REVISED RULES ON EVIDENCE

(Rules 128-134, Rules of Court)

AS AMENDED PER RESOLUTION
ADOPTED ON MARCH 14, 1989
PART IV
RULES OF EVIDENCE
RULE 128
General Provisions
Section 1. Evidence defined. Evidence is the means, sanctioned by these rules, of
ascertaining in a judicial proceeding the truth respecting a matter of fact. (1)
Section 2. Scope. The rules of evidence shall be the same in all courts and in all
trials and hearings, except as otherwise provided by law or these rules. (2a)
Section 3. Admissibility of evidence. Evidence is admissible when it is relevant to the
issue and is not excluded by the law of these rules. (3a)
Section 4. Relevancy; collateral matters. Evidence must have such a relation to the
fact in issue as to induce belief in its existence or non-existence. Evidence on collateral
matters shall not be allowed, except when it tends in any reasonable degree to establish
the probability or improbability of the fact in issue. (4a)
RULE 129
What Need Not Be Proved
Section 1. Judicial notice, when mandatory. A court shall take judicial notice, without
the introduction of evidence, of the existence and territorial extent of states, their political
history, forms of government and symbols of nationality, the law of nations, the admiralty
and maritime courts of the world and their seals, the political constitution and history of
the Philippines, the official acts of legislative, executive and judicial departments of the
Philippines, the laws of nature, the measure of time, and the geographical divisions. (1a)
Section 2. Judicial notice, when discretionary. A court may take judicial notice of
matters which are of public knowledge, or are capable to unquestionable demonstration,
or ought to be known to judges because of their judicial functions. (1a)

Section 3. Judicial notice, when hearing necessary. During the trial, the court, on its
own initiative, or on request of a party, may announce its intention to take judicial notice
of any matter and allow the parties to be heard thereon.
After the trial, and before judgment or on appeal, the proper court, on its own initiative or
on request of a party, may take judicial notice of any matter and allow the parties to be
heard thereon if such matter is decisive of a material issue in the case. (n)
Section 4. Judicial admissions. An admission, verbal or written, made by the party in
the course of the proceedings in the same case, does not require proof. The admission
may be contradicted only by showing that it was made through palpable mistake or that
no such admission was made. (2a)
RULE 130
Rules of Admissibility
A. OBJECT (REAL) EVIDENCE
Section 1. Object as evidence. Objects as evidence are those addressed to the
senses of the court. When an object is relevant to the fact in issue, it may be exhibited
to, examined or viewed by the court. (1a)
B. DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE
Section 2. Documentary evidence. Documents as evidence consist of writing or any
material containing letters, words, numbers, figures, symbols or other modes of written
expression offered as proof of their contents. (n)
1. Best Evidence Rule
Section 3. Original document must be produced; exceptions. When the subject of
inquiry is the contents of a document, no evidence shall be admissible other than the
original document itself, except in the following cases:
(a) When the original has been lost or destroyed, or cannot be produced in
court, without bad faith on the part of the offeror;
(b) When the original is in the custody or under the control of the party against
whom the evidence is offered, and the latter fails to produce it after reasonable
notice;

(c) When the original consists of numerous accounts or other documents which
cannot be examined in court without great loss of time and the fact sought to
be established from them is only the general result of the whole; and
(d) When the original is a public record in the custody of a public officer or is
recorded in a public office. (2a)
Section 4. Original of document.

3. Parol Evidence Rule

Section 9. Evidence of written agreements. When the terms of an agreement have
been reduced to writing, it is considered as containing all the terms agreed upon and
there can be, between the parties and their successors in interest, no evidence of such
terms other than the contents of the written agreement.
However, a party may present evidence to modify, explain or add to the terms of written
agreement if he puts in issue in his pleading:

(a) The original of the document is one the contents of which are the subject of
inquiry.

(a) An intrinsic ambiguity, mistake or imperfection in the written agreement;

(b) When a document is in two or more copies executed at or about the same
time, with identical contents, all such copies are equally regarded as originals.

(b) The failure of the written agreement to express the true intent and
agreement of the parties thereto;

(c) When an entry is repeated in the regular course of business, one being
copied from another at or near the time of the transaction, all the entries are
likewise equally regarded as originals. (3a)

(c) The validity of the written agreement; or

(d) The existence of other terms agreed to by the parties or their successors in
interest after the execution of the written agreement.

2. Secondary Evidence
The term "agreement" includes wills. (7a)
Section 5. When original document is unavailable. When the original document has
been lost or destroyed, or cannot be produced in court, the offeror, upon proof of its
execution or existence and the cause of its unavailability without bad faith on his part,
may prove its contents by a copy, or by a recital of its contents in some authentic
document, or by the testimony of witnesses in the order stated. (4a)
Section 6. When original document is in adverse party's custody or control. If the
document is in the custody or under the control of adverse party, he must have
reasonable notice to produce it. If after such notice and after satisfactory proof of its
existence, he fails to produce the document, secondary evidence may be presented as
in the case of its loss. (5a)

4. Interpretation Of Documents
Section 10. Interpretation of a writing according to its legal meaning. The language of
a writing is to be interpreted according to the legal meaning it bears in the place of its
execution, unless the parties intended otherwise. (8)
Section 11. Instrument construed so as to give effect to all provisions. In the
construction of an instrument, where there are several provisions or particulars, such a
construction is, if possible, to be adopted as will give effect to all. (9)

