PTE GENERAL

Functions and notions

Level 3

August 2011
Information within this document is from the Council of Europe
Vantage specification.
Council of Europe
Pearson Education Ltd 2011. No part of this publication may be
reproduced without the prior permission of Pearson Education Ltd.

PTE General Level 3 is designed to be aligned to Level B2 of the Common European Framework of Reference
for Languages developed by the Council of Europe also known as Vantage Level. The following represents the
range of functions and notions that learners should be able to use to function effectively and efficiently at this
level. The information has been reproduced with permission from the Council of Europe (reference DC/198/SL/
CP dated 14 December 2010) from the Vantage specification ( Council of Europe, 2001). The full description
has been published by Cambridge University Press and is also available on the Council of Europe website:
http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/linguistic/Vantage_CUP.pdf

Language functions
The Learner CAN impart and seek factual information
identifying and specifying

asking

with suitable gesture

this (one), that (one), these/those

for confirmation or denial

interrogative sentences (with
low-rising intonation), positive
or negative
Please (can) you tell me whether

with indicating gesture e.g.

pointing, nodding
him, her, them
the (adj) one + adjunct phrase/
relative clause
Its me/you/him/her/us/them/NP
pronoun/NP + Be + NP
stating and reporting (describing and narrating)
(sequences of ) declarative sentences
NP + say, think + complement clause
NP + ask, wonder + indirect question
there +Be +NP+ adjunct
correcting
as with identifying and reporting
sections above with contrastive stress
correcting a positive statement
No + tag, with falling-rising
intonation
negative sentence (fall-rise)
+ corrected
positive sentence (falling)
correcting a negative statement
Yes + tag question (with
falling-rising intonation)
positive statement (with fall-rise
on auxiliary verb)

demanding confirmation or denial

interrogative sentences with
low-falling intonation (+ yes or no)
expecting confirmation
positive statement (faIling)
+ negative tag (rising)
negative statement (falling)
+ positive tag (rising)
demanding confirmation
positive statement (falling)
+ negative tag (falling)
negative statement (falling)
+ positive tag (falling)
querying a statement
repeating statement with high rise
or (more sceptical) fall-rise
question tag with high rise or
(more sceptical) fall-rise
Are you quite sure (about that/
complement clause)?
asking for a piece of information
wh-questions
(event) what happened?
(time) when?
(place) where?
(manner) how?
(degree) how + gradable adj/adv
(reason) why?
Wh is it + complement clause
(Please) (can you) tell me + NP/
wh clause

seeking information
which?
(of a person) who?
(of a persons occupation,
nationality, etc.) what?
(of possessor) whose?
(of things, etc.) what?
asking for specification
what sort/kind of NP (+VP + NP)?
expressing curiosity
I wonder (+ if-clause/wh-clause)
Id like to know (+ if-clause/
wh-clause)
question + I wonder (unstressed)?
answering questions
confirming or disconfirming
Yes (+ positive tag)
No (+ negative tag)
I (dont) think so
I believe so/not
expressions of agreement/
disagreement
expressions of probability/
ignorance/ forgetting/ certainty
giving information

time
temporal adverbs
temporal phrases
temporal clauses

place
locative adverbs
locative phrases
locative clauses

 manner
manner adverbs
manner phrases
degree
adverb of degree +(adj/adv in
question)
adj/adv expressing degree
reason
(because +) declarative sentence/
of + NP
identifying
see identifying and seeking above

identifying a person
see identifying and seeking above
identifying a persons occupation,
role, etc.
(personal pronoun + be +) NP
denoting occupation, role, etc.

questions asking for confirmation,

information, identification and
specification can be answered by
expressions of ignorance
see asserting ignorance below

identifying the possessor

Its/theyre + possessive pronouns
identifying a thing
(Its/theyre +) NP (non-human)
specifying
(Its/theyre) + NP

The learner CAN express and find out attitudes

attitudes to matters of fact

expressing strong agreement

Exactly!
Certainly!
Absolutely!
Definitely!
Well said!
Yes, indeed
I quite agree
You can say that again
Spot on!
Just so

in public discussion
Hear, hear!

expressing agreement with a

positive statement
Yes (+ positive tag)
Certainly/of course (+ tag)
Thats right
T hats correct
(more colloquial) OK

expressing agreement with a

negative statement
No (+ negative tag)
Indeed not
Certainly not
Of course not

expressing reluctant agreement

If you say so
I suppose so
No doubt

conceding a point
Good point
Fair enough
expressing agreement with
reservations (use of falling-rising
intonation)
I agree with you there
I dont disagree with you there
Up to a point, yes
That may well he so, but
Yes (+ tag with fall rise)
I agree + complement clause
(+ but)
Perhaps so, but

demurring
Well
Tag question
I see what you mean (fall-rise)

expressing disagreement with a

statement
I dont agree.
Thats not right
You are wrong (there/about that)

expressing strong disagreement

(Absolute) nonsense/rubbish
I couldnt agree less
No way!
How can you (possibly) say that/
such a thing

expressing disagreement with a

positive statement
No ( + negative tag)
Not so
Certainly not
I dont think so

expressing disagreement with a

negative statement
(Oh) yes (+ positive tag)
I think + positive statement
(with contrastive stress)

expressing weak disagreement

I cant/dont altogether agree
Im not so sure
I wonder (if that is so)

enquiring about agreement and

disagreement
Do you agree?
What do you think?
statement and question tag
(with rising intonation)

 inviting agreement
(statement +) OK? (with high rise)
statement + question tag
(with falling intonation)
Dont you agree (+ that-clause)?
Dont you think (+ that-clause)?
Surely you agree (+ that-clause)
interrogative sentence with falling
intonation
inviting disagreement with a statement
Surely you dont think + that clause

denying statements
That isnt true
That is (quite) untrue
I deny it
That is a (downright) lie
Nonsense!
Certainly/absolutely not
Not at all
(Most) certainly not
No (+ negative tag)
negative sentences

expressing knowledge, memory, belief

expressing knowledge (or not) of a

person, thing or fact
I (dont) know
I (dont) know + complement clause
I (dont) know + wh clause
I (dont) know + NP

asking about knowledge

Do you know + NP?
Do you know about NP?
Do you know + complement clause?
Do you know + wh clause?
What do you know about + VP
gerund?
Have you (ever) heard (+ of NP)?
Have you heard about NP?
Have you heard + complement
clause?
Have you heard + wh clause?
You know (+ NP/ complement
clause / wh clause) tag question
asserting ignorance
Ive no idea
I havent a clue
negative expressions in expressing

knowledge (or not) of a person,

thing or fact above

expressing remembering or forgetting

persons, things or facts or actions
I (dont/cant) remember +
VP gerund
I (dont/cant) remember +
wh clause
I (dont/cant) remember +
complement clause
I (dont/cant) remember + NP
I forget (+ wh clause)
Ive/havent forgotten + to + VPinf
Ive/havent forgotten (+ NP)
Ive/havent forgotten + VP gerund
Ive/havent forgotten + wh clause
Ive/havent forgotten +
complement clause
enquiring about remembering
or forgetting
Do(nt) you remember?
Do(nt) you remember +VP gerund
Do(nt) you remember +
complement clause
Do(nt) you remember + wh clause
Do(nt) you remember + NP
Have (nt) you remembered/
forgotten?
Have (nt) you remembered/
forgotten + to + VPinf
Have (nt) you remembered/
forgotten + NP
Have (nt) you remembered/
forgotten + wh clause?
reminding someone
Dont forget
(Please) remember/ dont forget
+ NP
(Please) remember/ dont forget
+ to + VPinf
(Please) remember/ dont forget
+ wh clause
(Please) remember/ dont forget
+ complement clause
expressing degrees of certainty

