulking should be considered. Due consideration shall be given to maximum and imum levels at the head and tail end, 2.1.1 The factors which combine to determine the nature of flow in a tunnel include such variables as pressure head, slope, size, shape, length, surface roughness of the tunnel, and the inlet and outlet shapes. ‘The combined effect of these factors determines the location of control which in turn determines the discharge characteristics of the tunnel. In case of free flowing tunnels proper aeration shall be ensured, ‘The tunnel shall be so designed that pulsating conditions are minimised. In the calculation of fiow, expected variations in the friction factor shall be considered. 2.2 Obligatory Levels of Tunnel — In case ofa pressure tunnel the depth of intake shall be such that no air is sicked in under any condition. ‘Phe Focation of outlet of a tunnel shall be such that the entry of air would not adversely affect tunnel operation and safety provided that suffeent precaus tions for preventing ais foes are taken (oe 6) 22.1 All tunnels should preferably have a positive gradient in the dizee- tion offlow, sce they may have tobe emptied and drained fom tne t tine 448 : 4980 (Part IM) - 1976 for the purpose of inspection and maintenance, However, it may be borne in mind that in a well designed and constructed tunnel there would be only a little need of maintenance. Gradients and depth shall be such that under fluctuating conditions, including transient conditions, there shall be no possibility of air locks. 2.3 Cross Section —The geometric design of various sections usually adopted for tunnels is covered in 1S 4880 (Part I1)-1976*, 2.3.1 Area of cross section of a tunnel shall be of suficient size to carry the maximum required flow on the head available and in addition shall conform to construction requirements. 2.3.1.1 Tunnel dimensions and shape should be decided on the basis of ‘economic studies so as f0 obtain a most economical section. ‘The following should be taken into account a) Velocity requirements, 'b) Lass due to tunnel friction, c) Interest charges on capital cost of tunnel, 4) Annual maintenance charges, fe) Whether lined or unlined, and F) Cost of gates and their hoists. 2.3.1.2 The tunnel diameter determined as a result of economic studies should be examined from practical considerations, such as space requite- ments for the excavating equipment and the section may be modified if necessary, based on the above considerations. A minimum height of 2m is necesary. For mechanized handling of excavated material a minimum section of 25 x2'5 m is required. ove — a sound sock the ut cont of ecvation decreas the diameter nee Taeekock Hourit con may inereu she ae recs ova te cata cot ofr 24 Cavitation — Design shall be such that negative pressures are avoided. ‘o. make sure that cavitation is avoided and to allow for uncertainties, the residual positive pressure shall not be less than 3 m of water head in concrete lined tunnels 2.4.1 The recommended limiting sub-atmospheric pressures, based on. probable minimum atmospheric pressures at different elevations above sea level, are indicated in Fig. 1. Nort — In locations which ace susceptible to effect of cavitation such as downstream of gate slot, where there isa change of grade it high velocity flow, ete ste! lining may Be comidered. 3, TRANSITION SHAPES 3.1 From the tunnel section, citer entry into or exit from the tunnel requires Wansition to reduce the head losses to a minimum and to avoid cavitation, ‘The length and shape of the transition depends upon the velocity and flow ZSSje oF rect fr dion of tunnel conveying water Part 11 Geomaic d (u 31S : 4880 (Part 111) -1976 3000 2000 1500 1000 500 ELEVATION ABOVE SEA LEVEL IN METRES 0 ‘ 5 6 7 ALLOWABLE SUBATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE IN METRES OF WATER Fic. 1 Ancowante SusaTwospueric PRESSURES FoR VARIOUS Exevations Anove Sea Level. conditions prevailing in the tunnel, economics, construction limitations, et. Its recommended that hydraulic model studies are conducted to determine an efficient and cconomical transition. ‘The recommended shapes for entrance, contraction or