Section 7. Evidence admissible when original document is a public record. When the
original of document is in the custody of public officer or is recorded in a public office, its
contents may be proved by a certified copy issued by the public officer in custody
thereof. (2a)

Section 12. Interpretation according to intention; general and particular provisions. In

the construction of an instrument, the intention of the parties is to be pursued; and when
a general and a particular provision are inconsistent, the latter is paramount to the
former. So a particular intent will control a general one that is inconsistent with it. (10)

Section 8. Party who calls for document not bound to offer it. A party who calls for the
production of a document and inspects the same is not obliged to offer it as evidence.
(6a)

Section 13. Interpretation according to circumstances. For the proper construction of

an instrument, the circumstances under which it was made, including the situation of the
subject thereof and of the parties to it, may be shown, so that the judge may be placed
in the position of those who language he is to interpret. (11)

Section 14. Peculiar signification of terms. The terms of a writing are presumed to
have been used in their primary and general acceptation, but evidence is admissible to
show that they have a local, technical, or otherwise peculiar signification, and were so
used and understood in the particular instance, in which case the agreement must be
construed accordingly. (12)
Section 15. Written words control printed. When an instrument consists partly of
written words and partly of a printed form, and the two are inconsistent, the former
controls the latter. (13)
Section 16. Experts and interpreters to be used in explaining certain writings. When
the characters in which an instrument is written are difficult to be deciphered, or the
language is not understood by the court, the evidence of persons skilled in deciphering
the characters, or who understand the language, is admissible to declare the characters
or the meaning of the language. (14)
Section 17. Of Two constructions, which preferred. When the terms of an agreement
have been intended in a different sense by the different parties to it, that sense is to
prevail against either party in which he supposed the other understood it, and when
different constructions of a provision are otherwise equally proper, that is to be taken
which is the most favorable to the party in whose favor the provision was made. (15)
Section 18. Construction in favor of natural right. When an instrument is equally
susceptible of two interpretations, one in favor of natural right and the other against it,
the former is to be adopted. (16)
Section 19. Interpretation according to usage. An instrument may be construed
according to usage, in order to determine its true character. (17)
C. TESTIMONIAL EVIDENCE
1. Qualification of Witnesses
Section 20. Witnesses; their qualifications. Except as provided in the next
succeeding section, all persons who can perceive, and perceiving, can make their
known perception to others, may be witnesses.
Religious or political belief, interest in the outcome of the case, or conviction of a crime
unless otherwise provided by law, shall not be ground for disqualification. (18a)
Section 21. Disqualification by reason of mental incapacity or immaturity. The
following persons cannot be witnesses:

(a) Those whose mental condition, at the time of their production for
examination, is such that they are incapable of intelligently making known their
perception to others;
(b) Children whose mental maturity is such as to render them incapable of
perceiving the facts respecting which they are examined and of relating them
truthfully. (19a)
Section 22. Disqualification by reason of marriage. During their marriage, neither the
husband nor the wife may testify for or against the other without the consent of the
affected spouse, except in a civil case by one against the other, or in a criminal case for
a crime committed by one against the other or the latter's direct descendants or
ascendants. (20a)
Section 23. Disqualification by reason of death or insanity of adverse party. Parties
or assignor of parties to a case, or persons in whose behalf a case is prosecuted,
against an executor or administrator or other representative of a deceased person, or
against a person of unsound mind, upon a claim or demand against the estate of such
deceased person or against such person of unsound mind, cannot testify as to any
matter of fact occurring before the death of such deceased person or before such
person became of unsound mind. (20a)
Section 24. Disqualification by reason of privileged communication. The following
persons cannot testify as to matters learned in confidence in the following cases:
(a) The husband or the wife, during or after the marriage, cannot be examined
without the consent of the other as to any communication received in
confidence by one from the other during the marriage except in a civil case by
one against the other, or in a criminal case for a crime committed by one
against the other or the latter's direct descendants or ascendants;
(b) An attorney cannot, without the consent of his client, be examined as to any
communication made by the client to him, or his advice given thereon in the
course of, or with a view to, professional employment, nor can an attorney's
secretary, stenographer, or clerk be examined, without the consent of the client
and his employer, concerning any fact the knowledge of which has been
acquired in such capacity;

(c) A person authorized to practice medicine, surgery or obstetrics cannot in a

civil case, without the consent of the patient, be examined as to any advice or
treatment given by him or any information which he may have acquired in
attending such patient in a professional capacity, which information was
necessary to enable him to act in capacity, and which would blacken the
reputation of the patient;

Section 29. Admission by co-partner or agent. The act or declaration of a partner or

agent of the party within the scope of his authority and during the existence of the
partnership or agency, may be given in evidence against such party after the partnership
or agency is shown by evidence other than such act or declaration. The same rule
applies to the act or declaration of a joint owner, joint debtor, or other person jointly
interested with the party. (26a)

(d) A minister or priest cannot, without the consent of the person making the
confession, be examined as to any confession made to or any advice given by
him in his professional character in the course of discipline enjoined by the
church to which the minister or priest belongs;

Section 30. Admission by conspirator. The act or declaration of a conspirator relating

to the conspiracy and during its existence, may be given in evidence against the coconspirator after the conspiracy is shown by evidence other than such act of declaration.
(27)

(e) A public officer cannot be examined during his term of office or afterwards,
as to communications made to him in official confidence, when the court finds
that the public interest would suffer by the disclosure. (21a)

Section 31. Admission by privies. Where one derives title to property from another,
the act, declaration, or omission of the latter, while holding the title, in relation to the
property, is evidence against the former. (28)