I am (quite/absolutely) certain/
sure/convinced (+ complement
clause)
declarative sentences with stressed
do, be or auxiliary
declarative sentences (+ tag) with
low falling intonation
I know (+ complement/\VH clause)

tentative assertion
NP to seem/appear/look (+ to be)
Adj/NP
It seems/appears (to me) +
complement clause
It looks as if/ as though statement
perhaps/maybe (also in declarative
sentences)
I (dont) think/believe so/
complement clause
Im not (quite/altogether) sure
(+ but + tentative assertion)
declarative sentence I think,
with low-rising intonation
I could be wrong, but + tentative
statement
expressing uncertainty
I dont know (+ if-clause/
wh-clause)
Im not (at all) sure (+ if clause/
wh-clause/ complement clause)
I wonder (+ if-clause/wh clause)
Im (very much) in two minds
expressing doubt, incredulity
I dont/cant believe + it/
complement clause
I (rather) doubt + it/if-clause
Do you really think so/complement
clause?

expressing bewilderment
Im puzzled
Im (completely) baffled
This is beyond me
What does/can this mean?
Dont ask me

enquiring about certainty

Are you sure (+ complement clause)

confident assertion
in declarative sentences certainly,
definitely, undoubtedly, beyond
any doubt

expressing modality
expressing degrees of probability
(absolutely) certain(ly)
(most) probable/probably
NP + will/must (most) certainly/
probably + VP
(quite) possible/possibly
NP + may/might/can/could
well/possibly/even/perhaps + VP
(highly) improbable
(totally) impossible
NP + cannot possibly/conceivably
+ VP
(not) (very) likely/(very) unlikely
NP + be + certain/likely + to + Vinf
it is certain/probable/likely/
possible/impossible + complement
clause
NP + will/must/may/might/can/
cannot + VPinf
enquiring about probability/possibility
be + NP certain/likely (+ to + VPinf )?
Is it certain/ probable/ likely/
possible/impossible + complement
clause?
How certain/probable/likely/
possible is it complement clause?
Will/must/may/can + NP + VPinf?
expressing necessity (including
logical deduction)
necessary/necessarily in
declarative sentence
NP + must/cannot + VPinf
so/therefore + declarative sentences
denying necessity
It isnt necessarily so
unnecessary/not necessary/not
necessarily in declarative sentences
it is not necessary (+ for NP)
(to + VPinf )
NP + need not + VPinf
enquiring as to necessity
(including logical deduction)
Is that necessarily so?
necessary/necessarily
(in interrogative sentences)
must/need + NP + VPinf?

expressing obligation (for moral

obligation see expressing moral
obligation below)
NP + have to/must + VPinf
NP + must not +VPinf

denying obligation
NP +do not have to/ neednt +
VPinf
enquiring about obligation
(wh) + do + NP + have to + VPinf
(wh) must + NP VPinf
expressing ability to do something
NP + can + VPinf
NP + be + able to + VPinf
denying ability to do something
NP + cannot/cant + VPinf
NP + be + not able/unable + to
+ VPinf
enquiring about ability/inability to
do something
interrogative sentences and wh
questions corresponding to denying
obligation and enquiring about
obligation above

expressing permissibility
NP + be + allowed (+adjunct)
NP + be + permitted (+adjunct)
NP + can/may + VPinf (+ adjunct)

expressing and enquiring

about volition
expressing wishes/wants/desires
Id like + NP
Id like (NP) to + VPinf
I want + NP
I want (NP)to + VPinf
I wish + complement clause
(note subjunctive were)
expressing negative wishes/
wants/desires
Id like not to + VPinf
I dont want + NP
I dont want to + VPinf
I wish + negative complement
clause

enquiring about wishes/wants/desires

What would you like (+ adjunct)?
What would you like to do?
Would you like + NP
Would you like + NP/+ to + VPinf?
Do you want + NP
Do you want (+ NP) to + VPinf
What do you want?
Is there anything you want?

expressing intentions
NP + be + going to + VPinf
NP + will + VPinf
NP + intend(s) to + VPinf
NP + be thinking of + VP gerund

denying permissibility
NP + be + not allowed (+adjunct)
NP + be + not permitted (+adjunct)
NP + be (strictly) prohibited
(+adjunct)
NP + must not + VPinf
NP + be + not supposed + VPinf

expressing negative intentions

NP + be + not going to + VPinf
NP + wont + VPinf
NP + do + not intend to + VPinf
NP + be + not thinking of +
VP gerund

enquiring about permissibility

interrogative sentences and wh
questions corresponding to
denying ability to do something
and enquiring about ability to do
something above

enquiring about intentions

interrogative sentences and wh
questions corresponding to
expressing intentions and
expressing negative
intentions above

expressing and enquiring

about emotions
expressing pleasure, happiness
(with a smile, laughing, etc.)
Thats lovely/wonderful/great/fine!
How nice/delightful!
Im/ I feel so happy!
Im really enjoying myself!
Bliss!
Im delighted (very) glad/pleased
(+to + VPinf/ complement clause)
Its a delight/ (great) pleasure + to
+ VPinf
expressing unhappiness, sadness
Oh dear!
I dont feel (at all) happy/cheerful
(today, etc.)
I feel/am feeling (very) unhappy/
miserable/depressed/gloomy/sad

enquiring about happiness/

unhappiness
How are you (feeling) (today, etc.)?
Are you happy/pleased?

enquiry about the cause of

unhappiness/dissatisfaction/
disappointment
Whats the matter?

exhorting someone not to be dejected

(Come on!) Cheer up!
Its not the end of the world!
Dont let it/them get you down!
Never despair!
Never mind!
Better luck next time!

expressing regret/sympathy,
condolence
Oh dear
What a shame/pity
(+ complement clause)
Its a great shame/pity
(+ complement clause)
Im (so)(very) sorry (to hear
+ complement clause)

expressing fellow-feeling, empathy

I know (just) how you feel
I (fully) sympathise
I feel just the same way

expressing hope, expectation

I (do) hope + complement clause
I hope/am hoping to + VPinf
I (do) hope so
I (do) hope not
I am looking forward (greatly/very
much) to + NP/VP gerund
I am very excited about + NP/
VP gerund
expressing disappointment
Im/I feel (very) disappointed
Thats a (great) disappointment
(to me)
expressions and structures in
expressing regret/sympathy,
condolence above
expressing fear/anxiety
Help!
Im frightened/scared/terrified
(to death) (of NP)
Im afraid (+ complement clause)
Im (too) afraid to + VPinf
Im (rather) worried/anxious
(about NP/complement clause)
enquiring about fear/anxiety/worry
interrogative sentences and wh
questions corresponding to
expressing fear/anxiety above
Is something worrying you?
Is there something on your mind?
Whats the matter?
What are you afraid of?
Why are you frightened/worried?
expressing pain, anguish, suffering
Oh!/Ow!/Ouch!
That hurts!
Youre hurting me!
Im in (great) pain
My + NP [body part] hurts/is
hurting/ is (very) painful/is aching
Ive got a (bad) stomach/headache
Ive got a (bad) pain in my
[NP body part]

enquiring about pain, anguish,

suffering
Have you got a pain/(stomach-/
headache)?
Does this/it hurt?
Are you in (great) pain?
When/where does it hurt?
Where is the pain?
reassuring a worried or frightened
person, comforting a sufferer
There, there
Dont be frightened (with low rise)
Dont worry (with low rising
intonation)
Its (going to be) all right
(with low rise)
Relax
Keep calm

expressing relief
Whew!
Thank goodness (for that)!
What a relief!
Thats a relief!
Well, thats that!