expansion and exit transitions for pressure tunnels, are given in 3.2 10 3.4. However, for partly flowing tunnels the methods of design shail be the same as for open channel transition, 32 Entrance — To minimize head losses and.to avoid zones where eavita- tion pressures may evelop, the entrance to a pressre tunel shall e streain- lined to provide gradual and smooth changes in lw. To obtain best inlet tflciency the shape of entrance should simulate iat ofa jet discharging into Sir and should guide and suppore the jet with ininimia interference unt iC contacted the hme dimensions the, entra, eve 10 Sharp ot too short, subalmospheric pressure arcas which may induce cavita- tony will develop: A belhnouth entrance which conforms to or slightly encroaches upon free jet profte will provide the best entrance shape 3.24 For a circular tunnel the bellmouth shape may be approximated by ar elliptical entrance curve represented hy the following equation1S : 4880 (Part Hl) - 1976 where x and y are co-ordinates and D is the diameter of the tunnel at the end of cnézance transition, ‘The x-axis of the elliptical entrance is parallel to and at a distance of 065 D from the tunnel centre lines y-axis ig normal othe tunnel centre ine and 05 D downstream from the enrance face. 3.2.2 The jot issuing from a square or rectangular opening is not as casily defined as one Htuing from a circular opening: the top and bottom ccurves may differ from the side curves both in length and curvature. Con- sequently, itis more difficult t determine @ transition which will eliminate Subatmoxpheric pressures. An elliptical curved entrance which will tend to minimize the negative pressure effects may be defined by the following equation : z + oe where D is the vertical height of the tunnel for \ing the top and bottom cues aula’ the honaantal wel of te vonnel he doe. the se curves. The major and minor axes are positioned similar to those indicated far tie creat belimout in BB ce eee ee pate Hoos end wateearsed gd ies at on ele of the onan Soe ret pried ogee and a sharper contraction will take place at the top of the opening. this condition the top conuaction curve may be defined by the following equation where DD is the vertical height of the tunnel downstream from the entrance. 3.3 Contraction and Expansion — To minimize head losses and to avoid ‘eavitation tendencies along the tunnel surfaces, contraction and expas transitions to and from gate control sections in @ tunnel should be gradual For contractions, the maximum convergent angle should not exceed that indicated by the relationship: tana u where 4 = angle of the tunnel wall surfaces with respect t0 ts centre line, Um atbivary parameter <2, ay ps Veb p and P= average of the veloctes and diameters at the Boginhing and end of the wanton, and 4g ccocleration due 4 grevity. 7IS + 4880 (Part I) - 1976 3.3.1 Expansion should be more gradual than contraction because of the danger of cavitation where sharp changes in the side walls occur. Further- more, head loss coefficients for expansions increase rapidly after the angle « exceeds about 10°- Expansion should be based on the following telaon- ship tan = gy 20 ‘The notations are the same as for equation given in 3.3. For pressure tunnels, the angle < may not normally exceed 10°. 3.4 Exit — When a circular tunnel flowing partly full empties into a chute, the transition from the circular section to one with a flat bottom may be made in the open channel downstream from the tunnel portal, or it may be made within the tunnel so that the bottom will be flat at the portal section, Ordinarily, the transition should be made by gradually decreasing the circular quadrants from full radius at the upstream end of the transition to zero at the downstream end. For usual installations the length of the transition can be related to the exit velocity. An empirical rule which may be used to design a satisfactory transition for velocities up to 6 m/s is as follows: 20D pay where ‘L = length of transition in m, @ = ext velocity in ms, and D = tunnel diameter in'm. Noru — For velocities higher than 6 ms and depts greater than 5 m hydraulic modet studies are ewential, 4, PRESSURE FLOW LOSSES 4.1 Friction Losses — Friction factors for estimating the friction losses shall be based on actual field observations. For tunnels flowing full, friction loss may be computed by the use of the formula given in 4.1.1 and 4.1.2, 4.1.1 Manning's Formula — "The formula is given below : ost where So ee ee 5. = slope of energy graont and = ronghnes coehtent or hagostycocFicient. 