2. Testimonial Privilege
Section 25. Parental and filial privilege. No person may be compelled to testify
against his parents, other direct ascendants, children or other direct descendants. (20a)
3. Admissions and Confessions
Section 26. Admission of a party. The act, declaration or omission of a party as to a
relevant fact may be given in evidence against him. (22)
Section 27. Offer of compromise not admissible. In civil cases, an offer of
compromise is not an admission of any liability, and is not admissible in evidence
against the offeror.
In criminal cases, except those involving quasi-offenses (criminal negligence) or those
allowed by law to be compromised, an offer of compromised by the accused may be
received in evidence as an implied admission of guilt.
A plea of guilty later withdrawn, or an unaccepted offer of a plea of guilty to lesser
offense, is not admissible in evidence against the accused who made the plea or offer.
An offer to pay or the payment of medical, hospital or other expenses occasioned by an
injury is not admissible in evidence as proof of civil or criminal liability for the injury. (24a)
Section 28. Admission by third party. The rights of a party cannot be prejudiced by
an act, declaration, or omission of another, except as hereinafter provided. (25a)

Section 32. Admission by silence. An act or declaration made in the presence and
within the hearing or observation of a party who does or says nothing when the act or
declaration is such as naturally to call for action or comment if not true, and when proper
and possible for him to do so, may be given in evidence against him. (23a)
Section 33. Confession. The declaration of an accused acknowledging his guilt of the
offense charged, or of any offense necessarily included therein, may be given in
evidence against him. (29a)
4. Previous Conduct as Evidence
Section 34. Similar acts as evidence. Evidence that one did or did not do a certain
thing at one time is not admissible to prove that he did or did not do the same or similar
thing at another time; but it may be received to prove a specific intent or knowledge;
identity, plan, system, scheme, habit, custom or usage, and the like. (48a)
Section 35. Unaccepted offer. An offer in writing to pay a particular sum of money or
to deliver a written instrument or specific personal property is, if rejected without valid
cause, equivalent to the actual production and tender of the money, instrument, or
property. (49a)
5. Testimonial Knowledge
Section 36. Testimony generally confined to personal knowledge; hearsay excluded.
A witness can testify only to those facts which he knows of his personal knowledge; that
is, which are derived from his own perception, except as otherwise provided in these
rules. (30a)

6. Exceptions To The Hearsay Rule

Section 37. Dying declaration. The declaration of a dying person, made under
the consciousness of an impending death, may be received in any case wherein his
death is the subject of inquiry, as evidence of the cause and surrounding circumstances
of such death. (31a)
Section 38. Declaration against interest. The declaration made by a person
deceased, or unable to testify, against the interest of the declarant, if the fact is asserted
in the declaration was at the time it was made so far contrary to declarant's own interest,
that a reasonable man in his position would not have made the declaration unless he
believed it to be true, may be received in evidence against himself or his successors in
interest and against third persons. (32a)
Section 39. Act or declaration about pedigree. The act or declaration of a person
deceased, or unable to testify, in respect to the pedigree of another person related to
him by birth or marriage, may be received in evidence where it occurred before the
controversy, and the relationship between the two persons is shown by evidence other
than such act or declaration. The word "pedigree" includes relationship, family
genealogy, birth, marriage, death, the dates when and the places where these fast
occurred, and the names of the relatives. It embraces also facts of family history
intimately connected with pedigree. (33a)
Section 40. Family reputation or tradition regarding pedigree. The reputation or
tradition existing in a family previous to the controversy, in respect to the pedigree of any
one of its members, may be received in evidence if the witness testifying thereon be
also a member of the family, either by consanguinity or affinity. Entries in family bibles or
other family books or charts, engravings on rings, family portraits and the like, may be
received as evidence of pedigree. (34a)
Section 41. Common reputation. Common reputation existing previous to the
controversy, respecting facts of public or general interest more than thirty years old, or
respecting marriage or moral character, may be given in evidence. Monuments and
inscriptions in public places may be received as evidence of common reputation. (35)
Section 42. Part of res gestae. Statements made by a person while a starting
occurrence is taking place or immediately prior or subsequent thereto with respect to the
circumstances thereof, may be given in evidence as part of res gestae. So, also,
statements accompanying an equivocal act material to the issue, and giving it a legal
significance, may be received as part of the res gestae. (36a)

Section 43. Entries in the course of business. Entries made at, or near the time of
transactions to which they refer, by a person deceased, or unable to testify, who was in
a position to know the facts therein stated, may be received as prima facieevidence, if
such person made the entries in his professional capacity or in the performance of duty
and in the ordinary or regular course of business or duty. (37a)
Section 44. Entries in official records. Entries in official records made in the
performance of his duty by a public officer of the Philippines, or by a person in the
performance of a duty specially enjoined by law, are prima facie evidence of the facts
therein stated. (38)
Section 45. Commercial lists and the like. Evidence of statements of matters of
interest to persons engaged in an occupation contained in a list, register, periodical, or
other published compilation is admissible as tending to prove the truth of any relevant
matter so stated if that compilation is published for use by persons engaged in that
occupation and is generally used and relied upon by them therein. (39)
Section 46. Learned treatises. A published treatise, periodical or pamphlet on a
subject of history, law, science, or art is admissible as tending to prove the truth of a
matter stated therein if the court takes judicial notice, or a witness expert in the subject
testifies, that the writer of the statement in the treatise, periodical or pamphlet is
recognized in his profession or calling as expert in the subject. (40a)
Section 47. Testimony or deposition at a former proceeding. The testimony or
deposition of a witness deceased or unable to testify, given in a former case or
proceeding, judicial or administrative, involving the same parties and subject matter,
may be given in evidence against the adverse party who had the opportunity to crossexamine him. (41a)
7. Opinion Rule
Section 48. General rule. The opinion of witness is not admissible, except as
indicated in the following sections. (42)
Section 49. Opinion of expert witness. The opinion of a witness on a matter requiring
special knowledge, skill, experience or training which he shown to posses, may be
received in evidence. (43a)
Section 50. Opinion of ordinary witnesses. The opinion of a witness for which proper
basis is given, may be received in evidence regarding
(a) the identity of a person about whom he has adequate knowledge;

