Complex number

1.

(a)

Show that any non-real n-th root of unity satisfies the equation
1 + z + z2 + . . . + zn1 = 0
(2)

(b)

Let z1 denote the non-real n-th root of unity which has the smallest positive argument.
(i)

Derive an expression for z1 in the form cos + isin.

(3)

(ii)

By substituting z = z1 in the equation in part (a), find the sum of each of the series.

and

cos

2
4
2(n 1)
cos
... cos
n
n
n

sin

2
4
2(n 1)
sin
... sin
.
n
n
n
(5)
(Total 10 marks)

2.

(a)

(i)

Show that w e

2 i
5

is one of the fifth roots of unity

(1)

(ii)

Show that the other fifth roots of unity are 1, w2, w3 and w4.
(3)

(b)

Let p = w +w and q = w + w , where w e

(i)

2 i
5

Show that
p + q = 1

and

pq = 1.
(6)

(ii)

Write down a quadratic equation, with integer coefficients, whose roots are p and
q.
(1)

7on7.in

Complex number

(iii)

Express p and q as integer multiples of cos

2
4
and cos
, respectively.
5
5
(4)

(iv)

Hence obtain the values of cos

2
4
and cos
in surd form.
5
5
(2)
(Total 17 marks)

3.

(a)

Convert 2 + 23i to modulus-argument form. Hence find both square roots of 2 + 23i
Give the answers in Cartesian form.
(4)

(b)

An alternative method of finding the square roots of 2 + 23i starts as follows:

Let a + bi be one of the square roots.
Then a +bi2 = 2 + 23i.
Continue this working to obtain two equations in a and b and use the equations to
evaluate the square roots of 2 + 23i. Show clearly how the answers are obtained. Marks
will not be awarded for substituting the answers into an equation.
(8)
(Total 12 marks)

4.

(a)

Show that
3

1 i tan

= cos p + i sin p,
1 i tan

where p is an integer to be determined

(5)

7on7.in

Complex number

(b)

Hence find the general solution of the equation

3

1
1
1 i tan

2
2
1 i tan
(3)
(Total 8 marks)

5.

(a)

Express the complex number 2 + 2i in the form rei, where r> 0 and < .
(2)

(b)

Show that one of the roots of the equation

z3 = 2 + 2i
i

is 2e 12 , and find the other two roots giving your answer in the form rei, where r is a
surd and .
(5)

(c)

Indicate on an Argand diagram points A, B and C corresponding to the three roots found
in part (b).
(1)

(d)

Find the area of the triangle ABC, giving your answer in surd form.
(3)

(e)

The point P lies on the circle through A, B and C. Denoting by w, , and the complex
numbers represented by P, A, B and C, respectively, show that
(w )2 +(w )2 + (w )2= 6
(6)
(Total 17 marks)

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Complex number

6.

(a)

(i)

i
i

Express e 2 e 2 in terms of sin .

2
(1)

(ii)

Hence, or otherwise, show that

1
1 i

cot ,
2
2
2
e 1
i

(3)

(b)

Derive expressions, in the form e i where , for the four non-real roots of the
equation z6 = 1.
(4)

(c)

The equation
6

w 1

1
w

has one real root and four non-real roots.

(i)

Explain why the equation has only five roots in all.

(1)

(ii)

Find the real root.

(2)

(iii)

Show that the non-real roots are

1
1
1
1
,
,
,
,
z1 1 z 2 1 z 3 1 z 4 1
where z1, z2, z3 and z4 are the non-real roots of the equation z6 = 1
(3)

(iv)

Deduce that the points in an Argand diagram which represent the roots of equation
(*) lie on a straight line.
(3)
(Total 17 marks)

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Complex number

7.

(a)

(i)

Use de Moivres theorem to show that if z = cos + i sin , then

zn +

1
= 2 cos n
zn
(3)

(ii)

Write down the corresponding result for zn

1
.
zn
(1)

(b)

(i)

Show that
3

1
1

6 1
2 1
z z A z 6 B z 2
z
z
z
z

where A and B are numbers to be determined.

