An Intelligent Light Control System

for Power Saving

Sherif Matta and Syed Masud Mahmud, Senior Member, IEEE
Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
[email protected], [email protected]
Abstract- Saving energy has become one of the most challenging
issues these days. The most waste of energy comes from the
inefficient use of the electrical energy consumed by artificial
light devices (lamps or light bulbs). This paper presents a system
with detailed design for saving electrical energy by controlling
the intensity of artificial light to a satisfactory level and getting
use of the day light when possible with the best effort for energy
saving. An improvement to daylight harvesting and controlled
dimming systems is introduced while counting for over
illumination cases. The idea behind is to control the venetian
blinds or curtains in such a way to make use of the daylight if it
is available. Otherwise, it uses the artificial internal building
light. Controlling the amount of daylight passing inside is via
controlling the opening angle of the venetian blinds while
controlling the intensity of artificial light is by controlling the
amount of power delivered to the lamp via Pulse Width
Modulation (PWM) for DC lamps or clipping the AC wave for
AC light bulbs. The system uses Controller Area Network
(CAN) as the media of communication with the sensors and the
actuators. The system is modular and can be expanded to span
large buildings. The advantage of the design is that it gives the
user a single point of operation which is the amount of desired
light. The controller is responsible to determine a way to satisfy
the amount of light desired with the least energy consumption.
One of the major issues considered is the ease of installation and
the low cost of the system components. The system shows a
significant amount of energy saved and feasibility in practical
implementation.
Index Terms------ Intelligent light control system, Energy saving,
Daylight harvesting, venetian blinds control, Controller area
network (CAN), Controlling light intensity.

I.

INTRODUCTION

Over the years, as the number of buildings and the number

of rooms within building increases dramatically, it was
difficult to manage the waste of energy due to the inefficient
light control and illumination distribution. In addition, it is
not practical to rely on the users to manually control the light
to save energy. A lot of technology and sensors have evolved
recently to manage the excessive energy consumptions like
occupancy sensors (motion detector) which detect activity
within a certain area. They provide convenience by turning
lights on automatically when someone enters a room. They
reduce lighting energy use by turning lights off soon after the
last occupant has left the room. The disadvantage is that it
doesnt count for the existing light in the room from other
sources. In addition, it depends on the location of the user to
trigger the internal sensor. Motion detectors are great but they
are not sufficient.
Another way to save energy is using dimmers, which is a
manual method to control the intensity of artificial light,

978-1-4244-5226-2/10/$26.00 2010 IEEE

although some dimmers save energy, they dont respond

automatically if there is another source of light available
inside the room.
Several studies have recorded the energy savings due to
daylight harvesting. California Energy Commissions Public
Interest Energy Research Program [1] proposed a research
deploying on/off control but they didnt take into account the
over illumination that is caused by daylight. Although it is
cheaper to use on/off control, continuous dimmer will save a
lot more energy with a reasonable cost. Daylight harvesting
systems save electric lighting in the range of 20-60% [2].
Energy saving depends on the type of space where the control
system is implemented. Daylight harvesting can be deployed
whenever daylight is available; it works best in spaces with
access to windows or skylights. Such spaces include offices,
public buildings, and schools. Increasing energy saving by
increasing the size of windows can cause over illumination
that may be inconvenient for the occupants, causing them to
deploy manual venetian blinds or other shading devices.
To design an effective method to save energy, it is
necessary to understand the nature of light sources available.
Natural light can be a direct or indirect sunlight (ambient
light or reflected from object surfaces). Artificial light
sources can be generated by delivering an amount of power
(electrical) to standard light bulb. Other important factors are
the location of the light source, the angle of incident of the
light as well as the location of the photo-sensors and their
alignments and calibrations. Finally the color of the light
source can affect the sensors readings significantly [3].
A control method has been described in [4] to control the
venetian blind angle. Y. Chen [4] has focused on the fuzzy
controller and the double control loop, though a single control
loop is enough as we dont care about the accuracy of the
venetian blinds angle as we care about the amount of light
exists. Some expensive solutions using MEMS (Micro
Electronic Mechanical Systems ) have been described in [5].
V. Viereck [5] has used micro mirrors to reflect back the
extra undesired sun rays. Micro mirrors are expensive to be
manufactured. Other researchers used wireless network for
the light sensor communication [6]. Even though wireless
sensors are easy to install and require no wiring, it is
expensive and sensitive to noise.