(b) A handwriting with which he has sufficient familiarity; and

(c) The mental sanity of a person with whom he is sufficiently acquainted.
The witness may also testify on his impressions of the emotion, behavior, condition or
appearance of a person. (44a)
8. Character Evidence
Section 51. Character evidence not generally admissible; exceptions:
(a) In Criminal Cases:
(1) The accused may prove his good moral character which is
pertinent to the moral trait involved in the offense charged.
(2) Unless in rebuttal, the prosecution may not prove his bad moral
character which is pertinent to the moral trait involved in the offense
charged.

(a) Whenever a party has, by his own declaration, act, or omission, intentionally
and deliberately led to another to believe a particular thing true, and to act upon
such belief, he cannot, in any litigation arising out of such declaration, act or
omission, be permitted to falsify it:
(b) The tenant is not permitted to deny the title of his landlord at the time of
commencement of the relation of landlord and tenant between them. (3a)
Section 3. Disputable presumptions. The following presumptions are satisfactory if
uncontradicted, but may be contradicted and overcome by other evidence:
(a) That a person is innocent of crime or wrong;
(b) That an unlawful act was done with an unlawful intent;
(c) That a person intends the ordinary consequences of his voluntary act;
(d) That a person takes ordinary care of his concerns;
(e) That evidence willfully suppressed would be adverse if produced;

(3) The good or bad moral character of the offended party may be
proved if it tends to establish in any reasonable degree the probability
or improbability of the offense charged.

(f) That money paid by one to another was due to the latter;
(g) That a thing delivered by one to another belonged to the latter;

(b) In Civil Cases:

(h) That an obligation delivered up to the debtor has been paid;
Evidence of the moral character of a party in civil case is admissible only when
pertinent to the issue of character involved in the case.

(i) That prior rents or installments had been paid when a receipt for the later
one is produced;

(c) In the case provided for in Rule 132, Section 14, (46a, 47a)
RULE 131
Burden of Proof and Presumptions
Section 1. Burden of proof. Burden of proof is the duty of a party to present evidence
on the facts in issue necessary to establish his claim or defense by the amount of
evidence required by law. (1a, 2a)
Section 2. Conclusive presumptions. The following are instances of conclusive
presumptions:

(j) That a person found in possession of a thing taken in the doing of a recent
wrongful act is the taker and the doer of the whole act; otherwise, that things
which a person possess, or exercises acts of ownership over, are owned by
him;
(k) That a person in possession of an order on himself for the payment of the
money, or the delivery of anything, has paid the money or delivered the thing
accordingly;
(l) That a person acting in a public office was regularly appointed or elected to
it;

(m) That official duty has been regularly performed;

(n) That a court, or judge acting as such, whether in the Philippines or
elsewhere, was acting in the lawful exercise of jurisdiction;
(o) That all the matters within an issue raised in a case were laid before the
court and passed upon by it; and in like manner that all matters within an issue
raised in a dispute submitted for arbitration were laid before the arbitrators and
passed upon by them;
(p) That private transactions have been fair and regular;
(q) That the ordinary course of business has been followed;
(r) That there was a sufficient consideration for a contract;
(s) That a negotiable instrument was given or indorsed for a sufficient
consideration;
(t) That an endorsement of negotiable instrument was made before the
instrument was overdue and at the place where the instrument is dated;

(2) A member of the armed forces who has taken part in armed
hostilities, and has been missing for four years;
(3) A person who has been in danger of death under other
circumstances and whose existence has not been known for four
years;
(4) If a married person has been absent for four consecutive years,
the spouse present may contract a subsequent marriage if he or she
has well-founded belief that the absent spouse is already death. In
case of disappearance, where there is a danger of death the
circumstances hereinabove provided, an absence of only two years
shall be sufficient for the purpose of contracting a subsequent
marriage. However, in any case, before marrying again, the spouse
present must institute a summary proceedings as provided in the
Family Code and in the rules for declaration of presumptive death of
the absentee, without prejudice to the effect of reappearance of the
absent spouse.
(x) That acquiescence resulted from a belief that the thing acquiesced in was
conformable to the law or fact;

(u) That a writing is truly dated;

(y) That things have happened according to the ordinary course of nature and
ordinary nature habits of life;

(v) That a letter duly directed and mailed was received in the regular course of
the mail;

(z) That persons acting as copartners have entered into a contract of

copartneship;

(w) That after an absence of seven years, it being unknown whether or not the
absentee still lives, he is considered dead for all purposes, except for those of
succession.