expressing liking/affection
NP + be + (very) good/nice/pleasant
I like/enjoy + NP/VP gerund
(very much)
I have a great liking for NP/
VP gerund
I love/adore NP/VP gerund
Im rather/quite/very fond of NP/
VP gerund
I feel great affection for NP
expressing dislike
Ugh!
NP/VP gerund + be + not
(very/at all) good/nice/pleasant
NP + be + (rather/very) nasty/
horrible/awful/unpleasant/bad
I dont like/enjoy NP/VP gerund
(very much at all)
I hate/detest/dislike + NP/VP
gerund
I (simply) cant stand NP/VP gerund

 enquiring about like and dislike

What do you think of NP/VP
gerund?
Do you like/enjoy NP/VP gerund?
How do you like NP/VP gerund?
What do you (dis)like (doing)?
Who/what is your favourite NP?
What is your pet aversion?

expressing preference
I prefer + NP/ VP gerund
(+ to NP/VP gerund)
I(d) rather VPinf (than + contrastive
element)
I like NP/VP gerund better than
NP/VP gerund
I think NP/VP gerund is preferable
to NP/VP gerund

enquiring about satisfaction/

dissatisfaction
Is everything all right/OK/in order?
Are you (quite) satisfied/happy
(with + NP)?
Do you like NP like this?
Is it all right/OK (now)?
Is this what you want(ed)/need(ed)/
meant/had in mind/asked for?
How do you like/find NP?
Is anything the matter?
Is anything wrong?
Whats the matter/problem?
Whats wrong?

enquiring about preferences

interrogative sentences and
wh questions corresponding to
enquiring about like and dislike
above
Which do you prefer: NP/VP gerund
or NP/VP gerund?
NP or NP?
Adj or Adj?
Prep or Prep?
Adv or Adv? etc.
expressing satisfaction
Good!/fine!/excellent!
Just right!
demonstrative (+NP) +be (very)
good/nice
demonstrative (+NP) +be just what
I want(ed)/need(ed)/meant/had
in mind

following dissatisfaction
Thats much better
Thats OK (now)
Its (quite) all right (now)
Right-ho
Thatll do
Thats (good) enough

expressing dissatisfaction
declarative sentences (reporting
cause of dissatisfaction)
Im not satisfied/happy (with + NP)
I dont like/want this (+ NP)

I dont like/want NP like this

NP + be + (still) not + right/good
(yet)
This/these + be +not what I
want(ed)/need(ed)/meant/had in
mind/asked for
This/that will not do
This/that is not good enough

complaining
I have a complaint (to make)
Im sorry, but
I dont want to complain, but
expressions and structures as per
expressing dissatisfaction above
expressing bad temper
Im in a bad mood/temper
(just now/today)
Im/I feel (rather/quite/very) cross/
angry/livid/annoyed/irritated
(with + NP/about+ NP)
NP + be (very) annoying/irritating/
infuriating
its enough to drive you mad/
try the patience of a saint
reacting to bad temper
Calm down!
Dont get so angry/worked up!
Theres nothing to get angry about
Theres no need to be so impatient/
take offence
Dont take it to heart/the wrong way
Its a storm in a teacup
Dont make a mountain out of a
molehill

apologizing for bad temper

Im sorry I lost control/patience/
my temper
No hard feelings (I hope/trust)
expressing interest
Really!
Fascinating!
Is that so!
Well, well
(How)(very) interesting!
I am (very) interested in NP/VP
gerund
NP interest(s) me (greatly)
expressing lack of interest
(How) boring!
I am (utterly) bored (by NP/VP
gerund)
I am not/not very/not at all
interested in NP/VP gerund
NP/VP gerund does not interest
me (very much/ at all)
expressing surprise
pleasant
Good Lord/heavens!
What a (nice) surprise!
(with high fall)
How surprising! (with high fall)
Fancy that/ VP gerund!
(with high fall)
Well, this is a surprise!
That is/I find that very surprising!
Im surprised (to hear)
(+ complement clause)
unpleasant
What a shock!
Oh, no!
How awful/ dreadful
That comes as a (complete) shock
(to me)
enquiring about surprise
Does(nt) that surprise you?
Is(nt) this/that what you expected/
were expecting?
Are(nt) you surprised
(+ complement clause)
Do(nt) you find it surprising
(+ complement clause)

expressing lack of surprise

Well? (with high rise)
Surprise, surprise (ironic)
Just what you might expect

expressing indifference
So what!
I dont mind/care (+ if clause)
It is all the same to me
I couldnt care less
It is nothing to me
It leaves me cold
What is that to me?

enquiring about indifference

Dont you care?
Is it nothing to you
(...complement clause)?

expressing fatigue, resignation

Im (rather/very) tired
Ive had enough
Im worn out
Theres nothing (more) to be done
Theres nothing (more) I can do
Leave it

expressing gratitude
Thank you (so much/ very much
(indeed)
(Many) thanks
It/that was (very/most) kind/nice/
good of you (to + VPinf )
Im very grateful to you (for NP/VP
gerund)

reacting to an expression of gratitude

Thank you
Not at all
It is/was/has been a pleasure

expressing moral attitudes

expressing moral obligation
NP + be (not) supposed to +VPinf
NP should(nt)/ ought (not) to +
VPinf
It is (not) right/wrong to + VPinf
NP/VP gerund is(not) right/wrong
expressing approval
(very) good
(Thats) fine/excellent
Well done!
Good show!
I (strongly) approve (of + NP/noun
clause)
NP + be (quite) right (to + VPinf )
expressing disapproval, protest
Tut tut (clicks)
Bad show
Thats/its not very good/nice
You ought not to have done it/that
You shouldnt have done it/that
You ought to be ashamed of
yourself
I (strongly) disapprove of NP/
noun clause
Im against/ not in favour of NP/VP
gerund

denying blame
It isnt/wasnt NPs fault
NP + be + not to blame
(for NP/VP gerund)
NP + be (entirely) innocent
apologizing, asking forgiveness
(Im (so very) sorry
(for NP/VP gerund)
Please forgive me
(for NP/VP gerund)
I (do apologise (for NP/VP gerund)
apologizing for disturbing somebody
I beg your pardon
Excuse me, please

accepting an apology, granting

forgiveness
Not at all
Thats (quite) all right
It doesnt matter (at all/one bit)
Forget it
No problem
I forgive you
Let bygones be bygones

in public meetings
Shame!
I (must) protest (against NP/VP
gerund)
enquiring about approval/disapproval
(Is this) ok/all right?
Hows this?
Do you approve (of + NP/VP
gerund?
What do you think of + NP/VP
gerund?
How do you find NP/VP gerund?
attaching/accepting blame
Its (all) NPs fault
NP + be + to blame
(for NP/VP gerund)

The learner CAN decide on and manage courses of action (suasion)

suggesting a joint course of action

(involving both speaker and addressee)
Lets + VPinf!
Shall we + VPinf?
We could/might/perhaps
What/how about + NP/VP gerund
We might (perhaps) + VPinf
Why not + VPinf?
Why dont we + VPinf?

agreeing to a suggestion
Yes, lets
Why not (indeed)?
(Thats a) (very) good idea
Certainly

requesting someone to do something

urgent requests
VP imperative
you must + VPinf (stress on must)

I wonder if/do you think you could

(be so kind as to (VPinf ), please
dropping hints for someone to act on
declarative sentences + tag (falling)
It would be nice + if-clause
I dont suppose + complement
clause (falling rising)

asking for assistance

Help!
Can/could you help me, please?
Do you think you could give/lend
me a hand?

defiance of a prohibition
(Oh) yes I will
Just you try to stop me

responding to a request

more insistent
Will you please + VPinf (falling)
VP imperative (please)
Do (please)VPinf (will you,
unstressed)

agreeing with reservations

Yes with falling-rising intonation
Yes + if clause
Only + if clause
Not + unless-clause

ordering goods/a meal/a drink/etc.