3316

In this paper, a new logical low cost design is introduced to

save electrical energy taking into consideration the daylight
over illumination using CAN bus as the media for
communication. CAN is a message based protocol, designed
specifically for automotive applications, but it is also widely
used for industrial as well as manufacturing applications. The
high noise immunity of the CAN bus and its robustness give
the system the ability to be expanded all over the building, it
gives the user a single point for operation and made the
system modular. The rest of the paper is organized as follows.
The system model is presented in Section II. Section III
introduces our experimental work and simulation. Finally,
Section IV presents the conclusion.
II.

SYSTEM MODEL

A. Main System Components

As shown in Fig. 1, the system is composed of two sets of
photosensors, blinds actuator (servo motor), internal artificial
light, an operating point and the main controller. All
components communicate via a CAN bus. The photosensors
are used to measure the room and daylight illumination. The
room-photosensor should be placed in such a way that it
avoids direct light from light sources and at the same time it
picks up light from the task surface. Typical location for the
room-photosensor is the ceiling above the task surface. The
daylight-photosensor can be placed outside the venetian
blinds to pickup daylight intensity level. Both room- or
daylight-photosensor can be a group of photosensors and by
taking the average among the entire group a better precise
readings can be obtained. The venetian blinds actuators are
used to control the blinds angle to pass daylight or to block it.
The light intensity required is adjusted via the operating point
unit. The internal light source can be a DC or AC light bulbs.
DC light bulbs are usually controlled via PWM signals to
deliver a specific amount of power without wasting any
energy in passive resistors. AC light bulbs are controlled via
thyristors to clip a part of the AC wave and hence deliver the
specified amount of energy required for the desired
illumination. The main controller communicates with the

Fig. 1 System components and physical connectivity

other components via the CAN bus.

B. System Operation
Fig. 2 shows the block diagram of the control loop. The
controller and logic process blocks are responsible to collect
all the incoming environment variables including light
intensity outside the room (daylight), light intensity inside the
room (lamp) and finally the user input. The controller will
process all the inputs and will be responsible to provide the
best solution to illuminate the room with the least possible
power consumption. For example, if the user wants to
increase the room illumination, the controller will first check
how much light can be obtained from the daylight. If it is
enough even for small contribution, the controller will start to
open the venetian blinds to bring a part of the daylight inside.
If the daylight contribution is not enough to satisfy the user
requirements, the controller will partially use the artificial
light (light bulb) as an assistant source to satisfy the desired
light level. The controller will act as the decision making
block. Moreover, the controller will be handling all CAN
messages. Venetian blinds motor control block is responsible
to adjust the venetian blind angle; it contains a controller and
a motor driver amplifier to supply power to the motor.

Fig. 2 System control loop

3317

Fig. 3 Flow Chart

3318

The PWM light controller block is responsible for providing

power to the light bulb to obtain specific illumination.
C. Process Flow
To adjust the amount of light inside a room, we have two
options: the venetian blinds angle to bring light from outside
(daylight) and the artificial internal light source. Of course the
artificial light is the least we want to use. The daylight is the
most we want to use. Following the flow chart shown in Fig 3
we have two scenarios. First scenario is when the user wants
to increase the intensity of light inside a room. The user will
adjust the set point as desired. The controller will compare
the amount of daylight outside the room with the
Dark_constant1. If some light is available outside, the
controller will start to open the venetian blinds until the
intensity inside the room reaches the set point (user
satisfactory light level). If the amount of daylight is not
enough, the artificial internal light will be used (use the
lamps) in such a way to satisfy the amount of light desired.
The second scenario is to decrease the amount of light inside
a room. The controller in this case will check if there is any
artificial light used, if so, it will start to decrease the amount
of light by decreasing the power going to the lamps till the
desired intensity is reached. If the lamps are totally turned off
and still the desired intensity is not satisfied, the controller
will start to close the venetian blinds. If both reach the
minimum value, the controller will stop at this stage2. Since
the system is a closed loop system, at any instant if the
daylight intensity changes, the system will respond
accordingly by closing or opening the venetian blinds or
turning on-off the Internal light obeying the system rules of
saving the maximum energy possible. The venetian blinds
zero position varies according to the average direction of the
daylight. The blinds 90 degree position allows the maximum
amount of daylight to pass, and the blinds zero degree
position is the total shading (blocking) position as shown in
Fig. 4. The venetian blinds zero position can be controlled via
ray tracking to keep track of the zero position.
D. Expandability
As shown in Fig. 5 the system can be looked up as a group
of power saving unit. Every unit is responsible for a specific
zone within the building. Every unit is composed of the
controller, a group of sensors, actuators and user console as