(aa) That a man and woman deporting themselves as husband and wife have
entered into a lawful contract of marriage;

The absentee shall not be considered dead for the purpose of opening his succession till
after an absence of ten years. If he disappeared after the age of seventy-five years, an
absence of five years shall be sufficient in order that his succession may be opened.
The following shall be considered dead for all purposes including the division of the
estate among the heirs:
(1) A person on board a vessel lost during a sea voyage, or an aircraft
with is missing, who has not been heard of for four years since the
loss of the vessel or aircraft;

(bb) That property acquired by a man and a woman who are capacitated to
marry each other and who live exclusively with each other as husband and wife
without the benefit of marriage or under void marriage, has been obtained by
their joint efforts, work or industry.
(cc) That in cases of cohabitation by a man and a woman who are not
capacitated to marry each other and who have acquire properly through their
actual joint contribution of money, property or industry, such contributions and
their corresponding shares including joint deposits of money and evidences of
credit are equal.

(dd) That if the marriage is terminated and the mother contracted another
marriage within three hundred days after such termination of the former
marriage, these rules shall govern in the absence of proof to the contrary:
(1) A child born before one hundred eighty days after the
solemnization of the subsequent marriage is considered to have been
conceived during such marriage, even though it be born within the
three hundred days after the termination of the former marriage.

3. If one is under fifteen and the other above sixty, the former is
deemed to have survived;
4. If both be over fifteen and under sixty, and the sex be different, the
male is deemed to have survived, if the sex be the same, the older;
5. If one be under fifteen or over sixty, and the other between those
ages, the latter is deemed to have survived.

(2) A child born after one hundred eighty days following the
celebration of the subsequent marriage is considered to have been
conceived during such marriage, even though it be born within the
three hundred days after the termination of the former marriage.

(kk) That if there is a doubt, as between two or more persons who are called to
succeed each other, as to which of them died first, whoever alleges the death
of one prior to the other, shall prove the same; in the absence of proof, they
shall be considered to have died at the same time. (5a)

(ee) That a thing once proved to exist continues as long as is usual with things
of the nature;

Section 4. No presumption of legitimacy or illegitimacy. There is no presumption of

legitimacy of a child born after three hundred days following the dissolution of the
marriage or the separation of the spouses. Whoever alleges the legitimacy or
illegitimacy of such child must prove his allegation. (6)

(ff) That the law has been obeyed;

(gg) That a printed or published book, purporting to be printed or published by
public authority, was so printed or published;

RULE 132
Presentation of Evidence

(hh) That a printed or published book, purporting contain reports of cases

adjudged in tribunals of the country where the book is published, contains
correct reports of such cases;

A. EXAMINATION OF WITNESSES

(ii) That a trustee or other person whose duty it was to convey real property to
a particular person has actually conveyed it to him when such presumption is
necessary to perfect the title of such person or his successor in interest;
(jj) That except for purposes of succession, when two persons perish in the
same calamity, such as wreck, battle, or conflagration, and it is not shown who
died first, and there are no particular circumstances from which it can be
inferred, the survivorship is determined from the probabilities resulting from the
strength and the age of the sexes, according to the following rules:
1. If both were under the age of fifteen years, the older is deemed to
have survived;
2. If both were above the age sixty, the younger is deemed to have
survived;

Section 1. Examination to be done in open court. The examination of witnesses

presented in a trial or hearing shall be done in open court, and under oath or affirmation.
Unless the witness is incapacitated to speak, or the questions calls for a different mode
of answer, the answers of the witness shall be given orally. (1a)
Section 2. Proceedings to be recorded. The entire proceedings of a trial or hearing,
including the questions propounded to a witness and his answers thereto, the
statements made by the judge or any of the parties, counsel, or witnesses with
reference to the case, shall be recorded by means of shorthand or stenotype or by other
means of recording found suitable by the court.
A transcript of the record of the proceedings made by the official stenographer,
stenotypist or recorder and certified as correct by him shall be deemed prima facie a
correct statement of such proceedings. (2a)
Section 3. Rights and obligations of a witness. A witness must answer questions,
although his answer may tend to establish a claim against him. However, it is the right of
a witness:

(1) To be protected from irrelevant, improper, or insulting questions, and from

harsh or insulting demeanor;
(2) Not to be detained longer than the interests of justice require;
(3) Not to be examined except only as to matters pertinent to the issue;
(4) Not to give an answer which will tend to subject him to a penalty for an
offense unless otherwise provided by law; or
(5) Not to give an answer which will tend to degrade his reputation, unless it to
be the very fact at issue or to a fact from which the fact in issue would be
presumed. But a witness must answer to the fact of his previous final conviction
for an offense. (3a, 19a)
Section 4. Order in the examination of an individual witness. The order in which the
individual witness may be examined is as follows;
(a) Direct examination by the proponent;
(b) Cross-examination by the opponent;
(c) Re-direct examination by the proponent;
(d) Re-cross-examination by the opponent. (4)
Section 5. Direct examination. Direct examination is the examination-in-chief of a
witness by the party presenting him on the facts relevant to the issue. (5a)
Section 6. Cross-examination; its purpose and extent. Upon the termination of the
direct examination, the witness may be cross-examined by the adverse party as to many
matters stated in the direct examination, or connected therewith, with sufficient fullness
and freedom to test his accuracy and truthfulness and freedom from interest or bias, or
the reverse, and to elicit all important facts bearing upon the issue. (8a)
Section 7. Re-direct examination; its purpose and extent. After the cross-examination
of the witness has been concluded, he may be re-examined by the party calling him, to
explain or supplement his answers given during the cross-examination. On re-directexamination, questions on matters not dealt with during the cross-examination, may be
allowed by the court in its discretion. (12)