(4)

(ii)

By substituting z = cos + i sin in the above identity, deduce that

cos 3 sin 3 =

1
(3sin2 sin6).
32
(4)

(c)

By using the identity in part (b)(ii), show that the general term in the expansion of
cos 3 sin 3 in ascending powers of is

1r
3
2 r 1,
(22r 62r)
2r 1!
16

r = 0, 1, 2, ...
(3)
(Total 15 marks)

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Complex number

8.

In this question, give all answers in exact form with the arguments in radians.
(a)

Write in modulus-argument form:

(i)

1+

3j ,

(ii)

(1 + 3j)2,

(iii)

1
1 3j
(6)

(b)

Solve the equation z4 = 16, , leaving the solutions in modulus-argument form.

4
(4)
(Total 10 marks)

9.

(a)

Express the complex number

1 3i
in the form re1, where r is real and < .
(2)

(b)

(i)

Verify that is a root of the equation

z4 = 8 (1 + 3 i).
(2)

(ii)

Find the other three roots of the above equation giving your answers in the form
re1, where r is real and < .
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

10.

(a)

Write down the expansion of (a + b)5.

(1)

(b)

Use de Moivres theorem to show that

cos 5 16 cos5 20 cos3 + 5 cos
(5)

7on7.in

Complex number

(c)

(i)

By considering the equation cos5 0 , show that

cos

3
7
9 5
cos cos cos
10
10
10
10 16
(3)

(ii)

Hence find the exact value of

cos

3
cos .
10
10
(3)
(Total 12 marks)

11.

The complex number is defined by

= 2 10i
3 2i

(a)

Show that = 2 2i.

(2)

(b)

Express in the form rei, where r is real and < .

(2)

(c)

Hence
(i)

show that 4 is real,

(2)

(ii)

solve the equation

z3 = ,
giving your answers in the form rei, where r is real and < .
(4)
(Total 10 marks)

7on7.in

Complex number

12.

(a)

Use de Moivres theorem to show that if z = cos + i sin , then

zn +

1
= 2 cos n .
zn
(3)

(b)

(i)

Write down the expansion of (z

1 4
) in terms of z.
z
(2)

(ii)

Hence, or otherwise, show that

8 sin4 = cos 4 4 cos 2 + 3.
(5)

(c)

Solve the equation

8 sin4 = cos 4 + 1
in the interval < , giving your answers in terms of .
(3)
(Total 13 marks)

13.

(a)

Express

3 + i in the form r(cos + i sin ), where r 0 and

(3)

(b)

Obtain a similar expression for

3 i.
(2)

(c)

Hence find the set of integer values of n for which

( 3 + i)n ( 3 i)n = 0.
(6)
(Total 11 marks)

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Complex number

14.

(a)

(i)

Use de Moivres theorem to show that

(cos + i sin )4 + (cos i sin )4 = 2 cos 4.
(2)

(ii)

Deduce that
(cot + i)4 + (cot i)4 =

2 cos 4
,
sin 4

r.
(1)

(b)

Verify that cot

1
is a root of
8
(z + i)4 + (z 1)4 = 0

and find the three other roots of this equation giving each answer in the form

+ cot or cot , where 0 < .

2
(4)

(c)

Express the equation in part (b) in the form

z4 + bz2 + c = 0,
where b and c are real numbers to be determined,
(2)

(d)

Hence, or otherwise, find in surd form the value of cot 2

.
8
(3)
(Total 12 marks)

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Complex number

15.

It is given that
1
(1 + i).
2

w=
(a)

(i)

Show that |w| = 1.

(ii)

Express w in the form ei where < .

(3)

(b)

Solve z3 = w, giving your answer in the form ei, where < .

(4)

(c)

(i)

Show that
(1 w)(1 w*) = 2 + 2 ,
where w* is the complex conjugate of w.
(3)

11

(ii)

The sum of the geometric series

is S.

r 0

Show that
S=

2
1 w

and hence express S in the form 1 + pi, where p is real.

(5)
(Total 15 marks)

16.