81S : 4880 (Part I) - 1976 4.1.14 For concrete lined tunnels the value of ragosity cocfcent n varies from 0012 to 0°018, a 44.1.2 The value of rugsiy coefcient n for use in the Manning’ forma for an unlined tunnel depends on the nature of the Tock and the ual of iahng, an pony shone by the amon and di tion of overbresk, Recommended values of for various rock stface conditions are given below: Value of ‘x? Surface Characteristic poe Min Max Very rough oot 0-06 Surface trimmed 0-025 0-035 Surface trimmed and invert conereted 0-020 0-030 Nove —In.a number of unlined tunnels the roughness has been experimentally dete- mined by measuring discharges and friction less or acredyramically data about which dare given in Appendie A which may be used for design Purpase asnsing the elective ‘rea and overbreak 41.2 Darcy Waisbach Formula — ‘The formula is given below yp ote pe Exe where ig, = Giction headloss in m, f = friction coefficient, L ‘= the length of the tunnel in m, D = diameter of the tunnel in m, » = velocity of flow in the tunnel in m/s, and. g = acceleration due to gravity in myst, Nove +The formula given above is superior t0 the other empirical formulas sich as Bazin, Rehbock and Willams and Hazen beenne the feti factor fie dimensionless ard no fiaetonal powers are involved, ‘The fiction coefficient epods pe the. Raytolds number and dhe relative roughnes, J where A; isthe equivalent sand gra rovghies. 4.1.2.1 For lined tunnels the value of fshall he computed in acenrdance with IS} 2951 (Part 1)-1969*. ‘The values of &s, the equivalent sand grain roughness for concrete, may be adopted as below Recomendar maton of flow of iquds in cle condie: Part Head wn gts tae oa ance 91S + 4880 (Part TH) -1976 Surface Characteristics Value of Ks Concrete Lining : Unusually rough Rough wood form work 06 10 60 Erosion of poor concrete Poor alignment of joints Rough Eroded by sharp materials in transit ‘Marks visible from wooden forms 0-4 10 06 Spalling of laitance Granular Wood floated or brushed surface in good con- O18 0 04 dition—good joints Steel forms—average workmanship 0-06 r0 0-18 New or fairly new—smooth concrete Noticeable air voids on surfacesmooth joints New—unusually smooth concrete steel forms —first class workmanship 0015 10 0-08 ‘Smooth joints Nor —"The value of for steel shall be taken ftom iS : 2951 (Par 1)-1965%, 4.1.2.2 For unlined tunnels the value of f depends on the variation in cross-sectional area obtained in the field as well as the direction of driving the tunnel. "Tests in, mostly, granite indicate that the friction loss may he estimated by measuring crosé-sectional areas at intervals and determining the value of fby the following formula : f = 0002578 where 100 Ayy = area corresponding 10 99 percent frequency, antl Ay” = area corresponding to | percent frequency 4.1.2.3 For tunnels of non-circular cross-section the diameter D in 4.1.2 shall be replaced by 42, where R is the hydrautic mean radins, thus reading as follows: “Recommendations for eatimation of low of liquids in elosed condi: Part {ead loss in straight pipes due to ictional resstancn 101S : 4980 (Part 1) «1976 4.1.3 For tunnels flowing partly full the, head loss in friction shall be compiited by the method specified in IS: 4745-1968, 4.2 Trash Rack Losses — Trash rack structure which consists of widely spaced structural members without rack bars will cause very little head loss ‘ind trash rack losses in such a case may be neglected in computing tunnel losses. When the trash rack consists of a rack of bars, the loss will depend, gn ba thickness, depth and spacing and shall be obtained from the following formu: ho We where thy = trash rark had las, Fi = loss cocfcient for trash rack vaso — [2], ax = netarea through wash rack bars, t= gros area of the vent (racks and supports), b= velocity in net area, and = acocleration due to gravity. 