Section 8. Re-cross-examination. Upon the conclusion of the re-direct examination,

the adverse party may re-cross-examine the witness on matters stated in his re-direct
examination, and also on such other matters as may be allowed by the court in its
discretion. (13)
Section 9. Recalling witness. After the examination of a witness by both sides has
been concluded, the witness cannot be recalled without leave of the court. The court will
grant or withhold leave in its discretion, as the interests of justice may require. (14)
Section 10. Leading and misleading questions. A question which suggests to the
witness the answer which the examining party desires is a leading question. It is not
allowed, except:
(a) On cross examination;
(b) On preliminary matters;
(c) When there is a difficulty is getting direct and intelligible answers from a
witness who is ignorant, or a child of tender years, or is of feeble mind, or a
deaf-mute;
(d) Of an unwilling or hostile witness; or
(e) Of a witness who is an adverse party or an officer, director, or managing
agent of a public or private corporation or of a partnership or association which
is an adverse party.
A misleading question is one which assumes as true a fact not yet testified to by the
witness, or contrary to that which he has previously stated. It is not allowed. (5a, 6a, and
8a)
Section 11. Impeachment of adverse party's witness. A witness may be impeached
by the party against whom he was called, by contradictory evidence, by evidence that
his general reputation for truth, honestly, or integrity is bad, or by evidence that he has
made at other times statements inconsistent with his present, testimony, but not by
evidence of particular wrongful acts, except that it may be shown by the examination of
the witness, or the record of the judgment, that he has been convicted of an offense.
(15)
Section 12. Party may not impeach his own witness. Except with respect to
witnesses referred to in paragraphs (d) and (e) of Section 10, the party producing a
witness is not allowed to impeach his credibility.

A witness may be considered as unwilling or hostile only if so declared by the court upon
adequate showing of his adverse interest, unjustified reluctance to testify, or his having
misled the party into calling him to the witness stand.

Section 18. Right to respect writing shown to witness. Whenever a writing is shown
to a witness, it may be inspected by the adverse party. (9a)
B. AUTHENTICATION AND PROOF OF DOCUMENTS

The unwilling or hostile witness so declared, or the witness who is an adverse party,
may be impeached by the party presenting him in all respects as if he had been called
by the adverse party, except by evidence of his bad character. He may also be
impeached and cross-examined by the adverse party, but such cross-examination must
only be on the subject matter of his examination-in-chief. (6a, 7a)
Section 13. How witness impeached by evidence of inconsistent statements. Before
a witness can be impeached by evidence that he has made at other times statements
inconsistent with his present testimony, the statements must be related to him, with the
circumstances of the times and places and the persons present, and he must be asked
whether he made such statements, and if so, allowed to explain them. If the statements
be in writing they must be shown to the witness before any question is put to him
concerning them. (16)
Section 14. Evidence of good character of witness. Evidence of the good character
of a witness is not admissible until such character has been impeached. (17)
Section 15. Exclusion and separation of witnesses. On any trial or hearing, the judge
may exclude from the court any witness not at the time under examination, so that he
may not hear the testimony of other witnesses. The judge may also cause witnesses to
be kept separate and to be prevented from conversing with one another until all shall
have been examined. (18)
Section 16. When witness may refer to memorandum. A witness may be allowed to
refresh his memory respecting a fact, by anything written or recorded by himself or
under his direction at the time when the fact occurred, or immediately thereafter, or at
any other time when the fact was fresh in his memory and knew that the same was
correctly written or recorded; but in such case the writing or record must be produced
and may be inspected by the adverse party, who may, if he chooses, cross examine the
witness upon it, and may read it in evidence. So, also, a witness may testify from such
writing or record, though he retain no recollection of the particular facts, if he is able to
swear that the writing or record correctly stated the transaction when made; but such
evidence must be received with caution. (10a)
Section 17. When part of transaction, writing or record given in evidence, the
remainder, the remainder admissible. When part of an act, declaration, conversation,
writing or record is given in evidence by one party, the whole of the same subject may
be inquired into by the other, and when a detached act, declaration, conversation,
writing or record is given in evidence, any other act, declaration, conversation, writing or
record necessary to its understanding may also be given in evidence. (11a)

Section 19. Classes of Documents. For the purpose of their presentation evidence,
documents are either public or private.
Public documents are:
(a) The written official acts, or records of the official acts of the sovereign
authority, official bodies and tribunals, and public officers, whether of the
Philippines, or of a foreign country;
(b) Documents acknowledge before a notary public except last wills and
testaments; and
(c) Public records, kept in the Philippines, of private documents required by law
to the entered therein.
All other writings are private. (20a)
Section 20. Proof of private document. Before any private document offered as
authentic is received in evidence, its due execution and authenticity must be proved
either:
(a) By anyone who saw the document executed or written; or
(b) By evidence of the genuineness of the signature or handwriting of the
maker.
Any other private document need only be identified as that which it is claimed to be.
(21a)
Section 21. When evidence of authenticity of private document not
necessary. Where a private document is more than thirty years old, is produced from
the custody in which it would naturally be found if genuine, and is unblemished by any
alterations or circumstances of suspicion, no other evidence of its authenticity need be
given. (22a)

