Glossary acronym: @ word formed from the initial letters of a compound or phrase and pronounced as a word, eg, AIDS /eidz/ (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) affix: a bound morpheme added to the beginning (prefix) or end (ousfix) of a stem, e.g. un- decided, nervous -ness allomorph: a variant form of a morpheme, either in pronunciation or in spelling, e.g. plant/s!, animal/z/ for the plural inflection; hoof, hoov-es for the mor- pheme ‘hoof’ Anglo-Saxon: the dialects of English spoken during the Old English period, originating from the Germanic languages spoken by the fifth-century Angle, Saxon and Jute invaders antonymy: the meaning relation of oppositeness, holding between pairs of words such as tall ~ short, parent ~ chitd, buy ~ sell backformation: a word formed by the removal of a supposed suffix, e.g. edit from editor by the removal of the supposed agentive suffix -or las in actor) blend: a word formed by combining usually the beginning of one word with the end of another, eg. motel from motor and hotel borrowing: tho term for the process by which a word from one language is taken over into anothor language, usually to fill a lexical gap, e.g, foxx pas, or to name a new concept or phenomenon, ag. karaoke ‘bound morpheme: a morpheme, usually an affix, that may not exist as an inde- pendent word but only in combination with enother, usually a root, mor pheme; a few roots are bound, e.g, -flate as in deflate, inflate Celtic: the lenguages spoken in Britain prior to the Anglo-Saxen invasions, represented today by Welsh and Scottish Gaelic Gitation: an extract, usually a sentence, from a text used as (part off the raw data for compiling a dictionary; the first edition of the Oxford English Dictionary ‘was based on a collection of § million citations class-changing: of an affix, effecting « change of word class when added to « stem, eg, the suffix —ness changes an adjective to ¢ noun (cleverness) closs-maintaining: of an affix, when added to a stem, does not change the word class of the stem, e.g. the prefix un- (undo is a verb, the same as do} Glipping: the formation of a new word by omitting some of the sounds/lettors, e.g. pram from parambulator, fridge (originally frig) from refrigorator collocation: a combination of words that has a higher than chance expostancy of co-oocurrence, e.g, kettle and boi! colloquial: of a word that is usually restricted to use in informal contexts, e.g, suss out for investigate 241Glossary ‘common core: the vocabulary shared by all varieties of the language, as against ‘specialist’ vooubulary complementary antonym: « pair of words whose meaning is opposite but com- plementary, e.g. parent ~ child, wife - husband complex word: a word formed from a root and one or more affixes componential analysis: the analysis of the meaning of a word into components, ‘eg. git! has tho components (+human, ~male, ~adult}, while man hs the components [+human, +male, +adult) ‘compound word: a word formed by combining one or more roots, 0.8. horsebiex, seatbelt, house-proud, treasure hunt concordance: a list of the occurrences of a word in a corpus, usually with ane ‘occurrence per line, together with a specificed amount of context to the left and to the right of the word : connotation: the omotive overtones of the meaning of a word, eg. champagne lias overtones of luxury or colebration; contrast ‘denotation’ converse (antonym): « pair of words that are opposite in meaning end reprosent ‘opposite perspectives on the same situation, e.g, Duy ~ sell, above — below conversion: the process by which a new word is formed, simply by assigning itty 1 different word class, without any alteration to its form (spelling oF pro- nunciation), eg. bottle, noun and verb corpus: from the Latin word for ‘body’, a collection of citations, texts or fet ‘extracts, especially held in electronic form (computer corpus) definition: a description of the meaning of the sense of a word, especially in dictionaries denotation: the meaning of a word in terms of its reference to an object, concept, ‘tc. in the real world: contrast ‘connotation’ derivation: the process of word formation involving the eddition of profixes ot suffixes to a stem dialect: a variety of a language spoken in @ particular geogrophical area (country or region) or by & particular group of people (social dialect) dictionary: a reference book containing a description of a solection of the vo- cabulazy of a language, with the headwords usually arranged in alphabetical order elicitation: a technique for finding out about language, involving the use of & questionnaire administered to a sample of speakers etymology: the study and description of the origins of words formality: a dimension of language variation affecting the choice of vocabulary, leading to some words considered to be ‘formal’ or ‘informal/“colloquial” function word: see: ‘grammatical word free morpheme: a morpheme that may stand alono as an independent word, ¢g. box, trapeze, whisper frequency: the number of times that a word occurs within a text or corpus gradable antonym: « pair of words that are opposite in meaning but imply & gradation, 0g, wide ~ narrow can be compared (wider, narrower) and modified (quite wide, very narrow) grammatical word: member of the pronoun, determiner, preposition or cox: 242junction word class, used mainly to express grammatical meanings end rela- tions within a sentence; also called ‘function word’; contrast ‘lexical word’ hoadword: in a dictionary, the lexemes that form the headings for the ontrias, usually printed in bold type homograph: two or more more lexomes with the semo spelling, but a different, pronunciation, eg wind /wmd/ (force of air) and wind/wamd/ (tar, e.g, with a handle} homonymy: two or more fexemes that have the same spelling and the same pronunciation, e.g, hfde /hard/(conceal, skin of animal), sound /seund/ [noise, stretch of sea) homophone: two or more lexemes that are pronounced the same, but are spelled. differently, e.g. stoel, steal /stisl! hyponymy: a hierarchical meaning relation of inclusion, in which a hyponym is a ‘kind of hypemym, e.g, fork is a kind of cutlery idiom: a more or less fixed expression with a non-litera) meaning, e.g, face the music, a storm in a teacup inflection: a bound morphome axprossing grammatical meaning, e.g, ‘plural’ of nouns, ‘past tense’ of verbs initialism: 9 word formed from the initial