Use de Moivres Theorem to show that

7

cos i sin cos i sin i .

6
6
3
3

(Total 6 marks)

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Complex number
1

17.

(a)

(i)

Verify that z = 2e 4

is a root of the equation z4 = 16.

(1)

(ii)

Find the other three roots of this equation, giving each root in the form rei, where
r is real and .
(3)

(iii)

Illustrate the four roots of the equation by points on an Argand diagram.

(2)

(b)

(i)

Show that

z 2e z 2e z
1
i
4

14 i

2 2 z 4 .
(3)

(ii)

Express z4 + 16 as the product of two quadratic factors with real coefficients.

(3)
(Total 12 marks)

18.

(a)

Find the constants A and B in the identity

3

2 1
2 1
z 2 A z 2
z
z

6 1
B z 6
z

(3)

(b)

(i)

Use the result

zn =

1
= 2i sin n,
zn

where
z = cos + i sin,
to show that
sin3 2 =

3
1
sin 2 sin 6.
4
4
(4)

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Complex number

(ii)

Hence, or otherwise, show that

sin 3 2 d =

1
.
3
(3)
(Total 10 marks)

19.

(a)

Express 1 + i in the form rei, where r > 0 and < .

(2)

(b)

Show that
(1 + i)21 (1 i)21 = ki,
where k is an integer to be found.
(5)
(Total 7 marks)

20.

(a)

Express the complex numbers

< .

3 + i and 2 2i in the form rei, where r > 0 and

(4)

(b)

Solve the equation

(2 2i)z3 =

3 + i,

giving each answer in the form rei, where r > 0 and < .
(5)
(Total 9 marks)

21.

(a)

Use de Moivres Theorem to express cos 3 in the form A cos3 + B cos , for constants
A and B to be determined.
(3)

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Complex number

(b)

The diagram shows the curve with equation y = f(x), where f(x) = x3 3x2 + 3.

The curve crosses the x-axis at the points with coordinates (p, 0), (q, 0) and (r, 0), where
p < q < r, as shown.

(i)

Use the substitution x = 2 cos + 1 to show that the equation f(x) = 0 reduces to
1
the equation cos3 =
2
(3)

(ii)

Find the general solution, in radians, of the equation cos3 =

1
.
2
(3)

(iii)

Hence determine the values of p, q and r, giving each answer in a trigonometric

form.
(3)
(Total 12 marks)

22.

(a)

The complex number 21.6 + 16.2i can be expressed in polar form [r, ], where r > 0 and
< . Determine the exact value of r and give in radians to four decimal places.
(2)

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Complex number

(b)

The roots of the equation z3 + 21.6 = 16.2i are , and .

(i)

Find these roots, giving your answers in polar form.

(5)

(ii)

The complex numbers , and are represented in the complex plane by

the points A, B and C. Describe the geometrical relationship between A, B, and C
and their position relative to the origin.
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

23.

(a)

(i)

Given the complex number z = 1 + 2i, write down z in the form rei, where r > 0
and < .
(2)

(ii)

Hence determine the modulus of z in an exact surd form, and the argument of z5 in
an exact trigonometric form in the interval between and .
(3)

(b)

Use the binomial theorem to express z in the form a + bi (a, b real).

Deduce the exact value of cos(5 tan12).
(5)
(Total 10 marks)

24.

A complex number, z, is said to be in polar form when it is written as [r, ], where r is the
modulus of z and is the argument of z with < .
(a)

Express the complex number 512i in polar form.

(2)

(b)

Hence determine, in polar form, the nine complex roots of the equation
z9 512i = 0.
(3)

(c)

On a sketch of the complex plane draw the nine points which represent these roots.
Explain why these nine points lie at the vertices of a regular nonagon. Find the area of
this plane figure, giving your answer in the form p sin , stating the values of p and .
(5)
(Total 10 marks)

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Complex number
25.

(a)

Use one of the double-angle formulae for cos 2, with a suitable value of , to show that

sin 2

1
2 2 .
4
(2)

(b)

The complex number z is such that z = sin + i(1 cos ), where 0 .