Section 22. How genuineness of handwriting proved. The handwriting of a person

may be proved by any witness who believes it to be the handwriting of such person
because he has seen the person write, or has seen writing purporting to be his upon
which the witness has acted or been charged, and has thus acquired knowledge of the
handwriting of such person. Evidence respecting the handwriting may also be given by a
comparison, made by the witness or the court, with writings admitted or treated as
genuine by the party against whom the evidence is offered, or proved to be genuine to
the satisfaction of the judge. (23a)
Section 23. Public documents as evidence. Documents consisting of entries in public
records made in the performance of a duty by a public officer are prima facie evidence
of the facts therein stated. All other public documents are evidence, even against a third
person, of the fact which gave rise to their execution and of the date of the latter. (24a)
Section 24. Proof of official record. The record of public documents referred to in
paragraph (a) of Section 19, when admissible for any purpose, may be evidenced by an
official publication thereof or by a copy attested by the officer having the legal custody of
the record, or by his deputy, and accompanied, if the record is not kept in the
Philippines, with a certificate that such officer has the custody. If the office in which the
record is kept is in foreign country, the certificate may be made by a secretary of the
embassy or legation, consul general, consul, vice consul, or consular agent or by any
officer in the foreign service of the Philippines stationed in the foreign country in which
the record is kept, and authenticated by the seal of his office. (25a)
Section 25. What attestation of copy must state. Whenever a copy of a document or
record is attested for the purpose of evidence, the attestation must state, in substance,
that the copy is a correct copy of the original, or a specific part thereof, as the case may
be. The attestation must be under the official seal of the attesting officer, if there be any,
or if he be the clerk of a court having a seal, under the seal of such court. (26a)
Section 26. Irremovability of public record. Any public record, an official copy of
which is admissible in evidence, must not be removed from the office in which it is kept,
except upon order of a court where the inspection of the record is essential to the just
determination of a pending case. (27a)
Section 27. Public record of a private document. An authorized public record of a
private document may be proved by the original record, or by a copy thereof, attested by
the legal custodian of the record, with an appropriate certificate that such officer has the
custody. (28a)
Section 28. Proof of lack of record. A written statement signed by an officer having
the custody of an official record or by his deputy that after diligent search no record or
entry of a specified tenor is found to exist in the records of his office, accompanied by a

certificate as above provided, is admissible as evidence that the records of his office
contain no such record or entry. (29)
Section 29. How judicial record impeached. Any judicial record may be impeached
by evidence of: (a) want of jurisdiction in the court or judicial officer, (b) collusion
between the parties, or (c) fraud in the party offering the record, in respect to the
proceedings. (30a)
Section 30. Proof of notarial documents. Every instrument duly acknowledged or
proved and certified as provided by law, may be presented in evidence without further
proof, the certificate of acknowledgment being prima facie evidence of the execution of
the instrument or document involved. (31a)
Section 31. Alteration in document, how to explain. The party producing a document
as genuine which has been altered and appears to have been altered after its execution,
in a part material to the question in dispute, must account for the alteration. He may
show that the alteration was made by another, without his concurrence, or was made
with the consent of the parties affected by it, or was otherwise properly or innocent
made, or that the alteration did not change the meaning or language of the instrument. If
he fails to do that, the document shall not be admissible in evidence. (32a)
Section 32. Seal. There shall be no difference between sealed and unsealed private
documents insofar as their admissibility as evidence is concerned. (33a)
Section 33. Documentary evidence in an unofficial language. Documents written in
an unofficial language shall not be admitted as evidence, unless accompanied with a
translation into English or Filipino. To avoid interruption of proceedings, parties or their
attorneys are directed to have such translation prepared before trial. (34a)
C. OFFER AND OBJECTION
Section 34. Offer of evidence. The court shall consider no evidence which has not
been formally offered. The purpose for which the evidence is offered must be specified.
(35)
Section 35. When to make offer. As regards the testimony of a witness, the offer
must be made at the time the witness is called to testify.
Documentary and object evidence shall be offered after the presentation of a party's
testimonial evidence. Such offer shall be done orally unless allowed by the court to be
done in writing. (n)

Section 36. Objection. Objection to evidence offered orally must be made

immediately after the offer is made.

RULE 133
Weight and Sufficiency of Evidence

Objection to a question propounded in the course of the oral examination of a witness

shall be made as soon as the grounds therefor shall become reasonably apparent.

Section 1. Preponderance of evidence, how determined. In civil cases, the party

having burden of proof must establish his case by a preponderance of evidence. In
determining where the preponderance or superior weight of evidence on the issues
involved lies, the court may consider all the facts and circumstances of the case, the
witnesses' manner of testifying, their intelligence, their means and opportunity of
knowing the facts to which there are testifying, the nature of the facts to which they
testify, the probability or improbability of their testimony, their interest or want of interest,
and also their personal credibility so far as the same may legitimately appear upon the
trial. The court may also consider the number of witnesses, though the preponderance is
not necessarily with the greater number. (1a)