letters of a compound or phrase and pronounced letter by letter, e.g. FAQ /ef er kjus/ (Frequently Asked Questions), SMS fos em es/ (Short Messaging Service) jargon: the vocabulary of a variety of language associated with a purticular pro fession, occupation or other activity Jexeme: a word viewed as. vocabulary item, rather then as an item of grammar or spelling, constituting a headword in a dictionary lexical gap: a potential meaning, identified for example in a hyponymy tree, without a word to express it lexical field: a set of words that refer to the same area of mening, eg. communication, cooking lexical word: 2 member of one of the word classes of noun, verb, adjective or adverb, which provide the main referential meaning of a sentence; contrast ‘grammatical word’ lexicography: the process of compiling dictionaries, and the study of dictionaries and thoir contents lexicology: the branch of linguistics that studies words and vocebulary lexicon: another term for ‘vocabulary’ or for ‘dictionary’, or for the stock of words, ‘that a person knows (also called their ‘mental lexicon’) lexis: another term for ‘vocabulary’ LDB: ‘lexical database’: words and information about them stored electronically in a database format; often tho initial stage in preparing a dictionary loanword: a word that has boen ‘borrowed’ from another language, e.g. goulash from Bungerian meaning relation: a relation of synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy or meronymy between words in the vocabulary of a language; also called ‘sense relation’ meronymy: a hierarchical meaning relation, in which a ‘meronym' is in a ‘part of rolation with its superordinate tam, o.g, hae! is part of foot 243Glossary metaphor: the use of a word in a context in which its meaning is ‘transferred’ or figurative, e.g, the face of a ‘clock’, the thrust of an ‘argument’ 4 morph: the realization of a moxpheme in spelling or pronunciation, o.g, ‘decide’ is realized as decis in decision morpheme: the minimal meaningful recurrent segment of a word morphology; tho study of the structure of words and word formation processos MRD: ‘machine readable dictionary’: a dictionary in electronic form that can be tused by other computer applications to accoss lexical data multiword lexeme: a lexeme composed of more than one orthographic word, including phrasal verbs (take off), open compounds (fire engine), phrasal compounds (will 0' the wisp), ete. neologism: a new word, which may or may not become an established item of vocabulary Old Norse: the Germanic language(s) spokon by the Viking invaders from Scan dinavia during the eighth and ninth centuries onomatopoeic: a word whose spelling roflocts the sound of the object that i denotes, ¢.g. cuckoo, didgeridoo orthographic word: word from the perspective of its spelling, .c. « sequence of letters bounded by spaces parse: a ‘parsed corpus’ is one on which a basic syntactic analysis has been carried out and into which the appropriate syntactic labels have been inserted phonological word: a word from the perspective of its pronunciation, ie. sequence of phonemes together with its stress pattem phrasal verb: a multiword lexeme consisting of a verb word and an adverb particle, e.g. give up, stand down polysemy: having many meanings; dictionaries distinguish the 'sonsos’ of polys semous words prefix: an effix that precedes the stem to which it is joined, og, automatic reference: the relationship of meaning botwoen a lexeme and the concept to which it relates resteicted languag: purpose, o.g, in recipes or card games 4 root: the base of a word, without the addition of any affixes; .g, froquent is the root of infrequently; contrast ‘stem’ rhyming slang: a form of slang in which @ phrase fs linked by thyme to the word that it stands for, e.g. apples and pears ~ stairs semantic component: an identifiablo part of meaning that recurs in the moaning of several words and is identified by componential analysis, e.g. [+/— human] semantic field: seo: lexical field semantic primitive: an irreducible meaning that combines with others to form the meaning of more complex words, e.g, ‘you’, ‘want’, ‘good’ semantics: the branch of linguistics that studies meaning sense: 1) one of several meanings of a polysemous word; 2) see: meaning relation slang: vory informal vocabulary, rastrieted to particular groups of people; ©. military slang, youth slang, criminal slang ipply, semi. 2 « language with a limited vocabulary used fora very specificstem: a word form to which a further affix may be joined, e.g, frequently is a stemn to which in- may be added; contrast ‘root stress: the varying emphases that may be given to the syllables of polysyllabie words; it may make a differonce between words, e.g. ‘conduct (noun), con’duct (ver’) style: the nature of a spoken discourse or written text, especially in relation to its level of formality suffix: an affix that follows the stem to which it is joined, e.g. quick -Iy, class -ifr synonymy: 2 meaning relation between words of ‘sameness’ or ‘similarity’, 0.8 big — large, change ~ mutate taboo: slang words, mainly relating to sexual and excretory functions, that ere severely restricted in their contexts of use; sometimes labelled ‘coarse slang’ tag: a ‘tagged’ corpus is one in which each word has boon assigned a word class cor subclass label (« ‘tag’) thesaurus: an arrangement of the vocabulary according to lexical fields typetoken ratio: the ratio between the number of running words (tokens) in a text or text extract and the number of different word forms (types); an indi- cator of lexical dansity ‘usage: the contexts in which « word is typically used, especially if those contexts are restricted; also, advice in dictionaries on the ‘correct’ use of words vocabulary: 1) the total stock of words in a language; 2) the words associated with a porticular spocialist activity, og. ‘the vocabulary of music’ word: the object of lexicological study, used in a number of senses word class: a set of words grouped together on the basis of their common mor- phological and syntactic features; lexical classes comprise noun, verb, adjective, adverb; grammatical classes comprise pronoun, determiner, pro- position, conjunction ‘word family: a word and its associated inflected and derived words word formation: the processes, a.g. compounding, derivation, by which new words are created, usually from exisiting lexical items