4.2.1 Wheto maximum loos values are desired, 50 percent of the rack area shall be considered clogged. ‘This will result in twice the velocity through the trash rack. For minimum trash rack losses, the openings may not be considered clogged when computing the loss enefficient or the loss may be neglected entirely. 4.3 Entrance Losses — Entrance loss shall he computed by the following equation : where ig = head loss at entrance, = Joss coefficient for entrance, b= velocity, and & = acceleration duc w gravity. 4.3.1 Values of loss coefficient Ke for various types of entrances shall be assumed to be as given in Table 1. 4.4 Transition Losses — Head loss in gradual contractions or expansions in a tunnel may be considered in relation to the increase or decrease in velocity head and will vary according to the rate of change of area and ‘Code of practice for design of crosssection of lined canals. u1S + 4880 (Part 1) - 1976 TABLE 1 LOSS COEFFICIENT FOR TUNNEL ENTRANCES (Clewe 43.1) Se Loss Cosrnicient ron Exrnaner, Ke No. ‘Tyee or Exrnaxce ee ‘Maximum ~~ Minimum Average o @ ® 0 ° 1) Gate in thin wallunsuppresed contraction 190 10 10 ii) Gate in thin walhbottom and sider sippresesd ban 050 bon ii) Gate in thin wallecorners rounded +00 oo 050 iy) Square-comered entrances 070 040 050 +) Slighuly rundedbentrances oo ou 025 i) Foy rounded entrances 3 0-15 or 0-08 10 vi) Giveularhetluouth entrances oo 0.08 005, iil) Square ellmouth entrances 020 007 016 ix) Inward projecting entrances 093, 036 080 length of transition. “These losses shall be assumed as specified in IS : 2951 (Part 11)-1965*. 44.1 For gradual contractions, loss of head Ay, shall be computed by the following equation : where Kg = loss coefficient for contraction, t= velocity in contracted section, 1 = velocity in normal section, and g = acceleration due to gravity. 4.4.1.1 ‘The value of loss coefficient IC, shall be assumed to vary from GF for gradual contractions to 0°3 for abrupt contractions, Where flare angle does not excced those specified in 3.3 the loss coefficient shall be as- sumed to be 01. For greater flare angles the loss coefficient shall be assumed. to very in straight line relationship 10 a maximum of O'S for a right angle contraction, "Recommendations for etimation of low of liquids in closed conduits: Part If Head lous in valves and Stings, 12IS : 4880 (Part IM) - 1976 4.5 Bend and Junction Loss — Head loss at bends and junctions shall be assumed as given in 1S: 2951 (Part II)-1965*. 4.6 Gate Loss in Pressure Tunnels —No gate loss need be assumed if the velocity of flow is less than I m/s. Where a gate is mounted at cither the upstream or downstream side of a thin head wall such that the sides and bottom of jet are suppressed andl the top is contracted, Joss coefficients given in item (i) of Table I shall be taken. Where a gate is so mounted in a tunnel that the floor, ‘sides and the roof, both upstream and downstream, are continuous with the gate openings, only the losses due 0 the slot shail be considered as given below assuming the value of loss coefficient Kg not exceeding 010; # tem Bede where lig = gate head loss, Kg = loss coefficient for gate, p= velocity, and § = acceleration duc to gravity. 4.6.1 For partly open gates the coefficient of loss will depend on top contraction; for smaller openings it will approach a value of 1-0 as indicated in item (i) of Table 1 4.6.2 For wide open gates value of loss coefficient shall be assumed 10 be 0°19, Similar to partly open gates, value of the loss coeflicient will increase for smaller gate openings. 4.7 Exit Losses — Where no recovery of velocity head will oceur, such as where the release from a pressure tunnel discharges freely, or is submerged or supported on a downstream floor, velocity head loss coefficient Keg shal bbe assumed to be equal to 1-0, Heacl loss at exit shall be computed by the following equation: where Jeg = exit head loss, Kx = loss coefficient for exit, p= exit velocity, and = acceleration due to gravity. 