(i)

1
Show that z 2 sin and find the argument of z in as simplified a form as
2
possible.
(5)

(ii)

In the case when =

, express z8 in the polar form [r, ], where r > 0 is the

4

modulus of z8 and its argument (between and ).

(2)

(iii)

Using the result of part (a), or otherwise, determine the exact value of z8 as a real
number in the form a + b 2 for integers a and b to be determined.
(3)
(Total 12 marks)

26.

(a)

Express the complex number z = (2 + i)(5 + i)(8 + i) in the form a + bi, where a and b are
real numbers.
(3)

(b)

Deduce the exact value of tan1 12 + tan1 15 + tan1 18 .

(2)
(Total 5 marks)

27.

(a)

Given that z = cos + i sin , use de Moivres theorem to prove that

cos n =

1 n
z zn ,
2

and state a similar result for sin n.

(3)

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Complex number

(b)

Use the binomial theorem to show that

(z + z1)4 + (z z1)4 = 2z4 + 2z4 + 12.
Hence show that cos4 + sin4 p + q cos4 for rational numbers p and q whose values
should be determined.
(5)

(c)

cos

Deduce the exact value of

sin 4 d.
(3)
(Total 11 marks)

28.

(a)

Find the exact values of the solutions of the equation

16x 4 20x 2 5 0 .
(3)

(b)

By considering z = cos + i sin and using De Moivres theorem, show that

sin 5 sin 16 sin 4 20 sin 2 5 .

(4)

(c)

By considering the equation sin 5 = 0, show that

sin

5 5
,
8

and find a similar expression for sin

2
.
5
(4)
(Total 11 marks)

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Complex number

29.

(a)

Given that z = 2 + 23 i, show that z2 + 4z is real.

(3)

(b)

Find the modulus and argument of the complex number 2 + 23 i, giving the argument
in terms of .
(4)
(Total 7 marks)

30.

(a)

Find the modulus and argument of 1 + i 3

(2)

(b)

Hence solve the equation

z2 = 1 + i 3 ,
giving your answers in the form rei where r > 0 and < .
(3)
(Total 5 marks)

31.

(a)

2
A complex number has polar form 4, , Find its real part.
3
(2)

(b)

(i)

Show that the real part of the complex number

1 3i
is 1 .
2i
(3)

(ii)

Find the modulus and argument of the complex number

argument in terms of

1 3i
, giving the
2i
(3)
(Total 8 marks)

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Complex number

32.

(a)

Given that z = cos + i sin , use de Moivres theorem to show that

zn + zn = 2 cos n
(3)

(b)

By considering the expansion of z , find the values of the constants p, q and r for
z

5
which 32 cos cos5 + q cos 3 + r cos
(5)
(Total 8 marks)

33.

The complex number z is 5 10i .

3 4i
(a)

Express z in the form a = bi, where a and b are integers.

(3)

(b)

Hence:
(i)

find the modulus of z;

(1)

(ii)

find the argument of z in radians.

(2)
(Total 6 marks)

34.

(a)

Use de Moivres Theorem to prove the identity

cos 3 4 cos3 3 cos
(4)

(b)

Hence determine the solutions of the equation

8x3 6x 1 = 0
giving your answers in exact trigonometric form.
(6)

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Complex number

(c)

Evaluate, in an exact numerical form,

(4 cos4 3 cos2 ) d

(6)
(Total 16 marks)

35.

(a)

State the modulus and argument of the complex number 8i.

(2)

(b)

Determine the three complex roots of the equation z3 = 8i , giving each answer in the
form rei, where r > 0 and < .
(4)

(c)

On a diagram of the complex plane (the Argand diagram), mark the three points which
represent these roots.
(2)

(d)

Find the exact value of each of these roots in the form a + ib.
(3)
(Total 11 marks)

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Complex number

36.

The complex number = 30 31 +194 i.