Id like/give me/Ill have NP
(please after last item only)

agreeing with reluctance

Well all right
If you like
If I must
If you insist
I suppose Id better
I dont mind

making polite requests

Please + VP imperative
VP imperative, please
Would/can/could you (be so kind
as to) VPinf, please
Do/would you mind + VP gerund,
please

expressing defiance
defiance of an order
(Oh) no I wont
Never!

agreeing to a request willingly

Certainly
Willingly
With pleasure
Its a pleasure
Yes (of course) I will

asking someone for something

Id (very much) like + NP (please)
Please may I have + NP
Can/could I have + NP (please)
Do you think I could have + NP
please

No. (Im sorry but) I cant

(Im afraid) its impossible/ out of
the question
Not a hope
Im sorry, but Im afraid I dont
see how I can

pleading
Please (high fall) + VP imperative
(rising)

giving instructions and orders

VP imperative
You + VP simple present
We shall/you will + VPinf
Will you + VPinf (please)
(falling intonation)

demurring
Well (with falling rising intonation)
I dont (really) know (if I can)
Id like to (with fall-rise), but
(+ declarative sentence)
Ill see (what I can do)
I cant promise
refusing
No way!
Sorry

defiance of a stated intention

Dont you dare!
Just you try!
Over my dead body!
No way!

offering assistance
Let me help you!
Can I help you?
Can/shall I give/lend you a hand?
Can I do anything to help?
Can I be of assistance?
What can I do for you?
Can you manage?

giving advice
You should + VPinf
You (really) ought to + VPinf
Why dont you + VPinf
If I were you Id + VPinf
You could (always) try + VP gerund

giving warnings
VP imperative with falling-rising
intonation
Watch out (for NP)
Dont + VPinf (with fall-rise)
Mind + NP
declarative sentences with fall-rise

giving encouragement
Come on (- VP imperative)
Now then (+ VP imperative)
Keep it up!
Keep (on) + VP gerund

 asking permission
Can/could/may/might I(+ VPinf )
(please)
Do you mind (+ if clause) (please)
Is it alright(+ if clause)
Do you think I could/might + VPinf
(please)
granting permission

granting permission willingly

Yes
Certainly
Please do
By all means
Of course
Thats (quite all right (by me)

granting permission with reservations

Yes (with falling-rising intonation)
(Yes +) if clause
(Yes +) provided + complement
clause
Not + unless + clause
granting permission with reluctance
If you must
I suppose so
I cant stop you, (can I?)
(with falling intonation)
If you like ( with low rise)
advising not to do it
You can if you like
(with fall-rise on like)
expressions in agreeing with
reluctance above
demurring
expressions in demurring above

refusing or withholding permission

No (+ negative tag)
Sorry (with fall-rise)
Im afraid not
Im sorry (with fall-rise) + but-clause
Not + adverbial(s)

prohibiting someone from doing

something
Dont (+ VPinf )
You mustnt/cant (+ VPinf )

strongly expressed
Dont you dare (+ VPinf )
more formal
I forbid you to + VPinf
I cannot allow you to + VPinf
at a meeting
I (must) veto this proposal
offering to do something for someone
Can I do anything for you?
Can/shall I + VPinf (for you)?
Would you like me to + VPinf
(for you)?
pressing offers
Do let me + VPinf (for you)
You must let me + VPinf (for you)

offering somebody something

Would you like + NP?
Can I/let me offer you + NP
(Do) have + NP
How about + NP

declining an offer or invitation

firm refusal
No, thank you
(Im sorry but) I cant (+ VPinf )
Its very good/kind of you (to offer/
invite us) + but clause
Unfortunately I cant (+ VPinf )
Im afraid I cant (+ VPinf )
demurring or weak refusal
(inviting renewal of offer /invitation)
I dont think I really ought to
I dont want to put you to
any trouble
Are you sure (+ complement
clause)?
I dont really know whether I can
Id like to but (with fall-rise)
enquiring whether an offer or
invitation is accepted
Can/will you + VPinf (after all)?
(with high rise)
Do you know (yet) whether you
can/will + VP (after all)

inviting someone to do something

(How) would you like to + VPinf
What/how ahout + VP gerund
pressing invitations
(Do +) VP imperative
You (simply) must + VPinf
tentative invitations
You wouldnt like to VPinf,
would you?
I dont suppose youd like to VPinf
would you?

The learner CAN socialise

attracting attention
Excuse me
Hallo!
I say

greeting people
greeting strangers and acquaintances
Good morning/afternoon/evening
(+ address form)
Hallo (less formal)

greeting friends and close

acquaintances
Hallo + address form
How are you? (stress on are)

informal
How are you doing/keeping/
getting on?
replying to a greeting
if in normal health
(Im) fine/very well (thank you).
How are you? (stress on you)
(Im) very well, thank you and how
are you?
if in poor health
well, so-so (thank-you).
How are you?
if recovering from an illness etc.
(Much) better, thank you.
How are you?
address forms
addressing a friend or relative
first name
addressing an acquaintance
formal title (+family name)
honorific (Mr, Mrs, Miss) +
family name
Sir + first name

addressing a stranger (official,

customer, member of the general
public, etc.)
formal address
formal title (Professor/Doctor/
Officer/Captain, etc.)
Sir/Madam
informal address
no address form
terms of endearment
(my) dear/darling/love
making introductions
formal introductions
address form + may I introduce
+ honorific
address form + Id like you to meet
+ first name + family name
informal introductions
address form + this is + first name
especially among young people on
social occasions
first name + meet + first name
(+ reverse)
introducing oneself
more formal
(Good morning/afternoon/
evening). How do you do? Im/my
name is + first name + family name
informal
Hallo. Im + first name
(+ family name)
when being introduced or when
someone is introduced to you
formal
How do you do?
informal
Hello
Its good/ (Im) (very) pleased to
meet you

enquiring whether an introduction

is needed
Do you know each other?
address form + do you know +
honorific/first name + family name
I think you (two) know each other
(dont you)
Have you already met?

making someone welcome e.g.,

on entry into someones house
Welcome!
Do come in
Make yourself at home

at a meal
before eating
no special greeting
inviting guests to serve themselves
Please help yourself

proposing a toast
Cheers
Your (very) good health
Heres to + NP

congratulating someone
(Many) congratulations
Well done!
Brilliant!

in sports
Well + past participle
good wishes
on someones birthday
Many happy returns (of the day)
Happy birthday!
at festival times
Merry Christmas
Happy New Year

wishing someone success

Good/the best of luck!
Hope it/all goes well!
Cross fingers!

10

when someone is going out or

on holiday
Enjoy yourself/yourselves!
Have a good time!

when parting from someone

All the best!
Keep well
Look after yourself
Take care
(Do) keep in touch
Lets be hearing from you
Have a good journey/trip/holiday

taking leave
formal leave-taking
Good morning/afternoon/evening/
night (+ address form)
(with low-rising intonation)
informal
Its been nice meeting you
See you again soon
See you/be seeing you
(+ temporal adverbial)
Goodbye for now

colloquial
So long
Bye-bye
Cheerio!

if you are not expecting to meet again

Goodbye.