4.7.1. Where a diverging tube is provided at the end of tunnel, recovery of a portion of the velocity head will be obtained ithe tube expands gradually "Recommendations for estimation of fow of liquids in closed conduits: Part If Head Joss in valves and fings. 13,AS : 4880 (Part I) - 1976 and if the end of the tube is submerged, the loss coefficient Keg shall be reduced from the value of 110 by the degree of head recovery. 5. VELOCITY 5.1 Average permissible velocity in a concrete lined tunnel may be about 6'm/s. For steel lined tunnels velocities as dictated by economic studies shall be chosen. In case of river diversion tunnels and tunnel spillways there may be no such limitations on the maximum permissible velocity, however, the ining and its surface shall be designed to withstand the velocities which will occur. 5.1.1 Permissible velocities in tunnels of different surfaces (unlined, con- crete lined, steel lined) also depend upon the sediment load carried by the water, Where water carrying abrasive material in suspension and as bed load isto be conveyed the permissible velocity should be reduced. A recom mended velocity is 2-5 m/s. 6. AIR LOCKING AND REMEDIAL MEASURE 6.1 General — The presence of air in a pressure tunnel can be a source of rave nuance as given below: 2) The localization of an air pocket at the high point in a tunnel or at a change in slope which occasions a marked loss of head and dimi- ution of discharge b) The slipping of a pocket of air in a tunnel and its rapid elimination by an air vent can provoke a water hammer by reason of the impact between two water columns. ©) The supply of emulsified water to a turbine affects its operation by ‘8 drop in output and cfficiency thus adversely affecting tte operation of generator. ‘The presence of air in a Pelton nozzle can be the cause of water hammer shocks. Admission of air to a pump may ‘ecasion loss of priming. 4) If the velocity exceeds @ certain limit air would be entrained causing bulking. 6.2 Source of Air Air may enter and accwmulatc in a tunnel by the following means a) During filing, air may be wapped along the erown at high points or at changes in cross-sectional size or shape; b) Air may be entrained at intake cither by vortex action or by means ‘of hydraulic jump associated with a partial gate opening; and ©) Air dissolved in the flowing water may come out of solution as a result of dectease in pressure along the tunnel, 6.3 Remedial Measures —The following steps are recommended to prevent the entry of air in a tunnel: 12) Shallow intakes are likely to induce air being sucked in, ‘Through- “41S : 4880 (Part 111) - 1976 out the tunnel the velocity should cither remain constant or inerease towards the outlet end. It should be checked that at no point on the ‘tunnel section negative pressures are developed. b) Vortices that threaten to supply air © a tunnel should be avoided, however, if inevitable they should be suppressed by floating ballles, hoods oF similar devices. ©) Partial gate openings that result avoided. 44) Traps or pockets along the crown should be avoided, 6.3.1 In some cases, such as secondary feeder shafts supplying @ main tunnel air entrance may appear inevitable. In such cases de-aeration cham- ber with enlarged area should be provided so that no air enters the main tunnel, Where possible it is advisable that such intakes are checked on hydraulic models to ensure no entrance of air. hydraulic jumps should be APPENDIX A (Note under Clause 4.1.1.2) VALUES OF » FOR EXISTING TUNNELS Sc Oversee May No. ‘Yves oF Rook Nines a Perens” (otu- me) 3) Granite-gncse 4G gg Ist 11281270035 48 ii) Granitegneiss 50183574209 TIS 1gBOae ge iit) Granitegneis 5 P83 «GES 318 «1238-25000 4) Grategess | 30 M45 35916220186 oasee Y) Gheisegranite with * fore dbase 6-200 Geo 10766 oaa708 vi) Veiegncis 5059 “GG Ol «132-820 G88 vil) Arkosesandstone 28-7183 43 ot La) 088 vii) Atkorcsand-wone = 35468 401k 3, aa F 4x) Upper sllurian sate horiostally ented 105-274 14328808 HRN ¥ 2) Blac slate with granteininsions = 70 2248S 2425S OHS 7 "Calculated from the length of tunnel, the effective area and the hydraulic radius and be observed fition head. " Galeulated from the length of tunnel, fom actual area of tunel and hydraulic radius of| aguivalent cree, 15