An offer of evidence in writing shall be objected to within three (3) days after notice of
the unless a different period is allowed by the court.
In any case, the grounds for the objections must be specified. (36a)
Section 37. When repetition of objection unnecessary. When it becomes reasonably
apparent in the course of the examination of a witness that the question being
propounded are of the same class as those to which objection has been made, whether
such objection was sustained or overruled, it shall not be necessary to repeat the
objection, it being sufficient for the adverse party to record his continuing objection to
such class of questions. (37a)
Section 38. Ruling. The ruling of the court must be given immediately after the
objection is made, unless the court desires to take a reasonable time to inform itself on
the question presented; but the ruling shall always be made during the trial and at such
time as will give the party against whom it is made an opportunity to meet the situation
presented by the ruling.
The reason for sustaining or overruling an objection need not be stated. However, if the
objection is based on two or more grounds, a ruling sustaining the objection on one or
some of them must specify the ground or grounds relied upon. (38a)
Section 39. Striking out answer. Should a witness answer the question before the
adverse party had the opportunity to voice fully its objection to the same, and such
objection is found to be meritorious, the court shall sustain the objection and order the
answer given to be stricken off the record.
On proper motion, the court may also order the striking out of answers which are
incompetent, irrelevant, or otherwise improper. (n)
Section 40. Tender of excluded evidence. If documents or things offered in evidence
are excluded by the court, the offeror may have the same attached to or made part of
the record. If the evidence excluded is oral, the offeror may state for the record the
name and other personal circumstances of the witness and the substance of the
proposed testimony. (n)

Section 2. Proof beyond reasonable doubt. In a criminal case, the accused is entitled
to an acquittal, unless his guilt is shown beyond reasonable doubt. Proof beyond
reasonable doubt does not mean such a degree of proof, excluding possibility of error,
produces absolute certainly. Moral certainly only is required, or that degree of proof
which produces conviction in an unprejudiced mind. (2a)
Section 3. Extrajudicial confession, not sufficient ground for conviction. An
extrajudicial confession made by an accused, shall not be sufficient ground for
conviction, unless corroborated by evidence of corpus delicti. (3)
Section 4. Circumstantial evidence, when sufficient. Circumstantial evidence is
sufficient for conviction if:
(a) There is more than one circumstances;
(b) The facts from which the inferences are derived are proven; and
(c) The combination of all the circumstances is such as to produce a conviction
beyond reasonable doubt. (5)
Section 5. Substantial evidence. In cases filed before administrative or quasi-judicial
bodies, a fact may be deemed established if it is supported by substantial evidence, or
that amount of relevant evidence which a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to
justify a conclusion. (n)
Section 6. Power of the court to stop further evidence. The court may stop the
introduction of further testimony upon any particular point when the evidence upon it is
already so full that more witnesses to the same point cannot be reasonably expected to
be additionally persuasive. But this power should be exercised with caution. (6)

Section 7. Evidence on motion. When a motion is based on facts not appearing of

record the court may hear the matter on affidavits or depositions presented by the
respective parties, but the court may direct that the matter be heard wholly or partly on
oral testimony or depositions. (7)

examination or written interrogatories. The depositions may then be taken in accordance

with Rule 24 before the hearing.

RULE 134 1
Perpetuation of Testimony

Section 5. Reference to court. For the purpose of applying Rule 24 to depositions for
perpetuating testimony, each reference therein to the court in which the action is
pending shall be deemed to refer to the court in which the petition for such deposition
was filed.

Section 1. Petition. A person who desires to perpetuate his own testimony or that of
another person regarding any matter that may be cognizable in any court of the
Philippines, any file a verified petition in the court of the province of the residence of any
expected adverse party.

Section 6. Use of deposition. If a deposition to perpetuate testimony is taken under

this rule, or if, although not so taken, it would be admissible in evidence, it may be used
in any action involving the same subject matter subsequently brought in accordance with
the provisions of Sections 4 and 5 of Rule 24.

Section 2. Contents of petition. The petition shall be entitled in the name of the
petitioner and shall show: (a) that the petitioner expects to be a party to an action in a
court of the Philippines by is presently unable to bring it or cause it to be brought; (b) the
subject matter of the expected action and his interest therein; (c) the facts which he
desires to establish by the proposed testimony and his reasons for desiring to
perpetuate it; (d) the names of a description of the persons he expects will be adverse
parties and their addresses so far as known; and (e) the names and addresses of the
persons to be examined and the substance of the testimony which he expects to elicit
from each, and shall ask for an order authorizing the petitioner to take the depositions of
the persons to be examined named in the petition for the purpose of perpetuating their
testimony.

Section 7. Depositions pending appeal. If an appeal has been taken from a judgment
of the Regional Trial Court or before the taking of an appeal if the time therefor has not
expired, the Regional Trial Court in which the judgment was rendered may allow the
taking of depositions of witnesses to perpetuate their testimony for use in the event of
further proceedings in the said court. In such case the party who desires to perpetuate
the testimony may make a motion in the said Regional Trial Court for leave to take the
depositions, upon the same notice and service thereof as if the action was pending
therein. The motion shall show (a) the name and the addresses of the persons to be
examined and the substance of the testimony which he expects to elicit from each; and
(b) the reason for perpetuating their testimony. If the court finds that the perpetuation of
the testimony is proper to avoid a failure or delay of justice, it may make an order
allowing the depositions to be taken, and thereupon the depositions may be taken and
used in the same manner and under the same conditions as are prescribed in these
rules for depositions taken in actions pending in the Regional Trial Court. (7a)

Section 3. Notice and service. The petitioner shall thereafter serve a notice upon
each person named in the petition as an expected adverse party, together with a copy of
a petition, stating that the petitioner will apply to the court, at a time and place named
therein, for the order described in the petition. At least twenty (20) days before the date
of hearing the notice shall be served in the manner provided for service of summons.
Section 4. Order of examination. If the court is satisfied that the perpetuation of the
testimony may prevent a failure or delay of justice, it shall make an order designating or
describing the persons whose deposition may be taken and specifying the subject
matter of the examination, and whether the depositions shall be taken upon oral

Footnote
This rule will be transposed to Part 1 of the Rules of Court on Deposition and
Discovery.