The learner CAN structure discourse

opening
on formal occasions
Ladies and Gentlemen!
as a participant in a meeting
Mr/Madam Chairman
Chair (person)
informally
Right (now)!
Ahem (sound of clearing
ones throat)
Well (now)
introducing a theme
at the start of a discourse
To begin/start with, Id like to
+ VPinf
introducing a topic
Now, Id like to say something
about + NP

introducing a report/narrative or
description
Id like to tell you about NP
Id like to tell you + wh clause

introducing an anecdote
There was this NP
expressing an opinion
As I see it + declarative sentence
In my opinion + declarative
sentence

(Personally) I think +
complementary clause
If you ask me + declarative
sentence

enumerating
In the first place... In the second
place... etc.
First... second(ly) third(ly)... etc.
First... then then etc.
and and
For one thing: for another

exemplifying
for example
(in written texts) e.g.
for instance
etcetera (in writing, etc.)
and so on

emphasizing
word order
use of adverbs of degree:
especially/extremely/particularly/
very (very), etc.
(please) note + NP/noun clause
It is important to + VPinf
I must emphasise/stress(the fact)
+ that-clause

in speech
use of strong stress
use of high falling nucleus
use of fall-rise in subordinate
groups

in writing
N.B.
emphasis in hand-or type-written texts
use of underlining
devices in in speech above,
as appropriate

emphasis in printed or
word-processed texts
use of italics
use of bolding
use of capitals

defining
that is/means (to say)
(in writing) i.e.

summarising
to sum up
in brief
to cut a long story short...
all in all

changing the theme

(Now) to change the subject
Now for something different
To pass on to something else
I have another point (to make)

asking someone to pass to a

new theme
Id like to ask you something else

11

 asking someones opinion

What do you think (about/of NP)
What is your opinion/view?
Where do you stand (on NP/this
matter)?
How do you see it?
How does it look/seem from your
point of view?

encouraging someone to continue

(Do) go on (please)

showing that one is following a

persons discourse
I see
Yes/No (with low rise)
Uh-huh (with low rise)
Really?
Oh!
Indeed
Tag questions
Is that so?
How interesting

at the end of a speech

Thank you for your attention

interrupting, asking for the floor

Excuse me
May I come in here?
May I say something?
One moment, please
Can/may I put my side of the case?
May I speak (now)?

objecting/protesting
No. Im sorry but...
I(must strongly) object!
I must protest (in the strongest
possible terms)
That is (quite) unacceptable
I cant accept that
I cant let you get away with that
asking someone to be silent
Sh!
Quiet, please
strongly expressed
Shut up!
colloquial
Pipe down!

indicating a wish to continue

Just one moment/a minute please
Please let me finish
As I was saying
(Please) dont/do not interrupt
I have just one thing left to say

indicating that one is coming to an end

Finally
To finish/in conclusion, I should like
to say...
closing

at the end of a conversation

Well, its been nice talking
(to/with you)
see also taking leave section above
using the telephone
opening the conversation by answering
the call
giving the telephone number
Hallo?
Hallo, this is + personal name
(speaking/here)
response by initiator of call
personal name + here
Hello + address form + this is + own
name (speaking)
if number unidentified
Hello. Is that personal name/
company etc.?
asking for:
a person
(Can I speak to) + personal name
+ please?
Could you put me through to +
personal name + please?
on extension
(Can I have) extension + number
+ please
verifying caller
Who is that calling, please?
asking someone to wait
Hold the line, please
Just a moment please
The line/extension is engaged.
Will you wait?
asking whether one is heard and
understood

Hallo?
Are you (still) there?
Can you (still) hear me?
announcing new call
Ill call back/again (+ temporal
adverbial)
signing off signals
I must go now
Thank you for calling
see good wishes and taking
leave above
letters
opening formulae
to strangers whose name is not known,
companies, etc.
Dear Sir/Madam
to acquaintances and named strangers
Dear + honorific + family name
to family, friends and closer
acquaintances
Dear + first name (or nickname if
appropriate)
My dear + first name
on terms of endearment only
(My) dearest + first name
Darling (+first name)
closing formulae
to strangers whose name is not known
Yours faithfully + normal signature
or printed form of signature
to acquaintances and named strangers
Yours sincerely + normal signature
+ printed form of signature
(if signature unrecognisable)
Yours sincerely + first name +
family name
to family, friends and closer
acquaintances
friends
(With) best wishes + first name only
close friends
Yours ever
family and close friends
(With) love (from)
following terms of endearment only
With (all my/very best) love
personalised endings

12

The learner CAN assure and repair communication

signalling non-understanding
Sorry (with high rise)
Sorry (with fall-rise)) I dont (quite)
understand
(+ that word)
(+ that expression)
(+ what you said)
(+ repetition of item not understood)
asking for repetition of the whole
utterance
I beg your pardon (with high rise)?
What did you say, please (with high
rise on what)?
(Sorry) could you say that again
(please)?
(Sorry) could you repeat that
(for me), please?
asking for a repetition of a word
or phrase
(Sorry +) Wh question (with high
rise on wh word)
(Sorry +) indirect Wh question,
including did you say (with high
rise on wh word)
asking for confirmation of text
Did you say X?
Did you say X or Y?
asking for confirmation of
understanding
Do you mean to say + that clause?
asking for definition or clarification
(Sorry) what does X mean?
What do you mean by X?
What is X (exactly)?
Could you explain that
(for me, please)?
asking someone to spell something
Could you spell that (word) please?
How do you spell that (word)
please?
How do/could you spell
(spoken form), please?

asking for something to be

written down
Could you write that down (for me)
please?
see also making polite
requests above

expressing ignorance of a word

or expression
I dont know how to say/express it
I dont know what you call it
I dont know the word in English
In (native language) we say X

appealing for assistance in finding

an expression
What is the English for
(native language word)?
How do you say
(native language word)?
use of hesitation fillers
(see filling hesitation pauses below)
with appropriate gesture

filling hesitation pauses while looking

for a forgotten word or phrase
er
you know
now let me think
just a moment
whats the word for it...
how shall I put it...

substituting for a forgotten noun

or name

using a meaningless noun or name

whats-its/-his/-her/name
what-do-you(-me)-call-it
thingummy(jig)

what to do if the interlocutor does not

understand
repeating what one has said
X (simply repeated as originally
spoken)
X (spoken more slowly and
carefully)
I said X
What I said was X
I said + indirect speech form or
close paraphrase
I told/asked you to + VPinf
I asked you + indirect (wh) question
spelling out a word or expression
pronouncing the sequence of
letter names
X is spelt
You spell it

correcting oneself
(Sorry) no, not X, Y!
No, I mean(t) Y (not X)
..or rather
Thats not (exactly) what I meant
Let me try/start again

asking if you have been understood

Is that clear (now)?
Do you understand (now)?

supplying a word or expression

Do(nt) you mean X?
Perhaps you mean X?
I think you (probably) mean X?
X (perhaps)?

paraphrasing
a/some kind/sort of + generic term
(+ specifier)
something like + related term
something/generic term +
relative clause
asking someone to speak more slowly
(Can/could you) speak (a little)
more slowly, please
Not so fast/quickly, please

