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The Nature of Probability and Statistics: © Mcgraw-Hill, Bluman, 5 Ed, Chapter 1 1

probability and statisitcs

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333 views

The Nature of Probability and Statistics: © Mcgraw-Hill, Bluman, 5 Ed, Chapter 1 1

probability and statisitcs

Uploaded by

Anonymous IlzpPFI
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

Chapter 1

The Nature of Probability


and Statistics
McGraw-Hill, Bluman, 5th ed, Chapter 1

Chapter 1 Overview
Introduction
1-1 Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
1-2 Variables and Types of Data
1-3 Data Collection & Sampling Techniques
1-4 Observational and Experimental Studies
1-5 Uses and Misuses of Statistics
1-6 Computers and Calculators

Bluman Chapter 1

Introduction

Statistics is the science of conducting


studies to
collect,
organize,
summarize,
analyze, and
draw conclusions from data.

Bluman Chapter 1

1-1 Descriptive and Inferential


Statistics

A variable is a characteristic or attribute


that can assume different values.

The values that a variable can assume


are called data.
data

A population consists of all subjects


(human or otherwise) that are studied.

A sample is a subset of the population.


Bluman Chapter 1

1-1 Descriptive and Inferential


Statistics

Descriptive statistics consists of the


collection, organization, summarization,
and presentation of data.

Inferential statistics consists of


generalizing from samples to populations,
performing estimations and hypothesis
tests, determining relationships among
variables, and making predictions.
Bluman Chapter 1

1-2 Variables and Types of Data


Data
Qualitative
Categorical

Quantitative
Numerical,
Can be ranked

Discrete

Continuous

Countable
5, 29, 8000, etc.

Can be decimals
2.59, 312.1, etc.

Bluman Chapter 1

1-2 Recorded Values and


Boundaries
Variable
Length

Recorded Value Boundaries


15 centimeters
(cm)

Temperature 86 Fahrenheit
(F)
Time
0.43 second
(sec)
Mass

1.6 grams (g)


Bluman Chapter 1

1-2 Variables and Types of Data


Levels of Measurement
1.

Nominal categorical (names)

2.

Ordinal nominal, plus can be ranked (order)

3.

Interval ordinal, plus intervals are consistent

4.

Ratio interval, plus ratios are consistent, true


zero

Bluman Chapter 1

1-2 Variables and Types of Data


Determine the measurement level.
Variable

Nominal Ordinal Interval

Ratio Level

Hair Color
Zip Code
Letter Grade
ACT Score
Height
Age
Temperature (F)

Bluman Chapter 1

1-3 Data Collection and Sampling


Techniques
Some Sampling Techniques

Random random number generator

Systematic every kth subject

Stratified divide population into layers

Cluster use intact groups

Convenient mall surveys


Bluman Chapter 1

10

1-4 Observational and


Experimental Studies

In an observational study,
study the researcher
merely observes and tries to draw conclusions
based on the observations.
The researcher manipulates the independent
(explanatory) variable and tries to determine
how the manipulation influences the dependent
(outcome) variable in an experimental study.
study
A confounding variable influences the
dependent variable but cannot be separated
from the independent variable.
Bluman Chapter 1

11

1-5 Uses and Misuses of Statistics

Suspect Samples
Is the sample large enough?
How was the sample selected?
Is the sample representative of the

population?

Ambiguous Averages
What particular measure of average was

used and why?


Bluman Chapter 1

12

1-5 Uses and Misuses of Statistics

Changing the Subject


Are different values used to represent the

same data?

Detached Statistics
One third fewer calories.than what?

Implied Connections
Studies suggest that some people may

understand what this statement means.


Bluman Chapter 1

13

1-5 Uses and Misuses of Statistics

Misleading Graphs
Are the scales for the x-axis and y-axis

appropriate for the data?

Faulty Survey Questions


Do you feel that statistics teachers should be

paid higher salaries?


Do you favor increasing tuition so that

colleges can pay statistics teachers higher


salaries?
Bluman Chapter 1

14

1-6 Computers and Calculators

Microsoft Excel

Microsoft Excel with MegaStat

TI-83/84

Minitab

SAS

SPSS
Bluman Chapter 1

15

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