Fig. 4 Different Venetian Blinds Angles

This constant define the minimum amount of light to tell if it is dark

outside or not, if the photosensor reading is below the Dark_constant it will
not be worthy to open the blinds.
2
it means that there is a leakage of light and is uncontrollable.

described earlier. Basically we assumed that every power

saving unit controls a single zone. However due to the fact
that all sensors and actuators use the CAN bus, it is possible
to connect all power saving units together. In this architecture
all units can communicate together and all units can be
controlled from different operating points via the CAN bus.
Moreover, all building lighting can be controlled from
building management center through a computer graphical
interface. It gives the ability for a single operator to control
and monitor the energy waste for the whole building.
CAN bus can be used up to a certain limits in length, to
expand the Bus to cover more length, a repeater or CAN-toCAN interface can be used.
E. Fault Tolerance and Reliability
Since some buildings have no physical boundaries between
zones, an illumination from one zone can affect other zones.
An advantage of using the CAN bus is that a zone which is
controlled by a single power saving unit can also take into
account the other units sensor data. Due to the fact that all the
sensors are connected to the CAN network it is possible for
one unit controller to request readings from other zone
sensors without any physical modifications for the wirings. In
addition, the CAN bus gives high fault tolerance for the
proposed system. In case of a failure for any of the sensors or
actuators, the system can recover itself and rely on other
sensors in the network.
III.

EXPERIMENTAL WORK AND SIMULATION

The system is implemented using a small hardware model

for a room with a horizontal venetian blind. Two sets of DC
light bulbs installed at the center of the ceiling and two photoresistances are used as the light sensors. The venetian blind is
controlled via PWM Servo Motor HS-422 from HI-tech, it
costs around $13 and it comes with the controller and
amplifier build in. Due to the compact size of the servo
motor, it can be mounted directly inside the venetian blinds
top case. PIC18F458 microcontroller is programmed to act as
the main controller (Node 1) while the smaller version of PIC
microcontroller as PIC18F2480 (costs $4.27) can be used for
the actual production. One of the photo-resistances (Node 2)
is installed at the center of the ceiling inside the room and the
other photo-resistance (Node 3) is installed outside the room.
The photo-sensors are mounted inside a short tube to sense
the illumination reflected from a specific direction. Both
photo-resistances are connected to a simple voltage divider
circuit to obtain voltage variation from resistance variation.
The voltage level which represents the illumination level is
digitized via an ADC (analog to digital converter) and kept
ready to be requested by the main node. A DC light bulb is
used in the experimental work and is derived with MOSFET
transistor IRF640. The light bulb intensity is controlled by
varying the duty cycle signal (PWM control) generated from
the microcontroller and connected to the MOSFET Gate pin.