13

General Notions
General notions for Threshold with recommended exponents
existential

relative position

existence, non-existence
There is + NP
There is no + NP
There isnt any + NP
to exist, to become, to make,
to create, to design, to produce;
to destroy; to appear, to disappear

prepositions
above, against, among, at, at the
end of, at the back of, at the side
of, before, behind, below, beside,
between, in front of, inside, in the
centre of, next to, on, opposite,
outside, over, round, under, with
where + sub-clause

presence, absence
here, not here, there, not there,
away; present, absent; presence,
absence

availability, non-availability
to have (got)
There is (no) + NP
There isnt any + NP
available, not available; ready

adverbs and adverbial phrases

above, below, at the end, at the
back, at the side, behind, in the
background, in front, inside, in the
middle, in the centre, opposite,
outside
verbs
to cover, to overlap

occurrence, non-occurrence
to happen, to occur, to take place;
event, occurrence

distance
distant, far (away) (from), remote,
near, in the neighbourhood (of ),
close (to),
away

discovery, non-discovery
to find, to discover; to avoid,
to miss; discovery

motion

spatial
location
noun
location, place, position, site,
situation
adverbs
here, there, here and there, every
where, somewhere, nowhere,
(not) anywhere, where? wherever;
inside, outside; in the east/north/
south/west
verbs
to be, to be situated, to lie
determiners
this, that, these, those

nouns
motion, movement

prepositions
across, along, down, for, from, into,
off, past, through, to, towards, up,
away from
verbs
to ring, to carry, to follow, to pull,
to push, to put, to send, to take,
to take away, to turn
origin
from, out of origin, root(s)
arrangement
before, after, between, among, first,
last arrangement, pattern, set
dimensions
size
adjectives
big, deep, enormous, great, high,
huge, large, little, long, low, nar
row, shallow, short, small, tall,
thick, thin, tiny, wide
verbs
to become/get bigger, smaller,
etc., to increase, to decrease,
to grow, to shrink

verbs
to arrive, to come, to come along,
to come + to NP, to enter, to drop,
to fall, to flow, to get up, to go,
to hurry, to leave, to lie down, to
move, to pass, to quite to remove,
to run, to stand still, to start,
to step, to stop, to walk

nouns
depth, height, length, size,
thickness, width

direction
direction, destination

pressure
heavy, light
high, low
pressure
to press

weight
to weigh
load, weight
gram(me)s, kilo, lbs, oz, ton(ne)
light/heavy

adverbs
away, back, backward(s), (anti-)
clockwise, down, downward(s),
forward(s), in, inward(s), out,
outward(s), to the left/right,
straight on, up, upward(s), east,
north, south, west

length
centimetre, foot, inch, meter,
kilometre, mile, millimetre, yard
long, short

14

 volume
content; gallon, pint, litre
to contain
space
big, small
room
temperature
temperature, degree, zero,
heat, cold
adjectives
chilly, cold, cool, hot, lukewarm,
mild, warm
verbs
to boil, to burn, to freeze, to heat,
to get cold/hot/warm
temporal

points of time
(three) oclock
(five) to/past (three)
a quarter to/past (three)
(sixteen) minutes to/past (three)
half past (three)
(3) a.m./p.m.
noon, midnight
1500 (fifteen hundred),
1518 (fifteen eighteen)
at ...

divisions of time
moment, period, second, minute
quarter of an hour, half (an) hour,
hour, day, week, fortnight,
month, year, century
season, spring, summer,
autumn, winter
morning, afternoon, evening, night
weekend, holiday(s)
the names of the days of the week
names of the months
indications of time
time
now, then, when?, whenever,
soon, ago
today, tomorrow, yesterday, the day
before yesterday, the day after
tomorrow

this morning/afternoon/evening/
week/month/year, tonight, last/
next + week/month/year
at
by
on
dates: (spoken) the first of June,
(written) 1 June
Christmas, Easter, the New Year

duration
prepositions
during, for, since, throughout, till,
until, nottill
verbs
to continue, to go on, to last, to take
adjectives
long, short, quick
adverbs
always, for good
earliness
early
lateness
late

anteriority
present perfect
past perfect
before + sub-clause
before
already
yet
earlier than

-
-
-
-

posteriority
after + NP/sub-clause
afterwards
later (on)
later than

sequence
- first, then, next, finally
- at last, later on, in the end, afterwards
simultaneousness
when + sub-clause, while +
sub-clause, as soon as +
sub-clause, in the course of + NP,
at the same time, in the meantime,
meanwhile; instant(ly)

future reference
NP + be going to
NP + shall/will
present continuous of verbs
of motion
simple present (with adverbials of
future time)
in
next week/month/year/Sunday, etc.
tomorrow, tonight, the day after
tomorrow, this afternoon,
immediately, soon, ultimately
future + N
the future

present reference
simple present
present continuous
present perfect
at present, now, today, still
this morning/afternoon/year etc.

past reference
simple past
past continuous
yesterday, the day before
yesterday, formerly, just, just now,
recent(ly), lately, of late, last week/
month, etc. in the past, originally
reference without time-focus
simple present

delay
later,
delay
to be delayed

speed
fast, rapid(ly), quick(ly), slow(ly)
miles/kilometres per hour
frequency
always, (hardly) ever, frequent(ly),
never, occasional(ly), (not)
often, once, rarely, repeatedly,
seldom, sometimes, twice, usually,
daily, weekly, monthly, annual(ly),
hourly; now and then; once
every year
.times a/per week/month etc
on weekdays/Sundays etc.
every hour/week/Sunday etc.

15

continuity
present continuous
past continuous
present perfect
to continue, to go on

intermittence
sometimes, not always,
occasionally, on and off
permanence
always, for ever, for good,
permanent(ly)

temporariness
for + NP
not always, temporary, temporarily
present continuous
past continuous

repetitiousness
again, again and again, all the time,
many times, several times
to repeat
uniqueness
(only) once

commencement
to begin/start
to go
since, from
at first, initial(ly)
beginning, start

cessation
(to) end, (to) finish, (to) stop
till, until, to
stability
to remain, to stay, to keep, to wait
change, transition
to become, (to) change, to get,
to interrupt, to turn, to vary
suddenly

quantitative

number
singular/plural
cardinal numerals
ordinal numbers
fractions
minus, plus
negative, positive
number
to count
about
approximately
exactly
another

quantity
determiners
all, a lot of, any, hardly any, not
any, both, each, enough, (a)few,
(a) little, less, least, many, more,
most, how much, how many, much,
no, several, some, various
double, twice, half
extra, further, plenty (of )
per cent, sum, total, whole
to add, to subtract, to multiply,
to divide
a cup,/bottle/glass/packet/ piece,
etc. of
see dimension above
degree
comparative and superlative
degrees of adjectives and adverbs
enough, too, very, a bit,
somewhat, a lot, much, almost,
hardly, quite, slightly, absolutely,
completely
such, even
qualitative
physical
shape
adjectives
circular, crooked, curved, oval,
rectangular, round, square, straight

dimension
see dimension section above
moisture, humidity
to dry, to (make) wet
humidity, moisture

visibility, sight
NP + can(not) see + NP
NP + can(not) be seen
to look, to look at, to watch

nouns
look, glance, sight, darkness
adjectives
blind, light, dark, (in)visible

audibility, hearing
NP + can(not) hear + NP
NP + can(not) be heard
to listen (to)

nouns
noise, silence, sound
adjectives
deaf, loud, noisy, silent, soft, quiet
taste
to taste, flavour, taste
adjectives
bad, excellent, lovely, nice, bitter,
salt(y), sweet, sour
smell
to smell of
smell, odor, perfume
adjectives
bad, nice, pleasant, unpleasant
texture
adjectives
hard, rough, smooth, soft,
strong, weak
colour
blue, black, brown, green, grey,
orange, pink, purple, red, white,
yellow
light, bright, dull, dark

nouns
circle, curve, form, oval, rectangle,
shape, square

16

age
I am (years old)
a(n) X year old boy/girl
How old are you (is he/she etc.)?

