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Principle of Operation: Universal Motors

The document discusses different types of single phase motors including universal motors, shaded pole motors, and synchronous motors. It describes the basic principles and characteristics of each type of motor.

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amitbslpawar
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
91 views

Principle of Operation: Universal Motors

The document discusses different types of single phase motors including universal motors, shaded pole motors, and synchronous motors. It describes the basic principles and characteristics of each type of motor.

Uploaded by

amitbslpawar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Principle of Operation

Universal Motors
A universal motor is a single-phase series motor, which is able to run on either alternating current
(ac) or direct current (dc) and the characteristics are similar for both ac and dc. The field windings of
a series motors are connected in series with the armature windings

Basic principles of Universal Motors

The electrical design areas of a universal motor are the magnetic circuit, the field and armature
windings, the commutator and brushes, the insulation and the cooling system.

Commutation Process of Universal Motors

Performance Characteristics of Universal Motors

Shaded Pole Motors


A Shaded Pole motor is an AC single phase induction motor. The auxiliary winding, which is
composed of a copper ring, is called a shading coil. The current in this coil delay the phase of
magnetic flux in that part of the pole in order to provide a rotating magnetic field. The direction of
rotation is from the unshaded side to the shaded ring.

Basic principles of Shaded Pole Motor

This shading-coil (ring) arrangement displaces the axis of the shaded poles from the axis of the
main poles

When power is applied to the stator, the flux in the main part of the pole induces a voltage in the
shading coil, which acts as a transformer secondary winding.

Since the current in the secondary winding of a transformer is out of phase with the current in
the primary winding.

The current in the shading coil is out of phase with the current in the main field winding.

Thus, the flux of the shading pole is out of phase with the flux of the main pole.

Rotating field of a Shaded Pole Motor

Synchronous Motors
Synchronous ac motors are constant-speed electric motors and they operate in synchronism with
line frequency. The speed of a synchronous motor is determined by the number of pairs of poles and
is always a ratio of the line frequency.

The stator is provided with two simple coils, which can be directly connected to the mains.

The rotor consists of a cylindrical permanent two-pole magnet, which is diametrically


magnetized.

Basic principles of Synchronous Motors

Design Considerations

Synchronous Motors
Power supply

AC

Driver electronics need

No

Speed accuracy

High

Not effected by load torque


No closed loop speed control need

Speed control

No

Not possible
Speed fixed by mains supply frequency

Position control

No

Not possible only by limit switches

Overloadablity / load inertia

Low

High start torque or peak load torque


Able to accelerate high load inertia

Lifetime

High

Only little reserve for peak load torque


Cant accelerate high inertia

Speed range [rpm]

250...36000

Limited by bearings
Depends on lateral force

Efficiency

15...45%

Depend on pole number and mains frequency

Power vs. size

Low

Higher for 2-pole motor

Winding thermal protection

No need

Inductance protected
(if winding designed for 100% duty cycle)

Load sensing

Difficult

Load has little impact on current

Stalling permissible

Yes

If winding designed for continuous duty cycle

Electromag.interference EMI

Not Critical

No brushes

Braking/Holding torque

Low

Detent torque (when power switched off)

Max.output power from JE [W]

14

Approximately, for short time duty cycle S2

Linear motors from JE

Yes

Shaded Pole Motors


Power supply

AC

Mains supply

Driver electronics need

No

Speed accuracy

Low

Speed control

No

Position control

No

Overloadablity / load inertia

Low

Little reserve to max .torque

Lifetime

High

Limited by bearings
Depends on lateral force

Effected by load torque


Speed at rated point about 2600 rpm at 50Hz

Speed range [rpm]

2600

Rated speed at 50Hz

Efficiency

20%

At rated point (14% at rated point)

Power vs. size

Low

Winding thermal protection

Possibly

Load sensing

Medium

Stalling permissible

Yes

Electromag.interference EMI

Not Critical

Braking/Holding torque

Very Low

Max.output power from JE [W]

Linear motors from JE

No

Current rises with load, but less than DC mot

No permanent magnets

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