3319

Fig. 5 Zones and Units

Node 1 will act as the master and the other nodes will act
as the slaves. Node 1 will keep pooling Node 2 and 3 to
obtain the light level inside and outside the room
respectively. Node 4 is responsible for receiving CAN
messages from Node 1 and converting it into PWM signal to
control the artificial illumination (lamp). Node 5 is combined
with Node 1 to control the blind angle via the servo motor. In
addition, the operating point is directly connected to Node 1.
MCP2551 (costs $0.89) is used as the transceiver. It also
provides a buffer between the CAN controller and the highvoltage spikes that can be generated on the CAN bus by
outside sources. The circuit diagram of Node 1 is shown in
Fig. 6. It is assumed in the experimental work that Node 1 is
directly controlling the servo motor and directly connected to
the user input. Two terminal resistances are used to terminate
the CAN bus at the near and far ends. Pin RC6 and RC7 are
used to communicate to a PC via RS232 to monitor the
different variables.
The Simulation carried out on two phases, the first phase
using Matlab to simulate the process flow as a standalone
system without considering CAN. A CANoe simulator is
used in the second phase simulation, CANoe is a simulator
used widely by automotive industries to analyze the CAN
messages and calculate the latency time. Our system works
efficiently at low baud rates. Thus, low cost components can
be used to build the proposed system. A 64kbps is tested and
found enough for a few power saving units. Fig. 7 shows an
example where the user requires 500 LUX. In Fig. 7(a) an
amount of 250 LUX is available from the daylight, so the
controller decides to use the internal light to assist the
daylight with a contribution of 50%. Fig 7(b) shows that the
daylight increased to 750 LUX, so internal light is totally
turned off and the venetian blinds are used to protect from
over illumination. The system response is shown in Fig. 8.

Fig. 6 Node 1 Circuit diagram

3320

Fig. 7(a) 250 LUX of daylight available, internal artificial light is used at
half power.

Usually a business day starts at 8 am in the morning when it

is required to increase the illumination to 500 LUX as
recommended by IES [7]. In the early morning, daylight
starts to increase gradually to reach its peak at 12 pm, and
then starts to decrease gradually. In the early morning and
late evening energy consumption is the maximum because the
intensity of daylight is not enough to satisfy the user needs.
The Energy saved is the area of the intersection between the
set point and daylight curve. The over illumination is
successfully blocked by means of the venetian blinds. The
daylight curve is a function of many parameters like the
calendar day and the current month. It also depends on
whether it is a cloudy day or a sunny day. Finally the
direction of the window3 can significantly affect the amount
of daylight that can be used.

Fig. 7(b) 750 LUX of daylight available, Blinds used to protect from
daylight over illumination.

IV.

CONCLUSION

In this paper, we have presented an intelligent power

saving system using CAN. A logic method is introduced to
control venetian blind angles for using the daylight while still
protecting the users from over illumination. The proposed
schemes are verified by practical implementation using an
actual hardware model as well as by computer simulation.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

Fig. 8 System response

3
If the window is facing the East, then more daylight is available in the
morning compared to if it is facing the west.

3321

J. B. Arthur H. Rosenfeld, Karen Douglas, "Daylight Harvesting Made

Simple," California Energy Commissions Public Interest Energy
Research (PIER).2008.
G. R. N. Anca D. Galasiu, Cristian Suvagau, Daniel M. Sander,
"Energy saving lighting control systems for open-plan offices: a field
study," Leukos, vol. 4, pp. 7-29, July 2007.
"IEEE Recommended Practice for Energy Conservation and CostEffective Planning in Industrial Facilities," IEEE Std 739-1984, p. 0_2,
1984.
Y. Chen, et al., "Venetian Blind Control System Based on Fuzzy
Neural Network for Indoor Daylighting," in Computer and Electrical
Engineering, 2009. ICCEE '09. Second International Conference on,
2009, pp. 269-273.
V. Viereck, et al., "Sun glasses for buildings based on micro mirror
arrays: Technology, control by networked sensors and scaling
potential," in Networked Sensing Systems, 2008. INSS 2008. 5th
International Conference on, 2008, pp. 135-139.
P. Meng-Shiuan, et al., "Design and Implementation of a WSN-Based
Intelligent Light Control System," in Distributed Computing Systems
Workshops, 2008. ICDCS '08. 28th International Conference on, 2008,
pp. 321-326
David DiLaura, Kevin Houser, Richard Mistrick and Gary Steffy,
"ESNA Lighting Handbook 10th edition". Illumination Engineering
Society of North America