adjectives
adult, elderly, mature, middle-aged,
old, young
nouns
baby, child, adolescent, teenager,
adult; childhood, adolescence,
maturity, old age, generation;
week/month, year
to be under/over age, to come
of age
physical condition
verbs
to break, to cut, to (be) hurt,
to die, to fasten, to fix, to recover,
to repair, to put right, to look
nouns
death, health. life, sickness
adjectives
alive, all right, better, dead, fine,
ill, well
in/out of order
accessibility

material
nouns and adjectives

cotton, fur, linen, leather, nylon,

silk, woollen, aluminium, brass,
brick, cardboard, concrete, copper,
glass, iron, metal, paper, plastic,
polyester, steel, stone, wood(en);
gold, platinum, silver
material, textile(s)

genuineness
false, genuine, imaginary,
imitation, real
fullness
empty, full (of )
to empty, to fill
evaluative
value, price
How much + be?
to cost
nouns
price, value
adjectives
cheap, (in)expensive, high,
low, valuable

verbs
to close, to enter, to get at, to go in,
to open, to reach

quality

adjectives
closed, open

adjectives
bad, worse, worst, excellent,
fine, nice, perfect, poor, pure,
outstanding, terrible, wonderful

cleanness
verbs
to clean, to wash, (to) dust,
(to) polish
adjectives
clean, dirty, dusty, neat, soiled
nouns
cleanness, dirt, mess

noun
quality

verbs
to deteriorate, to improve
adverbs
badly, excellently, nicely, perfectly,
poorly, purely, outstandingly,
terribly, well, wonderfully

rightness/wrongness
NP + should (not) + VPinf
NP + ought (not) to + VPinf
right, wrong

acceptability, unacceptability
Thats all right
Thats fine/nice
Its just/not quite what I wanted
I dont like it
I cannot accept
Im against
satisfactory, unsatisfactory

adequacy, inadequacy
NP + be all right, fine, just right
NP + be (not) enough
That will do

desirability/undesirability
to like
correctness/incorrectness
adjectives
better, (in)correct, false, faulty,
right, true, wrong, OK
verbs
to be right, to be wrong,
to put something right, to make
something better

successfulness, unsuccessfulness
to fail, to succeed, to try
failure, success
(un)successful

utility, inutility
NP + can(not) use
helpful, practical. relevant,
(not) useful, useless

capacity/incapacity
NP + can(not)
NP + will/wont
NP + be (un)able to
to enable

Importance/unimportance
(not) important, unimportant, trivial
normality/abnormality
(ab)normal, strange, ordinary,
extraordinary, (un)usual, unique
facility/difficulty
easy, difficult, hard
ease, difficulty

17

 discovery, non-discovery
to discover, to find; to avoid,
to miss
complexity, simplicity
complex, complicated, simple,
simplicity, complexity
convenience, inconvenience
convenient, inconvenient,
convenience inconvenience
generality, specificity
general, global; individual,
particular, special, typical
to consist of
whole, part, detail, feature
mental
reflection, intuition
verbs
to believe, to be sure, to be certain,
to change ones mind, to conclude,
to consider, to hope, to ignore,
to imagine, to know, to neglect,
to overlook, to remember, to take
into account, to think, to wonder
nouns
belief, certainty, conclusion, hope,
knowledge, opinion, thought, view
adverbs
naturally, no doubt, of course,
on second thoughts
expression

verbs
to answer, to apologise, to ask,
to command, to communicate, to
discuss, to forbid, to invite, to laugh,
to recommend, to refer (to), to relate,
to remark, to remind, to report, to
respond, to request, to say, to speak,
to suggest, to talk, to tell, to thank,
to write

nouns
answer, argument, communication,
discussion, question, remark,
report, statement, suggestion

relational
spatial relations
see the spatial section above
temporal relations
see the temporal section above
action-event relations

agency
agent as subject
agent in by adjunct
agent in emphatic

objective/factitive
objective as object
objective as subject of passive
factitive as object
factitive as subject of passive

dative
dative as indirect object
dative in to adjunct
dative as subject of passive

instrumental
instrumental in with adjunct
benefactive
benefactive in for adjunct
causative
to have
to make
place
see the spatial section above

correspondence
like, unlike, equal (to)
comparative degree + than
superlative degree
as as
not so as
to compare

possessive relations
ownership, possession
possessive adjectives
(my, your, etc.)
possessive pronouns
(mine, yours etc.)
genitive singular of personal nouns
of adjuncts
with adjuncts, without adjuncts
to belong to, to have (got), to get,
to give, to keep, to obtain, to own,
to possess
owner
own
logical relations
conjunction
and, as well as, both and, also,
too, not either, neither, nor,
together
couple, pair, group
disjunction
or, however, either or, separate(ly),
one by one, on the other hand

time
see the temporal section above

inclusion/exclusion
with, without, except, including,
excluding, to exclude, to include,
to omit

manner, means
in this manner, in this way, like this,
by means of, somehow, thus, badly,
fast, hard, how? quickly, slowly,
well, by + Ving
as

cause
why?
because + sub-clause, as
+ sub-clause
due to, because of

contrastive relations
equality/inequality
(not) the same (thing) (as);
(dis)similar, different (from), else,
other, another

effect
then, so, so that
the result is
consequence
consequently

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 reason
why?
because + sub-clause, since
+ sub-clause
the reason is
purpose
to (as in: He came to help me),

in order to, the purpose is

condition, dependence
if + sub-clause, unless + sub-clause
in case of, on condition that
to depend (on), dependent (on),
independent (of )
dependence, independence

focusing
about, on, as to, concerning,
as regards, with regard to
only
concession
thought, although, despite,
in spite of, in fact

deixis
definite
non-anaphoric
personal pronouns (subject forms and object forms)
possessive adjectives
possessive pronouns as complement
possessive pronouns as subject
demonstrative adjectives and pronouns
independent relative pronoun
definite article
interrogative pronouns
interrogative adjectives
adverbs

my, your, etc.

This is mine
(as in: Mine is better)
this, that, these, those, such
what (as in: What you say is true)
the
who, whom, whose, what, which
whose, what, which
here, there, now, then

anaphoric
personal pronouns (subject forms and object forms)
possessive adjectives
possessive pronouns as complement
demonstrative adjectives and pronouns
relative pronouns
reflexive/ emphatic pronouns
reciprocal pronoun
definite article
adverbs
propword
substitute-verb

(as in: You take it, its yours)

who, whom, whose, which, that, omission of relative pronoun
myself, yourself, etc
each other
the
here, there, now, then, so
one, ones
do (as in: He asked me to help him and I did)

indefinite
indefinite article
indefinite pronouns




indefinite determiners
adverbs
semi-deictics

a, an
someone, somebody, no one, (not)anybody, (not) anyone, nobody,
each, everybody, everyone, something, (not)anything, nothing,
everything, all (as in: I want all of it), both (as in: I want both of them),
some (as in: some of them went home), it (as in: its raining), you
(as in: its a nice record if you like modern music)
see quantative/quantity section above
somewhere, nowhere, (not) anywhere, sometimes, never, always
person (as in: there are five persons present
man (as in: there were animals here before man came)
people (as in: what do people think about the government?)
thing (as in: what do you call that thing?)
do (as in: what are you going to do tonight?)