(a)

Express in the form rei, where r > 0 and is to be given to four decimal places in
radians between and .
(2)

(b)

The complex number z1 is the complex number with least positive argument such that
z18 = . Determine z1 in an exact form, and find arg(z1) to four decimal places.
(2)

(c)

On a diagram of the complex plane, mark the position of z1, and describe the positions of
the remaining seven complex roots of the equation z8 = .
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

37.

(a)

Use mathematical induction to prove that (cos + i sin )n = cos n + i sin n for all
positive integers n.
(4)

(b)

(i)

Express ( 3 + i)n in the form 2n(cos n + i sin n), giving the value of in terms
of .
(3)

(ii)

Hence find the least positive integer value of n for which ( 3 + i)n is a positive
real number.
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

38.

(a)

Determine the real part of (1 + i tan )3.

(2)

(b)

Deduce the identity

1 3 tan2 cos33
cos
(3)
(Total 5 marks)

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Complex number

39.

(a)

(i)

Show that

1
= cos i sin .
cos i sin
(1)

(ii)

Given that z = cos + i sin , evaluate

4
4
z 1
z

12

(4)

(b)

(i)

Use de Moivres Theorem to simplify the expression

[r(cos + i sin )]n
(1)

(ii)

Using this result, or otherwise, find the integer m for which

1 1 i
2 2

12

m
(5)
(Total 11 marks)

40.

The complex numbers z1 and z2 are given by

z1 =
(a)

1 i
1 i

and

z2 =

1
3
i

2
2

Show that z1 = i.
(2)

(b)

Show that | z1 | = | z2 |.
(2)

(c)

Express both z1 and z2 in the form rei , where r > 0 and < .
(3)

(d)

Draw an Argand diagram to show the points representing z1, z2 and z1 + z2.
(2)

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Complex number
(e)

Use your Argand diagram to show that

tan

5
=2+
12

3
(3)
(Total 12 marks)

41.

It is given that z = ei .
(a)

(i)

Show that
z+

1
= 2 cos
z
(2)

(ii)

Find a similar expression for

z2 +

1
z2
(2)

(iii)

Hence show that

z2 z + 2

1
1
+ 2 = 4 cos2 2 cos
z
z
(3)

(b)

Hence solve the quartic equation

z4 z3 + 2z2 z + 1 = 0
giving the roots in the form a + ib.
(5)
(Total 12 marks)

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22

Complex number

42.

(a)

Find the six roots of the equation z6 = 1, giving your answers in the form ei,
where < .
(3)

(b)

It is given that w = ei , where n.

(i)

2
Show that w 1 = 2i sin .
w

(2)

(ii)

Show that

w i .
2 sin
w2 1
(2)

(iii)

Show that

2i cot i.
w2 1
(3)

(iv)

Given that z = cot i, show that z + 2i = zw2.

(2)

(c)

(i)

Explain why the equation

(z + 2i)6 = z6
has five roots.
(1)

(ii)

Find the five roots of the equation

(z + 2i)6 = z6
giving your answers in the form a + ib.
(4)
(Total 17 marks)

43.

(a)

Find the three roots of z3 = 1, giving the non-real roots in the form ei, where < .
(2)

(b)

Given that is one of the non-real roots of z3 = 1, show that

1 + + 2 = 0
(2)

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23

Complex number
(c)

By using the result in part (b), or otherwise, show that:

(i)

1
;
1

(2)

(ii)

2
;
2 1
(1)
k

(iii)

2
k
2

2
1 (1) 2 cos 3 k, where k is an integer.

(5)
(Total 12 marks)

44.

Use De Moivres Theorem to find the smallest positive angle for which
(cos + i sin )15 = i
(Total 5 marks)

45.

(a)

(i)

Given that z6 4z3 + 8 = 0, show that z3 = 2 2i.

(2)

(ii)

Hence solve the equation

z6 4z3 + 8 = 0
giving your answers in the form rei, where r > 0 and < .
(6)

(b)

Show that, for any real values of k and ,

( z ke i ) ( z ke i ) z 2 2kz cos k 2
(2)

(c)

Express z6 4z3 + 8 as the product of three quadratic factors with real coefficients.
(3)
(Total 13 marks)

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