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Topic-related tasks and lexicon

personal identification
Adult learners CAN describe themselves and others, stating names with honorifics and titles as appropriate and spelling them out
if required, giving addresses and telephone numbers, date and place of birth, stating age, sex, marital status, religion, if any, and nationality; they can describe the composition of their family; they can say what they and others do or intend to do for a living expressing
their views and preferences on this and accounting for them; they can describe and discuss the appearance, character and personality of other people; and they can elicit/understand similar information from others and discuss factual details, views and opinions as
required.
house, home and environment
Learners CAN describe a house or flat and the rooms in it, refer to furniture, bedclothes and decoration, cost, services and
amenities, describe regions, natural environment and geographical features, obtain/understand similar descriptions and
references from others, exchange views on these matters, account for these views and discuss them with others.
daily life
Learners CAN describe their daily routines, at home and at work, can give information about income, schooling and prospects; obtain/understand similar information from others; exchange and discuss views on these matters.
free time, entertainment
Learners CAN say when they are free and what they do in their spare time, particularly with reference to hobbies and interests, public
entertainment and private pursuits, mass media, sports and reading; they can obtain/understand similar information from others;
they can make full use of the relevant facilities; they can exchange views on these matters and account for and discuss their likes and
dislikes; they can characterise and describe events and experiences, including the progress of sporting-events and the contents of
broadcasts, performances and reading-matter.
travel
Learners CAN use and refer to means of transport by road, rail, sea an air for business and holiday purposes and use accommodation
for travellers; they can describe journeys, exchange views on ways of travelling and types of accommodation, express their
preferences and account for them, discussing them as required.
relations with other people
The learners CAN refer to personal relations, participate in social life, deal with matters of correspondence, refer to club
membership, refer to forms of government and politics, to matters of crime and justice, of war and peace, social affairs; they can
exchange information and views on these matters with others, engage in discussions and account for their views.
health and body care
Learners CAN refer to matters of personal comfort, stating whether they feel well, are hungry, tired, etc, refer to matters of personal
hygiene and obtain the articles, required, refer to matters of health and illness and describe what is wrong to a doctor or dentist,
report accidents, refer to medical services and insurance; exchange information and views on these matters; engage in discussion and
account for their views.
education
Learners CAN exchange information and views on educational matters, particularly types of education, school subjects and
qualifications; they can engage in discussions on these matters and account for their views.

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shopping
Learners CAN use shopping facilities, particularly obtaining foodstuffs, clothes and household articles, discuss prices, pay
for things bought; they can exchange information and views on these matters, engage in discussions on them and account for
their views.
food and drink
Learners CAN refer to and order various kinds of food and beverage, also in a restaurant, cafe, etc; they can exchange information
and views on food, drink and places for eating and drinking; they can engage in discussions on these matters and account for
their views.
services
Learners CAN refer to, inquire about, make use of and help others to make use of postal services, telephone, telegraph, bank,
police, diplomatic services, car maintenance services and petrol stations.
places
Learners CAN ask the way and give strangers directions; they can engage in discussions on where places are and how to get there.
language
Learners CAN refer to foreign language ability and deal with problems of understanding, expression and correctness; they can exchange experiences and views on these matters, engage in discussions about them and account for their views.
weather
Learners CAN understand and report a weather forecast and exchange information and views on climate and weather conditions;
they can engage in discussions on these matters and account for their views.
The additional requirements for Vantage Level mark the transition from Threshold Level to the present objective as a movement from
the strictly personal and subjective to the more general interest and greater objectivity. If learners are to account for their views and
discuss them with others this may involve:

-
-
-
-
-
-

looking at their and others views from a certain distance,

analysing the issues involved,
attempting a critical assessment of their own views and of alternative ones,
weighing arguments,
summarising the discussion,
drawing conclusions,
modifying or maintaining their point of view while supplying reasons for this, etc.

The more complex forms of interaction involved make a greater demand on communication strategies than was the case
at Threshold Level. The additional requirement concerning describing/narrating complex events, etc will have more direct

21

consequences for the command of discourse strategies needed by the learners.

lexicon
Learners progress after Threshold Level is marked by increasing individualisation and, consequently, divergence. While a common
core may be distinguished in the development of their general foreign language ability their freedom to choose themes for higher level
treatment to suit their own interests rules out any attempt on our part to predict exactly what specific notions and what
exponents may be particularly useful to them, beyond, of course, those already included in the Threshold level specification.
What we can say with certainty is that, in order to carry out the tasks described for Vantage Level adequately, the learners will need
to have a command of vocabulary that allows them to express themselves precisely and with some subtlety and to understand others doing so while being sensitive to shades of meaning, implications and overtones. This will imply a certain command of synonyms
(different exponents for one and the same specific notion) and familiarity with situational (formal, informal, slang, etc.) and attitudinal
features of vocabulary items (humorous, derogatory, etc.). All this means that the learners command of vocabulary will have to be
much greater at Vantage Level than it was at Threshold Level. In fact, vocabulary extension may well constitute the greater part of the
learning-load required to pass from the earlier level to the present one.
We may give an indication of the scope of the vocabulary extension required by considering, for instance, the list of exponents recommended in Threshold level 1990 for theme 14, weather. The list for this comparatively simple theme contains the following items only:

climate
fog
storm
weather
foggy
gale
sun
mist
thunderstorm

sunny
snow
snowstorm
sunshine
to snow
lightning
to shine
ice

fine
rain
frost
mild
rainy
to freeze
shade
to rain
wind

In order to deal with this theme at Vantage Level the following additional items will be by no means superfluous (and, please note that
this list may be easily expanded, that it contains no items which are far-fetched, outlandish or in any other way unusual,
and that most of them occur regularly in, for instance, the daily weather forecasts of the B.B.C.):

moon
star
planet
temperature
drizzle
to drizzle
to pour (with rain)
shower
dense (fog)
visibility
snowflake
hail
black ice
frosty
thaw

to thaw
breeze
windy
blustery
severe (gale)
hurricane
blizzard
thunder
bright
cloud
cloudy
overcast
dull
unsettled
murky

muggy
close (adj.)
humid
humidity
chill
chilly
weather forecast
low pressure
high pressure
anticyclone
isobar
global warming
ozone layer
pollen count
air pollution

Several further relevant items may be regarded as exponents of general notice such as hot, cold, dry, wet, and, regrettably, terrible,
atrocious, and even diabolical.
Note that the above list is here given as a quantitative indication. It is not suggested that learners should necessarily draw up such lists,
or should be provided with them, for the themes chosen by them. Whether this may be considered useful or not is a matter of pedagogical views and individual learning-habits.

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Because the target-group for Vantage Level is essentially the same as that for Threshold Level it is likely that many learners may wish to
expand their communicative ability particularly with regard to certain themes of general interest that were included in Threshold level.
As noted before, it is likely, however, that learners may wish to be able to deal with other themes as well. It is, of course, not
feasible to provide specific guidance for every conceivable additional or alternative theme. By way of exemplification we confine
ourselves to the further presentation of one possible additional theme, namely that of religion. In the Threshold Level list this occurs
only as a sub-theme of personal identification. As a separate theme for Vantage Level, however, the requirements will be higher. The
task may be formulated as: The learners can refer to major religions and religious practices; they can engage in
discussions on these matters and give their own views, accounting for them as may be required.
However, the degree of skill envisaged for a Vantage Level theme will make it necessary to consider also items such as the following:

(to) worship, worshipper

(to) pray, prayer
sermon
mass, church service, ceremony
altar
churchyard
cross
choir
clergyman, imam

monk, monastery
nun, convent
prophet
angel, devil
saint
heaven, hell
holy, sacred
bible, gospel, testament,
Koran, Talmud

sect
(to) sin
pilgrim, pilgrimage
crusade, crusader
Christmas, Easter, Whitsuntide
Church of England
Anglican
Presbyterian

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